2024年高考英语二轮复习专题：完形填空（上海专用）
2023·上海秋考·真题
III.Reading Comprehension (共45分。 41-45每题1分；56-70每题2分)
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A. B.C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context
Doctors are scientists who operate in a world of statistics, odds and probability. Yet they’ve long been taught that when dealing with patients they should convey a reassuring level of confidence and certainty. (41)______,
patients expect their doctors to give them a clear diagnosis and a straightforward course of treatment. But now that information about every medical condition imaginable is just a few clicks away, experts are asking whether doctors' apparent (42) _____ when communicating with their patients actually does more harm than good. With the information overload brought by the progress of medicine and technology answers are (43) ______ black or white.
Medical schools are only just starting to teach doctors how to deal with this, and patients' expectations haven't (44) ______, either.
“Medicine has always fallen short of the sort of certainty that we find in math and geometry”, says Dr. Ross Upshur, a researcher at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health in Toronto. “If you think about knowledge and what it does, it’s about (45) ______ uncertainty, not about creating certainty. ”
Doctors in training, like gamblers, need to be (46) ______ working in a field in which they’re constantly weighing the odds based on a myriad of factors. When Upshur teaches medical students how to diagnose an ailment(小恙), he tells them to (47) ______ their inquiry ---- come up with a list of possibilities, rather than quickly home in on a single solution. “Even when you make a diagnosis that you think is firm, you usually don’t have certainty about what would be the best (48) ______ and what the outcomes will be in the long run.”
Technology has helped (49) ______ the quest for certainty. We are reaching a point where we can feed a list of symptoms into a computer and get a more (50) ______ diagnosis than from a doctor. Dr. Richard Schwartzstein, a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, sees such developments as both a/an (51) ______ and an opportunity. On one hand, he says, “technology tries to push you to a/an (52) ______ level of certainty. Do this test to get a 99 percent level of certainty that you have this disease. ”
On the other hand, computers can’t (53) ______ a diagnosis or a treatment to patients in a comforting way. Take a routine screening test for early-stage lung cancer. Based on your age, your smoking status, and your gender, a computer can do a great job of evaluating the chances of finding a cancerous nodule (癌症结节). It can also (54) ______ quite precisely the risk of developing an actual cancer based on the size and shape of a nodule. What it can’t do, (55) ______, is decide how to break the news that you have a nodule in your lung that has a 1 percent chance of becoming a cancer.
A.On the hand B. Afterwords C. As a result D.Above all
42.A. victim B. instance C. transparency D. certainty
43.A. frequently B. generally C.rarely D. mainly
44.A. adored B.transformed C.faded D.adjusted
45.A. limiting B. hitting C.threatening D. assembling
46. A. compared with B. accounted for C. accustomed to D.annoyed at
47.A.cover B.train C.clarify D.broaden
48.A. identify B. cure C.defend D.cause
49.A. enlighten B.redefine C.commit D.guarantee
50. A. accurate B.plain C.serious D.remedial
51.A. challenge B. encounter C.conversation D.dispute
52.A. dangerous B. maximal C.unfavorable D.contrasting
53. A.stuff B.hint C.communicate D. indicate
54.A. conclude B. understand C.assume D. calculate
55. A.however B. therefore C. moreover D.hence
【答案】 41~45. CDCDA 46~50. CDBBA 51~55. ABCDA
【导读】文章讨论了医生在与病人交流时传达自信和确定性的重要性，然而，随着医学和技术进步带来的信息爆炸，专家们开始质疑医生与病人交流时的表面确定性是否对病人造成更多伤害。医学院只是开始教导医生如何处理这个问题，而病人的期望也没有明确。医生并不像数学和几何学那样具备确定性，而是需要不断权衡各种因素来做出决策。技术在一定程度上提供了确定性，但无法像医生那样以安慰人心的方式给出诊断和治疗建议。虽然计算机可以评估肺部结节的癌症风险，但它无法决定如何告知患者肺部有1%的机会变成癌症。因此，医生需要在不确定性中进行决策，并通过人性化的交流方式向患者传递信息。
【解析】
41.C【解析]此题考查上下文的逻辑关系。上文提到，医生应该给病人一个确定的诊断和治疗方案，而该空后提到，患者希望医生能给他们一个明确的诊断和简单的治疗过程。因此，此处能够承接上下文的只有C项，as a result 意为“所以;结果(是)”，故选C。on the hand一方面:afterwords adv.后来;as a result 所以;结果(是):above all最重要的是:尤其是。
42.D【解析]结合上文提及的Doctors are scientists who operate in a world of statistics,odds and probability. Yet they've long been taught that when dealing with patients they should convey a reassuring level of confidence and certainty.可知此处提及的内容与医生在治疗过程中的明确性沟通相关，再结合相关选项，此处与“确定性”能够产生联系的选项只有D项。句意为:“但现在，只要点击几下鼠标，就可以获得关于每一种可以想象的医疗状况的信息，专家们正在询问，医生在与患者沟通时的明显确定性(certainty)是否真的弊大于利”。故选D。victim n.受害者:牺牲品:instance n.例子，实例;情况;transparency n.透明;透明度:透明性: certainty n.确定:必然性。
43.C【解析]结合选项及上下文experts are asking whether doctors' apparent certainty--when communicating with their patients actually does more harm than good.可知，专家们也在研究和询问医患沟通明确带来的影响，所以此处最可能表述的是“随着医学和技术进步带来的信息过量，答案很少(rarely)是非黑即白的”。故选C。frequently adv.频繁地，经常:generally adv.笼统地;通常地;普遍地:rarely adv.少有地;罕见地;mainly adv.主要地;大多。
44.D【解析]结合上文提及的patients expect their doctors to give them a clear diagnosis and a straightforward course of treatment可知，患者希望医生能给他们一个明确的诊断和简单的治疗过程，再结合选项可推知患者的这种观念在短时间不会发生改变。句意为:“医学院才刚刚开始教医生如何应对这种情况，患者的期望也没有调整(adjusted)”，故选D。adore v.喜爱:爱慕;transfer v.(使)转移:(使)调动;fade v.褪去;逐渐消逝:adjust v.适应，调整，校正。
45.A【解析]结合下文和该空后提及的not about creating certainty可推知，该空所填词构成的短语的意思应与creating certainty意思相近，limiting uncertainty符合题意。句意为:“如果你思考知识及其作用，那就是限制(limiting)不确定性，而不是创造确定性”。故选A. limit v.限制:限量:使限于:hit v.打，打击:碰撞:threaten v恐吓:威胁:预示(某事): assemble v.集合，收集:装配，组合:组装。
46.C[解析]结合下文所举的相关例子可推知，接受培训的医生需要在海量信息中作出判断，即当他们诊断疾病时，经常会面对这种情况，所以他们要慢慢习惯这种工作状态。句意为:“像赌徒一样，接受培训的医生需要习惯于(accustomed to)在一个他们不断根据无数因素权衡胜算的领域工作”。故选C. compare with与……比较，跟……相比:account for说明(原因、理由等);在(数量、比例上)占，对…负责:annoy at对愤怒。
47.D【解析]结合该空之后提及的come up with a list of possibilities--rather than quickly home in on a single solution 可推知，文章不提倡快速地回到一个单一的解决方案上，所以此处想要表达的意思为“当Upshur 教医学生如何诊断疾病时，他告诉他们扩大(broaden)调查范围一一列出各种可能性，而不是迅速找
到一个单一的解决方案”，故选D。cover v.遮盖:覆盖:撒上:包括:涉及:train v、训练:教育:培养;修整:clarify v、阐明，澄清:净化: broaden v.变宽:扩大.的范围。
48.B【解析]结合上句提及的Even when you make a diagnosis that you think is firm可知，此处讲述的内容与医疗诊断相关，再分析选项，此处B项能够与上文联系起来。句意为:“即使你做出了你认为可靠的诊断，你通常也不确定什么是最好的治疗(cure)方法，从长远来看会有什么结果 ”。故选B。identify v、识别，认出:确定:cure n.药:措施:疗程:defend v.防御:保卫:防守:cause n.原因;理由;事业:诉讼案。
49.B【解析]结合上下文提及的相关内容可知，医生需要慢慢习惯从海量信息中诊断疾病，而信息技术提高了诊断的准确性，这说明准确诊断疾病是医生追求已久的。句意为:“技术帮助重新定义了对确定性的追求”，故选B。enlighten v.启发，阐明:redefine v.再定义: commit v.犯罪:承诺:guarantee v.保证:担保。
50.A[解析]结合上下文提及的Do this test to get a 99 percent level of certainty that you have this disease.可推知，此处想要表达的是“我们已经到了可以将症状列表输入计算机并得到比医生更准确的(accurate)诊断的地步”，故选A。accurate adj.正确的，精确的:精准的: plain adj.清楚的:坦诚的:单色的:朴素的:serious adj.严重的:严肃的:认真的:庄重的:remedial adj.补教的;纠正的:治疗的;补习的，辅导的。
51.A[解析]结合下文提及的信息技术对于提高诊断准确率的好处和缺点，并结合选项可知，此处句意为:“哈佛医学院医学教授理查德·施瓦茨坦博士认为，这种发展既是一种挑战(challenge)，也是一种机遇”。故选A。challenge n.挑战:(比赛等的)邀请:质疑:encounter n.遭遇，偶遇:(体育)比赛:conversation n.交谈，谈话:dispute n.争论，争端，纠纷。
52.B【解析]结合该空之后提及的Do this test to get a 99 percent level of certainty that you have this disease可知，将症状信息输入电脑能够99%确定患有某种疾病，即最大程度确定所患疾病。故该空所在句子想要表达的是“技术试图把你推向一个最大的(maximal)确定水平。做这个测试可以获得99%的确定性,你患有这种疾病”。故选B.dangerous adj.危险的;maximal adj.尺寸最大的，最高的，持续时间最长的:unfavorable adj.不利的:相反的;令人不快的;不吉利的:contrasting adj.极不相同的，迥异的。
53.C【解析]结合该段内容以及最后提及的is decide how to break the news that you have a nodule in your lung that has a l percent chance of becoming a cancer可推知，计算机虽然能够非常准确第诊断疾病，但其在告知诊断结果方面存在一定缺陷。句意为:“另一方面，计算机无法以令人欣慰的方式向患者传达(communicate)诊断或治疗”。故选C。stuff v.塞满;填塞;hint v.暗示，提示:communicate v.沟通;传递;传染;相通:indicate v.表明，暗示:指示。
54.D【解析]结合上句提及的Based on your age, your smoking status, and your gender, a computer can do a great job of evaluating the chances of finding a cancerous nodule可知，此处是在说明计算机根据相关信息诊断疾病的准确程度。句意为:“它还可以根据结节的大小和形状非常精确地计算出(calculate)患上实际癌症的风
险”。故选D。conclude v.推断出:总结:结束:缔约:understand v.明白，理解:了解:得知:默认;领会:assume v.假设:承担(责任):获得(权利):呈现:calculate v.计算:估算:估计:预料。
55.A[解析]结合该空前后内容，可以发现上文说计算机可以准确诊断疾病，而该空之后则说“计算机不能够准确告知疾病发展”，前后有一定的转折性，故选A。however adv.然而:不管怎样:conj.不管怎样:therefore adv.因此:moreover adv.此外:而且:hence adv.因此，所以。
外刊题源：
Doctors are scientists who operate in a world of statistics, odds and probability. Yet they’ve long been taught that when dealing with patients they should convey a reassuring level of confidence and certainty. (41) As a result, patients expect their doctors to give them a clear diagnosis and a straightforward course of treatment. But now that information about every medical condition imaginable is just a few clicks away, experts are asking whether doctors' apparent (42) certainty when communicating with their patients actually does more harm than good. With the information overload brought by the progress of medicine and technology answers are (43) rarely black or white.
Medical schools are only just starting to teach doctors how to deal with this, and patients' expectations haven't (44) adjusted, either.
“Medicine has always fallen short of the sort of certainty that we find in math and geometry”, says Dr. Ross Upshur, a researcher at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health in Toronto. “If you think about knowledge and what it does, it’s about (45) limiting uncertainty, not about creating certainty. ”
Doctors in training, like gamblers, need to be (46) accustomed to working in a field in which they’re constantly weighing the odds based on a myriad of factors. When Upshur teaches medical students how to diagnose an ailment(小恙), he tells them to (47) broaden their inquiry ---- come up with a list of possibilities, rather than quickly home in on a single solution. “Even when you make a diagnosis that you think is
firm, you usually don’t have certainty about what would be the best (48) cure and what the outcomes will be in the long run.”
Technology has helped (49)redefine the quest for certainty. We are reaching a point where we can feed a list of symptoms into a computer and get a more (50) accurate diagnosis than from a doctor. Dr. Richard Schwartzstein, a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, sees such developments as both a/an (51) challenge and an opportunity. On one hand, he says, “technology tries to push you to a/an (52) maximal level of certainty. Do this test to get a 99 percent level of certainty that you have this disease. ”
On the other hand, computers can’t (53) communicate a diagnosis or a treatment to patients in a comforting way. Take a routine screening test for early-stage lung cancer. Based on your age, your smoking status, and your gender, a computer can do a great job of evaluating the chances of finding a cancerous nodule (癌症结节). It can also (54) calculate quite precisely the risk of developing an actual cancer based on the size and shape of a nodule. What it can’t do, (55) however, is decide how to break the news that you have a nodule in your lung that has a 1 percent chance of becoming a cancer.
【难句解析】
1. Doctors are scientists who operate in a world of statistics, odds and probability. Yet they’ve long been taught that when dealing with patients they should convey a reassuring level of confidence and certainty.
医生是科学家，他们的工作离不开数据、机率和概率。然而长期以来，他们被教导说，与病人打交道时，他们应该传递令人信服的自信和确定性。
Operate这里应理解为“工作”; reassuring令人信服的、可靠的。
2. (1) As a result, patients expect their doctors to give them a clear diagnosis and a straightforward course of treatment.
