2024届上海市部分区高三下学期二模英语试题汇编：完形填空（含解析）
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上海市部分区2023-2024学年高三下学期二模英语试题汇编
完形填空
2024届上海市黄浦区高三下学期二模英语试卷
Directions: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
My father decided to start learning French when he was 57. On the surface, his retirement hobby seems a little random — our family has no connection to French-speaking countries — but his ___41___ ran deeper than a passion for cakes. My grandmother developed signs of Alzheimer’s disease (阿尔兹海默症) in her early 70s, and studies suggest that being bilingual, that is, being able to speak two languages equally well, can ___42___ the start of the condition by up to five years. Drawn by that ___43___ benefit, many people have attempted to pick up a new language in adulthood.
Lots of activities are linked to better brain health in old age, like getting more education when you’re younger and physical activity. Experts say regularly speaking multiple languages may be especially ___44___ though. “We use language in all aspects of daily life, so a bilingual brain is ___45___ working,” said Mark Antoniou, a professor at Western Sydney University who specializes in bilingualism.
The age at which you learn another language appears to be less important than how ___46___ you speak it. The cognitive (认知的) benefit is from having to ___47___ your mother tongue, which your brain is forced to do if you’re trying to recall the right words in another language. So if the second language is used a lot, you’re getting that cognitive ___48___. That process is called cognitive inhibition. In theory, by improving these types of processes, the brain becomes stronger to the ___49___ caused by diseases like dementia. The stronger your mental power, the thinking goes, the longer you can function normally, even if your brain health starts to ___50___.
However, evidence for the benefits of learning a second language as a hobby in your 60s is ___51___. Research by Dr. Antoniou and colleagues found that while Chinese adults 60 and up improved on cognition tests after a six-month language learning program, people who played games like Sudoku did as well. Two more recent studies on the topic found virtually no ___52___ in cognitive performance after people took part in language-learning programs.
The scientists who conducted those studies offered a few potential ___53___. One is that the participants were highly motivated volunteers, who may have already been at peak performance for their age, making it hard to see any ___54___. Another is that the language interventions were perhaps too short. The handful of studies looking into the issue have used language lessons that were very different in their ___55___ and frequency. Some studies taught participants for eight months, others for just one very intense week.
41. A. affection B. contribution C. motivation D. struggle
42. A. delay B. prevent C. signal D. stimulate
43. A. additional B. educational C. lasting D. potential
44. A. beneficial B. common C. impractical D. rare
45. A. carelessly B. constantly C. creativelyD. delicately
46. A. long B. often C. soon D. well
47. A. command B. practice C. restrict D. spread
48. A. function B. psychology C. system D. training
49. A. damages B. operations C. pains D. signs
50. A. decline B. improve C. matter D. restore
51. A. available B. mounting C. stronger D. weaker
52. A. difference B. involvement C. pointD. reduction
53. A. applications B. explanations C. findingsD. suggestions
54. A. diversities B. improvements C. outcomesD. possibilities
55. A. content B. intention C. lengthD. requirement
2024届上海市普陀区高三下学期二模英语试题
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Many of the world’s islands were previously unexplored places, but over time, people have come to these places with far-reaching effects, including deforestation, over-hunting and the introduction of invasive species. ___41___, most of the bird species disappeared.
While the death of many birds since the 1500s has been ___42___, our knowledge of the fate of species before this relies on fossils (化石), and these records are limited because birds’ lightweight bones are ___43___ over time. This conceals the true ___44___ of global extinctions.
Researchers now believe 1,430 bird species — almost 12 per cent — have died out over modern human history since around 130,000 years ago, with the vast majority of them becoming extinct directly or indirectly ___45___ human activity.
The study, led by the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH) and published in Nature Communications, used statistical modelling to ___46___ the undiscovered bird extinctions.
Lead author Dr Rob Cooke, an ecological modeler at UKCEH, says:“Our study demonstrates there has been a far higher ___47___ impact on diversity than previously recognized. Humans quickly destroyed bird populations through habitat loss, over-exploitation, and the introduction of rats, pigs, and dogs, which attacked the birds’ nests, and ___48___ with birds for food. We show that many species became extinct before written records and left no ___49___, lost from history.”
Dr S ren Faurby of the University of Gothenburg, a co-author of the study, adds: “These historic extinctions have had a major impact on the current biodiversity crisis. The world may not only have lost many fascinating birds but also their varied ____50____ roles, which are likely to have included key functions such as pollination (授粉). This will have had knock-on effects on ecosystems, so, ____51____ bird extinctions, we will have lost a lot of plants and animals that ____52____ these species for survival.”
Observations and fossils show 640 bird species have been driven extinct — 90 per cent of these on islands ____53____ by people. These ____54____ from the iconic (标志性的) Dodo of Mauritius to the Great Auk of the North Atlantic to the lesser-known Saint Helena Giant Hoopoe. But the researchers estimate there have been further 790 unknown extinctions, meaning a total of 1,430 lost species — leaving just under 11,000 today. Therefore, from the perspective of protecting species ____55____, the protection of birds is an urgent issue for mankind.
41. A. To some extent B. On average C. As a result D. In short
42. A. confirmed B. recorded C. concealedD. discussed
43. A. distracted B. disposed C. dismissedD. disintegrated
44. A. extent B. context C. outcomeD. influence
45. A. due to B. other than C. instead ofD. in spite of
46. A. declare B. illustrate C. estimateD. emphasize
47. A. climate B. human C. environmental D. natural
48. A. connected B. coped C. peted
49. A. trace B. route C. change D. proposal
50. A. interactive B. ecological C. productive D. social
51. A. in terms of B. because of C. except forD. in addition to
52. A. depend on B. interact with C. fight againstD. stay away
53. A. inhabited B. removed C. developed D. killed
54. A. result B. range C. suffer D. date
55. A. origin B. project C. growth D. diversity
2024届上海市奉贤区高三下学期二模英语试题
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
In a bustling city in Arizona stood a high school where most of the students live in poverty. Among them were four sons of Mexican immigrants, Juan, Oscar, Luis, and Alfredo. These boys, coming from ____21____ backgrounds, often found themselves overlooked and underestimated. Bonded by fate and friendship, they shared a common passion for ____22____. Two science teachers there decided to enter their high school into a complicated ____23____ robotics competition sponsored by the NASA and the Naval Research. Excited for the news, these four boys signed up for the competition.
With enthusiasm and energy, they started calling mechanical engineers for design help. They were ____24____ that these kinds of robots require glass syntactic flotation foam, a type of floating material used in various marine applications.____25____ money, all they could afford was some PVC pipes and duct tape (强力胶布).____26____, they searched the city for various spare parts, gathering whatever they could to bring their vision to life. With the teachers’ guidance and encouragement, they ____27____ together a robot with no more than metal and wires.
As they worked on their robot, the boys also faced personal challenges. Juan struggled with the weight of family responsibilities; Oscar ____28____ a deep-seated fear of failure; Luis’s heart ached from the constant peers’ mockery (嘲笑) for his ____29____ accent, and Alfredo longed for acceptance and belonging.____30____ these obstacles, they persevered, leaning on each other for support and inspiration.
