2024年高考英语（阅读理解之议论文）模拟真题 (新高考专用)（含解析）
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2024年高考英语（阅读理解之议论文）模拟真题 (新高考专用)
（2024·安徽合肥·一模）Being a good parent requires providing a child with the gifts of love, attention, energy, and resources unstintingly over a long period of time. It involves developing a small body, but it also involves growing a child’s soul.
Parents are an enormously powerful force in the lives of children. Whether Johnny can read, whether Johnny knows right from wrong, whether Johnny is a happy, well-adjusted kid, or sad and self-destructive, has a whole lot to do with the kind of parenting Johnny has received. If Johnny’s mom and dad have been able to come through with lasting, loving attention, the chances are that Johnny is on track to become a productive, compassionate (富有同情心的) person. If they have not, Johnny is in trouble.
Thirty years ago Chicago professor James S. Coleman showed that parental involvement mattered far more in determining school success than any quality of the formal education system. Across a wide range of subject areas, in literature, science and reading, Coleman estimated that the parent was twice as powerful as the school in determining achievement at age fourteen. Psychologist Lawrence Steinberg, who recently completed a six-year study of 20,000 teenagers in nine different communities, confirms the importance of parents. Steinberg shows that one out of three parents is “seriously disengaged” from his or her adolescent’s education, and this is the primary reason why so many American students perform below their potential and below students in other rich countries.
A weight of evidence now demonstrates obvious links between absentee parents and a wide range of behavioral and emotional problems in children. A 1997 study of 90,000 teenagers — the Add Health Project undertaken (承担) by the Carolina Population Center and the Teenage Health Program at the University of Minnesota found that youngsters are less likely to get depressed, use drugs or become involved in crime when they spent significant time with their parents. This study found that the mere physical presence of a parent in the home after school, at dinner and at bedtime significantly reduces the incidence of risky behavior among teenagers.
1．What does the underlined word “unstintingly” in Paragraph 1 mean
A．Absolutely. B．Obviously. C．Carefully. D．Generously.
2．What can be inferred from Paragraph 2
A．Children should be taught to be successful in life.
B．Parents’ character has a deep influence on children.
C．Children are affected by many factors during the growth.
D．Parents should be strict with their children about behaviors.
3．What’s the purpose of Lawrence Steinberg’s research
A．To know the importance of parents’ company.
B．To find out why there are so many serious crimes.
C．To get ways to prevent teenagers’ bad behaviors.
D．To find links between parents’ education and crimes.
4．What’s the author’s attitude towards parents’ company with children
A．Ambiguous. B．Doubtful. C．Favorable. D．Unclear.
（23-24高三下·江西·阶段练习）On Monday, a lawsuit (诉讼) in the US got huge headlines around the world. It deals with a truly 21st century issue—whether human genes (基因) may be patented.
Myriad Genetics, a biotechnology company, discovered two genes — BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 — that are highly related to breast cancer. Myriad patented its discoveries and a group of researchers challenged that the patent was illegal.
The US patent law protects the temporary economic rewards inventors get from their inventions. But it also says a product of nature or a law of nature can’t be patented. For example, Einstein couldn’t patent on his discovery of E=mc2.
And until relatively recently, many of the medical researchers voluntarily gave up patents on their inventions. When Dr. Jonas Salk, the inventor of the polio vaccine (小儿麻痹症疫苗), was asked in 1955 whether he had a patent on the vaccine, he replied, “Could you patent the sun ”
Myriad Genetics, however, says that the genes it identified are not like the sun. It notes that there are 20,000 genes in the human body and that it has sorted through all those genes and found the two that are closely related to breast cancer.
Not so, say those challenging the patent. Human genes are products of nature. They are just a part of the human body. “All Myriad does is take the part out of the body,” says the challengers’ lawyer, Christopher Hansen. “Can the person who first takes the heart out of the body patent on hearts ”
Rochelle Dreyfuss, a patent expert who is not associated with this case, is a little more down to earth. “At some level it is about money,” he says, “because medicine doesn’t happen for free. The patent system is very important to encourage companies to spend more money on scientific research and development.”
Then how do other countries handle this tricky situation Most countries approve patents on genes, but they also allow other scientists to use the genes freely to do research and develop new medicines and testing methods.
5．Which of the following can be patented according to the US patent law
A．The law of gravity force. B．A unique orbit found in space.
C．A new medicine based on BRCA 1. D．The basic working principle of planes.
6．What is Christopher Hansen’s argument against the patent
A．A product of nature can’t be patented.
B．Public interests should be put before profits.
C．It is unacceptable to the other countries in the world.
D．The connection between genes and cancers is not obvious.
7．What does the underlined phrase “down to earth” in paragraph 7 mean
A．Angry. B．Rude. C．Smart D．Practical.
8．What is the last paragraph mainly about
A．The consequences of the lawsuit. B．Other countries’ solution to the case.
C．The public reactions to the news. D．Some scientists’ support for the patent.
（2024·河南南阳·一模）These days, there’s barely a world leader who doesn’t talk up science. For example, the India’s Prime Minister was the main performer at the annual Indian Science Congress, held in Nagpur, where he encouraged the nation’s researchers to do the science needed to make India self-reliant.
The message to researchers is crystal clear: leaders see science as essential to national prosperity, well-being and, of course, competitiveness. So, is research fit for the challenge of advancing, refining or critiquing these goals Not exactly. And it won’t be until there is fundamental reform to the gateway to a research career: PhD training.
As Nature and other publications have frequently reported, PhD training worldwide has been in trouble for some time. Students’ stipends (生活津贴) are not enough in most countries, creating a cost-of-living crisis. Early-career researchers constantly report concerns about a constant lack of support and poor-quality supervision, with senior researchers rarely trained in mentorship (指导).
Furthermore, PhD candidates are inadequately prepared for the cross-disciplinary working and large teams that characterize cutting-edge science today. This is especially true for careers outside academic research, where the overwhelming majority of PhD candidates will be heading.
It is not all bad. Universities in a small number of high-income countries have reformed, or are reforming, PhD assessment. But in most places, and especially in low- and middle-income countries, a candidate’s work is still evaluated using a single-authored paper. In many countries, candidates must publish in a journal before they get a PhD, something that critics say could fuel profitable publishing.
The system’s strains have become more obvious because the number of people doing PhD training has been rising sharply. According to the 2022 book Towards a Global Core Value System in Doctoral Education, the
number of PhDs awarded in India increased from 17,850 in 2004 to 25,095 in 2016; US figures climbed from 48,500 to 69,525 over the same period. If researchers are to meet society’s expectations, their training and mentoring must escape the nineteenth century.
9．Why is the India’s Prime Minister mentioned in the first paragraph
A．To indicate India’s serious scientific landscape.
B．To imply more researchers are in great demand in India.
C．To show leaders’ emphasis on scientific research.
D．To demonstrate more and more people take an interest in science.
10．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A．The reforms in science. B．The significance of mentorship.
C．The creation of academic culture. D．The issues early-career researchers face.
11．Which of the following best describes the author’s opinion on PhD training
A．Disappointed. B．Satisfied. C．Indifferent. D．Enthusiastic.
12．What does the author mainly intend to express in the last paragraph
A．PhD education is developing gradually.
B．The reforms in PhD training admit of no delay.
C．The number of PhDs awarded has increased in India and the US.
D．The demand for researchers’ meeting society’s expectations is pressing.
（2024·浙江·模拟预测）Nowadays, the world is slowly becoming a high-tech society and we are now surrounded by technology. Facebook and Twitter are innovative tools; text messaging is still a somewhat existing phenomenon and even e-mail is only a flashing spot on the screen when compared with our long history of snail mail. Now we adopt these tools to the point of essentialness, and only rarely consider how we are more fundamentally affected by them.
Social media, texting and e-mail all make it much easier to communicate, gather and pass information, but they also present some dangers. By removing any real human engagement, they enable us to develop our abnormal self-love without the risk of disapproval or criticism. To use a theatrical metaphor(隐喻), these new forms of communication provide a stage on which we can each create our own characters, hidden behind a fourth wall of tweets, status updates and texts. This unreal state of unconcern can become addictive as we separate ourselves a safe distance from the cruelty of our fleshly lives, where we are imperfect, powerless and insignificant. In essence, we have been provided not only the means to be more free, but also to become new, to create and project a more perfect self to the world. As we become more reliant on these tools, they become more a
part of our daily routine, and so we become more restricted in this fantasy.
So it is that we live in a cold era, where names and faces represent two different levels of closeness, where working relationships occur only through the magic of email and where love can start or end by text message. An environment such as this reduces interpersonal relationships to mere digital exchanges.
Would a celebrity have been so daring to do something dishonorable if he had had to do it in person Doubtful. It seems he might have been lost in a fantasy world that ultimately convinced himself into believing the digital self could obey different rules and regulations, as if he could continually push the limits of what’s acceptable without facing the consequences of “real life.”
13．What can we know about new communication tools
A．Destroying our life totally. B．Posing more dangers than good.
C．Helping us to hide our faults. D．Replacing traditional letters.
14．What is the potential threat caused by the novel communication tools
A．Sheltering us from virtual life. B．Removing face-to-face interaction.
C．Leading to false mental perception. D．Making us rely more on hi-tech media.
15．What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs
A．Technologies have changed our relationships.
B．The digital world is a recipe for pushing limits.
C．Love can be better conveyed by text message.
D．The digital self need not take responsibility.
16．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A．Addiction to the Virtual World B．Cost of Falling into Digital Life
C．Interpersonal Skills on the Net D．The Future of Social Media
（2024·安徽·一模）Fashion designers have a big say in what’s considered beautiful. They pick who’s in their shows and ads, shaping what’s celebrated as beauty. But this power also means responsibility — it can be used to leave people out or lift them up.
When I was young, fashion was my world. I pored over various fashion magazines at my local bookstore, desiring to be tall, thin, and have long, shiny hair to fit the ideal. I wanted to be like those models, so I stopped eating. It was a tough time; my eating disorder consumed me. It took years to break free from its control, allowing me to focus on my true passions.
For so long, the fashion industry has worked hard to set an ideal of beauty that celebrates thin, young, white, and able-bodied models as the ideal. It’s impossible not to be exposed to images of models that have been
photoshopped to where there’s not a single spot in sight. This idea is everywhere, and it hurts people. Shockingly, around 91% of women are unhappy with their appearance. It’s sad that teens grow up in a society where they deny themselves.
There’s progress — models and musicians promote body positivity. However, the pressure to meet unrealistic standards remains. Changing these standards involves bravely celebrating diverse beauty. True inclusivity goes beyond appearances. It requires diverse decision-makers, photographers, and casting directors cooperating. Young designers often overlook this crucial aspect. Hiring plus-size or transgender photographers, diverse casting directors, or makeup artists who understand the importance of accommodating to various skin tones, is vital for an overall approach.
We aimed to redefine the “bikini body” standards. However, the goal isn’t for the consumer’s body to change but for clothes to accommodate all sizes. We need more fashion for everyone, no matter their size or where they shop. It’s our responsibility as designers to challenge this narrow beauty definition. My hope is for future teens to escape the pressures I faced, developing a fashion industry celebrating diverse identities.
17．What does the underlined phrase “pored over” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A．Classified carefully. B．Read attentively.
C．Compared thoroughly. D．Recommended sincerely.
18．What is the impact of the initial beauty ideals set by the fashion industry
A．Causing self-denial. B．Generating individuality.
C．Focusing on true passions. D．Contributing to self-confidence.
19．What can be inferred about true inclusivity
A．It encourages personal effort. B．It satisfies traditional standards.
C．It focuses on physical appearances. D．It calls for diversity and cooperation.
20．Which of the following will the author probably agree with
A．Customers will change their body shapes.
B．Future teens will redefine fashion standards.
C．Fashion should celebrate everyone’s uniqueness.
D．“Bikini body” standards should be strengthened.
（2024·新疆塔城·二模）The topic of “crossing your legs” has been hotly discussed on the Internet recently. The truth is that crossing one leg over the other, a common sitting posture preferred by many people, may actually do harm to one’s health. So while seated, try not to do so any more.
Whether it is at the office, in a waiting room or relaxing at home, many people’ s go-to posture is one leg
over the other, crossed at the knee. If you’re like many of us, you spend too many hours of your day seated and for most of that time, you have crossed your legs for comfort.
One study found that people who sat with their legs crossed for more than three hours a day were more likely to lean forward and to round their shoulders. But the research relied on people’s own estimations of how long they crossed their legs for.
