2024届高考英语阅读长难句简单句结构魔法讲解 讲义

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名称 2024届高考英语阅读长难句简单句结构魔法讲解 讲义
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更新时间 2024-05-01 20:21:31

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在这个讲解开始之前,请同学们看一下啊这个句子
Rex①号位 //is②号位 //a well-behaved student③号位// who is studying in the south china normal university④号位//
雷克斯①号位//是②号位//一个在华南师范大学读书的④号位//行为端正好学生③号位。
翻译顺序:1234→1243
高考英语长难句障碍识别与处理(简单句)
高考英语长难句障碍分为简单句障碍和复合句障碍
1简单句定义:简单句只含有一套主谓结构,并且句子各成分都只由单词或短语构成(注:短语中可以有从属的主谓结构)。这个定义中有两点需要把握:
第一,只含有一套主谓结构且句子各成分都只由单词或短语构成。
【出自高考英语2023年甲卷阅读B篇】
Terri, who now rents a house with friends in Wandsworth, South West London, says (that) DIY also saves her from losing any deposit when a tenancy (租期) comes to an end.
长难句解析:
主句:terry says that
从句:
who引导定语从句:who now rents a house with friends in Wandsworth, South West London,
that引导宾语从句:DIY also saves her from losing any deposit
When引导时间状语从句:when a tenancy comes to an end
翻译:特里现在和朋友一起在伦敦西南部的旺兹沃思租了一套房子,她说,当她的租约到期时,DIY还能让她避免损失任何押金(租期)。
第二,简单句的短语中可以出现从属的主谓结构。
【出自高考英语2023年甲卷阅读B篇】
With millions of people likely to take on DIY projects over that coming weeks, new research shows that more than half of people are planning to make the most of the long, warm summer days to get jobs done.
长难句解析:
主句:new research shows that
从句:
that引导宾语从句:
more than half of people are planning to make the most of the long, warm summer days to get jobs done. 超过一半的人计划充分利用漫长而温暖的夏日来完成工作。
with引导伴随状语
翻译:在接下来的几周里,数百万人可能会动手做一些DIY项目,新的研究表明,超过一半的人计划充分利用漫长而温暖的夏日来完成工作。
在明确简单句的定义后,就需要确定简单句的语序障碍来源。在此之前,我们先来看一下简单句从英文转化为中文时语序没有障碍的情况。
2.简单句的种类:五大基本句型
一.主+谓+宾
eg: l have a pen.
主语:句子描述的主体,一般位于句首,多有名词或代词充当。
谓语:动作本身,一般位于主语之后,由动词充当(动词分为谓语动词和非谓语动词)。宾语:动作作用的对象(动作的承受者),一般位于动词之后,多由名词或代词充当。
二.主+谓
eg: They laugh. (study——vi学习,vt研究)
在主谓宾句型中,谓语动词后需跟宾语,句型才完整,该句型中的谓语动词为及物动词vt。
在主谓句型中,谓语动词后不需跟宾语就能表达完整的句型,该句型中的谓语是不及物动词vi(不能直接跟宾语,需借助介词再跟宾语)。
eg: l listen music (×) , l listen to music.常考的及物动词(vt): have(拥有、吃)visit(参观)do(做)spend(花费、度过)
pass(通过)love(爱)say(说)buy(买)
eg: She has a friend / l pass the exam.
常考的不及物动词(vi): begin/start (开始)run(跑)swim(游戏)die (死)
arrive (到达)talk(讨论)go (去)cry(哭)come(来)live (居住)work (工作)live(居住)eg: l work in the school / We live in Beijing.
主+谓+间宾+直宾
eg: He gives me a surprise.
常见的双宾语结构: tell sb sth ;send sb sth
give sb sth;teach sb sth;show sb sth buy sb sth;offer sb sth;lend sb sth;bring sb sth ;promise sb sth
主+谓+宾+宾补
eg: we call Lao Wang / we find him funny / He made us happy.宾补:对宾语进行补充说明。
常跟宾补的动词: call、find、make、keep
【注】此句型中,谓语动词为vt,宾语后还需加宾补才能表达完整的意思。(宾语和宾补之间有逻辑关系,判断方法为:在中间加“是",是一句成立的话)
主+系+表
eg: The food is delicious.
系动词的分类:
be动词: am.、is . are、was、were
感官系动词(5个“......”起来) +adj
看起来一look听起来一sound闻起来一smell尝起来一taste摸起来一feeleg: The music sounds great.
3.表象系动词: seem、appear“似乎、好像”
eg: He seems (to be) very sad.