因此，病人期待医生给他们一个清晰的诊断和直接的治疗过程。
3. But now that information about every medical condition imaginable is just a few clicks away experts are asking whether doctors' apparent (2) certainty when communicating with their patients actually does more harm than good.
但是，现在只要轻点鼠标、就能了解到各种病情信息，鉴于此，专家们质疑：与病人沟通时，医生给出的确定性实际上是否弊大于利。
Now that因为、鉴于；every…imaginable各种、全部的、所能想到的。
4. With the information overloadbrought by the progress of medicine and (3) technology answers are rarely black or white. Medical schools are only just starting to teach doctors how to deal with this, and patients' expectations haven't (4) adjusted either.
随着医学和技术进步所带来的信息过载，答案很少非黑即白。医学院正在开始教医生如何处理这个问题，而病人的期望也还没有能适应（这一变化趋势）。
With…brought复合结构“随着/在……”；
5. “Medicine has always fallen short ofthe sort of certainty that we find in math and geometry”, says Dr. Ross Upshur, a researcher at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health in Toronto. “If you think about knowledge and what it does, it’s about (5) limiting uncertainty, not about creating certainty. ”
"医学总是达不到我们在数学和几何学中发现的那种确定性"，多伦多达拉拉纳公共卫生学院的研究员罗斯-厄普舒尔博士说。"如果你考虑到知识和它的作用，它是关于限制不确定性，而不是创造确定性。"
fallen short of达不到、缺少。
6.Doctors in training, like gamblers, need to be (6) accustomed to working in a field in which they’re constantly weighing the odds based on countless factors. When Upshur teaches medical students how to diagnose a disease, he tells them to (7) broaden their inquiry ---- come up with a list of possibilities, rather than quickly home in on a single solution.
接受培训的医生就像赌徒一样，需要习惯于在这个领域工作，在这个领域中，他们不断地根据无数的因素来衡量赔率。当Upshur教授医学生如何诊断一种疾病时，他告诉他们要扩大调查范围----提出一个可能性的清单，而不是迅速归纳出一个单一的解决方案。
Weigh掂量、权衡；home in on对准、指向。
7.“Even when you make a diagnosis that you think is firm, you usually don’t have certainty about what would be the best (8) cure and what the outcomes will be in the long run.”
"即使你做出了一个你认为是确定的诊断，你通常也不能确定什么是最好的治疗方法，以及从长远来看，结果会是什么。"
In the long run长期来看。
8.(9) Technology has helped redefine the quest for certainty. We are reaching a point where we can feed a list of symptomsinto a computer and get a more (10) accurate diagnosis than from a doctor. Dr. Richard Schwartzstein, a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, sees such developments as both a/an (11) challenge and an opportunity. On one hand, he says, “technology tries to push you to a/an (12) maximal level of certainty. Do this test to get a 99 percent level of certainty that you have this disease. ”
技术已经帮助我们重新定义了对确定性的追求。我们正在达到这样一个地步：我们可以把症状清单输入计算机，得到比医生更准确的诊断。哈佛医学院医学教授理查德-施瓦茨坦博士认为这种发展既是挑战也是机遇。他说，一方面，"技术试图把你推到一个最大的确定性水平。做这个测试可以得到99%的确定性：你有这个疾病。"
Redefine重新定义；reaching a point where达到某个……的程度。
9. On the other hand, computers can’t (13) communicate a diagnosis or a treatment to patients in a comforting way. Take a routine screening test for early-stage lung cancer. Based on your age, your smoking status, and your gender, a computer can do a great job of evaluating the chances of finding a cancerous nodule (癌症结节).
另一方面，计算机不能以安慰的方式向病人传达诊断或治疗。以早期肺癌的常规筛查测试为例。根据你的年龄、吸烟状况和性别，计算机可以很好地评估发现癌症结节的几率。
a routine screening test定期筛查。
10. It can also (14) calculate quite precisely the risk of developing an actual cancer based on the size and shape of a nodule. What it can’t do, (15) however, is decide how to break the news that you have a nodule in your lung that has a 1 percent chance of becoming a cancer.
它还可以根据结节的大小和形状，相当精确地计算出发展为实际癌症的风险。然而，它不能做的是决定如何告诉你，你的肺部有一个结节，有1%的机会成为癌症。
developing 患上某种疾病；break the news爆料、告诉实情。
2024·上海杨浦·二模
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
4 Ways to Get That Vacation Feeling in Two Days
Going on vacation every week It might sound like the ____21____ dream. But a simple mindset ____22____ can make it happen—no travel involved.
A few years ago, Holmes and her colleagues began ____23____ the importance of taking vacations. In a series of experiments, Holmes’ team ____24____ 441 U.S. workers to either spend the weekend like any other, or treat it like a vacation. When they were back at work on Monday, people who had adopted a vacation mindset reported
being happier and less stressed.
“What was somewhat surprising is that the effect wasn’t driven by people spending time all that ____25____,” Holmes says. “It was this mindset that allowed them to be more present, ____26____ being in “doing” mode, it allowed people to settle in and be in the moment.
We asked people to share their favorite tips for adopting a vacation mindset at home.
1. Get creative about ____27____ time
Not everyone has Saturday and Sunday off work and actually some people often find their weekend schedules fully ____28____. You could still apply the philosophy. For example, devote an hour on Sunday morning to the ____29____, but protect the rest of the weekend as your vacation time.
2. Reflect on priorities
Focus on what makes a vacation different from a _____30_____ weekend. “Does it mean turning off your email notifications Spending money carelessly “Maybe it means being able to spend time with people you don’t normally get to see, or giving yourself a break on a workout,” Holmes says. “It’s helpful to make a list of those things and be able to _____31_____.”
3. Act like a _____32_____
Decision scientist Nika Kabiri recommends doing something totally new so you can disconnect from the same old routines _____33_____ your life. Among her favorite ideas: Drive to a part of town you’ve never been to before go for a stroll, and grab lunch at the first cute café you see. “The spontaneity（自发性）is what makes experiences like this feel vacation-like,” Kabiri says.
4. Don’t put extra pressure on yourself
Treating your weekend like a vacation doesn’t mean it needs to be a complicated affair. If your “vacation” encounters a few problems or lasts for only a few hours—don’t worry. “It doesn’t have to be all or nothing,” Kabiri says. “Don’t put pressure on yourself to have this ‘perfect vacation.’” It’s _____34_____ to be fun. _____35_____, there’s always another one just a few days away.
21. A. unattainable B. inharmonious C. incomplete D. unprofessional
22. A. study B. shift C. trend D. proposal
23. A. representing B. ranking C. exploring D. predicting
24. A. persuaded B. challenged C. motivated D. instructed
25. A. practically B. literally C. identically D. differently
26. A. In light of B. Regardless of C. In favor of D. Instead of
27. A. telling B. killing C. making D. changing
28. A. cleared B. packed C. removed D. dominated
29. A. laundry B. recreation C. movies D. picnic
30. A. regular B. dramatic C. primitive D. peaceful
31. A. identify with B. depend on C. follow through D. substitute for
32. A. resident B. master C. tourist D. neighbor
33. A. facilitating B. governing C. revealing D. polishing
34. A. proved B. defined C. described D. meant
35. A. Plus B. Hence C. Still D. Finally
【答案】21. A 22. B 23. C 24. D 25. D 26. D 27. C 28. B 29. A 30. A 31. C 32. C 33. B 34. D 35. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了四种让你在两天内感受到假期的感觉的方法。
【21题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这听起来像是遥不可及的梦想。A. unattainable无法达到的，不可企及的；B. inharmonious不和谐的；C. incomplete未完成的；D. unprofessional非专业的。根据“Going on vacation every week ”可知，每周出去旅行对于普通人来说是遥不可及的梦想。故选A。
【22题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：但是一个简单的心态转变可以让它发生——不需要旅行。A. study研究；B. shift转移，改变；C. trend趋势；D. proposal建议，提议。根据下文“In a series of experiments, Holmes’ team ____4____ 441 U.S. workers to either spend the weekend like any other, or treat it like a vacation.”可知，此处指转变心态。故选B。
【23题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：几年前，霍姆斯和她的同事开始探索度假的重要性。A. representing代表，表现；B. ranking把……分等级；C. exploring探索；D. predicting预测。根据“In a series of experiments”可知，霍姆斯和她的同事通过一系列的实验开始探索。故选C。
【24题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：在一系列实验中，霍姆斯的团队指示441名美国工人要么像往常一样度过周末，要么像度假一样度过周末。A. persuaded劝说；B. challenged对……质疑，向……挑战；C. motivated激发，促使；D. instructed指导，指示。根据“441 U.S. workers to either spend the weekend like any other, or treat it like a
vacation.”可知，霍姆斯的团队对实验过程进行指导。故选D。
【25题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：霍尔姆斯说:“令人惊讶的是，这种影响并不是由人们花费时间的方式不同造成的。”A. practically实际地；B. literally字面上；C. identically同一地，相同地；D. differently不同地。根据“It was this mindset that allowed them to be more present”可知，这种影响并不是由人们花费时间的方式不同造成的。故选D。
【26题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：“正是这种心态让他们更活在当下，而不是处于“做”的模式，它让人们安顿下来，活在当下。”A. In light of考虑到，鉴于；B. Regardless of不管，不顾；C. In favor of支持，有利于；D. Instead of代替，而不是。上文提到“正是这种心态让他们更活在当下”，结合下文“being in “doing” mode”可知，不是处于“做”的模式。故选D。
【27题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：创造性地腾出时间。A. telling告诉；B. killing杀死；C. making制作，安排；D. changing改变。根据下文“Not everyone has Saturday and Sunday off work and actually some people often find their weekend schedules fully ____8____.”可知，周末日程紧张，因此需要创造性挤出时间。make time为固定搭配，意为“腾出时间做某事，挤出时间。”故选C。
【28题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：不是每个人周六和周日都不工作，实际上有些人经常发现他们的周末日程排得满满的。A. cleared清除；B. packed填入，塞进；C. removed去除，移开；D. dominated控制，支配。根据“Not everyone has Saturday and Sunday off work”可知，此处强调没有时间，因此空处指有些人经常发现他们的周末日程被塞得满满的。故选B。
【29题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：例如，周日早上花一个小时洗衣服，但周末剩下的时间作为你的假期。A. laundry洗衣物；B. recreation娱乐，消遣；C. movies电影；D. picnic野餐。根据下文“but protect the rest of the weekend as your vacation time.”可知，空处是与假期的娱乐休闲相反的事情，应该是一些家务。故选A。
【30题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：关注假期与普通周末的不同之处。A. regular有规律的；B. dramatic戏剧性的，引人注目的；C. primitive原始的；D. peaceful和平的。根据““Does it mean turning off your email notifications Spending money carelessly “Maybe it means being able to spend time with people you don’t normally get to see, or giving yourself a break on a workout,””可知，此处表示关注假期与普通周末的不同。故选A。
【31题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：“把这些事情列一个清单，并能够坚持到底，这很有帮助。”A. identify with认同；B. depend on依靠；C. follow through坚持到底；D. substitute for代替。根据“It’s helpful to make a list of those things”可知，可知，此处表示将列出的清单坚持到底。故选C。
【32题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：表现得像个游客。A. resident居民；B. master大师；C. tourist游客；D. neighbor邻居。根据“Among her favorite ideas: Drive to a part of town you’ve never been to before, go for a stroll, and grab lunch at the first cute café you see.”可知，本段建议要表现得像个游客一样。故选C。
【33题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：决策科学家尼卡·卡比里建议做一些全新的事情，这样你就可以从控制你生活的旧套路中解脱出来。A. facilitating促进，促使；B. governing统治，支配；C. revealing透露，揭示；D. polishing磨光，润色。根据“so you can disconnect from the same old routines”可知，此处表示把你从控制你生活的旧套路中解脱出来。故选B。
【34题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这意味着有趣。A. proved证明；B. defined下定义；C. described描述；D. meant意味着。根据“Don’t put pressure on yourself to have this ‘perfect vacation.”可知，不要为了‘完美假期’而给自己施加压力，假期应该意味着是有趣的。故选D。
【35题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：而且，几天后还会有另一个。A. Plus此外；B. Hence因此；C. Still仍然；D. Finally最终。根据““It doesn’t have to be all or nothing,” Kabiri says. “Don’t put pressure on yourself to have this ‘perfect vacation.’””可知，不要为了‘完美假期’而给自己施加压力，因为假期应该是充满乐趣的，况且，几天后又会有另一个假期了。故选A。
2024·上海浦东·二模
III. Reading Comprehension (45分)
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Anyone who has ever witnessed the miracle in which infants progress from mewling to “Mama” to “Mine!” knows how critical it is for youngsters to hear normally before they speak their first words. ___21___, many
children who don’t talk by age two turn out to be deaf. The sooner their disability is discovered and ___22___, the less likely they are to fall behind in the development of important language and social skills. That is why a growing number of hearing specialists (audiologists) and parents are campaigning for ___23___ screening of newborns for hearing loss.
Their ___24___ has registered in some powerful ears. To date, 22 states have passed legislation requiring at least partial screening programs. Part of the push stems from ___25___ in technology that, among other things, allow children as young as two months to be ___26___ hearing aids. But there are limits to the technology. One thing parents should realize before they start is that the screening tests are far from ___27___. A bad result doesn’t necessarily indicate a problem.
Audiologists estimate that 3 out of every 1,000 babies are born with some kind of hearing loss. Of those three infants, one is profoundly deaf. About half the time, doctors can identify a possible cause, such as a birth weight less than 5 pounds, or a family history of ___28___. The rest of the time there is simply no ___29___ as to why a newborn’s hearing may have been affected.