When you cross your legs, you are putting compression and pressure on your leg and knee joints and nerves. The way you sit is a huge determinant of your health and the way your body moves and functions. Sitting with your legs crossed leaves your hips uneven and forces your pelvic bone (盆骨) to rotate. Therefore, the longer you sit in this uneven position, the more pressure is placed on your knee and spine (脊柱), increasing the likelihood that it will develop into a long-term issue.
If seated long, then more importantly for you, cultivate and develop a healthy habit of sitting position. And here are the followings. Switch sitting positions often. Take brief walks around your office or home. Gently stretch your muscles every so often to help relieve muscle tension. Keep your feet on the floor, with your ankles in front of your knees. Relax your shoulders; they should not be rounded. Keep your elbows in close to your body and let them be bent between 90 and 120 degrees. Make sure that your back, thighs and hips are fully supported. Try doing those and maybe some of them fit you.
21．Why do many people like to be seated “crossing their legs”
A．They do so just for sort of ease.
B．They want their legs to take up more space.
C．They think it’s a power move.
D．It is a common sitting posture preferred by the most.
22．Which of the following may not be the “harm” that the long “cross-legged” position leads to
A．Your hips are in an unbalanced position.
B．Your spine supports more pressure.
C．Your pelvic bone is forced to rotate.
D．You may lean forward.
23．How many proposals does the author speak about to those seated long in the text
A．9. B．7. C．5. D．3.
24．What might the author mainly want to tell us
A．What a common sitting posture is.
B．The cross-legged position is popular.
C．Don’t cross your legs any longer.
D．Being seated long is unhealthy.
（2024·辽宁盘锦·一模）When children are growing up, what they see in their families is what they tend to consider normal. That means family traditions and other activities are generally seen as just normal. If a family eats dinner together or spends time talking with each other, that’s what the child absorbs and internalizes.
Our family traditions are declining as we move toward a more isolated (孤立的) society. How many families no longer share meals around the dinner table, instead choosing to watch TV or text friends on their phones This tends to isolate and disconnect family members from each other. It also stops families from communicating and catching up on each other’s lives.
For those of us who grew up in a household where families shared meals together and spent time talking with each other, chances are that we are passing along those traditions to our own families. The problem is, children today often want to spend their time in front of screens rather than people. Cell phones, computers and other attention-grabbing devices often mean parents get resistance to traditional family togetherness time. This pressure can lead to parents giving in and letting children do what they want rather than fight with them over sitting at the dinner table. This creates a new normal that no longer values the idea of families and the society at large, connecting with each other.
Family and community traditions are important, not just for the current shared experiences, but for the future as well. Since children internalize their experiences, that means generations to come may not know what it’s like to sit together around the dinner table and truly connect as a family.
That is why it is so important that parents and caregivers create boundaries of behavior that help to keep family traditions alive. If you remember the shared experiences you had with your parents and grandparents, you know the important bonding that took place during those times. It is this shared experience that brings people closer together and is well worth preserving.
25．What is the phenomenon the author describes at the beginning of the text
A．The increase in shared family meals means a shift towards isolation.
B．Increased use of technology replaces traditional family interactions.
C．More and more children prefer to spend quality time with the family.
D．Family members are more likely to share their updates with each other.
26．What is the central concern expressed in paragraph 3
A．The inability of parents to understand technology.
B．The challenge of preserving traditional family values.
C．The influence of technology on children’s education.
D．The necessity of controlling children’s digital devices.
27．What can be inferred about future generations if current trends continue
A．They will be more addicted to advanced technology.
B．They will maintain stronger and closer family bonds.
C．They may create new and irreplaceable family traditions.
D．They may not understand the value of family gatherings.
28．How does the author view the role of parents in preserving family traditions
A．Insignificant B．Irresponsible
C．Crucial D．Overemphasized
（2024·内蒙古赤峰·一模）The needs of plus-size consumers have long been the elephant in the room of the fashion industry until body positivity and fat acceptance movements promoted the slogan (口号) that large-bodied people are not those who are left behind. This size-inclusive (尺码包容) trend has become so popular that it is influencing mainstream culture. As a result, fashion brands have finally decided to extend their size ranges. In 2022, the plus-size market grew twice as fast as the standard size market in both North America and the UK.
Yet, many consumers say fashion brands broadening their ranges are not truly inclusive. “Inclusive sizing means that all bodies are included in fashion, not just the ones who fit in standard sizes,” says Marie Southard Ospina, a UK-based journalist who covers body-image issues. “However, what many designers do right now is pick a number that they think is big enough to include plus sizes and stop. This is even more disrespectful.”
Researchers also criticize that some brands are just taking advantage of the trend. “Brands that used to promote so-called perfect bodies in their advertisements are now trying to get in on the trend by adding a few sizes. It doesn’t feel like they really care about plus-size people,” says Tom Burgess, analyst in fashion industry. “If brands cared about large-bodied consumers, then it wouldn’t have taken until now to acknowledge that they exist,” he says. “It gives the impression that companies are just trying to gain a share of the market without a real commitment to the community.”
The fashion industry must go beyond merely producing clothing in a range of sizes if they hope to succeed with a body-diverse world. The whole industry has to connect on a personal level with consumers. That involves showing shoppers that they are seen, understood and important to brands. “Consumers care about values, and so they want to buy from brands that reflect the values they believe in. Everyone should enjoy the same range of fashion options,” says Ludovica Cesareo, professor of marketing at the College of Business in the US.
29．What does the author indicate by mentioning “the elephant in the room”
A．The demands of plus-size consumers have been ignored for ages.
B．The demands of plus-size consumers are of high cost.
C．A problem may do harm to the environment and animals.
D．A problem needs enough time and space to be solved.
30．What is true size inclusion in the eyes of many consumers
A．To promote plus-size market. B．To broaden fashion brands.
C．To enlarge clothing to standard sizes. D．To consider and satisfy all bodies.
31．For what do researchers mainly criticize some brands
A．Their designs. B．Their quality.
C．Their intention. D．Their advertisements.
32．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A．Fashion brands have truly achieved size inclusion, yes or no
B．Plus-size consumers should also be stylish, for or against
C．Fashion industry explores in body-diverse market, all or nothing
D．Brands should reflect consumers’ values, true or false
（23-24高三下·江苏镇江·阶段练习）Emotions are like our best friend. They have always been a part of our lives and have been influencing our personalities from the very beginning. However, this begs the question — where do emotions come from
Evolutionary (进化论的) psychologists believe that emotions are adaptations that have evolved in response to the challenges faced by our ancestors. They believe that emotions are innate (先天的), meaning that we are born with them wired into our brains.
Some psychologists restrict their claims to a small set of “basic” emotions, which are called the Big Six — happiness, sadness, fear, surprise, anger and disgust.
Critics of evolutionary psychology argue that emotions are socially constructed. They reject the evolutionary theory of emotions being involuntary; instead, they believe that emotions are voluntary choices we trick ourselves into treating as involuntary.
Defendants of this view believe that our culture influences how we should feel and what we should do in a given situation. When we feel an emotion and act on it, we engage in a behavior that is prescribed by our culture.
People argue that our presumption that emotions are involuntary, such as anger, may just be a convenient illusion (幻觉). To be angry, we need to understand something as offensive (冒犯的), which is likely based on culturally informed moral judgments. In that case, how can anger be an animal reflex (本能反应)
Moreover, anger is not seen in all cultures. In Inuit culture, people rarely show any signs of anger, probably
since threatening responses would be too risky in a small culture surviving in harsh conditions. The Malay language of Malaysia doesn’t even have a word meaning “anger”!
The fact that culture can affect the incidence and intensity of our emotions makes them look less like biological truths and more like the product of social constructs.
From my perspective, evolutionary psychologists underestimate the contributions of culture and learning, whereas social constructionists over-emphasize the same. Basically, we need an explanation that can steer between both these extremes.
The next time you feel a complex emotion bubbling up (冒出), the key is to determine the underlying basic emotions so you can take action that is the most helpful in keeping you balanced and emotionally under control!
33．What do evolutionary psychologists believe
A．We are born with emotions.
B．Personalities influence emotions.
C．Emotions are learned.
D．Humans have six different emotions.
34．What does the underlined word “prescribed” in paragraph 5 mean
A．Copied.
B．Remembered.
C．Translated.
D．Required.
35．What do the two examples in paragraph 7 mainly explain
A．Emotions play a major role in survival.
B．People in poor circumstances have emotions.
C．People solve problems with the help of emotions.
D．Emotions are socially constructed.
36．What is essential when facing the occurrence of a complex emotion
A．Finding out the real core emotions.
B．Taking action to ignore basic emotions.
C．Striking a balance between life and work.
D．Making efforts to build confidence.
（2024·河北邯郸·三模）“Individuals of all ages who have empathy (共情) understand that sometimes telling little white lies can protect other people from getting hurt,” says Barbara Greenberg, a clinical psychologist in
Connecticut. “Most people that I have come across tell these little white lies because they understand that 100 percent honesty all the time is not beneficial.” A white lie, she explains, spares people from unnecessary hurt.
At the same time, Dr. Julia Breur, a marriage and family therapist in Florida, emphasizes the importance of paying attention to the way we respond to someone. The fact is that not telling the truth can result in something unpleasant on you; it’s not just about the person the white lie is being told to. For example, she says someone who always tells others that “all is good” when it comes to a sick parent in an effort to avoid discussions about how serious their health issue really is, can eventually face stressful experiences. When that parent eventually passes away, the person who always gave an “all is good” response ends up emotionally broken.
Sometimes, telling white lies often depends on the situation, Dr. Breur says. For example, consider a woman who has not seen her mother for several months. The daughter has gained noticeable weight, yet the mother responds by excitedly declaring that she looks great. “I emphasize during psychotherapy sessions with my patients that context helps define meaning,” Dr. Breur says. “So when we look at the context of a mother saying you look great when she clearly sees that her daughter has gained weight, it can be acceptable. It reflects the intention of the white lie which is kindness, protection and unconditional love. Otherwise, white lies — especially when told to avoid personal accountability — can start a cycle of mistrust between people, ultimately compromising integrity,” she adds.
Therefore, it’s important to ask ourselves when it is and isn’t appropriate to deliver the honest truth, and when it’s best to step back and offer a more delicate response. More often than not, it’s about finding a balance between the two.
37．What can be learned about white lies according to Barbara Greenberg
A．They are short-lived. B．They are unidentifiable.
C．They are trouble-making. D．They are common.
38．What message does Dr. Breur deliver in paragraph 2
A．White lies can harm both the liars and the listeners.
B．We must respond to our family members truthfully.
C．It’s wrong to tell white lies to a seriously ill parent.
D．The “all is good” response is effective in dealing with patients.
39．What is Dr. Breur’s attitude towards the mother’s practice in paragraph 3
A．Uncaring. B．Critical. C．Supportive. D．Doubtful.