4.持续系动词: stay、 keep、remain“保持”
5.变化系动词: become变成come (true)实现
get (cold)变冷
fall ( ill、asleep)生病、睡着
turn (yellow、red)颜色变化
go (bad)变质
grow (up)长大、变化
6.终止系动词: prove、turn out (to be)结果是、证明是
eg: The problem turn out (to be) difficult.
3.简单句扩展
简单句除了主语、谓语、宾语、表语和补语这些基本成分外,还有很多起修饰作用的非核心部分,而这些部分常常是理解难句的障碍。
(1)名词的限定词和修饰词
通常主语、宾语、表语和补语都可由名词充当,而名词的前后通常会有限定词和修饰词。限定词包括冠词、数词和名词所有格等。修饰词通常为形容词和名词(名词也可修饰名词)。多个限定词和修饰词可以同时出现。
(2)介词短语
所谓的介词短语,就是“介词+名词/代词/ doing"。介词后的成分作宾语,因此介词短语也称为"介宾短语"。介词短语在句中常充当状语,或作为名词的修饰语,而非句子的主要成分,我们分析句子成分时可先忽略。
(3)定语和状语
简单句的基本成分主要有五种:主语、谓语、宾语、表语和补语。其中只有主语和谓语是必要成分,而宾语、表语和补语是否必要存在取决于谓语的类型和句意。除此之外,英文中出现的基本成分还包括定语”和“状语”。
简单来说,定语就是说明中心语(名词或代词)的品质与特征的成分,可以是单个单词,也可以是短语或句子。简言之,对于定语,我们只需要找出其修饰的中心语即可。
状语则是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分,同样也可以是单个单词、短语或句子。状语可出现在句首、句中或句末。
一般来说,定语常由形容词(前置定语)、介词短语(后置定语)允当,状语由副词允当。但是也有定语和状语的特殊形式,即由非谓语动词doing , to do和 done充当。(学非谓语动词时讲)
(4)同位语和插入语——常有些标志性的标点符号:逗号,括号,破折号,冒号
同位语:用来解释名词,一般紧跟在其所说明的名词之后,可以是一个单词、一个短语甚至一个句子(同位语从句)
(5)插人语:是插人到句子中间,一些表明态度、看法的解释性词语。与同位语相似,插人语可以是一个单词、短语甚至句子。
同位语和插人语都是句子的非核心部分,它们的出现使得句子出现分裂结构,变得更难理解。==My guide is Zhaxi , a vilager from Changtang .我的向导是扎西,长塘村民。
本句中 a villager 是 Zhaxi的同位语,解释说明Zhaxi的身份。
==Jan Tchamani , an English eacher in Birmingham , Uk , suddenly developed a serious illness and had toquit her job
简.查曼尼–英国伯明翰的一名英语教师- –突然得了重病,不得不辞职。
析句中两个逗号间的内容 an English teacher in Birmingham , UK是主语Jan Tchamani的同位语,说明Jan Tchamani的具体身份。
==Our aim was to see if we could live , in some way , like real Parisians .我们的目的是看看我们是否能在某种程度上像真正的巴黎人一样生活。
二、高考英语阅读逐句翻译解析
【材料出自:江苏省苏州市南京师范大学苏州实验学校2024届高三4月模拟(1.5模)试卷英语试题】
1.As a mushroom scientist, you are vastly outnumbered, with estimates suggesting that there are between 2.2 million and 3.8 million species of fungi(真菌), the majority of which are yet to be identified.
长难句翻译解析:which引导定语从句修饰fungi;with后接独立主格;
主句为you are vastly outnumbered
翻译:作为一名蘑菇科学家,你在数量上远远落后,据估计,真菌的种类在220万到380万种之间(真菌),其中大多数尚未被识别。
词汇解析:
①outnumbered vt.数目超过;比……多
The demonstrators were heavily outnumbered by the police.
示威者人数远不及警察人数。
②identify v.认出,识别;查明,确认;发现;证明(身份),表明;认同,理解;认为……和……一致;和(某人)打成一片
The bodies were identified as those of two suspected drug dealers.
那两具尸体被辨认出原是两名贩毒嫌疑犯。
2.However, professionals in the field are not alone in their efforts to uncover new species.
句子分析:to后接定语修饰efforts
翻译:然而,在发现新物种的努力中,该领域的专业人士并不孤单
词汇解析:
①professional adj.职业的,专业的;非常内行的,极为称职的;
Most of the people on the course were professional women.
参加本课程的大多数人是职业女性。
②uncover v.揭露,发现
Police have uncovered a plot to kidnap the President's son.
警方已侦破一起绑架总统之子的阴谋。
3.An enthusiastic community of amateurs has emerged, bridging the gap between professionals and non-professionals.