After a few test runs of their robot, they piled into a second-hand van to head to the competition. Upon entering the main pool area, they noticed the college teams wearing matching outfits, with robots sponsored by big companies. Feeling a bit nervous, the boys put the robot in the water for a test run.____31____, the PVC didn’t hold up, causing the robot to leak and sink.
However, instead of letting this ____32____ ruin their spirits, the boys put their heads together and came up with a brilliant solution. 12 hours later, armed with 8 super-absorbent pads to plug the leak, the robot was ____33____ into the pool again. This time, their robot performed admirably. Gliding gracefully through the waters, it navigated the course with precision and speed,____34____ the judges and audience alike. This underwater robot, a symbol of their determination and ____35____, conquered the waters, defeated engineering powerhouse MIT and ranked first in the country. This was not just a win for those four but a victory for every underdog with a dream.
21. A. academic B. relevant C. humbleD. professional
22. A. space B. mechanics C. research D. ocean
23、A. giant B. industrial C. underwater D. local
24、A. advised B. forced C. challengedD. consulted
25、A Reliant on B. Available to C. Short ofD. Desperate for
26、A. Therefore B. Otherwise C. Moreover D. However
27、A. tied B. pieced C. added D. wrapped
28、A. conquered B. created C. expressed D. battled
29、A. perfect B. strange C. slight D. elegant
30、A. With B. Given C. Despite D. Besides
31、A. Unfortunately B. Basically C. ActuallyD. Consequently
32、A. disagreement B. failure C. conflict D. progress
33、A. scaled B. lowered C. inserted D. fed
34、A. boring B. confusing C. wowingD. motivating
35、A. bravery B. generosity C. confidenceD. perseverance
2024市上海市杨浦区高三下学期二模英语试题
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
4 Ways to Get That Vacation Feeling in Two Days
Going on vacation every week It might sound like the ____21____ dream. But a simple mindset ____22____ can make it happen—no travel involved.
A few years ago, Holmes and her colleagues began ____23____ the importance of taking vacations. In a series of experiments, Holmes’ team ____24____ 441 U.S. workers to either spend the weekend like any other, or treat it like a vacation. When they were back at work on Monday, people who had adopted a vacation mindset reported being happier and less stressed.
“What was somewhat surprising is that the effect wasn’t driven by people spending time all that ____25____,” Holmes says. “It was this mindset that allowed them to be more present, ____26____ being in “doing” mode, it allowed people to settle in and be in the moment.
We asked people to share their favorite tips for adopting a vacation mindset at home.
1. Get creative about ____27____ time
Not everyone has Saturday and Sunday off work and actually some people often find their weekend schedules fully ____28____. You could still apply the philosophy. For example, devote an hour on Sunday morning to the ____29____, but protect the rest of the weekend as your vacation time.
2. Reflect on priorities
Focus on what makes a vacation different from a _____30_____ weekend. “Does it mean turning off your email notifications Spending money carelessly “Maybe it means being able to spend time with people you don’t normally get to see, or giving yourself a break on a workout,” Holmes says. “It’s helpful to make a list of those things and be able to _____31_____.”
3. Act like a _____32_____
Decision scientist Nika Kabiri recommends doing something totally new so you can disconnect from the same old routines _____33_____ your life. Among her favorite ideas: Drive to a part of town you’ve never been to before go for a stroll, and grab lunch at the first cute café you see. “The spontaneity（自发性）is what makes experiences like this feel vacation-like,” Kabiri says.
4. Don’t put extra pressure on yourself
Treating your weekend like a vacation doesn’t mean it needs to be a complicated affair. If your “vacation” encounters a few problems or lasts for only a few hours—don’t worry. “It doesn’t have to be all or nothing,” Kabiri says. “Don’t put pressure on yourself to have this ‘perfect vacation.’” It’s _____34_____ to be fun. _____35_____, there’s always another one just a few days away.
21. A. unattainable B. inharmonious C. incompleteD. unprofessional
22. A. study B. shift C. trend D. proposal
23. A. representing B. ranking C. exploringD. predicting
24. A. persuaded B. challenged C. motivatedD. instructed
25. A. practically B. literally C. identicallyD. differently
26. A. In light of B. Regardless of C. In favor ofD. Instead of
27. A. telling B. killing C. making D. changing
28. A. cleared B. packed C. removedD. dominated
29. A. laundry B. recreation C. movies D. picnic
30. A. regular B. dramatic C. primitive D. peaceful
31. A. identify with B. depend on C. follow throughD. substitute for
32. A. resident B. master C. tourist D. neighbor
33. A. facilitating B. governing C. revealingD. polishing
34. A. proved B. defined C. described D. meant
35. A. Plus B. Hence C. Still D. Finally
2024届上海市虹口区高三下学期二模英语试题
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
In the middle of 2023, a study conducted by the HuthLab at the University of Texas sent shockwaves through the fields of neuroscience (神经科学) and technology. For the first time, the thoughts and impressions of people ___41___ to communicate with the outside world were translated into continuous natural language, using a combination of artificial intelligence (AI) and brain imaging technology. This is the closest science has yet come to ___42___ someone’s mind.
Losing the ability to communicate is a deep cut to one’s sense of self. ___43___ this ability gives the patient greater control over their lives. But it could also give other entities, such as corporations, researchers and other third parties, a(n) ___44___ degree of insight into, or even control over, the lives of patients. The NeuroRights Foundation, based at Columbia University in New York, argues that new rights surrounding neurotechnologies will be ___45___ for all humans to preserve their privacy, identity, and free will. The potential ___46___ of disabled patients makes this a particularly important problem.
___47___ this approach, Chile was the first country that adopted legislation, drafting new laws, to address the risks of neurotechnology. It not only introduced a new constitutional right to mental ___48___, but is also in the process of adopting a bill that bans selling neurodata, and forces all neurotech devices to be regulated as medical devices, even those intended for the general consumer.
The proposed legislation recognizes the intensely ___49___ nature of neural data and considers it as organ tissues, which cannot be bought or sold, only donated. But this legislation has also faced ____50____, with legal scholars questioning the need for new rights and pointing out that it could discourage beneficial brain research for disabled patients.
While the legal action taken by Chile is the most impactful and ____51____ to date, other countries are considering updating existing laws to face the new developments in neurotechnologies.
And while it is likely that the first applications of neurotech will be medical, future ____52____ are likely to involve consumer applications such as entertainment, as well as for military and security purposes. The growing ____53____ of neurotechnology in a commercial context only causes more legal concerns.
Different people, societies, and cultures will disagree on where to draw the line. We are at a(n) ____54____ stage of technological development. And as we begin to uncover the great potential of brain science, the need to consider their implications for legal action becomes more ____55____.