40．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．East or West, White Lies Are the Best
B．Think Twice Before You Tell White Lies
C．White Lies Signify Unconditional Love
D．White Lies Are Empathetic People’s Favorable Choice
参考答案：
1．D 2．B 3．A 4．C
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了父母的陪伴在孩子性格养成和品质养成方面的重要性。
1．词义猜测题。根据画线单词的后文内容“It involves developing a small body, but it also involves growing a child’s soul. (它涉及到一个小身体的发展，但它也涉及到一个孩子的灵魂的成长)”可知，养育孩子不仅是让孩子在身体上成长，还有灵魂的成长。由此推知，作为父母，应该给予孩子在各个方面长期的、全方位的关爱。结合语境，画线单词所在句将这些关爱比喻成“the gifts of love, attention, energy, and resources (爱、关注、精力和资源的礼物)”，那么给予礼物的父母应该是慷慨大方的父母。由此推知，画线单词unstintingly可以理解为“慷慨地”，与选项D“Generously (慷慨地)”含义一致。故选D项。
2．推理判断题。根据文章第二段中“If Johnny’s mom and dad have been able to come through with lasting, loving attention, the chances are that Johnny is on track to become a productive, compassionate person. If they have not, Johnny is in trouble. (如果 Johnny的父母能够给予持久、充满爱意的关注， Johnny很有可能会成为一个富有成效、富有同情心的人。如果他们没有，Johnny就有麻烦了)”可知，Johnny的父母在其成长过程中是否给予持久的关爱关系到他成人后的品行。由此可推知，父母的人格力量对孩子的影响巨大。故选B项。
3．推理判断题。根据文章第三段中“Psychologist Lawrence Steinberg, who recently completed a six-year study of 20,000 teenagers in nine different communities, confirms the importance of parents. (心理学家Lawrence Steinberg最近完成了一项对9个不同社区的2万名青少年进行的为期6年的研究，证实了父母的重要性)”可知，他的研究是对父母陪伴的重要性的验证。由此可推知，他研究的目的是了解父母陪伴的重要性。故选A项。
4．推理判断题。通过阅读文章内容可知，作者在文章中引用了各种专家科研数据和结论，比如第三段的“Thirty years ago Chicago professor James S. Coleman showed that parental involvement mattered far more in determining school success than any quality of the formal education system. (30年前，芝加哥大学教授James S. Coleman指出，在决定学校成功与否方面，父母的参与比正规教育体系的任何质量都重要得多)”、第四段的“This study found that the mere physical presence of a parent in the home after school, at dinner and at bedtime significantly reduces the incidence of risky behavior among teenagers. (这项研究发现，仅仅是父母在放学后、
晚餐和就寝时间在场，就能显著降低青少年危险行为的发生率)”等内容，都是用来证明“父母的陪伴对孩子影响很大”这一论点，即，这篇文章的中心论点。由此可推知，作者是支持父母陪伴孩子的。故选C项。
5．C 6．A 7．D 8．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了Myriad Genetics是否应该申请专利保护其新发现的致癌基因的问题。
5．推理判断题。根据第三段“The US patent law protects the temporary economic rewards inventors get from their inventions.(美国专利法保护发明人从其发明中获得的临时经济回报)”可推断，基于BRCA 1的新药应该可以申请专利。故选C。
6．细节理解题。根据第六段“Not so, say those challenging the patent. Human genes are products of nature. They are just a part of the human body.(那些质疑这项专利的人说，事实并非如此。人类基因是自然的产物。它们只是人体的一部分)”可知，Christopher Hansen 反对的依据是基因BRCA 1及BRCA 2是已经存在的自然物，所以不能申请专利。故选A。
7．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文““At some level it is about money,” he says, “because medicine doesn’t happen for free. The patent system is very important to encourage companies to spend more money on scientific research and development.”(“在某种程度上，这与金钱有关，”他说，“因为药物不是免费的。专利制度对于鼓励企业在科学研究和开发上投入更多资金非常重要。”)”可知，Rochelle Dreyfuss的说辞一点都不“高大上”， 而是十分务实的：新药研发要花钱；只有能获利公司才有投资科研的动力。故划线词意思是“实际的”。故选D。
8．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Then how do other countries handle this tricky situation Most countries approve patents on genes, but they also allow other scientists to use the genes freely to do research and develop new medicines and testing methods.(那么其他国家是如何应对这种棘手局面的呢？大多数国家批准基因专利，但它们也允许其他科学家自由地使用这些基因进行研究，开发新的药物和测试方法)”可知，最后一段主要讲了其他国家的解决方案。故选B。
9．C 10．D 11．A 12．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章指出虽然领导人普遍认为科学对于国家至关重要，但是目前的博士培养体系存在诸多挑战和困境，主要问题包括学生生活津贴不足导致的生活成本危机、对早期职业研究人员持续缺乏支持和低质量监督、博士候选人对跨学科工作和大型团队
准备不足等。文章强调随着攻读博士学位人数的急剧增加，博士培养体系亟需做出改革，才能满足当今社会的期望。
9．推理判断题。根据第一段“These days, there’s barely a world leader who doesn’t talk up science. For example, the India’s Prime Minister was the main performer at the annual Indian Science Congress, held in Nagpur, where he encouraged the nation’s researchers to do the science needed to make India self-reliant. (如今，几乎没有一个世界领导人不谈论科学。例如，印度总理是在那格浦尔举行的年度印度科学大会上的主要表演者，他鼓励该国的科学家从事使印度自力更生所需的科学工作)”可知，本段首先提出世界领导人几乎都会谈论科学，强调其重要性，然后提到印度总理的讲话内容，鼓励科学家从事国家自力更生所需的科学工作。由此推知，印度总理是作为例子来体现领导人对科研的重视。故选C项。
10．主旨大意题。根据第三段“As Nature and other publications have frequently reported, PhD training worldwide has been in trouble for some time. Students’ stipends (生活津贴) are not enough in most countries, creating a cost-of-living crisis. Early-career researchers constantly report concerns about a constant lack of support and poor-quality supervision, with senior researchers rarely trained in mentorship (指导). (正如《自然》和其他出版物经常报道的那样，一段时间以来，世界范围内的博士培养一直陷入困境。在大多数国家，学生的生活津贴不够，造成了生活成本危机。早期职业研究人员不断报告对持续缺乏支持和低质量监督的担忧，而高级研究人员很少接受过指导培养)”可知，本段主要介绍了世界范围内的博士培养陷入的困境，这些早期职业研究人员面临着生活成本危机、缺乏支持、监督低质量等问题。故选D项。
11．推理判断题。根据第二段中“And it won’t be until there is fundamental reform to the gateway to a research career: PhD training. (除非对通往研究职业的大门——博士培养——进行根本性改革，否则这一切都不会发生)”、第三段中“As Nature and other publications have frequently reported, PhD training worldwide has been in trouble for some time. (正如《自然》和其他出版物经常报道的那样，一段时间以来，世界范围内的博士培养一直陷入困境)”和第四段中“Furthermore, PhD candidates are inadequately prepared for the cross-disciplinary working and large teams that characterize cutting-edge science today. (此外，博士候选人对当今尖端科学的跨学科工作和大型团队准备不足)”可知，作者认为博士培养面临着困境，候选人没有为未来的工作做好充分准备，该培养需要进行根本性改革。由此可知，作者对博士培养很失望。故选A项。
12．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The system’s strains have become more obvious because the number of people doing PhD training has been rising sharply. According to the 2022 book Towards a Global Core Value System in Doctoral Education, the number of PhDs awarded in India increased from 17,850 in 2004 to 25,095 in 2016; US figures climbed from 48,500 to 69,525 over the same period. If researchers are to meet society’s expectations, their training and mentoring must escape the nineteenth century. (由于攻读博士学位的人数急剧上升，这一体系的压力变得更加明显。根据2022年出版的《迈向博士教育的全球核心价值体系》一书，印度获得博士学位的人数从2004年的17850人增加到2016年的25095人；同期，美国的数字从485000攀升至69525。如果研究人员要满足社会的期望，他们的培养和指导必须摆脱19世纪的模式)”可知，作者认为攻读博士学位的人数的上升加剧了博士培养体系的压力，这种体系需要做出改变才能满足社会的期望。由此可知，作者想表达博士培养改革刻不容缓。故选B项。
13．C 14．C 15．A 16．B
【导语】本文是议论文。文章主要介绍了陷入数字生活的代价。
13．推理判断题。根据第二段“To use a theatrical metaphor(隐喻), these new forms of communication provide a stage on which we can each create our own characters, hidden behind a fourth wall of tweets, status updates and texts. This unreal state of unconcern can become addictive as we separate ourselves a safe distance from the cruelty of our fleshly lives, where we are imperfect, powerless and insignificant. In essence, we have been provided not only the means to be more free, but also to become new, to create and project a more perfect self to the world. (用戏剧化的比喻来说，这些新的交流形式提供了一个舞台，我们每个人都可以在这个舞台上创造自己的角色，隐藏在推特、状态更新和文本的第四堵墙后面。当我们与残酷的肉体生活保持安全距离时，这种不真实的漠不关心状态会让人上瘾，在肉体生活中，我们是不完美、无能为力和微不足道的。从本质上讲，我们不仅获得了更自由的手段，而且获得了变新的手段，创造并向世界投射出更完美的自我。)”可知，新的交流工具让人们隐藏自己的不完美。故选C。
14．推理判断题。根据第二段“By removing any real human engagement, they enable us to develop our abnormal self-love without the risk of disapproval or criticism. (通过消除任何真实的人际交往，它们使我们能够发展我们不正常的自爱，而不会有不赞成或批评的风险。)”可知，新的交流工具让人们产生了错误的心理感知。故选C。
15．推理判断题。根据第三段“So it is that we live in a cold era, where names and faces represent two different levels of closeness, where working relationships occur only through the magic of email and where love can start or end by text message. An environment such as this reduces interpersonal relationships to mere digital exchanges. (此，我们生活在一个冷漠的时代，名字和面孔代表着两种不同程度的亲密，工作关系只能通过电子邮件的魔力来建立，爱情可以通过短信开始或结束。在这样的环境下，人与人之间的关系就变成了单纯的数字交流。)”可知，科技改变了我们人与人之间的社会关系。故选A。
16．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Nowadays, the world is slowly becoming a high-tech society and we are now surrounded by technology. Facebook and Twitter are innovative tools; text messaging is still a somewhat existing phenomenon and even e-mail is only a flashing spot on the screen when compared with our long history of snail mail. Now we adopt these tools to the point of essentialness, and only rarely consider how we are more fundamentally affected by them. (如今，世界正在慢慢成为一个高科技社会，我们现在被科技所包围。Facebook和Twitter是创新工具；短信仍然是一种存在的现象，与我们悠久的蜗牛邮件历史相比，即使是电子邮件也只是屏幕上的一个亮点。现在，我们采用这些工具到了本质的地步，很少考虑我们如何从根本上受到它们的影响。)”根据第二段“By removing any real human engagement, they enable us to develop our abnormal self-love without the risk of disapproval or criticism. (通过消除任何真实的人际交往，它们使我们能够发展我们不正常的自爱，而不会有不赞成或批评的风险。)和第三段“So it is that we live in a cold era, where names and faces represent two different levels of closeness, where working relationships occur only through the magic of email and where love can start or end by text message. An environment such as this reduces interpersonal relationships to mere digital exchanges. (此，我们生活在一个冷漠的时代，名字和面孔代表着两种不同程度的亲密，工作关系只能通过电子邮件的魔力来建立，爱情可以通过短信开始或结束。在这样的环境下，人与人之间的关系就变成了单纯的数字交流。)”可知，这篇文章主要介绍陷入数字生活的代价。故选B。
17．B 18．A 19．D 20．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章通过对时尚标准的讨论，表达了人们应该打破传统观念，建立多样性的时尚标准的观点。
17．词义猜测题。根据上一句“When I was young, fashion was my world.”（当我年轻的时候，
时尚就是我的世界。）和划线词所在句“I pored over various fashion magazines at my local bookstore,”（我在当地的书店里pored over各种时尚杂志，）可知，作者对时尚非常着迷，所以在书店应该是仔细阅读了各类时尚杂志，了解关于时尚的信息，“pored over”应该表示“仔细阅读”。故选B。
18．细节理解题。根据第三段“This idea is everywhere, and it hurts people. Shockingly, around 91% of women are unhappy with their appearance. It’s sad that teens grow up in a society where they deny themselves.”（这种想法无处不在，它伤害了人们。令人震惊的是，约91%的女性对自己的外表不满意。可悲的是，青少年成长在一个他们否定自己的社会中。）可知，时尚界设立的美的标准致使多数女性不满意自己的容貌，从而否定自己。故选 A。
19．推理判断题。根据第四段“True inclusivity goes beyond appearances. It requires diverse decision-makers, photographers, and casting directors cooperating.”（真正的包容超越表象。这需要不同的决策者、摄影师和选角导演的合作。）可知，真正的包容是要求有多样性和合作的，它呼吁不同时尚行业的从业者们进行合作。故选 D。
20．推理判断题。根据最后一段“We need more fashion for everyone, no matter their size or where they shop.”（我们需要为每个人提供更多的时尚，无论他们的身材或他们在哪里购物。）和“My hope is for future teens to escape the pressures I faced, developing a fashion industry celebrating diverse identities.”（我希望未来的青少年能够摆脱我所面临的压力，发展一个崇尚多元化身份的时尚产业。）可知，作者有可能会赞同：时尚界应该崇尚个人的独特性。故选 C。
21．A 22．D 23．B 24．C
【导语】这是一篇议论文。本篇文章就“为什么人们爱翘二郎腿”、“翘二郎腿有什么危害”以及“培养健康坐姿习惯”等展开讨论。