句子分析:bridging the gap..现在分词做伴随状语
同义替换:amateur=non-professionals业余的
翻译:一个热情的业余爱好者社区已经出现,弥合了专业人士和非专业人士之间的差距。
词汇解析:
①bridge the gap缩小差距
Embracing globalization is the best way to bridge the gap between developing countries and developed countries.
拥抱全球化是弥合发展中国家与发达国家之间的差距的最好办法。
②amateur n.业余爱好者;生手,外行
The tournament is open to both amateurs and professionals.
这次锦标赛业余选手和职业选手均可参加。
4.These amateurs have even made significant discoveries.
这些业余爱好者甚至有了重大发现。
5.One such amateur is Taylor Lockwood, a 74-year-old mushroom enthusiast and professional photographer.
句子分析: a 74-year-old mushroom enthusiast and professional photographer.做同位语
翻译:74岁的蘑菇爱好者兼专业摄影师泰勒·洛克伍德(Taylor Lockwood)就是这样一位业余爱好者。
6.In 1984, while living on the Mendocino coast of California, Taylor Lockwood developed a fascination with mushrooms.
句子分析:while引导时间状语从句
翻译:1984年,住在加州门多西诺海岸的泰勒·洛克伍德(Taylor Lockwood)迷上了蘑菇。
7.“Outside my cottage were these amazing mushrooms,” he says.
句子分析:这个句子倒装句,还原成正确语序:he say that these amazing were outside my cottage
翻译:他说:“我的小屋外面是这些神奇的蘑菇。”
词汇解析:
Cottage n.小屋,村舍,乡间别墅;
a charming country cottage with roses around the door
门口四周开着玫瑰花的迷人的乡村小屋
8. “And it was as if these mushrooms looked at me and said, ‘Taylor, go out and tell the world how pretty we are.”
句子分析:as if引导表语从句
翻译:“就好像这些蘑菇看着我说,‘泰勒,出去告诉全世界我们有多漂亮吧。
9.“Lockwood answered their call and purchased camera equipment to capture their true nature.
洛克伍德回应了他们的呼吁,购买了摄像设备来捕捉他们的真实本性
10. His passion for photographing mushrooms was so intense that he would even dig holes next to the mushrooms to get the perfect angle for his shots.
他对拍摄蘑菇的热情是如此强烈,以至于他甚至会在蘑菇旁边挖洞,以获得完美的拍摄角度。
11.In the Monongahela National Forest, Taylor Lockwood discovered an unusual mushroom that looked like tiny fingers wearing off-white gloves.
在莫农加希拉国家森林,泰勒·洛克伍德发现了一种不寻常的蘑菇,看起来像戴着白手套的小手指。
12.Upon further investigation, fungi researcher Amy Rossman confirmed that it was a “haze l glove” mushroom, which is a rare find.
句子分析:which引导定语从句修饰mushroom
句意:经过进一步调查,真菌研究人员艾米·罗斯曼证实,这是一种罕见的“雾霾手套”蘑菇。
13. “Mushrooms are not like plants,” Rossman says. “They don’t come up at the same time every year, and so sometimes it can be decades between when a fungus fruits.”
“蘑菇不像植物,”罗斯曼说。“它们不会在每年的同一时间出现,所以有时一种真菌的果实可能会间隔几十年。”
词汇解析:
At the same time 同时
At the same time she felt a prick on her neck.
同时她感到脖子上一阵刺痛。
14. Rossman says that’s why it’s so valuable to have people like Taylor Lockwood searching through the forest with a trained eye.
罗斯曼说,这就是为什么让泰勒·洛克伍德这样的人用训练有素的眼睛在森林里搜寻是如此有价值。
15.A few years ago, Taylor Lockwood realized that still photos weren’t sufficient, so he chose to create time-lapse(延时拍摄的)video s of mushrooms.
几年前,泰勒·洛克伍德意识到静态照片是不够的,所以他选择制作蘑菇的延时视频(延时拍摄的)。
16.“When I do time-lapse, I see so much life happening around the mushrooms —insects, worms and other small creatures interacting with them,” he says.
句子分析:when引导时间状语从句
翻译:当我做延时拍摄时,我看到蘑菇周围发生了很多生命——昆虫、蠕虫和其他小生物与它们相互作用,”他说。
17.Lockwood’s love for art is evident in his approach to filming mushrooms over time.
洛克伍德对艺术的热爱体现在他拍摄蘑菇的方法上
词汇解析:
Evident adj.清楚的,显然的
It has now become evident to us that a mistake has been made.
我们已经清楚出了差错。
Although he appreciates the scientific aspect of his work, he identifies himself as an artist at heart.
句子分析:although引导让步状语从句
句意:.虽然他很欣赏自己作品中的科学成分,但他内心深处仍认为自己是一名艺术家。