The screening tests work by introducing a sound into a baby’s ear and then measuring either the ____30____ of the ear’s internal mechanisms or the electrical activity of the auditory portion of the brain (the auditory brain-stem response test). Just because a baby fails either test, ____31____, does not mean that there is a hearing problem. A temporary buildup of fluid in the ear canal or excessive noise in the nursery can ____32____ the results. For this reason, experts say, hospitals should ____33____ the screening tests for any baby who doesn’t pass the first time before telling the parents to consult an audiologist for more thorough testing.
It is at this stage that things get a bit ____34____. Though 20 of every 1,000 babies fail the two-step screen, most prove on further examination to be just fine. Is it worth ____35____ 17 families of perfectly normal children - not to mention asking them to spend several hundred dollars on advanced tests — to identify three infants with hearing loss
21.
A. Indeed B. Meanwhile C. Occasionally D. Surprisingly
22.
A. reported B. accepted C. treated D. tested
23.
A. legal B. random C. further D. compulsory
24.
A. charge B. complaint C. appeal D. pursuit
25.
A. procedures B. advances C. practices D. insights
26.
A. fitted with B. provided with C. entitled to D. attached to
27.
A. reasonable B. imaginable C. reliable D. predictable
28.
A. disorder B. blindness C. obesity D. deafness
29.
A. solution B. clue C. reflection D. doubt
30.
A. response B. volume C. capacity D. activity
31.
A. however B. therefore C. for example D. after all
32.
A. prove B. produce C. match D. affect
33.
A. stop B. review C. repeat D. improve
34.
A. shocking B. distracting C. unpredictable D. complicated
35.
A. worrying B. classifying C. engaging D. prompting
【答案】21. A 22. C 23. D 24. C 25. B 26. A 27. C 28. D 29. B 30. A 31. A 32. D 33. C 34. D 35. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了儿童听力损失早期筛查至关重要，但是筛选测试远非可靠。体力损失的原因尚不清楚。
【21题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：事实上，很多两岁前不会说话的孩子后来都成了聋子。A. Indeed确实；B.
Meanwhile与此同时；C. Occasionally偶尔地；D. Surprisingly令人惊讶地。根据下文“many children who don’t talk by age two turn out to be deaf.”可知，事实上，很多两岁前不会说话的孩子后来都成了聋子。故选A项。
22题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们的残疾越早被发现和治疗，他们在重要的语言和社交技能发展方面落后的可能性就越小。A. reported报道；B. accepted接受；C. treated对待，治疗；D. tested测试。根据上文“The sooner their disability is discovered”可知，早发现早治疗。故选C项。
【23题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这就是为什么越来越多的听力专家和家长正在为新生儿的听力损失进行强制性筛查。A. legal合法的；B. random随意的；C. further进一步的；D. compulsory义务的，强制的。根据上文“The sooner their disability is discovered and ___2___ , the less likely they are to fall behind in the development of important language and social skills.”可知，早发现早治疗，所以强制筛查。故选D项。
【24题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们的呼吁已经被一些有权势的人听到了。A. charge收费；B. complaint抱怨；C. appeal吸引，呼吁；D. pursuit追求。根据上文“That is why a growing number of hearing specialists (audiologists) and parents are campaigning for ___3___ screening of newborns for hearing loss.”可知，这是他们的呼吁。故选C项。
【25题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这种推动部分源于技术的进步，其中包括让两个月大的孩子就能戴上助听器。A. procedures程序；B. advances进步；C. practices事件；D. insights洞察力；眼力。根据下文“in technology”可知，推动部分源于技术的进步。故选B项。
【26题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：这种推动部分源于技术的进步，其中包括让两个月大的孩子就能戴上助听器。A. fitted with装上；B. provided with提供；C. entitled to有权享有；D. attached to附属。根据常识可知，助听器是装在孩子的耳朵上的。故选A项。
【27题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：父母在开始之前应该意识到的一件事是，筛选测试远非可靠。A. reasonable合理的；B. imaginable可想象的；C. reliable可依靠的；D. predictable可预测的。根据下文“A bad result doesn’t necessarily indicate a problem.”可知，筛选测试远非可靠。故选C项。
【28题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：大约有一半的时间，医生可以确定一个可能的原因，比如出生体重不到5磅，或者有耳聋的家族史。A. disorder混乱；B. blindness失明；C. obesity肥胖；D. deafness聋。根据上文“hearing loss”可知，说明听力损失的原因是有耳聋的家族史造成的。故选D项。
【29题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：在其他时间里，对于新生儿的听力受到影响的原因根本没有任何线索。A. solution解决措施；B. clue线索；C. reflection反射；D. doubt怀疑。根据上文“About half the time, doctors can identify a possible cause, such as a birth weight less than 5 pounds, or a family history of ___8___”可知，在其他时间里，对于新生儿的听力受到影响的原因根本没有任何线索。故选B项。
【30题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：筛选测试的工作原理是将声音引入婴儿的耳朵，然后测量耳朵内部机制的反应或大脑听觉部分的电活动(听觉脑干反应测试)。A. response回应；B. volume体积，容积；C. capacity能力；D. activity活动。根据下文“the ear’s internal mechanisms”可知，测试额是耳朵内部机制的反应。故选A项。
【31题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，仅仅因为婴儿没有通过任何一项测试，并不意味着有听力问题。A however然而；B. therefore因此；C. for example例如；D. after all毕竟。根据句意可知，前后为转折关系。故选A项。
【32题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：耳道内暂时积聚的液体或托儿所内过度的噪音都会影响结果。A. prove证明是；B. produce制造；C. match匹配；D. affect影响。根据上文“A temporary buildup of fluid in the ear canal or excessive noise”可知，耳道内暂时积聚的液体或托儿所内过度的噪音都会影响结果。故选D项。
【33题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：出于这个原因，专家说，医院应该对任何第一次没有通过的婴儿重复筛查测试，然后告诉父母咨询听力学家进行更彻底的测试。A. stop停止；B. review复习；C. repeat重复； D. improve提高。根据下文“who doesn’t pass the first time”可知，第一次没有通过的婴儿要进行重复筛查测试。故选C项。
【34题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在这个阶段，事情变得有点复杂。 A. shocking令人震惊的；B. distracting分心的； C. unpredictable不可预测的；D. complicated复杂的。因为重复筛查和彻底的测试，所以变得复杂了。故选D项。
【35题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：17个有完全正常孩子的家庭——更不用说要求他们花几百美元进行高级测试——来筛查出三个听力损失的婴儿，这值得担心吗？A. worrying担忧；B. classifying澄清；C. engaging参与；D. prompting促使。根据上文“17 families of perfectly normal children”可知，因为是17个有完全正常孩子的家庭，所以不用担心筛查结果。故选A项。
2024·上海黄浦·二模
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
My father decided to start learning French when he was 57. On the surface, his retirement hobby seems a little random — our family has no connection to French-speaking countries — but his __41__ ran deeper than a passion for cakes. My grandmother developed signs of Alzheimer’s disease (阿尔兹海默症) in her early 70s, and studies suggest that being bilingual, that is, being able to speak two languages equally well, can __42__ the start of the condition by up to five years. Drawn by that __43__ benefit, many people have attempted to pick up a new language in adulthood.
Lots of activities are linked to better brain health in old age, like getting more education when you’re younger and physical activity. Experts say regularly speaking multiple languages may be especially __44__ though. “We use language in all aspects of daily life, so a bilingual brain is __45__ working,” said Mark Antoniou, a professor at Western Sydney University who specializes in bilingualism.
The age at which you learn another language appears to be less important than how __46__ you speak it. The cognitive (认知的) benefit is from having to __47__ your mother tongue, which your brain is forced to do if you’re trying to recall the right words in another language. So if the second language is used a lot, you’re getting that cognitive __48__. That process is called cognitive inhibition. In theory, by improving these types of processes, the brain becomes stronger to the __49__ caused by diseases like dementia. The stronger your mental power, the thinking goes, the longer you can function normally, even if your brain health starts to __50__.
However, evidence for the benefits of learning a second language as a hobby in your 60s is __51__. Research by Dr. Antoniou and colleagues found that while Chinese adults 60 and up improved on cognition tests after a six-month language learning program, people who played games like Sudoku did as well. Two more recent studies on the topic found virtually no __52__ in cognitive performance after people took part in language-learning programs.
The scientists who conducted those studies offered a few potential __53__. One is that the participants were highly motivated volunteers, who may have already been at peak performance for their age, making it hard to see any __54__. Another is that the language interventions were perhaps too short. The handful of studies looking into the issue have used language lessons that were very different in their __55__ and frequency. Some studies taught participants for eight months, others for just one very intense week.
41. A. affection B. contribution C. motivation D. struggle
42. A. delay B. prevent C. signal D. stimulate
43. A. additional B. educational C. lasting D. potential
44. A. beneficial B. common C. impractical D. rare
45. A. carelessly B. constantly C. creatively D. delicately
46. A. long B. often C. soon D. well
47. A. command B. practice C. restrict D. spread
48. A. function B. psychology C. system D. training
49. A. damages B. operations C. pains D. signs
50. A. decline B. improve C. matter D. restore
51. A. available B. mounting C. stronger D. weaker
52. A. difference B. involvement C. point D. reduction
53. A. applications B. explanations C. findings D. suggestions
54. A. diversities B. improvements C. outcomes D. possibilities
55. A. content B. intention C. length D. requirement
参考答案：CADAB BCDAA DABBC
2024·上海普陀·二模
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Many of the world’s islands were previously unexplored places, but over time, people have come to these places with far-reaching effects, including deforestation, over-hunting and the introduction of invasive species. (41) ______, most of the bird species disappeared.
While the death of many birds since the 1500s has been (42) ______, our knowledge of the fate of species before this relies on fossils(化石), and these records are limited because birds’ lightweight bones are (43) ______ over time. This conceals the true (44) ______ of global extinctions.
Researchers now believe 1,430 bird species — almost 12 per cent — have died out over modern human history since around 130,000 years ago, with the vast majority of them becoming extinct directly or indirectly (45) ______ human activity.
The study, led by the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH) and published in Nature Communications, used statistical modelling to (46) ______ the undiscovered bird extinctions.
Lead author Dr Rob Cooke, an ecological modeler at UKCEH, says:“Our study demonstrates there has been a far higher (47) ______ impact on diversity than previously recognized. Humans quickly destroyed bird populations through habitat loss, over-exploitation, and the introduction of rats, pigs, and dogs, which attacked the birds’ nests, and (48) ______ with birds for food. We show that many species became extinct before written records and left no (49) ______, lost from history.”
Dr S ren Faurby of the University of Gothenburg, a co-author of the study, adds: “These historic extinctions have had a major impact on the current biodiversity crisis. The world may not only have lost many fascinating birds but also their varied (50) ______ roles, which are likely to have included key functions such as pollination(授粉). This will have had knock-on effects on
ecosystems, so, (51) ______ bird extinctions, we will have lost a lot of plants and animals that (52) ______ these species for survival.”
Observations and fossils show 640 bird species have been driven extinct — 90 per cent of these on islands (53) ______ by people. These (54) ______ from the iconic(标志性的) Dodo of Mauritius to the Great Auk of the North Atlantic to the lesser-known Saint Helena Giant Hoopoe. But the researchers estimate there have been further 790 unknown extinctions, meaning a total of 1,430 lost species — leaving just under 11,000 today. Therefore, from the perspective of protecting species (55) ______, the protection of birds is an urgent issue for mankind.
41. A. To some extent B. On average C. As a result D. In short
42. A. confirmed B. recorded C. concealed D. discussed
43. A. distracted B. disposed C. dismissed D. disintegrated
44. A. extent B. context C. outcome D. influence
45. A. due to B. other than C. instead of D. in spite of
46. A. declare B. illustrate C. estimate D. emphasize
47. A. climate B. human C. environmental D. natural
48. A. connected B. coped C. lived D. competed
49. A. trace B. route C. change D. proposal
50. A. interactive B. ecological C. productive D. social
51. A. in terms of B. because of C. except for D. in addition to
52. A. depend on B. interact with C. fight against D. stay away
53. A. inhabited B. removed C. developed D. killed
54. A. result B. range C. suffer D. date
55. A. origin B. project C. growth D. diversity
41-45 C B D A A 46-50 C B D A B 51-55 D A A B D
2024·上海徐汇·二模
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Alipay, the digital payment arm of Chinese financial technology company Ant Group, is allocating more resources to roll out translation services in 16 languages, to ensure foreigners in China can use mobile payments without any hurdles.
Alipay's move comes amid China's intensified efforts to further improve foreigners' payment (41) _______ in the country.
Alipay has allowed foreigners in China to link their (42) _______ bank cards, including Visa and Mastercard, to its mobile payment tool, greatly streamlining (精简) the payment processes, said Zhu Xugang, director of the cross-border business at Ant Group.
Users of 10 overseas e-wallets are also able to use their familiar home e-wallets on their own phones by (43) _______ Alipay QR codes, to enjoy seamless mobile payment experiences across Alipay's vast merchant network.
According to Alipay, foreigners can use the app to complete payments at restaurants, hotels, scenic spots, convenience stores and supermarkets, as well as for ride-hailing, shared bikes, buses and other public (44) _______ services in China. The newly (45) _______ multilingual app includes English, French, Spanish, German,
Italian, Portuguese, Russian and Japanese.
The mobile payment app has also (46) _______ the single transaction(交易)limit for overseas travelers using mobile payments from $1,000 to $5,000 and lifted the annual cumulative transaction limit from $10,000 to $50,000.
The State Council, China's Cabinet, published a guideline on improving payment services and (47) _______ payment convenience in early March, a move to better meet the (48) _______ payment needs of the elderly and foreign visitors.
Last week, the People's Bank of China, the country's central bank, (49) _______ a payment guide that provides foreigners with text and graphic (50) _______ on using bank cards, cash, mobile payments and e-CNY in China, the latest step in the country's push to optimize the payment experience for foreigners.
Wang Pengbo, a senior analyst at market consultancy Botong Analysys, said the intensified efforts to provide convenient payment services will not only (51) _______ improve the living and consumption experience of foreigners in China and attract more of them to the country, but also promote the healthy and sustainable development of the payment (52) _______.