41. A. eager B. ready C. unwilling D. unable
42. A. clearing B. occupying C. changing D. reading
43. A. Reducing B. Restricting C. RestoringD. Requiring
44. A. irrelevant B. uncomfortable C. negligibleD. supportive
45. A. needed B. limited C. controlled D. denied
46. A. application B. weakness C. impactD. significance
47. A. In comparison with B. In line with C. At the conclusion of D. At the cost of
48. A. integrity B. condition C. disorder D. function
49. A. group B. general C. physical D. personal
50. A. interaction B. chance C. criticism D. defence
51. A. far-reaching B. labor-saving C. short-sighted D. ill-timed
52. A. advances B. arrangements C. requirements D. policies
53. A. confidence B. availability C. membershipD. movement
54 A. mature B. initial C. different D. final
55. A. diversified B. genuine C. pressing D. special
答案
2024届上海市黄浦区高三下学期二模英语试卷
【答案】41. C 42. A 43. D 44. A 45. B 46. B 47. C 48. D 49. A 50. A 51. D 52. A 53. B 54. B 55. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了能说两种语言，可以将痴呆症发病时间推迟至多5年，由于这种潜在的好处，许多人试图在成年后学习一门新的语言。专家表示，经常说多种语言可能特别有益。
【41题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：从表面上看，他的退休爱好似乎有点随意——我们家与法语国家没有任何联系——但他的动机比对蛋糕的热爱更深层次。A. affection喜爱；B. contribution贡献；C. motivation动机；D. struggle努力。根据上文“My father decided to start learning French when he was 57.(我父亲在57岁时决定开始学习法语)”可知，此处指父亲学习法语的动机比对蛋糕的热爱更深层次。故选C。
【42题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我的祖母在70岁出头时出现了阿尔茨海默氏症的迹象，研究表明，会说双语，也就是能说两种语言，可以将这种疾病的发病时间推迟至多5年。A. delay推迟；B. prevent阻止；C. signal示意；D. stimulate激励。根据后文“benefit, many people have attempted to pick up a new language in adulthood”可知，此处指研究表明，会说双语，也就是能说两种语言，可以将这种疾病的发病时间推迟至多5年。故选A。
【43题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：由于这种潜在的好处，许多人试图在成年后学习一门新的语言。A. additional附加的；B. educational教育的；C. lasting持久的；D. potential潜在的。结合上文提到研究表明，会说双语，也就是能说两种语言，可以将痴呆症的发病时间推迟至多5年，所以是潜在的好处，故选D。
【44题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：专家表示，经常说多种语言可能特别有益。A. beneficial有益的；B. common共同的；C. impractical不明智的；D. rare罕见的。根据上文“Lots of activities are linked to better brain health in old age, like getting more education when you’re younger and physical activity.(许多活动都与老年时更好的大脑健康有关，比如年轻时接受更多的教育和体育锻炼)”提到了许多活动都与老年时更好的大脑健康有关，比如年轻时接受更多的教育和体育锻炼，而专家表示经常说多种语言可能特别有益。故选A。
【45题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：西悉尼大学专门研究双语的教授马克·安东尼奥说：“我们在日常生活的各个方面都使用语言，所以双语大脑一直在工作。”A. carelessly马虎地；B. constantly不断地；C. creatively创造性地；D. delicately微妙地。根据上文“We use language in all aspects of daily life, so a bilingual brain is”指会说双语的大脑一直在工作。故选B。
【46题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：你学习另一门语言的年龄似乎没有你说这门语言的频率重要。A. long长地；B. often经常；C. soon很快；D. well好地。根据上文“regularly speaking”可知，学习另一门语言的年龄似乎没有你说这门语言的频率重要。故选B。
【47题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：认知上的好处是必须限制你的母语，如果你试图用另一种语言回忆正确的单词，你的大脑就会被迫这样做。A. command命令；B. practice练习；C. restrict限制；D. spread传播。根据后文“your mother tongue, which your brain is forced to do if you’re trying to recall the right words in another language”可知，如果你试图用另一种语言回忆正确的单词，你的大脑就会被迫限制说你的母语。故选C。
【48题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：所以如果经常使用第二语言，你就会得到认知训练。A. function功能；B. psychology心理学；C. system系统；D. training训练。根据上文“if the second language is used a lot, you’re getting that cognitive”可知，如果经常使用第二语言，你就会得到认知训练。故选D。
【49题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：从理论上讲，通过改善这些类型的过程，大脑会变得更强大，以抵御痴呆症等疾病造成的损害。A. damages破坏；B. operations运作；C. pains痛苦；D. signs迹象。根据后文“caused by diseases like dementia”指痴呆症等疾病造成的损害。故选A。
【50题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这种想法认为，你的精神力量越强大，即使你的大脑健康状况开始下降，你也能正常工作的时间越长。A. decline下降；B. improve改善；C. matter重要；D. restore恢复。根据后文“The stronger your mental power, the thinking goes, the longer you can function normally, even if your brain health starts to”中even if表示让步，可知你的精神力量越强大，即使你的大脑健康状况开始下降，你也能正常工作的时间越长。故选A。
【51题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，对于60多岁的人来说，将学习第二语言作为一种爱好有好处的证据并不明显。A. available可用的；B. mounting上升的；C. stronger更强壮的；D. weaker较弱的。根据后文“Research by Dr. Antoniou and colleagues found that while Chinese adults 60 and up improved on cognition tests after a six-month language learning program, people who played games like Sudoku did as well.(安东尼奥博士及其同事的研究发现，虽然60岁及以上的中国成年人在接受了六个月的语言学习项目后，在认知测试中有所提高，但玩数独等游戏的人也有同样的表现)”可知，研究表明对于60多岁的人来说，将学习第二语言作为一种爱好有好处的证据并不明显。故选D。
【52题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：最近关于这个话题的两项研究发现，参加语言学习项目后，人们的认知表现几乎没有什么不同。A. difference差异；B. involvement参与；C. point要点；D. reduction减少。上文提到对于60多岁的人来说，将学习第二语言作为一种爱好有好处的证据并不明显，即人们的认知表现几乎没有什么不同。故选A。
【53题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：进行这些研究的科学家提供了一些可能的解释。A. applications应用；B. explanations解释；C. findings发现；D. suggestions建议。后文“Another is that the language interventions were perhaps too short.(另一个原因是语言干预可能太短了)”主要给出了这一现象的两种解释。故选B。
【54题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：一是参与者都是非常积极的志愿者，他们的表现可能已经达到了同龄人的最高水平，因此很难看到任何改善。A. diversities多样性；B. improvements改善；C. outcomes结果；D. possibilities可能性。根据上文“the participants were highly motivated volunteers, who may have already been at peak performance for their age”可知，参与者都是非常积极的志愿者，他们的表现可能已经达到了同龄人的最高水平，因此很难看到任何改善。故选B。
【55题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：调查这个问题的少数研究使用了在长度和频率上都大不相同的语言课程。A. content内容；B. intention意图；C. length长度；D. requirement要求。根据上文“Another is that the language interventions were perhaps too short.(另一个原因是语言干预可能太短了)”可知，此处指使用在长度和频率上都大不相同的语言课程。故选C。