21．细节理解题。根据文中第二段的“If you’re like many of us, you spend too many hours of your day seated and for most of that time, you have crossed your legs for comfort.(如果你和我们中的许多人一样，一天中有太多的时间是坐着的，而且在大部分时间里，你都跷二郎腿以求舒适。)”可知，很多人喜欢“翘二郎腿”坐着只是为了舒适。故选A。
22．推理判断题。文章第四段“When you cross your legs, you are putting compression and pressure on your leg and knee joints and nerves. The way you sit is a huge determinant of your health and the way your body moves and functions. Sitting with your legs crossed leaves your hips uneven and forces your pelvic bone (盆骨) to rotate. Therefore, the longer you sit in this uneven position,
the more pressure is placed on your knee and spine (脊柱), increasing the likelihood that it will develop into a long-term issue.(当你跷二郎腿时，你是在给你的腿、膝关节和神经施加压力。你坐的方式对你的健康、身体运动和功能有很大的决定作用。跷二郎腿坐姿会使臀部不均匀，并迫使骨盆骨旋转。因此，你以这种不平衡的姿势坐的时间越长，你的膝盖和脊柱承受的压力就越大，这就增加了它发展成长期问题的可能性。)”和文中第三段的“One study found that people who sat with their legs crossed for more than three hours a day were more likely to lean forward and to round their shoulders.(一项研究发现，每天盘腿坐三小时以上的人更有可能身体前倾，肩膀更圆。)”可知，此句仅仅描述了“长达三小时之久跷二郎腿坐，身体很可能会前倾”，并没有提到前倾坐姿本身对身体的危害性。故选D。
23．细节理解题。本文最后一段“If seated long, then more importantly for you, cultivate and develop a healthy habit of sitting position. And here are the followings. Switch sitting positions often. Take brief walks around your office or home. Gently stretch your muscles every so often to help relieve muscle tension. Keep your feet on the floor, with your ankles in front of your knees. Relax your shoulders; they should not be rounded. Keep your elbows in close to your body and let them be bent between 90 and 120 degrees. Make sure that your back, thighs and hips are fully supported. Try doing those and maybe some of them fit you. (如果久坐，那么对你来说更重要的是，培养和养成一个健康的坐姿习惯。下面就是一些。经常变换坐姿。在办公室或家里散散步。经常轻轻地伸展你的肌肉，帮助缓解肌肉紧张。把脚放在地板上，脚踝放在膝盖前面。放松你的肩膀；它们不应该是圆形的。保持肘部靠近身体，弯曲度在90到120度之间。确保你的背部、大腿和臀部得到充分支撑。试着做这些，也许其中一些适合你。)”可知，作者提了7条建议。故选 B。
24．推理判断题。文章第一段最后两句话“The truth is that crossing one leg over the other, a common sitting posture preferred by many people, may actually do harm to one’s health. So while seated, try not to do so any more.(事实是，许多人喜欢的一种常见坐姿——将一条腿交叉在另一条腿上——实际上可能对健康有害。所以，坐着的时候，尽量不要再这样做了。)”总结本文谈论的话题，2、3、4段分别讲跷二郎腿久坐的对身体健康有危害，则得出作者写此文的意图：“不要再翘二郎腿！”，所以得出选项C. “Don’t Cross Your Legs Any Longer (不要再翘二郎腿)”符合文意，故选C。
25．B 26．B 27．D 28．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章探讨了家庭传统在当今社会中日益减少的问题，强调了家庭和社区传统的重要性，并呼吁父母和照顾者制定行为边界，以保持这些传统的活力。
25．
细节理解题。根据第一段中“When children are growing up, what they see in their families is what they tend to consider normal. That means family traditions and other activities are generally seen as just normal. If a family eats dinner together or spends time talking with each other, that’s what the child absorbs and internalizes. (当孩子们长大后，他们在家里看到的是他们认为正常的东西。这意味着家庭传统和其他活动通常被视为正常。如果一家人一起吃晚饭，或者花时间互相交谈，孩子就会吸收和内化这些东西。)”和第二段中“Our family traditions are declining as we move toward a more isolated (孤立的) society. How many families no longer share meals around the dinner table, instead choosing to watch TV or text friends on their phones This tends to isolate and disconnect family members from each other. It also stops families from communicating and catching up on each other’s lives. (随着我们走向一个更加孤立的社会，我们的家庭传统正在衰落。有多少家庭不再围坐在餐桌旁吃饭，而是选择看电视或用手机给朋友发短信 这往往会使家庭成员彼此孤立和疏远。它还阻止了家庭之间的交流和了解彼此的生活。)”可知，作者在文章开篇描述了诸如电视、手机之类的科技替代了传统的家庭互动。故选B项。
26．
细节理解题。根据第三段中“The problem is, children today often want to spend their time in front of screens rather than people. Cell phones, computers and other attention-grabbing devices often mean parents get resistance to traditional family togetherness time. This pressure can lead to parents giving in and letting children do what they want rather than fight with them over sitting at the dinner table. This creates a new normal that no longer values the idea of families and the society at large, connecting with each other. (问题是，现在的孩子们经常想把时间花在屏幕前，而不是人。手机、电脑和其他吸引注意力的设备往往意味着父母会抵制传统的家庭团聚时间。这种压力会导致父母让步，让孩子做他们想做的事，而不是和他们争夺餐桌上的座位。这创造了一种新的常态，不再重视家庭和整个社会相互联系的观念。)”可知，段中表达的担忧孩子们不再重视家庭和整个社会相互联系，这是传统的家庭价值观面对的来自科技的挑战。故选B项。
27．
推理判断题。根据第四段中“Since children internalize their experiences, that means generations to come may not know what it’s like to sit together around the dinner table and truly connect as a family. (由于孩子们内化了他们的经历，这意味着后代可能不知道围坐在餐桌旁、真正像一家人一样交流是什么感觉。)”可推知，如果目前的趋势继续下去，未来几代人将不理解围坐在餐桌旁、真正像一家人一样交流是什么感觉，不理解家庭聚会的价值。故选D项。
28．
细节理解题。根据最后一段中“That is why it is so important that parents and caregivers create boundaries of behavior that help to keep family traditions alive. (这就是为什么父母和监护人为保持家庭传统设定行为界限是如此重要)”可知，作者认为父母在维护家庭传统方面起着至关重要的作用。故选C项。
29．A 30．D 31．C 32．A
【导语】
本文为一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了很多品牌推出了大码衣服，却只是为了迎合尺码包容这一趋势，而并非真正的满足客户的需要。品牌如果真的想要取得成功，就需要关心消费者的价值观。
29．
词句猜测题。根据画线词的下文“until body positivity and fat acceptance movements promoted the slogan (口号) that large-bodied people are not those who are left behind. (直到对身体的积极态度和对肥胖的接受运动提出了这样的口号：体型大的人不是被遗忘的人)”可推知，通过指出大码消费者的需求是the elephant in the room，作者想表达这是个“显而易见却被忽视的事实”，即长期以来大码消费者的需求一直被忽视。故选A项。
30．
细节理解题。根据第二段中“Inclusive sizing means that all bodies are included in fashion, not just the ones who fit in standard sizes (包容性尺码意味着所有身体都包含在时尚中，而不仅仅是那些适合标准尺码的人)”可知，在许多消费者看来，真正的尺码包容性是考虑并满足所有身材的要求。故选D项。
31．
推理判断题。根据第三段中““If brands cared about large-bodied consumers, then it wouldn’t have taken until now to acknowledge that they exist,” he says. “It gives the impression that companies
are just trying to gain a share of the market without a real commitment to the community.” (他说道：“如果品牌关心大码消费者，那么它就不会直到现在才承认他们的存在。这给人的印象就是，公司只是想要在市场上占有一席之地，而不是真正的对社区做出承诺。”)”可知，研究者认为这些品牌并不是真正地关心大码消费者，而只是为了在市场上占有一席之地。因此，研究者是因为品牌的动机而批评他们。故选C。
32．
主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了很多品牌推出了大码衣服，却只是为了迎合尺码包容这一趋势，而并非真正的满足客户的需要。品牌如果真的想要取得成功，就需要关心消费者的价值观。所以，A项“时尚品牌已经真正实现了尺寸包容性，是还是不是？”切题，是短文的最佳标题。故选A项。
33．A 34．D 35．D 36．A
【导语】
这是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了情绪从何而来。
33．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“They believe that emotions are innate (先天的), meaning that we are born with them wired into our brains.(他们认为情绪是天生的，这意味着我们出生时就把它们连接到我们的大脑中。)”可知，进化心理学家认为，我们生来就有情绪。故选A。
34．词句猜测题。根据上文“Defendants of this view believe that our culture influences how we should feel and what we should do in a given situation.(持这种观点的人认为，我们的文化影响着我们在特定情况下的感受和行为。)”可知，当我们感受到一种情绪并采取行动时，我们的行为是由我们的文化所规定的。prescribed意为“规定，指示”。故选D。
35．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Critics of evolutionary psychology argue that emotions are socially constructed.(进化心理学的批评者认为情绪是社会建构的。)”、文章第五段“Defendants of this view believe that our culture influences how we should feel and what we should do in a given situation.(持这种观点的人认为，我们的文化影响着我们在特定情况下的感受和行为。)”和文章第七段“Moreover, anger is not seen in all cultures. In Inuit culture, people rarely show any signs of anger, probably since threatening responses would be too risky in a small culture surviving in harsh conditions. The Malay language of Malaysia doesn’t even have a word meaning “anger”!(此外，并非所有文化中都能看到愤怒。在因纽特文化中，人们很少表现出任何愤怒的迹象，可能是因为在一个生存在恶劣条件下的小文化中，威胁的回应太冒险了。
马来西亚的马来语甚至没有“愤怒”这个词！)”可推知，第七段提到的两个例子解释了情绪是社会建构的。故选D。
36．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“The next time you feel a complex emotion bubbling up (冒出), the key is to determine the underlying basic emotions so you can take action that is the most helpful in keeping you balanced and emotionally under control!(下次当你感到一种复杂的情绪冒出来的时候，关键是要确定潜在的基本情绪，这样你就可以采取行动，这对保持你的平衡和情绪控制最有帮助！)”可知，面对复杂情绪的发生，找出真正的核心情绪是至关重要的。故选A。
37．D 38．A 39．C 40．B
【导语】
本文是一篇议论文。主要阐述了善意的谎言可以让人们免受不必要的伤害，但有时候，善意的谎言往往取决于具体情况。因此，重要的是要问问自己，什么时候说实话是合适的，什么时候不合适，什么时候最好退一步，做出更微妙的回应。要在两者之间找到平衡。
37．细节理解题。根据第一段中的““Most people that I have come across tell these little white lies because they understand that 100 percent honesty all the time is not beneficial. “A white lie, she explains, spares people from unnecessary hurt. (‘我遇到的大多数人都会说善意的谎言，因为他们明白，一直100%的诚实是无益的。’她解释说，善意的谎言可以让人们免受不必要的伤害。)”可知，根据芭芭拉·格林伯格的说法，善意的谎言很常见。故选D。
38．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“At the same time, Dr. Julia Breur, a marriage and family therapist in Florida, emphasizes the importance of paying attention to the way we respond to someone. The fact is that not telling the truth can result in something unpleasant on you; it’s not just about the person the white lie is being told to. (与此同时，佛罗里达州的婚姻和家庭治疗师Julia Breur博士强调了关注我们回应他人的重要性。事实是，不说实话会让你感到不愉快；不仅仅是谎言的对象感到不愉快。)”可知，善意的谎言给说谎者和听者都会带来伤害。故选A。
39．推理判断题。根据第三段中的““I emphasize during psychotherapy sessions with my patients that context helps define meaning,” Dr. Breur says. “So when we look at the context of a mother saying you look great when she clearly sees that her daughter has gained weight, it can be acceptable. It reflects the intention of the white lie which is kindness, protection and unconditional
love. Otherwise, white lies — especially when told to avoid personal accountability — can start a cycle of mistrust between people, ultimately compromising integrity,” she adds. (Breur说：‘在心理治疗过程中，我和病人强调，情境有助于定义意义。’她补充道：‘所以，当我们看到一位母亲清楚地看到女儿长胖了，却说你看起来很棒时，这是可以接受的。它反映了善意谎言的意图，即善意、保护和无条件的爱。否则，善意的谎言——尤其是为了逃避个人责任而撒的谎言——会引发人与人之间不信任的循环，最终损害诚信。’)”可知，Breur博士对第3段中母亲的做法持支持态度，他认为它反映了善意谎言的意图，即善意、保护和无条件的爱。故选C。
40．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据最后一段中的“Therefore, it’s important to ask ourselves when it is and isn’t appropriate to deliver the honest truth, and when it’s best to step back and offer a more delicate response. More often than not, it’s about finding a balance between the two. (因此，重要的是要问问自己，什么时候说实话是合适的，什么时候不合适，什么时候最好退一步，做出更微妙的回应。通常情况下，这是关于在两者之间找到平衡。)”可知，本文主要讲了善意的谎言可以让人们免受不必要的伤害，但有时候，善意的谎言往往取决于具体情况。因此，在说善意的谎言之前要三思。B项“Think Twice Before You Tell White Lies (说谎之前三思)”最能概括本文主旨，适合作为最佳标题。故选B。
（2024·安徽合肥·一模）Being a good parent requires providing a child with the gifts of love, attention, energy, and resources unstintingly over a long period of time. It involves developing a small body, but it also involves growing a child’s soul.