Wang said the move demonstrates the country's resolve to expand high-standard opening-up, (53) _______ the online payment scenarios of Alipay are wide enough, with high usage frequency. So, what it should do now is to expand the scope of foreign bank card binding and improve and simplify authentication of new users, to provide more convenient payment services to foreigners.
Meanwhile, Chinese banks are taking measures to expand the (54) _______ of overseas bank cards and facilitate their use of cash in the country.
Dong said more efforts are needed to expand the scenarios of various types of payment methods at tourist attractions, sporting events, transportation hubs, healthcare and beauty centers and other daily (55) _______ sites.
A. expectations B. memorizations C. experiences D. durations
A. international B. domestic C. interior D. commercial
A. copying B. photographing C. sharing D. scanning
A. transportation B. security C. education D. maintenance
A. evolved B. launched C. specialized D. simplified
A. decreased B. restricted C. suspended D. raised
A. implementing B. enhancing C. administrating D. subscribing
A. diversified B. facilitated C. digitalized D. conflicted
A. purchased B. authorized C. released D. commercialized
A. designs B. illustrations C. instructions D. imagery
A. significantly B. artificially C. individually D. frequently
A. gateway B. industry C. deadline D. term
A. developing B. monitoring C. securing D. adding
A. recognition B. acceptance C. regulation D. policy
A. construction B. application C. production D. consumption
41-45 CADAB 46-50 DBACC 51-55 ABDBD
2024·上海松江·二模
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
The way of recording things has never ceased to develop. In the 1980s, as sales of video recorders went up,
old 8mm home movies were gradually replaced by VHS （video home system）tapes. Later, video tapes of family holidays lost their appeal and the use of DVDs 41 . Those, too, have had their day. Even those holding their childhood memories in digital files on their laptops now know these files face the risk of 42 .
Digitising historical documents brings huge benefits—files can be 43 and distributed, reducing the risk of their entire loss through physical damage caused by fire or flooding. And developing digital versions reduces 44 on the original items. The International Dunhuang Project, 45 , has digitised items like manuscripts（手稿） from the Mogao caves in China, enabling scholars from around the world to access records easily without touching the real items.
But the news that the Ministry of Justice of the UK is proposing to scan the 110 million people’s wills it holds and then destroy a handful of 46 after 25 years has shocked historians. The ministry cites this as a way of providing easier access for researchers. But that only justifies digitisation, not the 47 of the paper copies. The officials note the change will be economically efficient （saving around 4.5m a year） while keeping all the essential information.
Scholars 48 . Most significantly, physical records can themselves carry important information — the kind of ink or paper used may be part of the history that historians are 49 . and error s are often made in scanning. Besides, digital copies are arguably more 50 than the material items, just in different ways. The attack from the Internet on the British Library last October has prevented scholars from 51 digitised materials it holds: imagine if researchers could not return to the originals. Some even think digitised information can easily be lost within decades no matter what 52 are put in place.
The government says that it will save the original wills of “famous people for historic record”, such as that of Princess Diana’s. However, assuming that we know who will 53 to future generations is extraordinarily proud. Mary Seacole, a pioneering nurse who now appears on the national school course in the UK, was largely 54 for almost a century.
The digitisation of old documents is a valuable, even essential measure. But to destroy the originals once they have been scanned, is not a matter of great 55 , but of huge damage.
41．A．paused B．boomed C．recovered D．disappeared
42．A．getting outdated B．coming into style C．being fined D．making an error
43．A．deleted B．named C．copied D．altered
44．A．fight or flight B．life or death C．wear and tear D．awe and wonder
45．A．unfortunately B．additionally C．in summary D．for example
46．A．the originals B．the essentials C．the visualised D．the digitised
47．A．preservation B．classification C．publication D．destruction
48．A．applaud B．disagree C．discriminate D．withdraw
49．A．revising B．abandoning C．uncovering D．enduring
50．A．meaningful B．favourable C．resistant D．delicate
51．A．inventing B．adjusting C．accessing D．damaging
52．A．outcomes B．safeguards C．deadlines D．byproducts
53．A．matter B．respond C．lose D．live
54．A．spared B．discussed C．forgotten D．protected
55．A．sacrifice B．courage C．efficiency D．admiration
41-45 BACCD 46-50 ADBCD 51-55CBACC
2024·上海静安·二模
Directions: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
City air is in a sorry state. It is dirty and hot. Outdoor pollution kills 4.2m people a year, according to the World Health Organization. Concrete and tarmac, meanwhile, absorb the sun’s rays rather than reflecting them back into space, and also ___21___ plants which would otherwise cool things down by evaporative transpiration (蒸腾作用). The never-ceasing ___22___ of buildings and roads thus turns urban areas into heat islands, discomforting residents and worsening dangerous heatwaves.
A possible answer to the twin problems of pollution and heat is trees. Their leaves may destroy at least some chemical pollutants and they certainly ___23___ tiny particles floating in the air, which are then washed to the ground by rain. Besides transpiration, they provide ___24___.
To cool an area effectively, trees must be planted in quantity. Two years ago, researchers at the University of Wisconsin found that American cities need 40% tree ___25___ to cut urban heat back meaningfully. Unfortunately, not all cities — and especially not those now springing up in the world’s poor and middle-income countries — are ___26___ with parks, private gardens or a sufficient number of street trees. And the problem is likely to get worse. At the moment, 55% of people live in cities. By 2050 that share is expected to reach 68%.
One group of botanists believe they have at least a partial ___27___ to this lack of urban vegetation. It is to plant miniature simulacra (模拟物) of natural forests, ecologically engineered for rapid growth. Over the course of a career that began in the 1950s, their leader, Miyawaki Akira, a plant ecologist at Yokohama National University in Japan, has developed a way to do this starting with even the most ___28___ deserted areas. And the Miyawaki method is finding increasing ___29___ around the world.
Dr Miyawaki’s insight was to deconstruct and rebuild the process of ecological succession, by which ___30___ land develops naturally into mature forest. Usually, the first arrival is grass, followed by small trees and, finally, larger ones. The Miyawaki method ___31___ some of the early phases and jumps directly to planting the kinds of species found in a mature wood.
Dr Miyawaki has ___32___ the planting of more than 1,500 of these miniature forests, first in Japan, then in other parts of the world. Wherever they are planting, though, gardeners are not restricted to ___33___ nature’s
recipe book to the letter. Miyawaki forests can be customized to local requirements. A popular choice, ___34___, is to include more fruit trees than a natural forest might support, thus creating an orchard that requires no maintenance.
If your goal is to better your ___35___ surroundings, rather than to save the planet from global warming, then Dr Miyawaki might well be your man.
21.
A. thrive B. nourish C. displace D. raise
22.
A. assessment B. maintenance C. spread D. replacement
23.
A. release B. trap C. reflect D. dissolve
24.
A. attraction B. shadow C. interaction D. shade
25.
A. consumption B. coverage C. interval D. conservation
26.
A. blessed B. lined C. piled D. fascinated
27.
A. treatment B. obstacle C. warning D. solution
28.
A. unnoticed B. unpromising C. untested D. unfading
29.
A. criticism B. favor C. sponsor D. anxiety
30.
A. bare B. graceful C. faint D. mysterious
31.
A. highlights B. skips C. improves D. pushes
32.
A. accessed B. spotted C. supervised D. ranked
33.
A. disturbing B. balancing C. following D. reducing
34.
A. for example B. in essence C. on the other hand D. after all
35.
A. suburban B. leisure C. scenic D. immediate
【答案】21. C 22. C 23. B 24. D 25. B 26. A 27. D 28. B 29. B 30. A 31. B 32. C 33. C 34. A 35. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了由于城市的空气质量不好，而且建筑物和道路无休止扩建将城区变成热岛，居民感到不适并加剧热浪，从而指出增加植被覆盖率是解决城市空气污染和缓解城市热岛效应的答案。
【21题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：与此同时，混凝土和柏油路面会吸收太阳光而非将其反射回太空，并且取代了原本可以通过蒸发蒸腾来降温的植物。A. thrive繁荣；B. nourish滋养；C. displace取代；D. raise提出。根据下文“which would otherwise cool things down by evaporative transpiration”可知，混凝土和柏油路面取代了原本可以通过蒸发蒸腾来降温的植物。故选C。
【22题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：因此，建筑物和道路的无休止扩张将城市变成了热岛，给居民带来不适，并加剧了危险的热浪。A. assessment评估；B. maintenance维修；C. spread扩展；D. replacement取代。根据下文“thus turns urban areas into heat islands,”可知，建筑物和道路的无休止扩张将城市变成了热岛。故选C。
【23题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：树叶或许可以消除至少一部分化学污染物，而且确实能捕获空气中漂浮的微粒，随后这些微粒随雨水降落到地面。A. release释放；B. trap捕捉；C. reflect反映；D. dissolve溶解。根据空后“tiny particles floating in the air”可知，树叶能捕获空气中漂浮的微粒。故选B。
【24题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：除了蒸腾作用，它们还能提供阴凉。A. attraction吸引；B. shadow影子；C. interaction相互作用；D. shade阴凉处。根据空前“Besides transpiration, they provide”可知，树木除了蒸腾作用，还能提供阴凉。故选D。
【25题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：两年前，威斯康星大学的研究人员发现，美国城市需要达到40%的树木覆盖率才能显著减少城市高温。A. consumption消耗；B. coverage覆盖率；C. interval间隔；D. conservation保护。
根据空后“to cut urban heat back meaningfully.”可知，美国城市需要达到40% 的树木覆盖率才能显著减少城市高温。故选B。
【26题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：不幸的是，并非所有城市——尤其是那些在世界低收入和中等收入国家崭露头角的城市——都有幸有公园、私人花园或足够数量的行道树。A. blessed使有幸得到；B. lined沿……形成行(或列、排)；C. piled堆放；D. fascinated使入迷。根据上文“especially not those now springing up in the world’s poor and middle-income countries ”可知，并非所有城市都有幸享有公园、私人花园或足够数量的行道树，be blessed with“有幸得到；幸运地享有”。故选A。
【27题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：一组植物学家认为他们找到了至少部分解决城市植被匮乏问题的办法。A. treatment治疗；B. obstacle障碍；C. warning警告；D. solution解决办法。根据下文“It is to plant miniature simulacra of natural forests, ecologically engineered for rapid growth.”可知，植物学家认为他们找到了办法至少可以部分解决城市植被匮乏问题。故选D。
【28题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在20世纪50年代开始职业生涯中，他们的领导者，日本横滨国立大学的植物生态学家Miyawaki Akira，已经找到了一种方法来做到这一点，甚至从最没有希望的荒芜地区开始。A. unnoticed未被注意到的；B. unpromising没有希望的；C. untested未经测试的；D. unfading永不褪色的。根据空后“deserted areas.”可知，他们从最没有希望的荒芜地区开始。故选B。
【29题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：宫胁法在全球范围内日益受到喜爱。A. criticism批判主义；B. favor喜爱；C. sponsor资助；D. anxiety焦虑。根据下文“Dr Miyawaki has ___12___ the planting of more than 1,500 of these miniature forests, first in Japan, then in other parts of the world.”可知，宫胁法在全球范围内日益受到喜爱。故选B。
【30题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：梅耶瓦基博士的见解是解构和重建生态演替过程，通过这个过程，光秃的的土地自然发展成成熟的森林。A. bare光秃的；B. graceful优雅的；C. faint微弱的；D. mysterious神秘的。根据空后“land develops naturally into mature forest.”可知，光秃的的土地自然发展成成熟的森林。故选A。
【31题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：梅耶瓦基方法跳过了某些早期阶段，直接种植成熟林中所见的物种类型。A.
highlights强调；B. skips跳过；C. improves提高；D. pushes推。根据下文“jumps directly to planting the kinds of species found in a mature wood.”可知，梅耶瓦基方法跳过了某些早期阶段。故选B。
【32题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：梅耶瓦基博士已指导种植超过1500座这类微型森林，起先在日本，然后推广到世界其他地区。A. accessed使用；B. spotted发现；C. supervised指导；D. ranked排名。根据空后“the planting of more than 1,500 of these miniature forests, first in Japan, then in other parts of the world.”可知，梅耶瓦基博士推广自己的方法，已指导种植超过1500座这类微型森林。故选C。
【33题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：不论在哪里植树造林，园丁们不必拘泥于完全遵照大自然的法则。A. disturbing打扰；B. balancing平衡；C. following遵循；D. reducing减少。根据下文“Miyawaki forests can be customized to local requirements.”可知，梅耶瓦基森林可以依当地需求量身打造，园丁们不必拘泥于完全遵照大自然的法则。故选C。
【34题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，一项热门选择是栽植比天然林所能负荷更多的果树，从而创造出一座无需维护的果园。A. for example例如；B. in essence本质上；C. on the other hand另一方面；D. after all毕竟。根据上文“Miyawaki forests can be customized to local requirements.”可知，空处需要一个短语来引导例子，以说明梅耶瓦基森林如何根据当地需求进行定制。故选A。
【35题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：若你的目标是改善附近环境而非从全球暖化中拯救地球，那么梅耶瓦基博士或许正是你需要的人物。A. suburban郊区的；B. leisure闲暇的；C. scenic风景优美的；D. immediate附近的。根据下文“rather than to save the planet from global warming”可知，你的目标是改善附近环境而非从全球暖化中拯救地球。故选D。
2024·上海虹口·二模
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
In the middle of 2023, a study conducted by the HuthLab at the University of Texas sent shockwaves through the fields of neuroscience (神经科学) and technology. For the first time, the thoughts and impressions of people 41 to communicate with the outside world were translated into continuous natural language, using a combination of artificial intelligence (AI) and brain imaging technology. This is the closest science has yet come to 42 someone’s mind.