2024届上海市普陀区高三下学期二模英语试题
【答案】41. C 42. B 43. D 44. A 45. A 46. C 47. B 48. D 49. A 50. B 51. D 52. A 53. A 54. B 55. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要阐述研究人员通过研究发现，虽然已经记录了许多人类造成的鸟类灭绝，但是真实数字要大得多，许多物种在有文字记载之前就已经灭绝了，其中绝大多数是直接或间接由人类活动而造成的，而且这些鸟类的灭绝也造成了其他依赖其生存的物种的灭绝。
【41题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：结果，大多数鸟类消失了。A. To some extent在某种程度上；B. On average平均；C. As a result因此，结果；D. In short简言之。上文“but over time, people have come to these places with far-reaching effects, including deforestation, over-hunting and the introduction of invasive species”与空后“most of the bird species disappeared”为因果关系，As a result“因此”符合语境。故选C。
【42题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：虽然自16世纪以来许多鸟类的死亡被记录下来，但我们对这之前物种命运的了解依赖于化石，而且这些记录是有限的，因为鸟类的轻质骨骼随着时间的推移会分解。A. confirmed确认；B. recorded记录；C. concealed隐藏；D. discussed讨论。根据下文“many species became extinct before written records and left no ___9___, lost from history”可知，以前物种的灭绝没有文字记录，直到16世纪以来才有许多鸟类死亡被记录下来。故选B。
【43题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：虽然自16世纪以来有许多鸟类死亡的记录，但我们对这之前物种命运的了解依赖于化石，而且这些记录是有限的，因为鸟类的轻质骨骼随着时间的推移会分解。A. distracted使分心，使转移注意力；B. disposed处理，配置，使适应；C. dismissed不予理会，解散；D. disintegrated使分解，使碎裂。根据空前“our knowledge of the fate of species before this relies on fossils (化石), and these records are limited”以及常识可知，鸟类的轻质骨骼随着时间的推移会被分解，因此，化石留下的信息也是很有限的。故选D。
【44题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这掩盖了全球物种灭绝的真实程度。A. extent程度；B. context上下文，语境；C. outcome结果；D. influence影响。由上文“our knowledge of the fate of species before this relies on fossils (化石), and these records are limited because birds’ lightweight bones are ___3___ over time”可知，有限的记录以及容易分解的鸟类骨骼让人们无法真实地了解全球物种灭绝的程度。故选A。
【45题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：研究人员现在认为，自大约13万年前以来，1430种鸟类——近12%——在现代人类历史上已经灭绝，其中绝大多数是直接或间接由于人类活动而灭绝的。A. due to由于；B. other than除了；C. instead of而不是；D. in spite of尽管。根据空前“the vast majority of them becoming extinct directly or indirectly”以及空后“human activity”可知，绝大多数鸟类灭绝是直接或间接地由于人类活动而导致的，阐述物种灭绝的原因。故选A。
【46题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这项由英国生态与水文中心（UKCEH）领导并发表在《自然通讯》上的研究使用统计模型来估计未被发现的鸟类灭绝。A. declare宣布；B. illustrate说明，阐明；C. estimate估计；D. emphasize 强调。根据空前“used statistical modelling”以及下文“Our study demonstrates there has been a far higher ___7___ impact on diversity than previously recognized.”可知，这项研究运用统计模型对未被发现的鸟类灭绝情况进行估计。故选C。
【47题详解】
考查名词/形容词词义辨析。句意：我们的研究表明，人类对生物多样性的影响远比我们之前认识到的要大得多。A. climate气候；B. human人（类），人 （类）的；C. environmental环保的；D. natural天然的，自然的。根据下文“Humans quickly destroyed bird populations through habitat loss, over-exploitation, and the introduction of rats, pigs, and dogs, which attacked the birds’ nests”可知，此处指人类活动对生物多样性的影响。故选B。
【48题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：人类通过栖息地的丧失、过度开发以及老鼠、猪和狗的引入，迅速摧毁了鸟类的数量，这些老鼠、猪和狗攻击了鸟类的巢穴，并与鸟类争夺食物。A. connected连接；B. coped处理；C. lived 居住，活着；D. competed竞争。根据空后“with birds for food”可知，老鼠、猪、狗和鸟类争夺食物。故选D。
【49题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们展示了许多物种在文字记录之前就灭绝了，没有留下任何痕迹，从历史中消失了。A. trace遗迹，踪迹；B. route路线；C. change改变，变化；D. proposal提议。根据空后“lost from history”可知，许多物种在有文字记载之前就已灭绝，从历史中没有留下痕迹。故选A。
【50题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：世界可能不仅失去了许多迷人的鸟类，而且失去了它们各种各样的生态作用，其中可能包括授粉等关键功能。A. interactive互动的，交互的；B. ecological生态的；C. productive多产的；D. social社会的，社交的。根据空后的“which are likely to have included key functions such as pollination (授粉)”可知，此处指的是失去生态功能。故选B。
【51题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：这将对生态系统产生连锁反应，因此，除了鸟类灭绝外，我们还将失去许多依赖这些物种生存的动植物。A. in terms of就……而言；B. because of因为；C. except for除了；D. in addition to除……以外（还）。根据空前“This will have had knock-on effects on ecosystems”以及空后“bird extinctions, we will have lost a lot of plants and animals that ____12____ these species for survival.”可知，一些鸟类的灭绝带来了连锁反应，还造成其他依赖这些鸟类的物种的灭绝，即除了这些鸟类灭绝外，还带来其他物种的灭绝。故选D。
【52题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：这将对生态系统产生连锁反应，因此，除了鸟类灭绝外，我们还将失去许多依赖这些物种生存的动植物。A. depend on依赖，取决于；B. interact with与……互动；C. fight against与……作斗争；D. stay away远离。根据上文“The world may not only have lost many fascinating birds but also their varied ____10____ roles, which are likely to have included key functions such as pollination (授粉). This will have had knock-on effects on ecosystems”可知，一些鸟类的灭绝，使它们的一些重要生态功能比如授粉功能丧失，造成其他依赖这些鸟类而生存繁衍的动植物也灭绝。故选A。
【53题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：观察和化石显示，640种鸟类已经灭绝，其中90%是在有人居住的岛屿上灭绝的。A. inhabited居住；B. removed去掉，移开；C. developed发展；D. killed杀死。根据上文“Many of the world’s islands were previously unexplored places, but over time, people have come to these places with far-reaching effects, including deforestation, over-hunting and the introduction of invasive species”以及“Humans quickly destroyed bird populations through habitat loss, over-exploitation”可知，人类造成鸟类栖息地的丧失，过度狩猎等活动直接或间接造成许多鸟类的灭绝，由此推断，众多鸟类的灭绝是在有人类居住的岛屿上发生的。故选A。
【54题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些鸟类包括从毛里求斯标志性的渡渡鸟到北大西洋的大海雀，再到不太知名的圣赫勒拿巨型渡渡鸟。A. result(因……)发生；B. range包括……之间的各类事物，变化；C. suffer遭受；D. date注明日期，确定年代。根据上文以及空后“from the iconic (标志性的) Dodo of Mauritius to the Great Auk of the North Atlantic to the lesser-known Saint Helena Giant Hoopoe”可知，此处列举了有人类居住的岛上灭绝的一些鸟类，range from…to“包括（从……到……）之间的各类事物”符合语境。故选B。