Parents are an enormously powerful force in the lives of children. Whether Johnny can read, whether Johnny knows right from wrong, whether Johnny is a happy, well-adjusted kid, or sad and self-destructive, has a whole lot to do with the kind of parenting Johnny has received. If Johnny’s mom and dad have been able to come through with lasting, loving attention, the chances are that Johnny is on track to become a productive, compassionate (富有同情心的) person. If they have not, Johnny is in trouble.
Thirty years ago Chicago professor James S. Coleman showed that parental involvement mattered far more in determining school success than any quality of the formal education system. Across a wide range of subject areas, in literature, science and reading, Coleman estimated that the parent was twice as powerful as the school in determining achievement at age fourteen. Psychologist Lawrence Steinberg, who recently completed a six-year study of 20,000 teenagers in nine different communities, confirms the importance of parents. Steinberg shows that one out of three parents is “seriously disengaged” from his or her adolescent’s education, and this is the primary reason why so many American students perform below their potential and below students in other rich countries.
A weight of evidence now demonstrates obvious links between absentee parents and a wide range of behavioral and emotional problems in children. A 1997 study of 90,000 teenagers — the Add Health Project undertaken (承担) by the Carolina Population Center and the Teenage Health Program at the University of Minnesota found that youngsters are less likely to get depressed, use drugs or become involved in crime when they spent significant time with their parents. This study found that the mere physical presence of a parent in the home after school, at dinner and at bedtime significantly reduces the incidence of risky behavior among teenagers.
1．What does the underlined word “unstintingly” in Paragraph 1 mean
A．Absolutely. B．Obviously. C．Carefully. D．Generously.
2．What can be inferred from Paragraph 2
A．Children should be taught to be successful in life.
B．Parents’ character has a deep influence on children.
C．Children are affected by many factors during the growth.
D．Parents should be strict with their children about behaviors.
3．What’s the purpose of Lawrence Steinberg’s research
A．To know the importance of parents’ company.
B．To find out why there are so many serious crimes.
C．To get ways to prevent teenagers’ bad behaviors.
D．To find links between parents’ education and crimes.
4．What’s the author’s attitude towards parents’ company with children
A．Ambiguous. B．Doubtful. C．Favorable. D．Unclear.
（23-24高三下·江西·阶段练习）On Monday, a lawsuit (诉讼) in the US got huge headlines around the world. It deals with a truly 21st century issue—whether human genes (基因) may be patented.
Myriad Genetics, a biotechnology company, discovered two genes — BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 — that are highly related to breast cancer. Myriad patented its discoveries and a group of researchers challenged that the patent was illegal.
The US patent law protects the temporary economic rewards inventors get from their inventions. But it also says a product of nature or a law of nature can’t be patented. For example, Einstein couldn’t patent on his discovery of E=mc2.
And until relatively recently, many of the medical researchers voluntarily gave up patents on their inventions. When Dr. Jonas Salk, the inventor of the polio vaccine (小儿麻痹症疫苗), was asked in 1955 whether he had a patent on the vaccine, he replied, “Could you patent the sun ”
Myriad Genetics, however, says that the genes it identified are not like the sun. It notes that there are 20,000 genes in the human body and that it has sorted through all those genes and found the two that are closely related to breast cancer.
Not so, say those challenging the patent. Human genes are products of nature. They are just a part of the human body. “All Myriad does is take the part out of the body,” says the challengers’ lawyer, Christopher Hansen. “Can the person who first takes the heart out of the body patent on hearts ”
Rochelle Dreyfuss, a patent expert who is not associated with this case, is a little more down to earth. “At some level it is about money,” he says, “because medicine doesn’t happen for free. The patent system is very important to encourage companies to spend more money on scientific research and development.”
Then how do other countries handle this tricky situation Most countries approve patents on genes, but they also allow other scientists to use the genes freely to do research and develop new medicines and testing methods.
5．Which of the following can be patented according to the US patent law
A．The law of gravity force. B．A unique orbit found in space.
C．A new medicine based on BRCA 1. D．The basic working principle of planes.
6．What is Christopher Hansen’s argument against the patent
A．A product of nature can’t be patented.
B．Public interests should be put before profits.
C．It is unacceptable to the other countries in the world.
D．The connection between genes and cancers is not obvious.
7．What does the underlined phrase “down to earth” in paragraph 7 mean
A．Angry. B．Rude. C．Smart D．Practical.
8．What is the last paragraph mainly about
A．The consequences of the lawsuit. B．Other countries’ solution to the case.
C．The public reactions to the news. D．Some scientists’ support for the patent.
（2024·河南南阳·一模）These days, there’s barely a world leader who doesn’t talk up science. For example, the India’s Prime Minister was the main performer at the annual Indian Science Congress, held in Nagpur, where he encouraged the nation’s researchers to do the science needed to make India self-reliant.
The message to researchers is crystal clear: leaders see science as essential to national prosperity, well-being and, of course, competitiveness. So, is research fit for the challenge of advancing, refining or critiquing these goals Not exactly. And it won’t be until there is fundamental reform to the gateway to a research career: PhD training.
As Nature and other publications have frequently reported, PhD training worldwide has been in trouble for some time. Students’ stipends (生活津贴) are not enough in most countries, creating a cost-of-living crisis. Early-career researchers constantly report concerns about a constant lack of support and poor-quality supervision, with senior researchers rarely trained in mentorship (指导).
Furthermore, PhD candidates are inadequately prepared for the cross-disciplinary working and large teams that characterize cutting-edge science today. This is especially true for careers outside academic research, where the overwhelming majority of PhD candidates will be heading.
It is not all bad. Universities in a small number of high-income countries have reformed, or are reforming, PhD assessment. But in most places, and especially in low- and middle-income countries, a candidate’s work is still evaluated using a single-authored paper. In many countries, candidates must publish in a journal before they get a PhD, something that critics say could fuel profitable publishing.
The system’s strains have become more obvious because the number of people doing PhD training has been rising sharply. According to the 2022 book Towards a Global Core Value System in Doctoral Education, the
number of PhDs awarded in India increased from 17,850 in 2004 to 25,095 in 2016; US figures climbed from 48,500 to 69,525 over the same period. If researchers are to meet society’s expectations, their training and mentoring must escape the nineteenth century.
9．Why is the India’s Prime Minister mentioned in the first paragraph
A．To indicate India’s serious scientific landscape.
B．To imply more researchers are in great demand in India.
C．To show leaders’ emphasis on scientific research.
D．To demonstrate more and more people take an interest in science.
10．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A．The reforms in science. B．The significance of mentorship.
C．The creation of academic culture. D．The issues early-career researchers face.
11．Which of the following best describes the author’s opinion on PhD training
A．Disappointed. B．Satisfied. C．Indifferent. D．Enthusiastic.
12．What does the author mainly intend to express in the last paragraph
A．PhD education is developing gradually.
B．The reforms in PhD training admit of no delay.
C．The number of PhDs awarded has increased in India and the US.
D．The demand for researchers’ meeting society’s expectations is pressing.
（2024·浙江·模拟预测）Nowadays, the world is slowly becoming a high-tech society and we are now surrounded by technology. Facebook and Twitter are innovative tools; text messaging is still a somewhat existing phenomenon and even e-mail is only a flashing spot on the screen when compared with our long history of snail mail. Now we adopt these tools to the point of essentialness, and only rarely consider how we are more fundamentally affected by them.
Social media, texting and e-mail all make it much easier to communicate, gather and pass information, but they also present some dangers. By removing any real human engagement, they enable us to develop our abnormal self-love without the risk of disapproval or criticism. To use a theatrical metaphor(隐喻), these new forms of communication provide a stage on which we can each create our own characters, hidden behind a fourth wall of tweets, status updates and texts. This unreal state of unconcern can become addictive as we separate ourselves a safe distance from the cruelty of our fleshly lives, where we are imperfect, powerless and insignificant. In essence, we have been provided not only the means to be more free, but also to become new, to create and project a more perfect self to the world. As we become more reliant on these tools, they become more a
part of our daily routine, and so we become more restricted in this fantasy.
So it is that we live in a cold era, where names and faces represent two different levels of closeness, where working relationships occur only through the magic of email and where love can start or end by text message. An environment such as this reduces interpersonal relationships to mere digital exchanges.
Would a celebrity have been so daring to do something dishonorable if he had had to do it in person Doubtful. It seems he might have been lost in a fantasy world that ultimately convinced himself into believing the digital self could obey different rules and regulations, as if he could continually push the limits of what’s acceptable without facing the consequences of “real life.”
13．What can we know about new communication tools
A．Destroying our life totally. B．Posing more dangers than good.
C．Helping us to hide our faults. D．Replacing traditional letters.
14．What is the potential threat caused by the novel communication tools
A．Sheltering us from virtual life. B．Removing face-to-face interaction.
C．Leading to false mental perception. D．Making us rely more on hi-tech media.
15．What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs
A．Technologies have changed our relationships.
B．The digital world is a recipe for pushing limits.
C．Love can be better conveyed by text message.
D．The digital self need not take responsibility.
16．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A．Addiction to the Virtual World B．Cost of Falling into Digital Life
C．Interpersonal Skills on the Net D．The Future of Social Media
（2024·安徽·一模）Fashion designers have a big say in what’s considered beautiful. They pick who’s in their shows and ads, shaping what’s celebrated as beauty. But this power also means responsibility — it can be used to leave people out or lift them up.
When I was young, fashion was my world. I pored over various fashion magazines at my local bookstore, desiring to be tall, thin, and have long, shiny hair to fit the ideal. I wanted to be like those models, so I stopped eating. It was a tough time; my eating disorder consumed me. It took years to break free from its control, allowing me to focus on my true passions.
For so long, the fashion industry has worked hard to set an ideal of beauty that celebrates thin, young, white, and able-bodied models as the ideal. It’s impossible not to be exposed to images of models that have been
photoshopped to where there’s not a single spot in sight. This idea is everywhere, and it hurts people. Shockingly, around 91% of women are unhappy with their appearance. It’s sad that teens grow up in a society where they deny themselves.
There’s progress — models and musicians promote body positivity. However, the pressure to meet unrealistic standards remains. Changing these standards involves bravely celebrating diverse beauty. True inclusivity goes beyond appearances. It requires diverse decision-makers, photographers, and casting directors cooperating. Young designers often overlook this crucial aspect. Hiring plus-size or transgender photographers, diverse casting directors, or makeup artists who understand the importance of accommodating to various skin tones, is vital for an overall approach.
We aimed to redefine the “bikini body” standards. However, the goal isn’t for the consumer’s body to change but for clothes to accommodate all sizes. We need more fashion for everyone, no matter their size or where they shop. It’s our responsibility as designers to challenge this narrow beauty definition. My hope is for future teens to escape the pressures I faced, developing a fashion industry celebrating diverse identities.
17．What does the underlined phrase “pored over” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A．Classified carefully. B．Read attentively.
C．Compared thoroughly. D．Recommended sincerely.
18．What is the impact of the initial beauty ideals set by the fashion industry
A．Causing self-denial. B．Generating individuality.
C．Focusing on true passions. D．Contributing to self-confidence.
19．What can be inferred about true inclusivity
A．It encourages personal effort. B．It satisfies traditional standards.
C．It focuses on physical appearances. D．It calls for diversity and cooperation.
20．Which of the following will the author probably agree with
A．Customers will change their body shapes.
B．Future teens will redefine fashion standards.
C．Fashion should celebrate everyone’s uniqueness.
D．“Bikini body” standards should be strengthened.
（2024·新疆塔城·二模）The topic of “crossing your legs” has been hotly discussed on the Internet recently. The truth is that crossing one leg over the other, a common sitting posture preferred by many people, may actually do harm to one’s health. So while seated, try not to do so any more.
Whether it is at the office, in a waiting room or relaxing at home, many people’ s go-to posture is one leg
over the other, crossed at the knee. If you’re like many of us, you spend too many hours of your day seated and for most of that time, you have crossed your legs for comfort.
One study found that people who sat with their legs crossed for more than three hours a day were more likely to lean forward and to round their shoulders. But the research relied on people’s own estimations of how long they crossed their legs for.