Losing the ability to communicate is a deep cut to one’s sense of self. 43 this ability gives the patient
greater control over their lives. But it could also give other entities, such as corporations, researchers and other third parties, a(n) 44 degree of insight into, or even control over, the lives of patients. The NeuroRights Foundation, based at Columbia University in New York, argues that new rights surrounding neurotechnologies will be 45 for all humans to preserve their privacy, identity, and free will. The potential 46 of disabled patients makes this a particularly important problem.
47 this approach, Chile was the first country that adopted legislation, drafting new laws, to address the risks of neurotechnology. It not only introduced a new constitutional right to mental 48 , but is also in the process of adopting a bill that bans selling neurodata, and forces all neurotech devices to be regulated as medical devices, even those intended for the general consumer.
The proposed legislation recognizes the intensely 49 nature of neural data and considers it as organ tissues, which cannot be bought or sold, only donated. But this legislation has also faced 50 , with legal scholars questioning the need for new rights and pointing out that it could discourage beneficial brain research for disabled patients.
While the legal action taken by Chile is the most impactful and 51 to date, other countries are considering updating existing laws to face the new developments in neurotechnologies.
And while it is likely that the first applications of neurotech will be medical, future 52 are likely to involve consumer applications such as entertainment, as well as for military and security purposes. The growing 53 of neurotechnology in a commercial context only causes more legal concerns.
Different people, societies, and cultures will disagree on where to draw the line. We are at a(n) 54 stage of technological development. And as we begin to uncover the great potential of brain science, the need to consider their implications for legal action becomes more 55 .
41. A. eager B. ready C. unwilling D. unable
42. A. clearing B. occupying C. changing D. reading
43. A. Reducing B. Restricting C. Restoring D. Requiring
44. A. irrelevant B. uncomfortable C. negligible D. supportive
45. A. needed B. limited C. controlled D. denied
46. A. application B. weakness C. impact D. significance
47. A. In comparison with B. In line with
C. At the conclusion of D. At the cost of
48. A. integrity B. condition C. disorder D. function
49. A. group B. general C. physical D. personal
50. A. interaction B. chance C. criticism D. defence
51. A. far-reaching B. labor-saving C. short-sighted D. ill-timed
52. A. advances B. arrangements C. requirements D. policies
53. A. confidence B. availability C. membership D. movement
54. A. mature B. initial C. different D. final
55. A. diversified B. genuine C. pressing D. special
完形填空：41-55: DDCBA BBADC AABBC
2024·上海宝山·二模
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
For decades, people have guessed that artificial intelligence (AI) will eventually replace human workers. But
developments in the past few years have 41 these concerns as companies have released AI that can answer questions, write articles and create images. Now, even people in creative fields must consider the 42 of AI replacing them. But many experts still insist that these AI programs are no substitute for human ability.
AI programs have the 43 to perform some tasks currently performed by human workers. These include media jobs, such as writing advertisements and articles, along with many jobs in the financial fields and even tech-related jobs such as computer programming. AI is good at 44 data, so financial analysts and market research analysts may find their jobs 45 .
Using AI for certain tasks may be a good thing. Perhaps AI will 46 less interesting work, allowing people to do more satisfying jobs, just as earlier technologies have. Using a machine to do laundry saves time 47 to washing clothes by hand, and many people use that extra time productively. 48 , AI may be able to take over dull tasks, liberating people to be truly creative, since thinking up new ideas is something AI cannot do.
Another big challenge for AI is human 49 . Most people prefer to communicate with humans rather than machines. Hence, AI is 50 to replace humans for jobs that require personal connection, such as counseling or teaching. A robot can perform tasks, but it cannot 51 care about others, and sometimes care is what people need.
AI can process data quickly, but it can only use data that it is given. So it cannot adapt to situations that 52 significantly from those in its data. Thus, although some AI programs can create content, none of them can be truly creative as the content AI creates will 53 consist of some combination of its sources.
Finally, if the AI 2024年高考英语二轮复习专题：完形填空（上海专用）
2023·上海秋考·真题
III.Reading Comprehension (共45分。 41-45每题1分；56-70每题2分)
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A. B.C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context
Doctors are scientists who operate in a world of statistics, odds and probability. Yet they’ve long been taught that when dealing with patients they should convey a reassuring level of confidence and certainty. (41)______,
patients expect their doctors to give them a clear diagnosis and a straightforward course of treatment. But now that information about every medical condition imaginable is just a few clicks away, experts are asking whether doctors' apparent (42) _____ when communicating with their patients actually does more harm than good. With the information overload brought by the progress of medicine and technology answers are (43) ______ black or white.
Medical schools are only just starting to teach doctors how to deal with this, and patients' expectations haven't (44) ______, either.
“Medicine has always fallen short of the sort of certainty that we find in math and geometry”, says Dr. Ross Upshur, a researcher at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health in Toronto. “If you think about knowledge and what it does, it’s about (45) ______ uncertainty, not about creating certainty. ”
Doctors in training, like gamblers, need to be (46) ______ working in a field in which they’re constantly weighing the odds based on a myriad of factors. When Upshur teaches medical students how to diagnose an ailment(小恙), he tells them to (47) ______ their inquiry ---- come up with a list of possibilities, rather than quickly home in on a single solution. “Even when you make a diagnosis that you think is firm, you usually don’t have certainty about what would be the best (48) ______ and what the outcomes will be in the long run.”
Technology has helped (49) ______ the quest for certainty. We are reaching a point where we can feed a list of symptoms into a computer and get a more (50) ______ diagnosis than from a doctor. Dr. Richard Schwartzstein, a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, sees such developments as both a/an (51) ______ and an opportunity. On one hand, he says, “technology tries to push you to a/an (52) ______ level of certainty. Do this test to get a 99 percent level of certainty that you have this disease. ”
On the other hand, computers can’t (53) ______ a diagnosis or a treatment to patients in a comforting way. Take a routine screening test for early-stage lung cancer. Based on your age, your smoking status, and your gender, a computer can do a great job of evaluating the chances of finding a cancerous nodule (癌症结节). It can also (54) ______ quite precisely the risk of developing an actual cancer based on the size and shape of a nodule. What it can’t do, (55) ______, is decide how to break the news that you have a nodule in your lung that has a 1 percent chance of becoming a cancer.
A.On the hand B. Afterwords C. As a result D.Above all
42.A. victim B. instance C. transparency D. certainty
43.A. frequently B. generally C.rarely D. mainly
44.A. adored B.transformed C.faded D.adjusted
45.A. limiting B. hitting C.threatening D. assembling
46. A. compared with B. accounted for C. accustomed to D.annoyed at
47.A.cover B.train C.clarify D.broaden
48.A. identify B. cure C.defend D.cause
49.A. enlighten B.redefine C.commit D.guarantee
50. A. accurate B.plain C.serious D.remedial
51.A. challenge B. encounter C.conversation D.dispute
52.A. dangerous B. maximal C.unfavorable D.contrasting
53. A.stuff B.hint C.communicate D. indicate
54.A. conclude B. understand C.assume D. calculate
55. A.however B. therefore C. moreover D.hence
Doctors are scientists who operate in a world of statistics, odds and probability. Yet they’ve long been taught that when dealing with patients they should convey a reassuring level of confidence and certainty. (41) , patients expect their doctors to give them a clear diagnosis and a straightforward course of treatment. But now that information about every medical condition imaginable is just a few clicks away, experts are asking whether doctors' apparent (42) when communicating with their patients actually does more harm than good. With the information overload brought by the progress of medicine and technologyanswers are (43) black or white.
Medical schools are only just starting to teach doctors how to deal with this, and patients' expectations haven't (44) either.
“Medicine has always fallen short of the sort of certainty that we find in math and geometry”, says Dr. Ross Upshur, a researcher at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health in Toronto. “If you think about knowledge and what it does, it’s about (45)uncertainty, not about creating certainty. ”
Doctors in training, like gamblers, need to be (46) working in a field in which they’re constantly weighing the odds based on a myriad of factors. When Upshur teaches medical students how to diagnose an ailment(小恙), he tells them to (47) their inquiry ---- come up with a list of possibilities, rather than quickly home in on a single solution. “Even when you make a diagnosis that you think is firm, you usually don’t have certainty about what would be the best (48) and what the outcomes will be in the long run.”
Technology has helped (49) the quest for certainty. We are reaching a point where we can feed a list of symptoms into a computer and get a more (50)diagnosis than from a doctor. Dr. Richard Schwartzstein, a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, sees such developments as both a/an (51) and an opportunity. On one hand, he says, “technology tries to push you to a/an (52) level of certainty. Do this test to get a 99 percent level of certainty that you have this disease. ”
On the other hand, computers can’t (53) a diagnosis or a treatment to patients in a comforting way. Take a routine screening test for early-stage lung cancer. Based on your age, your smoking status, and your gender, a computer can do a great job of evaluating the chances of finding a cancerous nodule (癌症结节). It can also (54) quite precisely the risk of developing an actual cancer based on the size and shape of a nodule. What it can’t do, (55) , is decide how to break the news that you have a nodule in your lung that has a 1 percent chance of becoming a cancer.
【难句解析】
1. Doctors are scientists who operate in a world of statistics, odds and probability. Yet they’ve long been taught that when dealing with patients they should convey a reassuring level of confidence and certainty.
医生是科学家，他们的工作离不开数据、机率和概率。然而长期以来，他们被教导说，与病人打交道时，他们应该传递令人信服的自信和确定性。
Operate这里应理解为“工作”; reassuring令人信服的、可靠的。
2. (1) , patients expect their doctors to give them a clear diagnosis and a straightforward course of treatment.
因此，病人期待医生给他们一个清晰的诊断和直接的治疗过程。
3. But now that information about every medical condition imaginable is just a few clicks away experts are asking whether doctors' apparent (2) when communicating with their patients actually does more harm than good.
但是，现在只要轻点鼠标、就能了解到各种病情信息，鉴于此，专家们质疑：与病人沟通时，医生给出的确定性实际上是否弊大于利。
Now that因为、鉴于；every…imaginable各种、全部的、所能想到的。
4. With the information overloadbrought by the progress of medicine and (3) answers are rarely black or white. Medical schools are only just starting to teach doctors how to deal with this, and patients' expectations haven't (4) either.
随着医学和技术进步所带来的信息过载，答案很少非黑即白。医学院正在开始教医生如何处理这个问题，而病人的期望也还没有能适应（这一变化趋势）。
With…brought复合结构“随着/在……”；
5. “Medicine has always fallen short ofthe sort of certainty that we find in math and geometry”, says Dr. Ross Upshur, a researcher at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health in Toronto. “If you think about knowledge and what it does, it’s about (5) uncertainty, not about creating certainty. ”
"医学总是达不到我们在数学和几何学中发现的那种确定性"，多伦多达拉拉纳公共卫生学院的研究员罗斯-厄普舒尔博士说。"如果你考虑到知识和它的作用，它是关于限制不确定性，而不是创造确定性。"
fallen short of达不到、缺少。
6.Doctors in training, like gamblers, need to be (6) working in a field in which they’re constantly weighing the odds based on countless factors. When Upshur teaches medical students how to diagnose a disease, he tells them to (7) their inquiry ---- come up with a list of possibilities, rather than quickly home in on a single solution.
接受培训的医生就像赌徒一样，需要习惯于在这个领域工作，在这个领域中，他们不断地根据无数的因素来衡量赔率。当Upshur教授医学生如何诊断一种疾病时，他告诉他们要扩大调查范围----提出一个可能性的清单，而不是迅速归纳出一个单一的解决方案。
Weigh掂量、权衡；home in on对准、指向。
7.“Even when you make a diagnosis that you think is firm, you usually don’t have certainty about what would be the best (8) and what the outcomes will be in the long run.”
"即使你做出了一个你认为是确定的诊断，你通常也不能确定什么是最好的治疗方法，以及从长远来看，结果会是什么。"
In the long run长期来看。
8.(9) has helped redefine the quest for certainty. We are reaching a point where we can feed a list of symptomsinto a computer and get a more (10) diagnosis than from a doctor. Dr. Richard Schwartzstein, a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, sees such developments as both a/an (11) and an opportunity. On one hand, he says,
“technology tries to push you to a/an (12) level of certainty. Do this test to get a 99 percent level of certainty that you have this disease. ”
技术已经帮助我们重新定义了对确定性的追求。我们正在达到这样一个地步：我们可以把症状清单输入计算机，得到比医生更准确的诊断。哈佛医学院医学教授理查德-施瓦茨坦博士认为这种发展既是挑战也是机遇。他说，一方面，"技术试图把你推到一个最大的确定性水平。做这个测试可以得到99%的确定性：你有这个疾病。"
Redefine重新定义；reaching a point where达到某个……的程度。
9. On the other hand, computers can’t (13) a diagnosis or a treatment to patients in a comforting way. Take a routine screening test for early-stage lung cancer. Based on your age, your smoking status, and your gender, a computer can do a great job of evaluating the chances of finding a cancerous nodule (癌症结节).
另一方面，计算机不能以安慰的方式向病人传达诊断或治疗。以早期肺癌的常规筛查测试为例。根据你的年龄、吸烟状况和性别，计算机可以很好地评估发现癌症结节的几率。
a routine screening test定期筛查。
10. It can also (14) quite precisely the risk of developing an actual cancer based on the size and shape of a nodule. What it can’t do, (15) , is decide how to break the news that you have a nodule in your lung that has a 1 percent chance of becoming a cancer.
它还可以根据结节的大小和形状，相当精确地计算出发展为实际癌症的风险。然而，它不能做的是决定如何告诉你，你的肺部有一个结节，有1%的机会成为癌症。
developing 患上某种疾病；break the news爆料、告诉实情。
2024·上海杨浦·二模
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
4 Ways to Get That Vacation Feeling in Two Days
Going on vacation every week It might sound like the ____21____ dream. But a simple mindset ____22____ can make it happen—no travel involved.