【55题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：因此，从保护物种多样性的角度来看，保护鸟类是人类迫切需要解决的问题。A. origin起源；B. project项目，计划；C. growth生长；D. diversity多样性。根据上文“But the researchers estimate there have been further 790 unknown extinctions, meaning a total of 1,430 lost species — leaving just under 11,000 today.”可知，有众多的物种消失，结合上文所阐述的一些鸟类灭绝所造成的连锁反应可知，保护鸟类能够保护物种的多样性。故选D。
2024届上海市奉贤区高三下学期二模英语试题
【答案】21. C 22. B 23. C 24. A 25. C 26. A 27. B 28. D 29. B 30. C 31. A 32. B 33. B 34. C 35. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了四个来自贫困地区的学生参加水下机器人比赛并获胜的故事。
【21题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这些男孩出身卑微，经常发现自己被忽视和低估。A. academic学术的；B. relevant相关的；C. humble卑微的；D. professional专业的。根据上文“In a bustling city in Arizona stood a high school where most of the students live in poverty.(在亚利桑那州一个繁华的城市里有一所高中，那里的大多数学生生活贫困)”指这些男孩出身卑微。故选C。
【22题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：命运和友谊把他们联系在一起，他们对机械有着共同的热情。A. space空间；B. mechanics机械学；C. research研究；D. ocean海洋。根据后文“robotics competition”可知，他们对机械有着共同的热情。故选B。
【23题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：那里的两名科学老师决定让他们的高中参加一个由美国宇航局和海军研究所赞助的复杂的水下机器人比赛。A. giant巨大的；B. industrial工业的；C. underwater水下的；D. local当地的。根据后文“causing the robot to leak and sink”可知，这是一个水下机器人比赛。故选C。
【24题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们被告知这些类型的机器人需要玻璃复合漂浮泡沫，一种在各种海洋应用中使用的漂浮材料。A. advised告知，建议；B. forced迫使；C. challenged挑战；D. consulted咨询。根据后文“these kinds of robots require glass syntactic flotation foam, a type of floating material used in various marine applications”可知，此处指他们被告知比赛的要求。故选A。
【25题详解】
考查形容词短语辨析。句意：由于缺钱，他们只能买得起一些PVC管和管道胶带。A. Reliant on依赖……；B. Available to可获得；C. Short of缺乏；D. Desperate for渴望。根据后文“all they could afford was some PVC pipes and duct tape”可知，由于缺钱，他们只能买得起一些PVC管和管道胶带。故选C。
【26题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：因此，他们在城市里寻找各种备件，收集任何他们能把他们的愿景变为现实的东西。A. Therefore因此；B. Otherwise否则；C. Moreover此外；D. However然而。结合前后文语境可知为因果关系，应用therefore。故选A。
【27题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：在老师的指导和鼓励下，他们用金属和电线拼凑出了一个机器人。A. tied系；B. pieced拼凑；C. added增加；D. wrapped包裹。根据后文“together a robot with no more than metal and wires.”可知，此处指他们用金属和电线拼凑出了一个机器人。故选B。
【28题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：胡安在家庭责任的重压下挣扎;奥斯卡与内心深处对失败的恐惧作斗争;路易斯的心因为同伴们对他奇怪口音的嘲笑而疼痛，阿尔弗雷多渴望被接纳和归属感。A. conquered征服；B. created创造；C. expressed表达；D. battled战斗。根据后文“a deep-seated fear of failure”可知，此处指奥斯卡与内心深处对失败的恐惧作斗争。故选D。
【29题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：胡安在家庭责任的重压下挣扎;奥斯卡与内心深处对失败的恐惧作斗争;路易斯的心因为同伴们对他奇怪口音的嘲笑而疼痛，阿尔弗雷多渴望被接纳和归属感。A. perfect完美的；B. strange奇怪的；C. slight稍微的；D. elegant优雅的。根据上文“Luis’s heart ached from the constant peers’ mockery for his”可知，路易斯的心因为同伴们对他奇怪口音的嘲笑而疼痛。故选B。
【30题详解】
考查介词词义辨析。句意：尽管困难重重，他们还是坚持了下来，互相依靠，互相鼓励。A. With和；B. Given考虑到；C. Despite尽管；D. Besides此外。根据后文“these obstacles, they persevered”可知，此处为让步关系，应用介词despite。故选C。
【31题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：不幸的是，聚氯乙烯没有支撑住，导致机器人漏水并下沉。A. Unfortunately不幸地；B. Basically基本上；C. Actually实际上；D. Consequently结果。根据后文“the PVC didn’t hold up, causing the robot to leak and sink.”可知，不幸的是，聚氯乙烯没有支撑住，导致机器人漏水并下沉。故选A。
【32题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，男孩们并没有让这次失败毁掉他们的精神，而是集思广益，想出了一个绝妙的解决方案。A. disagreement分歧；B. failure失败；C. conflict冲突；D. progress进步。根据上文“the PVC didn’t hold up, causing the robot to leak and sink.”可知，机器人下沉了，即遭遇了失败。故选B。
【33题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：12小时后，配备了8块超强吸水垫来堵塞泄漏，机器人再次被放入水池中。A. scaled攀登；B. lowered降低；C. inserted插入；D. fed喂养。根据后文“into the pool again”可知，机器人再次被放入水池中。故选B。
【34题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：它优雅地在水中滑行，以精确和速度导航，使评委和观众都惊叹不已。A. boring使无聊；B. confusing使困惑；C. wowing称赞；D. motivating激励。根据上文“Gliding gracefully through the waters, it navigated the course with precision and speed”可知，此处指他们的机器人让评委和观众惊叹。故选C。
【35题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这个水下机器人，象征着他们的决心和毅力，征服了水，击败了工程强国麻省理工学院，排名全国第一。A. bravery勇敢；B. generosity慷慨；C. confidence自信；D. perseverance毅力。根据上文“determination and”可知，这个水下机器人，象征着他们的决心和毅力。故选D。
2024市上海市杨浦区高三下学期二模英语试题
【答案】21. A 22. B 23. C 24. D 25. D 26. D 27. C 28. B 29. A 30. A 31. C 32. C 33. B 34. D 35. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了四种让你在两天内感受到假期的感觉的方法。
【21题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这听起来像是遥不可及的梦想。A. unattainable无法达到的，不可企及的；B. inharmonious不和谐的；C. incomplete未完成的；D. unprofessional非专业的。根据“Going on vacation every week ”可知，每周出去旅行对于普通人来说是遥不可及的梦想。故选A。
【22题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：但是一个简单的心态转变可以让它发生——不需要旅行。A. study研究；B. shift转移，改变；C. trend趋势；D. proposal建议，提议。根据下文“In a series of experiments, Holmes’ team ____4____ 441 U.S. workers to either spend the weekend like any other, or treat it like a vacation.”可知，此处指转变心态。故选B。
【23题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：几年前，霍姆斯和她的同事开始探索度假的重要性。A. representing代表，表现；B. ranking把……分等级；C. exploring探索；D. predicting预测。根据“In a series of experiments”可知，霍姆斯和她的同事通过一系列的实验开始探索。故选C。
【24题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：在一系列实验中，霍姆斯的团队指示441名美国工人要么像往常一样度过周末，要么像度假一样度过周末。A. persuaded劝说；B. challenged对……质疑，向……挑战；C. motivated激发，促使；D. instructed指导，指示。根据“441 U.S. workers to either spend the weekend like any other, or treat it like a vacation.”可知，霍姆斯的团队对实验过程进行指导。故选D。