When you cross your legs, you are putting compression and pressure on your leg and knee joints and nerves. The way you sit is a huge determinant of your health and the way your body moves and functions. Sitting with your legs crossed leaves your hips uneven and forces your pelvic bone (盆骨) to rotate. Therefore, the longer you sit in this uneven position, the more pressure is placed on your knee and spine (脊柱), increasing the likelihood that it will develop into a long-term issue.
If seated long, then more importantly for you, cultivate and develop a healthy habit of sitting position. And here are the followings. Switch sitting positions often. Take brief walks around your office or home. Gently stretch your muscles every so often to help relieve muscle tension. Keep your feet on the floor, with your ankles in front of your knees. Relax your shoulders; they should not be rounded. Keep your elbows in close to your body and let them be bent between 90 and 120 degrees. Make sure that your back, thighs and hips are fully supported. Try doing those and maybe some of them fit you.
21．Why do many people like to be seated “crossing their legs”
A．They do so just for sort of ease.
B．They want their legs to take up more space.
C．They think it’s a power move.
D．It is a common sitting posture preferred by the most.
22．Which of the following may not be the “harm” that the long “cross-legged” position leads to
A．Your hips are in an unbalanced position.
B．Your spine supports more pressure.
C．Your pelvic bone is forced to rotate.
D．You may lean forward.
23．How many proposals does the author speak about to those seated long in the text
A．9. B．7. C．5. D．3.
24．What might the author mainly want to tell us
A．What a common sitting posture is.
B．The cross-legged position is popular.
C．Don’t cross your legs any longer.
D．Being seated long is unhealthy.
（2024·辽宁盘锦·一模）When children are growing up, what they see in their families is what they tend to consider normal. That means family traditions and other activities are generally seen as just normal. If a family eats dinner together or spends time talking with each other, that’s what the child absorbs and internalizes.
Our family traditions are declining as we move toward a more isolated (孤立的) society. How many families no longer share meals around the dinner table, instead choosing to watch TV or text friends on their phones This tends to isolate and disconnect family members from each other. It also stops families from communicating and catching up on each other’s lives.
For those of us who grew up in a household where families shared meals together and spent time talking with each other, chances are that we are passing along those traditions to our own families. The problem is, children today often want to spend their time in front of screens rather than people. Cell phones, computers and other attention-grabbing devices often mean parents get resistance to traditional family togetherness time. This pressure can lead to parents giving in and letting children do what they want rather than fight with them over sitting at the dinner table. This creates a new normal that no longer values the idea of families and the society at large, connecting with each other.
Family and community traditions are important, not just for the current shared experiences, but for the future as well. Since children internalize their experiences, that means generations to come may not know what it’s like to sit together around the dinner table and truly connect as a family.
That is why it is so important that parents and caregivers create boundaries of behavior that help to keep family traditions alive. If you remember the shared experiences you had with your parents and grandparents, you know the important bonding that took place during those times. It is this shared experience that brings people closer together and is well worth preserving.
25．What is the phenomenon the author describes at the beginning of the text
A．The increase in shared family meals means a shift towards isolation.
B．Increased use of technology replaces traditional family interactions.
C．More and more children prefer to spend quality time with the family.
D．Family members are more likely to share their updates with each other.
26．What is the central concern expressed in paragraph 3
A．The inability of parents to understand technology.
B．The challenge of preserving traditional family values.
C．The influence of technology on children’s education.
D．The necessity of controlling children’s digital devices.
27．What can be inferred about future generations if current trends continue
A．They will be more addicted to advanced technology.
B．They will maintain stronger and closer family bonds.
C．They may create new and irreplaceable family traditions.
D．They may not understand the value of family gatherings.
28．How does the author view the role of parents in preserving family traditions
A．Insignificant B．Irresponsible
C．Crucial D．Overemphasized
（2024·内蒙古赤峰·一模）The needs of plus-size consumers have long been the elephant in the room of the fashion industry until body positivity and fat acceptance movements promoted the slogan (口号) that large-bodied people are not those who are left behind. This size-inclusive (尺码包容) trend has become so popular that it is influencing mainstream culture. As a result, fashion brands have finally decided to extend their size ranges. In 2022, the plus-size market grew twice as fast as the standard size market in both North America and the UK.
Yet, many consumers say fashion brands broadening their ranges are not truly inclusive. “Inclusive sizing means that all bodies are included in fashion, not just the ones who fit in standard sizes,” says Marie Southard Ospina, a UK-based journalist who covers body-image issues. “However, what many designers do right now is pick a number that they think is big enough to include plus sizes and stop. This is even more disrespectful.”
Researchers also criticize that some brands are just taking advantage of the trend. “Brands that used to promote so-called perfect bodies in their advertisements are now trying to get in on the trend by adding a few sizes. It doesn’t feel like they really care about plus-size people,” says Tom Burgess, analyst in fashion industry. “If brands cared about large-bodied consumers, then it wouldn’t have taken until now to acknowledge that they exist,” he says. “It gives the impression that companies are just trying to gain a share of the market without a real commitment to the community.”
The fashion industry must go beyond merely producing clothing in a range of sizes if they hope to succeed with a body-diverse world. The whole industry has to connect on a personal level with consumers. That involves showing shoppers that they are seen, understood and important to brands. “Consumers care about values, and so they want to buy from brands that reflect the values they believe in. Everyone should enjoy the same range of fashion options,” says Ludovica Cesareo, professor of marketing at the College of Business in the US.
29．What does the author indicate by mentioning “the elephant in the room”
A．The demands of plus-size consumers have been ignored for ages.
B．The demands of plus-size consumers are of high cost.
C．A problem may do harm to the environment and animals.
D．A problem needs enough time and space to be solved.
30．What is true size inclusion in the eyes of many consumers
A．To promote plus-size market. B．To broaden fashion brands.
C．To enlarge clothing to standard sizes. D．To consider and satisfy all bodies.
31．For what do researchers mainly criticize some brands
A．Their designs. B．Their quality.
C．Their intention. D．Their advertisements.
32．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A．Fashion brands have truly achieved size inclusion, yes or no
B．Plus-size consumers should also be stylish, for or against
C．Fashion industry explores in body-diverse market, all or nothing
D．Brands should reflect consumers’ values, true or false
（23-24高三下·江苏镇江·阶段练习）Emotions are like our best friend. They have always been a part of our lives and have been influencing our personalities from the very beginning. However, this begs the question — where do emotions come from
Evolutionary (进化论的) psychologists believe that emotions are adaptations that have evolved in response to the challenges faced by our ancestors. They believe that emotions are innate (先天的), meaning that we are born with them wired into our brains.
Some psychologists restrict their claims to a small set of “basic” emotions, which are called the Big Six — happiness, sadness, fear, surprise, anger and disgust.
Critics of evolutionary psychology argue that emotions are socially constructed. They reject the evolutionary theory of emotions being involuntary; instead, they believe that emotions are voluntary choices we trick ourselves into treating as involuntary.
Defendants of this view believe that our culture influences how we should feel and what we should do in a given situation. When we feel an emotion and act on it, we engage in a behavior that is prescribed by our culture.
People argue that our presumption that emotions are involuntary, such as anger, may just be a convenient illusion (幻觉). To be angry, we need to understand something as offensive (冒犯的), which is likely based on culturally informed moral judgments. In that case, how can anger be an animal reflex (本能反应)
Moreover, anger is not seen in all cultures. In Inuit culture, people rarely show any signs of anger, probably
since threatening responses would be too risky in a small culture surviving in harsh conditions. The Malay language of Malaysia doesn’t even have a word meaning “anger”!
The fact that culture can affect the incidence and intensity of our emotions makes them look less like biological truths and more like the product of social constructs.
From my perspective, evolutionary psychologists underestimate the contributions of culture and learning, whereas social constructionists over-emphasize the same. Basically, we need an explanation that can steer between both these extremes.
The next time you feel a complex emotion bubbling up (冒出), the key is to determine the underlying basic emotions so you can take action that is the most helpful in keeping you balanced and emotionally under control!
33．What do evolutionary psychologists believe
A．We are born with emotions.
B．Personalities influence emotions.
C．Emotions are learned.
D．Humans have six different emotions.
34．What does the underlined word “prescribed” in paragraph 5 mean
A．Copied.
B．Remembered.
C．Translated.
D．Required.
35．What do the two examples in paragraph 7 mainly explain
A．Emotions play a major role in survival.
B．People in poor circumstances have emotions.
C．People solve problems with the help of emotions.
D．Emotions are socially constructed.
36．What is essential when facing the occurrence of a complex emotion
A．Finding out the real core emotions.
B．Taking action to ignore basic emotions.
C．Striking a balance between life and work.
D．Making efforts to build confidence.
（2024·河北邯郸·三模）“Individuals of all ages who have empathy (共情) understand that sometimes telling little white lies can protect other people from getting hurt,” says Barbara Greenberg, a clinical psychologist in
Connecticut. “Most people that I have come across tell these little white lies because they understand that 100 percent honesty all the time is not beneficial.” A white lie, she explains, spares people from unnecessary hurt.
At the same time, Dr. Julia Breur, a marriage and family therapist in Florida, emphasizes the importance of paying attention to the way we respond to someone. The fact is that not telling the truth can result in something unpleasant on you; it’s not just about the person the white lie is being told to. For example, she says someone who always tells others that “all is good” when it comes to a sick parent in an effort to avoid discussions about how serious their health issue really is, can eventually face stressful experiences. When that parent eventually passes away, the person who always gave an “all is good” response ends up emotionally broken.
Sometimes, telling white lies often depends on the situation, Dr. Breur says. For example, consider a woman who has not seen her mother for several months. The daughter has gained noticeable weight, yet the mother responds by excitedly declaring that she looks great. “I emphasize during psychotherapy sessions with my patients that context helps define meaning,” Dr. Breur says. “So when we look at the context of a mother saying you look great when she clearly sees that her daughter has gained weight, it can be acceptable. It reflects the intention of the white lie which is kindness, protection and unconditional love. Otherwise, white lies — especially when told to avoid personal accountability — can start a cycle of mistrust between people, ultimately compromising integrity,” she adds.
Therefore, it’s important to ask ourselves when it is and isn’t appropriate to deliver the honest truth, and when it’s best to step back and offer a more delicate response. More often than not, it’s about finding a balance between the two.
37．What can be learned about white lies according to Barbara Greenberg
A．They are short-lived. B．They are unidentifiable.
C．They are trouble-making. D．They are common.
38．What message does Dr. Breur deliver in paragraph 2
A．White lies can harm both the liars and the listeners.
B．We must respond to our family members truthfully.
C．It’s wrong to tell white lies to a seriously ill parent.
D．The “all is good” response is effective in dealing with patients.
39．What is Dr. Breur’s attitude towards the mother’s practice in paragraph 3
A．Uncaring. B．Critical. C．Supportive. D．Doubtful.