A few years ago, Holmes and her colleagues began ____23____ the importance of taking vacations. In a series of experiments, Holmes’ team ____24____ 441 U.S. workers to either spend the weekend like any other, or treat it
like a vacation. When they were back at work on Monday, people who had adopted a vacation mindset reported being happier and less stressed.
“What was somewhat surprising is that the effect wasn’t driven by people spending time all that ____25____,” Holmes says. “It was this mindset that allowed them to be more present, ____26____ being in “doing” mode, it allowed people to settle in and be in the moment.
We asked people to share their favorite tips for adopting a vacation mindset at home.
1. Get creative about ____27____ time
Not everyone has Saturday and Sunday off work and actually some people often find their weekend schedules fully ____28____. You could still apply the philosophy. For example, devote an hour on Sunday morning to the ____29____, but protect the rest of the weekend as your vacation time.
2. Reflect on priorities
Focus on what makes a vacation different from a _____30_____ weekend. “Does it mean turning off your email notifications Spending money carelessly “Maybe it means being able to spend time with people you don’t normally get to see, or giving yourself a break on a workout,” Holmes says. “It’s helpful to make a list of those things and be able to _____31_____.”
3. Act like a _____32_____
Decision scientist Nika Kabiri recommends doing something totally new so you can disconnect from the same old routines _____33_____ your life. Among her favorite ideas: Drive to a part of town you’ve never been to before go for a stroll, and grab lunch at the first cute café you see. “The spontaneity（自发性）is what makes experiences like this feel vacation-like,” Kabiri says.
4. Don’t put extra pressure on yourself
Treating your weekend like a vacation doesn’t mean it needs to be a complicated affair. If your “vacation” encounters a few problems or lasts for only a few hours—don’t worry. “It doesn’t have to be all or nothing,” Kabiri says. “Don’t put pressure on yourself to have this ‘perfect vacation.’” It’s _____34_____ to be fun. _____35_____, there’s always another one just a few days away.
21. A. unattainable B. inharmonious C. incomplete D. unprofessional
22. A. study B. shift C. trend D. proposal
23. A. representing B. ranking C. exploring D. predicting
24. A. persuaded B. challenged C. motivated D. instructed
25. A. practically B. literally C. identically D. differently
26. A. In light of B. Regardless of C. In favor of D. Instead of
27. A. telling B. killing C. making D. changing
28. A. cleared B. packed C. removed D. dominated
29. A. laundry B. recreation C. movies D. picnic
30. A. regular B. dramatic C. primitive D. peaceful
31. A. identify with B. depend on C. follow through D. substitute for
32. A. resident B. master C. tourist D. neighbor
33. A. facilitating B. governing C. revealing D. polishing
34. A. proved B. defined C. described D. meant
35. A. Plus B. Hence C. Still D. Finally
2024·上海浦东·二模
III. Reading Comprehension (45分)
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Anyone who has ever witnessed the miracle in which infants progress from mewling to “Mama” to “Mine!” knows how critical it is for youngsters to hear normally before they speak their first words. ___21___, many children who don’t talk by age two turn out to be deaf. The sooner their disability is discovered and ___22___, the less likely they are to fall behind in the development of important language and social skills. That is why a growing number of hearing specialists (audiologists) and parents are campaigning for ___23___ screening of newborns for hearing loss.
Their ___24___ has registered in some powerful ears. To date, 22 states have passed legislation requiring at least partial screening programs. Part of the push stems from ___25___ in technology that, among other things, allow children as young as two months to be ___26___ hearing aids. But there are limits to the technology. One thing parents should realize before they start is that the screening tests are far from ___27___. A bad result doesn’t necessarily indicate a problem.
Audiologists estimate that 3 out of every 1,000 babies are born with some kind of hearing loss. Of those three infants, one is profoundly deaf. About half the time, doctors can identify a possible cause, such as a birth weight less than 5 pounds, or a family history of ___28___. The rest of the time there is simply no ___29___ as to why a newborn’s hearing may have been affected.
The screening tests work by introducing a sound into a baby’s ear and then measuring either the ____30____ of the ear’s internal mechanisms or the electrical activity of the auditory portion of the brain (the auditory brain-stem response test). Just because a baby fails either test, ____31____, does not mean that there is a hearing problem. A temporary buildup of fluid in the ear canal or excessive noise in the nursery can ____32____ the results. For this reason, experts say, hospitals should ____33____ the screening tests for any baby who doesn’t pass the first time before telling the parents to consult an audiologist for more thorough testing.
It is at this stage that things get a bit ____34____. Though 20 of every 1,000 babies fail the two-step screen, most prove on further examination to be just fine. Is it worth ____35____ 17 families of perfectly normal children - not to mention asking them to spend several hundred dollars on advanced tests — to identify three infants with hearing loss
21.
A. Indeed B. Meanwhile C. Occasionally D. Surprisingly
22.
A. reported B. accepted C. treated D. tested
23.
A. legal B. random C. further D. compulsory
24.
A. charge B. complaint C. appeal D. pursuit
25.
A. procedures B. advances C. practices D. insights
26.
A. fitted with B. provided with C. entitled to D. attached to
27.
A. reasonable B. imaginable C. reliable D. predictable
28.
A. disorder B. blindness C. obesity D. deafness
29.
A. solution B. clue C. reflection D. doubt
30.
A. response B. volume C. capacity D. activity
31.
A. however B. therefore C. for example D. after all
32.
A. prove B. produce C. match D. affect
33.
A. stop B. review C. repeat D. improve
34.
A. shocking B. distracting C. unpredictable D. complicated
35.
A. worrying B. classifying C. engaging D. prompting
2024·上海黄浦·二模
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
My father decided to start learning French when he was 57. On the surface, his retirement hobby seems a little random — our family has no connection to French-speaking countries — but his __41__ ran deeper than a passion for cakes. My grandmother developed signs of Alzheimer’s disease (阿尔兹海默症) in her early 70s, and studies suggest that being bilingual, that is, being able to speak two languages equally well, can __42__ the start of the condition by up to five years. Drawn by that __43__ benefit, many people have attempted to pick up a new language in adulthood.
Lots of activities are linked to better brain health in old age, like getting more education when you’re younger and physical activity. Experts say regularly speaking multiple languages may be especially __44__ though. “We use language in all aspects of daily life, so a bilingual brain is __45__ working,” said Mark Antoniou, a professor at Western Sydney University who specializes in bilingualism.
The age at which you learn another language appears to be less important than how __46__ you speak it. The cognitive (认知的) benefit is from having to __47__ your mother tongue, which your brain is forced to do if you’re trying to recall the right words in another language. So if the second language is used a lot, you’re getting that cognitive __48__. That process is called cognitive inhibition. In theory, by improving these types of processes, the brain becomes stronger to the __49__ caused by diseases like dementia. The stronger your mental power, the thinking goes, the longer you can function normally, even if your brain health starts to __50__.
However, evidence for the benefits of learning a second language as a hobby in your 60s is __51__. Research by Dr. Antoniou and colleagues found that while Chinese adults 60 and up improved on cognition tests after a six-month language learning program, people who played games like Sudoku did as well. Two more recent studies on the topic found virtually no __52__ in cognitive performance after people took part in language-learning programs.
The scientists who conducted those studies offered a few potential __53__. One is that the participants were
highly motivated volunteers, who may have already been at peak performance for their age, making it hard to see any __54__. Another is that the language interventions were perhaps too short. The handful of studies looking into the issue have used language lessons that were very different in their __55__ and frequency. Some studies taught participants for eight months, others for just one very intense week.
41. A. affection B. contribution C. motivation D. struggle
42. A. delay B. prevent C. signal D. stimulate
43. A. additional B. educational C. lasting D. potential
44. A. beneficial B. common C. impractical D. rare
45. A. carelessly B. constantly C. creatively D. delicately
46. A. long B. often C. soon D. well
47. A. command B. practice C. restrict D. spread
48. A. function B. psychology C. system D. training
49. A. damages B. operations C. pains D. signs
50. A. decline B. improve C. matter D. restore
51. A. available B. mounting C. stronger D. weaker
52. A. difference B. involvement C. point D. reduction
53. A. applications B. explanations C. findings D. suggestions
54. A. diversities B. improvements C. outcomes D. possibilities
55. A. content B. intention C. length D. requirement
2024·上海普陀·二模
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Many of the world’s islands were previously unexplored places, but over time, people have come to these places with far-reaching effects, including deforestation, over-hunting and the introduction of invasive species. (41) ______, most of the bird species disappeared.
While the death of many birds since the 1500s has been (42) ______, our knowledge of the fate of species before this relies on fossils(化石), and these records are limited because birds’ lightweight bones are (43) ______ over time. This conceals the true (44) ______ of global extinctions.
Researchers now believe 1,430 bird species — almost 12 per cent — have died out over modern human history since around 130,000 years ago, with the vast majority of them becoming extinct directly or indirectly (45) ______ human activity.
The study, led by the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH) and published in Nature Communications, used statistical modelling to (46) ______ the undiscovered bird extinctions.
Lead author Dr Rob Cooke, an ecological modeler at UKCEH, says:“Our study demonstrates there has been a far higher (47) ______ impact on diversity than previously recognized. Humans quickly destroyed bird populations through habitat loss, over-exploitation, and the introduction of rats, pigs, and dogs, which attacked the birds’ nests, and (48) ______ with birds for food. We show that many species became extinct before written records and left no (49) ______, lost from history.”
Dr S ren Faurby of the University of Gothenburg, a co-author of the study, adds: “These historic extinctions have had a major impact on the current biodiversity crisis. The world may not only have lost many fascinating birds but also their varied (50) ______ roles, which are likely to have included key functions such as pollination(授粉). This will have had knock-on effects on ecosystems, so, (51) ______ bird extinctions, we will have lost a lot of plants and animals that (52) ______ these species for survival.”
Observations and fossils show 640 bird species have been driven extinct — 90 per cent of these on islands (53) ______ by people. These (54) ______ from the iconic(标志性的) Dodo of Mauritius to the Great Auk of the North Atlantic to the lesser-known Saint Helena Giant Hoopoe. But the researchers estimate there have been further 790 unknown extinctions, meaning a total of 1,430 lost species — leaving just under 11,000 today. Therefore, from the perspective of protecting species (55) ______, the protection of birds is an urgent issue for mankind.
41. A. To some extent B. On average C. As a result D. In short
42. A. confirmed B. recorded C. concealed D. discussed
43. A. distracted B. disposed C. dismissed D. disintegrated
44. A. extent B. context C. outcome D. influence
45. A. due to B. other than C. instead of D. in spite of
46. A. declare B. illustrate C. estimate D. emphasize
47. A. climate B. human C. environmental D. natural
48. A. connected B. coped C. lived D. competed
49. A. trace B. route C. change D. proposal
50. A. interactive B. ecological C. productive D. social
51. A. in terms of B. because of C. except for D. in addition to
52. A. depend on B. interact with C. fight against D. stay away
53. A. inhabited B. removed C. developed D. killed
54. A. result B. range C. suffer D. date
55. A. origin B. project C. growth D. diversity
2024·上海徐汇·二模
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Alipay, the digital payment arm of Chinese financial technology company Ant Group, is allocating more resources to roll out translation services in 16 languages, to ensure foreigners in China can use mobile payments without any hurdles.
Alipay's move comes amid China's intensified efforts to further improve foreigners' payment (41) _______ in the country.
Alipay has allowed foreigners in China to link their (42) _______ bank cards, including Visa and Mastercard, to its mobile payment tool, greatly streamlining (精简) the payment processes, said Zhu Xugang, director of the cross-border business at Ant Group.
Users of 10 overseas e-wallets are also able to use their familiar home e-wallets on their own phones by (43) _______ Alipay QR codes, to enjoy seamless mobile payment experiences across Alipay's vast merchant network.
According to Alipay, foreigners can use the app to complete payments at restaurants, hotels, scenic spots, convenience stores and supermarkets, as well as for ride-hailing, shared bikes, buses and other public (44) _______ services in China. The newly (45) _______ multilingual app includes English, French, Spanish, German, Italian, Portuguese, Russian and Japanese.
The mobile payment app has also (46) _______ the single transaction(交易)limit for overseas travelers using mobile payments from $1,000 to $5,000 and lifted the annual cumulative transaction limit from $10,000 to $50,000.
The State Council, China's Cabinet, published a guideline on improving payment services and (47) _______ payment convenience in early March, a move to better meet the (48) _______ payment needs of the elderly and foreign visitors.
Last week, the People's Bank of China, the country's central bank, (49) _______ a payment guide that provides foreigners with text and graphic (50) _______ on using bank cards, cash, mobile payments and e-CNY in China, the latest step in the country's push to optimize the payment experience for foreigners.
Wang Pengbo, a senior analyst at market consultancy Botong Analysys, said the intensified efforts to provide convenient payment services will not only (51) _______ improve the living and consumption experience of foreigners in China and attract more of them to the country, but also promote the healthy and sustainable development of the payment (52) _______.
Wang said the move demonstrates the country's resolve to expand high-standard opening-up, (53) _______ the online payment scenarios of Alipay are wide enough, with high usage frequency. So, what it should do now is to expand the scope of foreign bank card binding and improve and simplify authentication of new users, to provide more convenient payment services to foreigners.
Meanwhile, Chinese banks are taking measures to expand the (54) _______ of overseas bank cards and facilitate their use of cash in the country.
Dong said more efforts are needed to expand the scenarios of various types of payment methods at tourist attractions, sporting events, transportation hubs, healthcare and beauty centers and other daily (55) _______ sites.