【25题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：霍尔姆斯说:“令人惊讶的是，这种影响并不是由人们花费时间的方式不同造成的。”A. practically实际地；B. literally字面上；C. identically同一地，相同地；D. differently不同地。根据“It was this mindset that allowed them to be more present”可知，这种影响并不是由人们花费时间的方式不同造成的。故选D。
【26题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：“正是这种心态让他们更活在当下，而不是处于“做”的模式，它让人们安顿下来，活在当下。”A. In light of考虑到，鉴于；B. Regardless of不管，不顾；C. In favor of支持，有利于；D. Instead of代替，而不是。上文提到“正是这种心态让他们更活在当下”，结合下文“being in “doing” mode”可知，不是处于“做”的模式。故选D。
【27题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：创造性地腾出时间。A. telling告诉；B. killing杀死；C. making制作，安排；D. changing改变。根据下文“Not everyone has Saturday and Sunday off work and actually some people often find their weekend schedules fully ____8____.”可知，周末日程紧张，因此需要创造性挤出时间。make time为固定搭配，意为“腾出时间做某事，挤出时间。”故选C。
【28题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：不是每个人周六和周日都不工作，实际上有些人经常发现他们的周末日程排得满满的。A. cleared清除；B. packed填入，塞进；C. removed去除，移开；D. dominated控制，支配。根据“Not everyone has Saturday and Sunday off work”可知，此处强调没有时间，因此空处指有些人经常发现他们的周末日程被塞得满满的。故选B。
【29题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：例如，周日早上花一个小时洗衣服，但周末剩下的时间作为你的假期。A. laundry洗衣物；B. recreation娱乐，消遣；C. movies电影；D. picnic野餐。根据下文“but protect the rest of the weekend as your vacation time.”可知，空处是与假期的娱乐休闲相反的事情，应该是一些家务。故选A。
【30题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：关注假期与普通周末的不同之处。A. regular有规律的；B. dramatic戏剧性的，引人注目的；C. primitive原始的；D. peaceful和平的。根据““Does it mean turning off your email notifications Spending money carelessly “Maybe it means being able to spend time with people you don’t normally get to see, or giving yourself a break on a workout,””可知，此处表示关注假期与普通周末的不同。故选A。
【31题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：“把这些事情列一个清单，并能够坚持到底，这很有帮助。”A. identify with认同；B. depend on依靠；C. follow through坚持到底；D. substitute for代替。根据“It’s helpful to make a list of those things”可知，可知，此处表示将列出的清单坚持到底。故选C。
【32题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：表现得像个游客。A. resident居民；B. master大师；C. tourist游客；D. neighbor邻居。根据“Among her favorite ideas: Drive to a part of town you’ve never been to before, go for a stroll, and grab lunch at the first cute café you see.”可知，本段建议要表现得像个游客一样。故选C。
【33题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：决策科学家尼卡·卡比里建议做一些全新的事情，这样你就可以从控制你生活的旧套路中解脱出来。A. facilitating促进，促使；B. governing统治，支配；C. revealing透露，揭示；D. polishing磨光，润色。根据“so you can disconnect from the same old routines”可知，此处表示把你从控制你生活的旧套路中解脱出来。故选B。
【34题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这意味着有趣。A. proved证明；B. defined下定义；C. described描述；D. meant意味着。根据“Don’t put pressure on yourself to have this ‘perfect vacation.”可知，不要为了‘完美假期’而给自己施加压力，假期应该意味着是有趣的。故选D。
【35题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：而且，几天后还会有另一个。A. Plus此外；B. Hence因此；C. Still仍然；D. Finally最终。根据““It doesn’t have to be all or nothing,” Kabiri says. “Don’t put pressure on yourself to have this ‘perfect vacation.’””可知，不要为了‘完美假期’而给自己施加压力，因为假期应该是充满乐趣的，况且，几天后又会有另一个假期了。故选A。
2024届上海市虹口区高三下学期二模英语试题
【答案】41. D 42. D 43. C 44. B 45. A 46. B 47. B 48. A 49. D 50. C 51. A 52. A 53. B 54. B 55. C
【解析】
【导语】本文为一篇说明文。德克萨斯大学HuthLab进行的一项研究在神经科学和技术领域引发了冲击波。恢复交流困难病人的交流能力可以让病人更好地掌控自己的生活，但它也可以让其他实体在某种程度上了解甚至控制病人的生活，因此，随着脑科学的更多开发，考虑神经技术的应用对法律行动的影响变得更加迫切。
【41题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：通过人工智能(AI)和脑成像技术的结合，无法与外界交流的人的思想和印象首次被翻译成连续的自然语言。A. eager渴望的；B. ready准备好的；C. unwilling不愿意的；D. unable不能够的。根据“were translated into continuous natural language”和下文“Losing the ability to communicate”可知，空处修饰people，此处表示一些人无法与外界交流，他们的想法被翻译成语言。故选D项。
【42题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这是迄今为止最接近读心术的科学方法。A. clearing清理；B. occupying占据；C. changing改变；D. reading看透（心思或想法）、读懂。根据上文“For the first time, the thoughts and impressions of people ___1___ to communicate with the outside world were translated into continuous natural language”可知，有交流困难的人的想法被翻译成语言，这是一种解读大脑思维的方法。故选D项。
【43题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：恢复这种能力可以让病人更好地掌控自己的生活。A. Reducing减少；B. Restricting限制；C. Restoring恢复；D. Requiring要求。根据“gives the patient greater control over their lives.”及前文“Losing the ability to communicate is a deep cut to one’s sense of self.”可知，有的人无法交流，恢复这种能力能让病人更好的生活。故选C项。
【44题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但它也可以让其他实体，如公司、研究人员和其他第三方，在某种程度上了解甚至控制病人的生活。A. irrelevant不相关的；B. uncomfortable不舒适的；C. negligible微不足道的；D. supportive支持的。根据“But it could also give other entities, such as corporations, researchers and other third parties”及“degree of insight into, or even control over, the lives of patients”可知，解读大脑虽然可以给病人带来好处，但是也会在让他们不舒适的程度上控制他们的生活。故选B项。
【45题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：位于纽约哥伦比亚大学的神经权利基金会(NeuroRights Foundation)认为，所有人都需要围绕神经技术赋予新的权利，以保护自己的隐私、身份和自由意志。A. needed需要；B. limited限制；C. controlled控制；D. denied否认。根据“new rights surrounding neurotechnologies will be”及“for all humans to preserve their privacy, identity, and free will.”可知，需要围绕神经技术赋予新的权利，以保护自己的隐私、身份和自由意志。故选A项。
【46题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：残疾患者的潜在弱点使这成为一个特别重要的问题。A. application申请，应用；B. weakness弱点；C. impact影响；D. significance意义。根据“of disabled patients makes this a particularly important problem”可知，残疾患者是弱者，有着交流上的弱点，所以需要新的权力才能保护自己的隐私、身份和自由意志，这是十分重要的问题。故选B项。