40．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．East or West, White Lies Are the Best
B．Think Twice Before You Tell White Lies
C．White Lies Signify Unconditional Love
D．White Lies Are Empathetic People’s Favorable Choice
参考答案：
1．D 2．B 3．A 4．C
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了父母的陪伴在孩子性格养成和品质养成方面的重要性。
1．词义猜测题。根据画线单词的后文内容“It involves developing a small body, but it also involves growing a child’s soul. (它涉及到一个小身体的发展，但它也涉及到一个孩子的灵魂的成长)”可知，养育孩子不仅是让孩子在身体上成长，还有灵魂的成长。由此推知，作为父母，应该给予孩子在各个方面长期的、全方位的关爱。结合语境，画线单词所在句将这些关爱比喻成“the gifts of love, attention, energy, and resources (爱、关注、精力和资源的礼物)”，那么给予礼物的父母应该是慷慨大方的父母。由此推知，画线单词unstintingly可以理解为“慷慨地”，与选项D“Generously (慷慨地)”含义一致。故选D项。
2．推理判断题。根据文章第二段中“If Johnny’s mom and dad have been able to come through with lasting, loving attention, the chances are that Johnny is on track to become a productive, compassionate person. If they have not, Johnny is in trouble. (如果 Johnny的父母能够给予持久、充满爱意的关注， Johnny很有可能会成为一个富有成效、富有同情心的人。如果他们没有，Johnny就有麻烦了)”可知，Johnny的父母在其成长过程中是否给予持久的关爱关系到他成人后的品行。由此可推知，父母的人格力量对孩子的影响巨大。故选B项。
3．推理判断题。根据文章第三段中“Psychologist Lawrence Steinberg, who recently completed a six-year study of 20,000 teenagers in nine different communities, confirms the importance of parents. (心理学家Lawrence Steinberg最近完成了一项对9个不同社区的2万名青少年进行的为期6年的研究，证实了父母的重要性)”可知，他的研究是对父母陪伴的重要性的验证。由此可推知，他研究的目的是了解父母陪伴的重要性。故选A项。
4．推理判断题。通过阅读文章内容可知，作者在文章中引用了各种专家科研数据和结论，比如第三段的“Thirty years ago Chicago professor James S. Coleman showed that parental involvement mattered far more in determining school success than any quality of the formal education system. (30年前，芝加哥大学教授James S. Coleman指出，在决定学校成功与否方面，父母的参与比正规教育体系的任何质量都重要得多)”、第四段的“This study found that the mere physical presence of a parent in the home after school, at dinner and at bedtime significantly reduces the incidence of risky behavior among teenagers. (这项研究发现，仅仅是父母在放学后、
晚餐和就寝时间在场，就能显著降低青少年危险行为的发生率)”等内容，都是用来证明“父母的陪伴对孩子影响很大”这一论点，即，这篇文章的中心论点。由此可推知，作者是支持父母陪伴孩子的。故选C项。
5．C 6．A 7．D 8．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了Myriad Genetics是否应该申请专利保护其新发现的致癌基因的问题。
5．推理判断题。根据第三段“The US patent law protects the temporary economic rewards inventors get from their inventions.(美国专利法保护发明人从其发明中获得的临时经济回报)”可推断，基于BRCA 1的新药应该可以申请专利。故选C。
6．细节理解题。根据第六段“Not so, say those challenging the patent. Human genes are products of nature. They are just a part of the human body.(那些质疑这项专利的人说，事实并非如此。人类基因是自然的产物。它们只是人体的一部分)”可知，Christopher Hansen 反对的依据是基因BRCA 1及BRCA 2是已经存在的自然物，所以不能申请专利。故选A。
7．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文““At some level it is about money,” he says, “because medicine doesn’t happen for free. The patent system is very important to encourage companies to spend more money on scientific research and development.”(“在某种程度上，这与金钱有关，”他说，“因为药物不是免费的。专利制度对于鼓励企业在科学研究和开发上投入更多资金非常重要。”)”可知，Rochelle Dreyfuss的说辞一点都不“高大上”， 而是十分务实的：新药研发要花钱；只有能获利公司才有投资科研的动力。故划线词意思是“实际的”。故选D。
8．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Then how do other countries handle this tricky situation Most countries approve patents on genes, but they also allow other scientists to use the genes freely to do research and develop new medicines and testing methods.(那么其他国家是如何应对这种棘手局面的呢？大多数国家批准基因专利，但它们也允许其他科学家自由地使用这些基因进行研究，开发新的药物和测试方法)”可知，最后一段主要讲了其他国家的解决方案。故选B。
9．C 10．D 11．A 12．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章指出虽然领导人普遍认为科学对于国家至关重要，但是目前的博士培养体系存在诸多挑战和困境，主要问题包括学生生活津贴不足导致的生活成本危机、对早期职业研究人员持续缺乏支持和低质量监督、博士候选人对跨学科工作和大型团队
准备不足等。文章强调随着攻读博士学位人数的急剧增加，博士培养体系亟需做出改革，才能满足当今社会的期望。
9．推理判断题。根据第一段“These days, there’s barely a world leader who doesn’t talk up science. For example, the India’s Prime Minister was the main performer at the annual Indian Science Congress, held in Nagpur, where he encouraged the nation’s researchers to do the science needed to make India self-reliant. (如今，几乎没有一个世界领导人不谈论科学。例如，印度总理是在那格浦尔举行的年度印度科学大会上的主要表演者，他鼓励该国的科学家从事使印度自力更生所需的科学工作)”可知，本段首先提出世界领导人几乎都会谈论科学，强调其重要性，然后提到印度总理的讲话内容，鼓励科学家从事国家自力更生所需的科学工作。由此推知，印度总理是作为例子来体现领导人对科研的重视。故选C项。
10．主旨大意题。根据第三段“As Nature and other publications have frequently reported, PhD training worldwide has been in trouble for some time. Students’ stipends (生活津贴) are not enough in most countries, creating a cost-of-living crisis. Early-career researchers constantly report concerns about a constant lack of support and poor-quality supervision, with senior researchers rarely trained in mentorship (指导). (正如《自然》和其他出版物经常报道的那样，一段时间以来，世界范围内的博士培养一直陷入困境。在大多数国家，学生的生活津贴不够，造成了生活成本危机。早期职业研究人员不断报告对持续缺乏支持和低质量监督的担忧，而高级研究人员很少接受过指导培养)”可知，本段主要介绍了世界范围内的博士培养陷入的困境，这些早期职业研究人员面临着生活成本危机、缺乏支持、监督低质量等问题。故选D项。
11．推理判断题。根据第二段中“And it won’t be until there is fundamental reform to the gateway to a research career: PhD training. (除非对通往研究职业的大门——博士培养——进行根本性改革，否则这一切都不会发生)”、第三段中“As Nature and other publications have frequently reported, PhD training worldwide has been in trouble for some time. (正如《自然》和其他出版物经常报道的那样，一段时间以来，世界范围内的博士培养一直陷入困境)”和第四段中“Furthermore, PhD candidates are inadequately prepared for the cross-disciplinary working and large teams that characterize cutting-edge science today. (此外，博士候选人对当今尖端科学的跨学科工作和大型团队准备不足)”可知，作者认为博士培养面临着困境，候选人没有为未来的工作做好充分准备，该培养需要进行根本性改革。由此可知，作者对博士培养很失望。故选A项。
12．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The system’s strains have become more obvious because the number of people doing PhD training has been rising sharply. According to the 2022 book Towards a Global Core Value System in Doctoral Education, the number of PhDs awarded in India increased from 17,850 in 2004 to 25,095 in 2016; US figures climbed from 48,500 to 69,525 over the same period. If researchers are to meet society’s expectations, their training and mentoring must escape the nineteenth century. (由于攻读博士学位的人数急剧上升，这一体系的压力变得更加明显。根据2022年出版的《迈向博士教育的全球核心价值体系》一书，印度获得博士学位的人数从2004年的17850人增加到2016年的25095人；同期，美国的数字从485000攀升至69525。如果研究人员要满足社会的期望，他们的培养和指导必须摆脱19世纪的模式)”可知，作者认为攻读博士学位的人数的上升加剧了博士培养体系的压力，这种体系需要做出改变才能满足社会的期望。由此可知，作者想表达博士培养改革刻不容缓。故选B项。
13．C 14．C 15．A 16．B
【导语】本文是议论文。文章主要介绍了陷入数字生活的代价。
13．推理判断题。根据第二段“To use a theatrical metaphor(隐喻), these new forms of communication provide a stage on which we can each create our own characters, hidden behind a fourth wall of tweets, status updates and texts. This unreal state of unconcern can become addictive as we separate ourselves a safe distance from the cruelty of our fleshly lives, where we are imperfect, powerless and insignificant. In essence, we have been provided not only the means to be more free, but also to become new, to create and project a more perfect self to the world. (用戏剧化的比喻来说，这些新的交流形式提供了一个舞台，我们每个人都可以在这个舞台上创造自己的角色，隐藏在推特、状态更新和文本的第四堵墙后面。当我们与残酷的肉体生活保持安全距离时，这种不真实的漠不关心状态会让人上瘾，在肉体生活中，我们是不完美、无能为力和微不足道的。从本质上讲，我们不仅获得了更自由的手段，而且获得了变新的手段，创造并向世界投射出更完美的自我。)”可知，新的交流工具让人们隐藏自己的不完美。故选C。
14．推理判断题。根据第二段“By removing any real human engagement, they enable us to develop our abnormal self-love without the risk of disapproval or criticism. (通过消除任何真实的人际交往，它们使我们能够发展我们不正常的自爱，而不会有不赞成或批评的风险。)”可知，新的交流工具让人们产生了错误的心理感知。故选C。
15．推理判断题。根据第三段“So it is that we live in a cold era, where names and faces represent two different levels of closeness, where working relationships occur only through the magic of email and where love can start or end by text message. An environment such as this reduces interpersonal relationships to mere digital exchanges. (此，我们生活在一个冷漠的时代，名字和面孔代表着两种不同程度的亲密，工作关系只能通过电子邮件的魔力来建立，爱情可以通过短信开始或结束。在这样的环境下，人与人之间的关系就变成了单纯的数字交流。)”可知，科技改变了我们人与人之间的社会关系。故选A。
16．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Nowadays, the world is slowly becoming a high-tech society and we are now surrounded by technology. Facebook and Twitter are innovative tools; text messaging is still a somewhat existing phenomenon and even e-mail is only a flashing spot on the screen when compared with our long history of snail mail. Now we adopt these tools to the point of essentialness, and only rarely consider how we are more fundamentally affected by them. (如今，世界正在慢慢成为一个高科技社会，我们现在被科技所包围。Facebook和Twitter是创新工具；短信仍然是一种存在的现象，与我们悠久的蜗牛邮件历史相比，即使是电子邮件也只是屏幕上的一个亮点。现在，我们采用这些工具到了本质的地步，很少考虑我们如何从根本上受到它们的影响。)”根据第二段“By removing any real human engagement, they enable us to develop our abnormal self-love without the risk of disapproval or criticism. (通过消除任何真实的人际交往，它们使我们能够发展我们不正常的自爱，而不会有不赞成或批评的风险。)和第三段“So it is that we live in a cold era, where names and faces represent two different levels of closeness, where working relationships occur only through the magic of email and where love can start or end by text message. An environment such as this reduces interpersonal relationships to mere digital exchanges. (此，我们生活在一个冷漠的时代，名字和面孔代表着两种不同程度的亲密，工作关系只能通过电子邮件的魔力来建立，爱情可以通过短信开始或结束。在这样的环境下，人与人之间的关系就变成了单纯的数字交流。)”可知，这篇文章主要介绍陷入数字生活的代价。故选B。
17．B 18．A 19．D 20．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章通过对时尚标准的讨论，表达了人们应该打破传统观念，建立多样性的时尚标准的观点。
17．词义猜测题。根据上一句“When I was young, fashion was my world.”（当我年轻的时候，
时尚就是我的世界。）和划线词所在句“I pored over various fashion magazines at my local bookstore,”（我在当地的书店里pored over各种时尚杂志，）可知，作者对时尚非常着迷，所以在书店应该是仔细阅读了各类时尚杂志，了解关于时尚的信息，“pored over”应该表示“仔细阅读”。故选B。
18．细节理解题。根据第三段“This idea is everywhere, and it hurts people. Shockingly, around 91% of women are unhappy with their appearance. It’s sad that teens grow up in a society where they deny themselves.”（这种想法无处不在，它伤害了人们。令人震惊的是，约91%的女性对自己的外表不满意。可悲的是，青少年成长在一个他们否定自己的社会中。）可知，时尚界设立的美的标准致使多数女性不满意自己的容貌，从而否定自己。故选 A。
19．推理判断题。根据第四段“True inclusivity goes beyond appearances. It requires diverse decision-makers, photographers, and casting directors cooperating.”（真正的包容超越表象。这需要不同的决策者、摄影师和选角导演的合作。）可知，真正的包容是要求有多样性和合作的，它呼吁不同时尚行业的从业者们进行合作。故选 D。
20．推理判断题。根据最后一段“We need more fashion for everyone, no matter their size or where they shop.”（我们需要为每个人提供更多的时尚，无论他们的身材或他们在哪里购物。）和“My hope is for future teens to escape the pressures I faced, developing a fashion industry celebrating diverse identities.”（我希望未来的青少年能够摆脱我所面临的压力，发展一个崇尚多元化身份的时尚产业。）可知，作者有可能会赞同：时尚界应该崇尚个人的独特性。故选 C。