A. expectations B. memorizations C. experiences D. durations
A. international B. domestic C. interior D. commercial
A. copying B. photographing C. sharing D. scanning
A. transportation B. security C. education D. maintenance
A. evolved B. launched C. specialized D. simplified
A. decreased B. restricted C. suspended D. raised
A. implementing B. enhancing C. administrating D. subscribing
A. diversified B. facilitated C. digitalized D. conflicted
A. purchased B. authorized C. released D. commercialized
A. designs B. illustrations C. instructions D. imagery
A. significantly B. artificially C. individually D. frequently
A. gateway B. industry C. deadline D. term
A. developing B. monitoring C. securing D. adding
A. recognition B. acceptance C. regulation D. policy
A. construction B. application C. production D. consumption
2024·上海松江·二模
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in
each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
The way of recording things has never ceased to develop. In the 1980s, as sales of video recorders went up, old 8mm home movies were gradually replaced by VHS （video home system）tapes. Later, video tapes of family holidays lost their appeal and the use of DVDs 41 . Those, too, have had their day. Even those holding their childhood memories in digital files on their laptops now know these files face the risk of 42 .
Digitising historical documents brings huge benefits—files can be 43 and distributed, reducing the risk of their entire loss through physical damage caused by fire or flooding. And developing digital versions reduces 44 on the original items. The International Dunhuang Project, 45 , has digitised items like manuscripts（手稿） from the Mogao caves in China, enabling scholars from around the world to access records easily without touching the real items.
But the news that the Ministry of Justice of the UK is proposing to scan the 110 million people’s wills it holds and then destroy a handful of 46 after 25 years has shocked historians. The ministry cites this as a way of providing easier access for researchers. But that only justifies digitisation, not the 47 of the paper copies. The officials note the change will be economically efficient （saving around 4.5m a year） while keeping all the essential information.
Scholars 48 . Most significantly, physical records can themselves carry important information — the kind of ink or paper used may be part of the history that historians are 49 . and error s are often made in scanning. Besides, digital copies are arguably more 50 than the material items, just in different ways. The attack from the Internet on the British Library last October has prevented scholars from 51 digitised materials it holds: imagine if researchers could not return to the originals. Some even think digitised information can easily be lost within decades no matter what 52 are put in place.
The government says that it will save the original wills of “famous people for historic record”, such as that of Princess Diana’s. However, assuming that we know who will 53 to future generations is extraordinarily proud. Mary Seacole, a pioneering nurse who now appears on the national school course in the UK, was largely 54 for almost a century.
The digitisation of old documents is a valuable, even essential measure. But to destroy the originals once they have been scanned, is not a matter of great 55 , but of huge damage.
41．A．paused B．boomed C．recovered D．disappeared
42．A．getting outdated B．coming into style C．being fined D．making an error
43．A．deleted B．named C．copied D．altered
44．A．fight or flight B．life or death C．wear and tear D．awe and wonder
45．A．unfortunately B．additionally C．in summary D．for example
46．A．the originals B．the essentials C．the visualised D．the digitised
47．A．preservation B．classification C．publication D．destruction
48．A．applaud B．disagree C．discriminate D．withdraw
49．A．revising B．abandoning C．uncovering D．enduring
50．A．meaningful B．favourable C．resistant D．delicate
51．A．inventing B．adjusting C．accessing D．damaging
52．A．outcomes B．safeguards C．deadlines D．byproducts
53．A．matter B．respond C．lose D．live
54．A．spared B．discussed C．forgotten D．protected
55．A．sacrifice B．courage C．efficiency D．admiration
2024·上海静安·二模
Directions: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
City air is in a sorry state. It is dirty and hot. Outdoor pollution kills 4.2m people a year, according to the World Health Organization. Concrete and tarmac, meanwhile, absorb the sun’s rays rather than reflecting them back into space, and also ___21___ plants which would otherwise cool things down by evaporative transpiration (蒸腾作用). The never-ceasing ___22___ of buildings and roads thus turns urban areas into heat islands, discomforting residents and worsening dangerous heatwaves.
A possible answer to the twin problems of pollution and heat is trees. Their leaves may destroy at least some chemical pollutants and they certainly ___23___ tiny particles floating in the air, which are then washed to the ground by rain. Besides transpiration, they provide ___24___.
To cool an area effectively, trees must be planted in quantity. Two years ago, researchers at the University of Wisconsin found that American cities need 40% tree ___25___ to cut urban heat back meaningfully. Unfortunately, not all cities — and especially not those now springing up in the world’s poor and middle-income countries — are ___26___ with parks, private gardens or a sufficient number of street trees. And the problem is likely to get worse. At the moment, 55% of people live in cities. By 2050 that share is expected to reach 68%.
One group of botanists believe they have at least a partial ___27___ to this lack of urban vegetation. It is to plant miniature simulacra (模拟物) of natural forests, ecologically engineered for rapid growth. Over the course of a career that began in the 1950s, their leader, Miyawaki Akira, a plant ecologist at Yokohama National University in Japan, has developed a way to do this starting with even the most ___28___ deserted areas. And the Miyawaki method is finding increasing ___29___ around the world.
Dr Miyawaki’s insight was to deconstruct and rebuild the process of ecological succession, by which ___30___ land develops naturally into mature forest. Usually, the first arrival is grass, followed by small trees and, finally, larger ones. The Miyawaki method ___31___ some of the early phases and jumps directly to planting the kinds of species found in a mature wood.
Dr Miyawaki has ___32___ the planting of more than 1,500 of these miniature forests, first in Japan, then in
other parts of the world. Wherever they are planting, though, gardeners are not restricted to ___33___ nature’s recipe book to the letter. Miyawaki forests can be customized to local requirements. A popular choice, ___34___, is to include more fruit trees than a natural forest might support, thus creating an orchard that requires no maintenance.
If your goal is to better your ___35___ surroundings, rather than to save the planet from global warming, then Dr Miyawaki might well be your man.
21.
A. thrive B. nourish C. displace D. raise
22.
A. assessment B. maintenance C. spread D. replacement
23.
A. release B. trap C. reflect D. dissolve
24.
A. attraction B. shadow C. interaction D. shade
25.
A. consumption B. coverage C. interval D. conservation
26.
A. blessed B. lined C. piled D. fascinated
27.
A. treatment B. obstacle C. warning D. solution
28.
A. unnoticed B. unpromising C. untested D. unfading
29.
A. criticism B. favor C. sponsor D. anxiety
30.
A. bare B. graceful C. faint D. mysterious
31.
A. highlights B. skips C. improves D. pushes
32.
A. accessed B. spotted C. supervised D. ranked
33.
A. disturbing B. balancing C. following D. reducing
34.
A. for example B. in essence C. on the other hand D. after all
35.
A. suburban B. leisure C. scenic D. immediate
2024·上海虹口·二模
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
In the middle of 2023, a study conducted by the HuthLab at the University of Texas sent shockwaves through the fields of neuroscience (神经科学) and technology. For the first time, the thoughts and impressions of people 41 to communicate with the outside world were translated into continuous natural language, using a combination of artificial intelligence (AI) and brain imaging technology. This is the closest science has yet come to 42 someone’s mind.
Losing the ability to communicate is a deep cut to one’s sense of self. 43 this ability gives the patient greater control over their lives. But it could also give other entities, such as corporations, researchers and other third parties, a(n) 44 degree of insight into, or even control over, the lives of patients. The NeuroRights Foundation, based at Columbia University in New York, argues that new rights surrounding neurotechnologies will be 45 for all humans to preserve their privacy, identity, and free will. The potential 46 of disabled patients makes this a particularly important problem.
47 this approach, Chile was the first country that adopted legislation, drafting new laws, to address the risks of neurotechnology. It not only introduced a new constitutional right to mental 48 , but is also in the process of adopting a bill that bans selling neurodata, and forces all neurotech devices to be regulated as medical devices, even those intended for the general consumer.
The proposed legislation recognizes the intensely 49 nature of neural data and considers it as organ tissues, which cannot be bought or sold, only donated. But this legislation has also faced 50 , with legal scholars questioning the need for new rights and pointing out that it could discourage beneficial brain research for disabled patients.
While the legal action taken by Chile is the most impactful and 51 to date, other countries are considering updating existing laws to face the new developments in neurotechnologies.
And while it is likely that the first applications of neurotech will be medical, future 52 are likely to involve consumer applications such as entertainment, as well as for military and security purposes. The growing 53 of neurotechnology in a commercial context only causes more legal concerns.
Different people, societies, and cultures will disagree on where to draw the line. We are at a(n) 54 stage of technological development. And as we begin to uncover the great potential of brain science, the need to consider their implications for legal action becomes more 55 .
41. A. eager B. ready C. unwilling D. unable
42. A. clearing B. occupying C. changing D. reading
43. A. Reducing B. Restricting C. Restoring D. Requiring
44. A. irrelevant B. uncomfortable C. negligible D. supportive
45. A. needed B. limited C. controlled D. denied
46. A. application B. weakness C. impact D. significance
47. A. In comparison with B. In line with
C. At the conclusion of D. At the cost of
48. A. integrity B. condition C. disorder D. function
49. A. group B. general C. physical D. personal
50. A. interaction B. chance C. criticism D. defence
51. A. far-reaching B. labor-saving C. short-sighted D. ill-timed
52. A. advances B. arrangements C. requirements D. policies
53. A. confidence B. availability C. membership D. movement
54. A. mature B. initial C. different D. final
55. A. diversified B. genuine C. pressing D. special
2024·上海宝山·二模
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
For decades, people have guessed that artificial intelligence (AI) will eventually replace human workers. But developments in the past few years have 41 these concerns as companies have released AI that can answer questions, write articles and create images. Now, even people in creative fields must consider the 42 of AI replacing them. But many experts still insist that these AI programs are no substitute for human ability.
AI programs have the 43 to perform some tasks currently performed by human workers. These include media jobs, such as writing advertisements and articles, along with many jobs in the financial fields and even tech-related jobs such as computer programming. AI is good at 44 data, so financial analysts and market research analysts may find their jobs 45 .
Using AI for certain tasks may be a good thing. Perhaps AI will 46 less interesting work, allowing people to do more satisfying jobs, just as earlier technologies have. Using a machine to do laundry saves time 47 to washing clothes by hand, and many people use that extra time productively. 48 , AI may be able to take over dull tasks, liberating people to be truly creative, since thinking up new ideas is something AI cannot do.
Another big challenge for AI is human 49 . Most people prefer to communicate with humans rather than machines. Hence, AI is 50 to replace humans for jobs that require personal connection, such as counseling or teaching. A robot can perform tasks, but it cannot 51 care about others, and sometimes care is what people need.
AI can process data quickly, but it can only use data that it is given. So it cannot adapt to situations that 52 significantly from those in its data. Thus, although some AI programs can create content, none of them can be truly creative as the content AI creates will 53 consist of some combination of its sources.
Finally, if the AI receives false information, it has no way of recognizing that as false. Humans can also be fooled, but life experience can tell them whether a claim is reasonable, an ability that AI does not have. 54 , AI must continually be fact-checked to make sure its data, and therefore its conclusions, are accurate.
Thus, although AI may replace some jobs, others require a human 55 . At best AI may eliminate certain boring parts of tasks so that humans can focus on things that only they can do.
41.A. denied B. prevented C. transferred D. intensified
42.A. function B. possibility C. capability D. character
43.A. potential B. schedule C. objective D. ambition
44.A. searching B. providing C. analyzing D. storing
45.A. at risk B. at work C. at last D. at least
46.A. bring over B. get over C. turn over D. take over
47.A. wasted B. compared C. consumed D. spared
48.A. However B. Therefore C. Similarly D. Meanwhile
49.A. interaction B. resource C. resistance D. creativity
50.A. unwilling B. unlikely C. unfair D. unfortunate
51.A. deeply B. accurately C. directly D. genuinely
52.A. evolve B. range C. differ D. result
53.A. inevitably B. immediately C. insignificantly D. improbably
54.A. Frequently B. Generally C. Instantly D. Consequently
55.A. nature B. need C. touch D. permission
2024·上海奉贤·二模
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
In a bustling city in Arizona stood a high school where most of the students live in poverty. Among them were four sons of Mexican immigrants, Juan, Oscar, Luis, and Alfredo. These boys, coming from 41 backgrounds, often found themselves overlooked and underestimated. Bonded by fate and friendship, they shared a common passion for 42 . Two science teachers there decided to enter their high school into a complicated 43 robotics competition sponsored by the NASA and the Naval Research. Excited for the news, these four boys signed up for the competition.
With enthusiasm and energy, they started calling mechanical engineers for design help. They were 44 that these kinds of robots require glass syntactic flotation foam, a type of floating material used in various marine applications. 45 money, all they could afford was some PVC pipes and duct tape（强力胶布）. 46 , they searched the city for various spare parts, gathering whatever they could to bring their vision to life. With the teachers' guidance and encouragement, they 47 together a robot with no more than metal and wires.
As they worked on their robot, the boys also faced personal challenges. Juan struggled with the weight of family responsibilities; Oscar 48 a deep-seated fear of failure; Luis's heart ached from the constant peers' mockery（嘲笑） for his 49 accent, and Alfredo longed for acceptance and belonging. 50 these obstacles, they persevered, leaning on each other for support and inspiration.
After a few test runs of their robot, they piled into a second-hand van to head to the competition. Upon entering the main pool area, they noticed the college teams wearing matching outfits, with robots sponsored by big companies. Feeling a bit nervous, the boys put the robot in the water for a test run. 51 , the PVC didn't hold up, causing the robot to leak and sink.
However, instead of letting this 52 ruin their spirits, the boys put their heads together and came up with a brilliant solution. 12 hours later, armed with 8 super-absorbent pads to plug the leak, the robot was 53
into the pool again. This time, their robot performed admirably. Gliding gracefully through the waters, it navigated the course with precision and speed, 54 the judges and audience alike. This underwater robot, a symbol of their determination and 55 , conquered the waters, defeated engineering powerhouse MIT and ranked first in the country. This was not just a win for those four but a victory for every underdog with a dream.