【47题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：与这种方法一致，智利是第一个通过立法，起草新法律来解决神经技术风险的国家。A. In comparison with与……相比；B. In line with与……一致；C. At the conclusion of在……结束时；D. At the cost of以……为代价。根据上文所说“that new rights surrounding neurotechnologies will be ___5___ for all humans to preserve their privacy, identity, and free will.”及“Chile was the first country that adopted legislation, drafting new laws, to address the risks of neurotechnology.”可知，智利的做法与上文提及的方法一致。故选B项。
【48题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：它不仅引入了精神健全的新宪法权利，而且还在通过一项禁止销售神经数据的法案，并迫使所有神经技术设备作为医疗设备进行监管，即使是那些面向普通消费者的设备。A. integrity完整；B. condition条件；C. disorder混乱；D. function功能。根据结合上文“___3___ this ability gives the patient greater control over their lives.”及空后法案内容可知，该法案与上文方法一致，不仅引入了精神健全的新宪法权利，还保障了数据安全性。故选A项。
【49题详解】
考查名词和形容词词义辨析。句意：拟议的立法承认神经数据具有强烈的个人性质，并将其视为器官组织，不能买卖，只能捐赠。A. group小组；B. general整体上；C. physical身体上的；D. personal个人的。根据“which cannot be bought or sold, only donated”可知，该立法承认神经数据具有强烈的个人性质，不能买卖、捐赠。故选D项。
【50题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：但这项立法也面临着批评，法律学者质疑新权利的必要性，并指出它可能会阻碍对残疾患者有益的大脑研究。A. interaction互动；B. chance机会；C. criticism批评；D. defence防御。根据“with legal scholars questioning the need for new rights and pointing out that it could discourage beneficial brain research for disabled patients.”可知，该立法也接受了法律学者的批评。故选C项。
【51题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：虽然智利采取的法律行动是迄今为止最具影响力和影响深远的，但其他国家正在考虑更新现有法律，以应对神经技术的新发展。A. far-reaching影响深远的；B. labor-saving节省劳力的；C. short-sighted目光短浅的；D. ill-timed不合时宜的。根据“the most impactful”可知，空处与形容词impactful并列，表示“影响深远的”，情感色彩一致。故选A项。
【52题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：虽然神经技术的第一个应用很可能是医疗，但未来的发展可能会涉及娱乐等消费应用，以及军事和安全目的。A. advances发展、进步；B. arrangements安排；C. requirements要求；D. policies政策。根据“are likely to involve consumer applications such as entertainment, as well as for military and security purposes.”可知，此处表示这项技术的未来发展和进步。故选A项。
【53题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：神经技术在商业环境中的日益普及只会引起更多的法律问题。A. confidence自信心；B. availability可用性，可能性；C. membership会员身份；D. movement移动，运动。根据前文“future ___12___ are likely to involve consumer applications such as entertainment, as well as for military and security purposes.”可知，越多的普及该技术可用性，就会引起更多法律问题。故选B项。
【54题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们正处于技术发展的初级阶段。A. mature成熟的；B. initial起初的；C. different不同的；D. final最终的。根据后文“And as we begin to uncover the great potential of brain science”可知，我们正处于技术发展的初级阶段。故选B项。
【55题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当我们开始发现脑科学的巨大潜力时，考虑它们对法律行动的影响变得更加迫切。A. diversified多样化的；B. genuine真诚的；C. pressing紧迫的；D. special特别的。根据“And as we begin to uncover the great potential of brain science, the need to consider their implications for legal action becomes more”可知，脑科学发展越多，其中涉及的个人信息数据安全就越多，考虑法律影响就越迫切。故选C项。
完形填空
2024届上海市黄浦区高三下学期二模英语试卷
Directions: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
My father decided to start learning French when he was 57. On the surface, his retirement hobby seems a little random — our family has no connection to French-speaking countries — but his ___41___ ran deeper than a passion for cakes. My grandmother developed signs of Alzheimer’s disease (阿尔兹海默症) in her early 70s, and studies suggest that being bilingual, that is, being able to speak two languages equally well, can ___42___ the start of the condition by up to five years. Drawn by that ___43___ benefit, many people have attempted to pick up a new language in adulthood.
Lots of activities are linked to better brain health in old age, like getting more education when you’re younger and physical activity. Experts say regularly speaking multiple languages may be especially ___44___ though. “We use language in all aspects of daily life, so a bilingual brain is ___45___ working,” said Mark Antoniou, a professor at Western Sydney University who specializes in bilingualism.
The age at which you learn another language appears to be less important than how ___46___ you speak it. The cognitive (认知的) benefit is from having to ___47___ your mother tongue, which your brain is forced to do if you’re trying to recall the right words in another language. So if the second language is used a lot, you’re getting that cognitive ___48___. That process is called cognitive inhibition. In theory, by improving these types of processes, the brain becomes stronger to the ___49___ caused by diseases like dementia. The stronger your mental power, the thinking goes, the longer you can function normally, even if your brain health starts to ___50___.
However, evidence for the benefits of learning a second language as a hobby in your 60s is ___51___. Research by Dr. Antoniou and colleagues found that while Chinese adults 60 and up improved on cognition tests after a six-month language learning program, people who played games like Sudoku did as well. Two more recent studies on the topic found virtually no ___52___ in cognitive performance after people took part in language-learning programs.
The scientists who conducted those studies offered a few potential ___53___. One is that the participants were highly motivated volunteers, who may have already been at peak performance for their age, making it hard to see any ___54___. Another is that the language interventions were perhaps too short. The handful of studies looking into the issue have used language lessons that were very different in their ___55___ and frequency. Some studies taught participants for eight months, others for just one very intense week.