21．A 22．D 23．B 24．C
【导语】这是一篇议论文。本篇文章就“为什么人们爱翘二郎腿”、“翘二郎腿有什么危害”以及“培养健康坐姿习惯”等展开讨论。
21．细节理解题。根据文中第二段的“If you’re like many of us, you spend too many hours of your day seated and for most of that time, you have crossed your legs for comfort.(如果你和我们中的许多人一样，一天中有太多的时间是坐着的，而且在大部分时间里，你都跷二郎腿以求舒适。)”可知，很多人喜欢“翘二郎腿”坐着只是为了舒适。故选A。
22．推理判断题。文章第四段“When you cross your legs, you are putting compression and pressure on your leg and knee joints and nerves. The way you sit is a huge determinant of your health and the way your body moves and functions. Sitting with your legs crossed leaves your hips uneven and forces your pelvic bone (盆骨) to rotate. Therefore, the longer you sit in this uneven position,
the more pressure is placed on your knee and spine (脊柱), increasing the likelihood that it will develop into a long-term issue.(当你跷二郎腿时，你是在给你的腿、膝关节和神经施加压力。你坐的方式对你的健康、身体运动和功能有很大的决定作用。跷二郎腿坐姿会使臀部不均匀，并迫使骨盆骨旋转。因此，你以这种不平衡的姿势坐的时间越长，你的膝盖和脊柱承受的压力就越大，这就增加了它发展成长期问题的可能性。)”和文中第三段的“One study found that people who sat with their legs crossed for more than three hours a day were more likely to lean forward and to round their shoulders.(一项研究发现，每天盘腿坐三小时以上的人更有可能身体前倾，肩膀更圆。)”可知，此句仅仅描述了“长达三小时之久跷二郎腿坐，身体很可能会前倾”，并没有提到前倾坐姿本身对身体的危害性。故选D。
23．细节理解题。本文最后一段“If seated long, then more importantly for you, cultivate and develop a healthy habit of sitting position. And here are the followings. Switch sitting positions often. Take brief walks around your office or home. Gently stretch your muscles every so often to help relieve muscle tension. Keep your feet on the floor, with your ankles in front of your knees. Relax your shoulders; they should not be rounded. Keep your elbows in close to your body and let them be bent between 90 and 120 degrees. Make sure that your back, thighs and hips are fully supported. Try doing those and maybe some of them fit you. (如果久坐，那么对你来说更重要的是，培养和养成一个健康的坐姿习惯。下面就是一些。经常变换坐姿。在办公室或家里散散步。经常轻轻地伸展你的肌肉，帮助缓解肌肉紧张。把脚放在地板上，脚踝放在膝盖前面。放松你的肩膀；它们不应该是圆形的。保持肘部靠近身体，弯曲度在90到120度之间。确保你的背部、大腿和臀部得到充分支撑。试着做这些，也许其中一些适合你。)”可知，作者提了7条建议。故选 B。
24．推理判断题。文章第一段最后两句话“The truth is that crossing one leg over the other, a common sitting posture preferred by many people, may actually do harm to one’s health. So while seated, try not to do so any more.(事实是，许多人喜欢的一种常见坐姿——将一条腿交叉在另一条腿上——实际上可能对健康有害。所以，坐着的时候，尽量不要再这样做了。)”总结本文谈论的话题，2、3、4段分别讲跷二郎腿久坐的对身体健康有危害，则得出作者写此文的意图：“不要再翘二郎腿！”，所以得出选项C. “Don’t Cross Your Legs Any Longer (不要再翘二郎腿)”符合文意，故选C。
25．B 26．B 27．D 28．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章探讨了家庭传统在当今社会中日益减少的问题，强调了家庭和社区传统的重要性，并呼吁父母和照顾者制定行为边界，以保持这些传统的活力。
25．
细节理解题。根据第一段中“When children are growing up, what they see in their families is what they tend to consider normal. That means family traditions and other activities are generally seen as just normal. If a family eats dinner together or spends time talking with each other, that’s what the child absorbs and internalizes. (当孩子们长大后，他们在家里看到的是他们认为正常的东西。这意味着家庭传统和其他活动通常被视为正常。如果一家人一起吃晚饭，或者花时间互相交谈，孩子就会吸收和内化这些东西。)”和第二段中“Our family traditions are declining as we move toward a more isolated (孤立的) society. How many families no longer share meals around the dinner table, instead choosing to watch TV or text friends on their phones This tends to isolate and disconnect family members from each other. It also stops families from communicating and catching up on each other’s lives. (随着我们走向一个更加孤立的社会，我们的家庭传统正在衰落。有多少家庭不再围坐在餐桌旁吃饭，而是选择看电视或用手机给朋友发短信 这往往会使家庭成员彼此孤立和疏远。它还阻止了家庭之间的交流和了解彼此的生活。)”可知，作者在文章开篇描述了诸如电视、手机之类的科技替代了传统的家庭互动。故选B项。
26．
细节理解题。根据第三段中“The problem is, children today often want to spend their time in front of screens rather than people. Cell phones, computers and other attention-grabbing devices often mean parents get resistance to traditional family togetherness time. This pressure can lead to parents giving in and letting children do what they want rather than fight with them over sitting at the dinner table. This creates a new normal that no longer values the idea of families and the society at large, connecting with each other. (问题是，现在的孩子们经常想把时间花在屏幕前，而不是人。手机、电脑和其他吸引注意力的设备往往意味着父母会抵制传统的家庭团聚时间。这种压力会导致父母让步，让孩子做他们想做的事，而不是和他们争夺餐桌上的座位。这创造了一种新的常态，不再重视家庭和整个社会相互联系的观念。)”可知，段中表达的担忧孩子们不再重视家庭和整个社会相互联系，这是传统的家庭价值观面对的来自科技的挑战。故选B项。
27．
推理判断题。根据第四段中“Since children internalize their experiences, that means generations to come may not know what it’s like to sit together around the dinner table and truly connect as a family. (由于孩子们内化了他们的经历，这意味着后代可能不知道围坐在餐桌旁、真正像一家人一样交流是什么感觉。)”可推知，如果目前的趋势继续下去，未来几代人将不理解围坐在餐桌旁、真正像一家人一样交流是什么感觉，不理解家庭聚会的价值。故选D项。
28．
细节理解题。根据最后一段中“That is why it is so important that parents and caregivers create boundaries of behavior that help to keep family traditions alive. (这就是为什么父母和监护人为保持家庭传统设定行为界限是如此重要)”可知，作者认为父母在维护家庭传统方面起着至关重要的作用。故选C项。
29．A 30．D 31．C 32．A
【导语】
本文为一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了很多品牌推出了大码衣服，却只是为了迎合尺码包容这一趋势，而并非真正的满足客户的需要。品牌如果真的想要取得成功，就需要关心消费者的价值观。
29．
词句猜测题。根据画线词的下文“until body positivity and fat acceptance movements promoted the slogan (口号) that large-bodied people are not those who are left behind. (直到对身体的积极态度和对肥胖的接受运动提出了这样的口号：体型大的人不是被遗忘的人)”可推知，通过指出大码消费者的需求是the elephant in the room，作者想表达这是个“显而易见却被忽视的事实”，即长期以来大码消费者的需求一直被忽视。故选A项。
30．
细节理解题。根据第二段中“Inclusive sizing means that all bodies are included in fashion, not just the ones who fit in standard sizes (包容性尺码意味着所有身体都包含在时尚中，而不仅仅是那些适合标准尺码的人)”可知，在许多消费者看来，真正的尺码包容性是考虑并满足所有身材的要求。故选D项。
31．
推理判断题。根据第三段中““If brands cared about large-bodied consumers, then it wouldn’t have taken until now to acknowledge that they exist,” he says. “It gives the impression that companies
are just trying to gain a share of the market without a real commitment to the community.” (他说道：“如果品牌关心大码消费者，那么它就不会直到现在才承认他们的存在。这给人的印象就是，公司只是想要在市场上占有一席之地，而不是真正的对社区做出承诺。”)”可知，研究者认为这些品牌并不是真正地关心大码消费者，而只是为了在市场上占有一席之地。因此，研究者是因为品牌的动机而批评他们。故选C。
32．
主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了很多品牌推出了大码衣服，却只是为了迎合尺码包容这一趋势，而并非真正的满足客户的需要。品牌如果真的想要取得成功，就需要关心消费者的价值观。所以，A项“时尚品牌已经真正实现了尺寸包容性，是还是不是？”切题，是短文的最佳标题。故选A项。
33．A 34．D 35．D 36．A
【导语】
这是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了情绪从何而来。
33．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“They believe that emotions are innate (先天的), meaning that we are born with them wired into our brains.(他们认为情绪是天生的，这意味着我们出生时就把它们连接到我们的大脑中。)”可知，进化心理学家认为，我们生来就有情绪。故选A。
34．词句猜测题。根据上文“Defendants of this view believe that our culture influences how we should feel and what we should do in a given situation.(持这种观点的人认为，我们的文化影响着我们在特定情况下的感受和行为。)”可知，当我们感受到一种情绪并采取行动时，我们的行为是由我们的文化所规定的。prescribed意为“规定，指示”。故选D。
35．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Critics of evolutionary psychology argue that emotions are socially constructed.(进化心理学的批评者认为情绪是社会建构的。)”、文章第五段“Defendants of this view believe that our culture influences how we should feel and what we should do in a given situation.(持这种观点的人认为，我们的文化影响着我们在特定情况下的感受和行为。)”和文章第七段“Moreover, anger is not seen in all cultures. In Inuit culture, people rarely show any signs of anger, probably since threatening responses would be too risky in a small culture surviving in harsh conditions. The Malay language of Malaysia doesn’t even have a word meaning “anger”!(此外，并非所有文化中都能看到愤怒。在因纽特文化中，人们很少表现出任何愤怒的迹象，可能是因为在一个生存在恶劣条件下的小文化中，威胁的回应太冒险了。
马来西亚的马来语甚至没有“愤怒”这个词！)”可推知，第七段提到的两个例子解释了情绪是社会建构的。故选D。
36．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“The next time you feel a complex emotion bubbling up (冒出), the key is to determine the underlying basic emotions so you can take action that is the most helpful in keeping you balanced and emotionally under control!(下次当你感到一种复杂的情绪冒出来的时候，关键是要确定潜在的基本情绪，这样你就可以采取行动，这对保持你的平衡和情绪控制最有帮助！)”可知，面对复杂情绪的发生，找出真正的核心情绪是至关重要的。故选A。
37．D 38．A 39．C 40．B
【导语】
本文是一篇议论文。主要阐述了善意的谎言可以让人们免受不必要的伤害，但有时候，善意的谎言往往取决于具体情况。因此，重要的是要问问自己，什么时候说实话是合适的，什么时候不合适，什么时候最好退一步，做出更微妙的回应。要在两者之间找到平衡。
37．细节理解题。根据第一段中的““Most people that I have come across tell these little white lies because they understand that 100 percent honesty all the time is not beneficial. “A white lie, she explains, spares people from unnecessary hurt. (‘我遇到的大多数人都会说善意的谎言，因为他们明白，一直100%的诚实是无益的。’她解释说，善意的谎言可以让人们免受不必要的伤害。)”可知，根据芭芭拉·格林伯格的说法，善意的谎言很常见。故选D。
38．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“At the same time, Dr. Julia Breur, a marriage and family therapist in Florida, emphasizes the importance of paying attention to the way we respond to someone. The fact is that not telling the truth can result in something unpleasant on you; it’s not just about the person the white lie is being told to. (与此同时，佛罗里达州的婚姻和家庭治疗师Julia Breur博士强调了关注我们回应他人的重要性。事实是，不说实话会让你感到不愉快；不仅仅是谎言的对象感到不愉快。)”可知，善意的谎言给说谎者和听者都会带来伤害。故选A。
39．推理判断题。根据第三段中的““I emphasize during psychotherapy sessions with my patients that context helps define meaning,” Dr. Breur says. “So when we look at the context of a mother saying you look great when she clearly sees that her daughter has gained weight, it can be acceptable. It reflects the intention of the white lie which is kindness, protection and unconditional
love. Otherwise, white lies — especially when told to avoid personal accountability — can start a cycle of mistrust between people, ultimately compromising integrity,” she adds. (Breur说：‘在心理治疗过程中，我和病人强调，情境有助于定义意义。’她补充道：‘所以，当我们看到一位母亲清楚地看到女儿长胖了，却说你看起来很棒时，这是可以接受的。它反映了善意谎言的意图，即善意、保护和无条件的爱。否则，善意的谎言——尤其是为了逃避个人责任而撒的谎言——会引发人与人之间不信任的循环，最终损害诚信。’)”可知，Breur博士对第3段中母亲的做法持支持态度，他认为它反映了善意谎言的意图，即善意、保护和无条件的爱。故选C。
40．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据最后一段中的“Therefore, it’s important to ask ourselves when it is and isn’t appropriate to deliver the honest truth, and when it’s best to step back and offer a more delicate response. More often than not, it’s about finding a balance between the two. (因此，重要的是要问问自己，什么时候说实话是合适的，什么时候不合适，什么时候最好退一步，做出更微妙的回应。通常情况下，这是关于在两者之间找到平衡。)”可知，本文主要讲了善意的谎言可以让人们免受不必要的伤害，但有时候，善意的谎言往往取决于具体情况。因此，在说善意的谎言之前要三思。B项“Think Twice Before You Tell White Lies (说谎之前三思)”最能概括本文主旨，适合作为最佳标题。故选B。