41. A. academic B. relevant C. humble D. professional
42. A. space B. mechanics C. research D. ocean
43. A. giant B. industrial C. underwater D. local
44. A. advised B. forced C. challenged D. consulted
45. A. Reliant on B. Available to C. Short of D. Desperate for
46. A. Therefore B. Otherwise C. Moreover D. However
47. A. tied B. pieced C. added D. wrapped
48. A. conquered B. created C. expressed D. battled
49. A. perfect B. strange C. slight D. elegant
50. A. With B. Given C. Despite D. Besides
51. A. Unfortunately B. Basically C. Actually D. Consequently
52. A. disagreement B. failure C. conflict D. progress
53. A. scaled B. lowered C. inserted D. fed
54. A. boring B. confusing C. wowing D. motivating
55. A. bravery B. generosity C. confidence D. perseverance
2024·上海青浦·二模
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Although many over-processed foods can satisfy the desire for sweet, fatty, salty foods, research suggests these items are particularly bad for the heart and brain, with mood and cognition taking a hit.
The most recent research looking at the __41__ of over-processed food found the most far-reaching results. Researchers __42__ direct links between higher consumption of over-processed foods and a greater risk of many health issues.
These results are __43__ earlier studies. Diets high in these foods were linked to greater risk of depression and anxiety, according to an analysis published in the journal Nutrients. In one of these studies, risk rose from __44__ just 33 percent of calories from over-processed food. A separate study found that taking in just 20 percent of calories from these foods was linked to a 28 percent faster rate of cognitive __45__ compared with people who ate less processed food.
Also __46__ is a study tracking about half a million people living in England, Scotland, and Wales that found the risk of dementia (痴呆) went up by 25 percent for every 10 percent increase in over-processed food. While the exact cause-and-effect relationship is still unknown, the strongest evidence from prospective studies __47__ the idea that eating high amounts of over-processed foods increases the risk of depression in the future.
It is common knowledge that eating too much salt or sugar is linked to high blood pressure and Type 2 diabetes. What the public may not appreciate, __48__, is that all these conditions affect the brain by raising the
risk for dementia. __49__ such as certain artificial sweeteners may also disturb the production and release of brain chemicals, such as dopamine, which can negatively affect mental and emotional __50__.
Another problem with over-processed foods is that they might be addictive. Over-processed foods have more in common with a(n) __51__ than foods by Mother Nature. Humans have evolved to respond to foods that are sweet, fatty, and high in calories. For most of human existence this helped us __52__. But in nature, foods are __53__ modestly high in sugar — like berries — or high in fat, like nuts. You don’t find foods high in both sugar and fat. That’s a distinctive __54__ of over-processed foods. Add in salt, artificial flavorings and bright colors, and our brain simply __55__ these foods.
41. A. recipe B. flavor C. preparation D. impact
42. A. promoted B. identified C. evaluated D. dismissed
43. A. contrary to B. consistent with C. concerned about D. dependent on
44. A. consuming B. calculating C. reducing D. burning
45. A. improvement B. advantage C. quality D. decline
46. A. reassuring B. contradictory C. alarming D. sustainable
47. A. goes against B. casts doubt on C. leans towards D. puts forward
48. A. however B. therefore C. by chance D. for instance
49. A. Decorations B. Additives C. Options D. Contributors
50. A. problem B. capacity C. outburst D. well-being
51. A. appetizer B. cigarette C. dessert D. snack
52. A. survive B. emerge C. venture D. mature
53. A. still B. barely C. only D. rather
54. A. nutrition B. taste C. dish D. characteristic
55. A. gains insight into B. loses control over C. shows concern for D. gets hold of
2024·上海闵行·二模
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
In Favour of Simple Writing
Do you edit text messages carefully before sending them If so, you may be the kind of person who takes pride in ___41___ even the simplest message. If you do not, you may see yourself as a go-getter, one who values excitement and speed over ___42___: get it done decently now rather than perfectly later.
People are constantly receiving messages, from the mailbox to the inbox to the text-message alert. What to read, what to skim (略读) and what to ignore are decisions that nearly everyone has to make dozens of times a day. A new book titled All Readers are Busy Nowadays makes the argument for being the careful kind of ___43___, even in informal lines. The authors also present well-established ___44___ that have long been prized in guides to writing.
Take “less is more”. Most books on writing well advocate the advice to ___45___ needless words. The authors, however, have ___46___ the idea. In an email to thousands of school-board members asking them to take a survey,
cutting the count from127 to 49 words almost ___47___ the response rate.
Keeping messages to a ___48___ idea—or as few as absolutely needed—helps ensure that they will be read, remembered and acted on. ___49___ the number of the available options has the same effect, too. A link in an email, ____50____, attracted 50% more clicks when presented alone than when it was sent alongside a second additional link.
Syntax (句法) and ____51____ matter, too. It is more ____52____ to adopt short and active sentences, with common words familiar to everyone. From Facebook posts to online-travel reviews, even brief, informal pieces of writing that follow these rules get more likes and shares.
If everyone is a busy reader, everyone is a busy writer, too. That may make it tempting to sent as many messages as ____53____ as possible and hope for the best. But from essays to text messages organizing dinner plans, devoting time to the needs of readers has provable ____54____. If you are so busy that you write an undisciplined message which readers scan, ignore and delete, then you might as well have not ____55____ it at all.
41. A. conveying B. understanding C. crafting D. sending
42. A. care B. quantity C. simplicity D. technology
43. A. reader B. poster C. learner D. writer
44. A. structures B. principles C. aims D. alternatives
45. A. remove B. ignore C. reconsider D. interpret
46. A. conveyed B. translated C. tested D. shaped
47. A. lowered B. affected C. doubled D. maintained
48. A. basic B. positive C. definite D. single
49. A. Recording B. Reducing C. Counting D. Estimating
50. A. in comparison B. after all C. for instance D. in particular
51. A. word-choice B. pattern-design C. target-setting D. platform-selection
52. A. difficult B. suitable C. challenging D. common
53. A. carefully B. often C. politely D. quickly
54. A. outcomes B. points C. figures D. benefits
55. A. received B. written C. read D. answered
2024·上海金山·二模
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Sandhya Sriram is impatient. The stem-cell (干细胞) scientist wanted to put her knowledge to use, developing cultivated seafood. Yet no one was doing that in Singapore. So four years ago, she set up a company to create lab-grown crustacean (甲壳纲动物) meat. (41) ______, she registered her company, Shiok Meats in August 2018. “Nobody was doing crustaceans,” says Sriram, Shiok’s Group CEO and co-founder. “What do Asians eat the most Seafood. It was a simple answer. And they’re so delicious.” A lifelong (42) ______, she had never tried real shrimp, but she sampled it the week she registered the company.
Today, the results of her (43) ______ can be seen at the headquarters of her company. During a fall 2022 visit, a bioprocess engineer looked into a microscope carefully. He had taken samples from a bioreactor in the room next door, where the company is (44) ______ crustacean cells. Under the lens, he was checking to see if the cells were ready to harvest.
Shiok Meats has already revealed shrimp, lobster, and crab prototypes (最初形态) to a select group of tasters, and it plans to (45) ______ regulatory approval to sell its lab-grown shrimp by April 2023. That could make it the first in the world to bring cultivated shrimp to diners, putting it at the leading position of the cultivated-meat (46) ______. As of this writing, only one company has gained regulatory approval to sell lab-grown animal-protein products: Eat Jus’s cultured chicken is (47) ______ but only in Singapore. Shiok Meats still needs to submit all the paperwork necessary and get regulatory approval, but the company hopes to see its products in restaurants by mid-2024, offering foodies a more environmentally friendly option free of (48) ______ than crustaceans from farms.
But even if that ambitious (49) ______ is met, it will likely be a while before the average person is eating cultivated crustaceans. It will require not just regulatory approval but also more funding and a bigger factory, along with (50) ______ consumers and governments around the world to accept lab-grown seafood.
“We’re at an interesting stage of a startup; it’s called the Valley of Death,” says Sriram. “We are in the space where we haven’t submitted for regulatory approval yet, but we’re looking to commercialize in the next two years.” Nevertheless, the impatient entrepreneur is (51) ______. Sriram hopes to have the company’s next manufacturing plant ready by the end of 2023, where a 500-liter and a 2,000-liter bioreactor will be a major (52) ______ from its current 50- and 200-liter bioreactors. The goal is for her products to enter the mainstream in Singapore in five to seven years.
(53) ______ these products could help tackle some of the environmental impacts of crustacean production. Organic waste, chemicals, and antibiotics from seafood farms can pollute groundwater. Shiok Meats says the way it produces crustacean meat minimizes animal cruelty, as growing protein in a lab helps avoid (54) ______ animals. And cultivating shrimp closer to where it’s (55) ______ cuts emissions from fishing-boat fuel and shipping products around the world.
In a word, when science meets seafood, many wonderful things happen naturally.
41. A. Eagerly B. Hurriedly C. Incidentally D. Interestingly
42. A. dieter B. foodie C. taster D. vegetarian
43. A. discipline B. enthusiasm C. discovery D. mindset
44. A. growing B. investigating C. increasing D. targeting
45. A. accept B. adopt C. grant D. seek
46. A. farm B. race C. section D. line
47. A. available B. affordable C. competitive D. profitable
48. A. additive B. cruelty C. meat D. salt
49. A. guideline B. transformation C. condition D. timeline
50. A. demanding B. directing C. persuading D. training
51. A. delightful B. insightful C. open-minded D. optimistic
52. A. difference B. emergence C. sacrifice D. leap
53. A. Tracking B. Supervising C. Popularizing D. Sampling
54. A. feeding B. killing C. mistreating D. trapping
55. A. captured B. stranded C. consumed D. produced
2024·上海嘉定·二模
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Picture this: you're out to dinner with a friend who you know makes a lot more money than you do. When you open the 41 , your heart sinks. There's not a dish in sight that is less than $35, and even a soup is going to run you $18. You probably vow （发誓） to 42 dollar pizza slices the rest of the month to balance out this dinner. 43 , this time, what if you just turned to your friend, closed the menu, and said, "Sorry, I have to be honest. I can't afford this. Let's go somewhere else "
That's the idea behind "loud budgeting", a trend that could not only relieve you of the 44 burden, but help you deal with these sorts of stressful situations both mentally and emotionally. In an age when everybody is showing off nice things on social media and 45 to be something they're not, it feels somewhat revolutionary to just tell the truth about what you can't afford.
The term was first introduced by TikTok （抖音） comedian Lukas Battle. Battle explained his concept in an interview: simply put, loud budgeting is being 46 about what you do and don't want to spend money on. Since his video, the concept has caught on rapidly among the 47 , who are pointing out that it has come at a significant time when everything is uncontrollably expensive.
It's not just a TikTok thing though. Even those in the financial services industry are on board with the 48 . Nikolina Cuca, a financial advisor, says that she's seen social media add pressure to her clients, causing them to spend 49 on luxury items. "There should be no shame about trying to match your spending to your means. This trend helps young people moderate spending by 50 the idea of living within budgets. "
Beyond just saving money, loud budgeting is also bringing people closer. Honest money talks lead to greater respect among friends and family. By 51 discussing money goals, people are creating stronger bonds based on mutual understanding for each other's financial situations. And perhaps the most valuable part of the loud budgeting trend is that it provides a sense of 52 . For example, if you tell a friend you are trying to cut back spending on drinks out, you are much 53 to stick with the goal than if you just keep it to yourself.
With its focus on being open, spending wisely, and building 54 , loud budgeting is more than just a passing trend, but a cool way for the younger generation to 55 their finances. As more people adopt this approach, it is likely to stay a big part of how we handle money in the future.
41. A. door B. menu C. bill D. wallet
42. A. appeal to B. lead to C. stick to D. object to
43. A. Otherwise B. Meanwhile C. Therefore D. However
44. A. financial B. cultural C. physical D. economical
45. A. refusing B. pretending C. agreeing D. guaranteeing
46. A. worried B. angry C. honest D. excited
47. A. male B. female C. young D. old
48. A. tradition B. truth C. treasure D. trend
49. A. below their standards B. beyond their means
C. towards their goals D. despite their differences
50. A. normalizing B. criticizing C. memorizing D. visualizing
51. A. endlessly B. intelligently C. openly D. formally
52. A. belonging B. accountability C. flexibility D. rigidity
53. A. less motivated B. less equipped C. more hesitant D. more likely
54. A. connections B. business C. habitats D. reputation
55. A. lose faith in B. take charge of C. do away with D. make up for
2024·上海长宁·二模
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
A cure for the future in the past
For over fifty years, the people of Britain have relied on the welfare state to make sure they have adequate
health services. But now the National Health Service is sick. Government ___21___ and underfunding are forcing hospitals to close, and waiting lists for treatment are getting longer. Under such circumstances, it is no surprise that more people are turning to private (but expensive) healthcare.
For some, however, there are ___22___. They are turning their back on modern pills, tablets and resorting to other conventional medicine. It seems paradoxical, but in an age of microchips and high technology, traditional medicine, the old-fashioned cures that our grandparents relied on, is making a ___23___.
Consider these case studies:
Maude is 76 years old and has been suffering from arthritis for almost ten years. “The pain in my joints was almost ___24___, and my doctor referred me to a surgeon at the London Hospital. I was told that I needed ___25___, but would need to wait for at least two years before I could have the operation. In ___26___, I started having massage sessions. To my surprise, these were very therapeutic, and while they didn’t cure the disorder, they did ___27___ it to some extent”.
Ron is 46. His high-powered city job was ___28___ for a series of stress-related illnesses, and the drugs he took didn’t work well on the nervous strain. “I read about ___29___ which involve the whole person rather than the individual symptoms, but I had always doubted about such kind of medicine for all diseases. However, my friend ___30___ a dietician who told me that part of my problem was diet-related. Basically, the food I was eating was ___31___ to my disorder. She gave me a list of foods that would provide the right vitamins and minerals to keep me in good health. At the same time, she advocated a more ___32___ lifestyle-running, swimming, that kind of thing. I’ m a bit of a couch potato, and this kind of lifestyle I had lived was ___33___ the problem. Now I feel great!”
So is there still a place in our lives for modern medicine While it is true that som