41. A. affection B. contribution C. motivation D. struggle
42. A. delay B. prevent C. signal D. stimulate
43. A. additional B. educational C. lasting D. potential
44. A. beneficial B. common C. impractical D. rare
45. A. carelessly B. constantly C. creativelyD. delicately
46. A. long B. often C. soon D. well
47. A. command B. practice C. restrict D. spread
48. A. function B. psychology C. system D. training
49. A. damages B. operations C. pains D. signs
50. A. decline B. improve C. matter D. restore
51. A. available B. mounting C. stronger D. weaker
52. A. difference B. involvement C. pointD. reduction
53. A. applications B. explanations C. findingsD. suggestions
54. A. diversities B. improvements C. outcomesD. possibilities
55. A. content B. intention C. lengthD. requirement
2024届上海市普陀区高三下学期二模英语试题
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Many of the world’s islands were previously unexplored places, but over time, people have come to these places with far-reaching effects, including deforestation, over-hunting and the introduction of invasive species. ___41___, most of the bird species disappeared.
While the death of many birds since the 1500s has been ___42___, our knowledge of the fate of species before this relies on fossils (化石), and these records are limited because birds’ lightweight bones are ___43___ over time. This conceals the true ___44___ of global extinctions.
Researchers now believe 1,430 bird species — almost 12 per cent — have died out over modern human history since around 130,000 years ago, with the vast majority of them becoming extinct directly or indirectly ___45___ human activity.
The study, led by the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH) and published in Nature Communications, used statistical modelling to ___46___ the undiscovered bird extinctions.
Lead author Dr Rob Cooke, an ecological modeler at UKCEH, says:“Our study demonstrates there has been a far higher ___47___ impact on diversity than previously recognized. Humans quickly destroyed bird populations through habitat loss, over-exploitation, and the introduction of rats, pigs, and dogs, which attacked the birds’ nests, and ___48___ with birds for food. We show that many species became extinct before written records and left no ___49___, lost from history.”
Dr S ren Faurby of the University of Gothenburg, a co-author of the study, adds: “These historic extinctions have had a major impact on the current biodiversity crisis. The world may not only have lost many fascinating birds but also their varied ____50____ roles, which are likely to have included key functions such as pollination (授粉). This will have had knock-on effects on ecosystems, so, ____51____ bird extinctions, we will have lost a lot of plants and animals that ____52____ these species for survival.”
Observations and fossils show 640 bird species have been driven extinct — 90 per cent of these on islands ____53____ by people. These ____54____ from the iconic (标志性的) Dodo of Mauritius to the Great Auk of the North Atlantic to the lesser-known Saint Helena Giant Hoopoe. But the researchers estimate there have been further 790 unknown extinctions, meaning a total of 1,430 lost species — leaving just under 11,000 today. Therefore, from the perspective of protecting species ____55____, the protection of birds is an urgent issue for mankind.
41. A. To some extent B. On average C. As a result D. In short
42. A. confirmed B. recorded C. concealedD. discussed
43. A. distracted B. disposed C. dismissedD. disintegrated
44. A. extent B. context C. outcomeD. influence
45. A. due to B. other than C. instead ofD. in spite of
46. A. declare B. illustrate C. estimateD. emphasize
47. A. climate B. human C. environmental D. natural
48. A. connected B. coped C. peted
49. A. trace B. route C. change D. proposal
50. A. interactive B. ecological C. productive D. social
51. A. in terms of B. because of C. except forD. in addition to
52. A. depend on B. interact with C. fight againstD. stay away
53. A. inhabited B. removed C. developed D. killed
54. A. result B. range C. suffer D. date
55. A. origin B. project C. growth D. diversity
2024届上海市奉贤区高三下学期二模英语试题
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
In a bustling city in Arizona stood a high school where most of the students live in poverty. Among them were four sons of Mexican immigrants, Juan, Oscar, Luis, and Alfredo. These boys, coming from ____21____ backgrounds, often found themselves overlooked and underestimated. Bonded by fate and friendship, they shared a common passion for ____22____. Two science teachers there decided to enter their high school into a complicated ____23____ robotics competition sponsored by the NASA and the Naval Research. Excited for the news, these four boys signed up for the competition.
With enthusiasm and energy, they started calling mechanical engineers for design help. They were ____24____ that these kinds of robots require glass syntactic flotation foam, a type of floating material used in various marine applications.____25____ money, all they could afford was some PVC pipes and duct tape (强力胶布).____26____, they searched the city for various spare parts, gathering whatever they could to bring their vision to life. With the teachers’ guidance and encouragement, they ____27____ together a robot with no more than metal and wires.
As they worked on their robot, the boys also faced personal challenges. Juan struggled with the weight of family responsibilities; Oscar ____28____ a deep-seated fear of failure; Luis’s heart ached from the constant peers’ mockery (嘲笑) for his ____29____ accent, and Alfredo longed for acceptance and belonging.____30____ these obstacles, they persevered, leaning on each other for support and inspiration.
After a few test runs of their robot, they piled into a second-hand van to head to the competition. Upon entering the main pool area, they noticed the college teams wearing matching outfits, with robots sponsored by big companies. Feeling a bit nervous, the boys put the robot in the water for a test run.____31____, the PVC didn’t hold up, causing the robot to leak and sink.
However, instead of letting this ____32____ ruin their spirits, the boys put their heads together and came up with a brilliant solution. 12 hours later, armed with 8 super-absorbent pads to plug the leak, the robot was ____33____ into the pool again. This time, their robot performed admirably. Gliding gracefully through the waters, it navigated the course with precision and speed,____34____ the judges and audience alike. This underwater robot, a symbol of their determination and ____35____, conquered the waters, defeated engineering powerhouse MIT and ranked first in the country. This was not just a win for those four but a victory for every underdog with a dream.
21. A. academic B. relevant C. humbleD. professional
22. A. space B. mechanics C. research D. ocean
23、A. giant B. industrial C. underwater D. local
24、A. advised B. forced C. challengedD. consulted
25、A Reliant on B. Available to C. Short ofD. Desperate for
26、A. Therefore B. Otherwise C. Moreover D. However
27、A. tied B. pieced C. added D. wrapped
28、A. conquered B. created C. expressed D. battled
29、A. perfect B. strange C. slight D. elegant
30、A. With B. Given C. Despite D. Besides
31、A. Unfortunately B. Basically C. ActuallyD. Consequently
32、A. disagreement B. failure C. conflict D. progress
33、A. scaled B. lowered C. inserted D. fed
34、A. boring B. confusing C. wowingD. motivating
35、A. bravery B. generosity C. confidenceD. perseverance
2024市上海市杨浦区高三下学期二模英语试题
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
4 Ways to Get That Vacation Feeling in Two Days
Going on vacation every week It might sound like the ____21____ dream. But a simple mindset ____22____ can make it happen—no travel involved.
A few years ago, Holmes and her colleagues began ____23____ the importance of taking vacations. In a series of experiments, Holmes’ team ____24____ 441 U.S. workers to either spend the weekend like any other, or treat it like a vacation. When they were back at work on Monday, people who had adopted a vacation mindset reported being happier and less stressed.
“What was somewhat surprising is that the effect wasn’t driven by people spending time all that ____25____,” Holmes says. “It was this mindset that allowed them to be more present, ____26____ being in “doing” mode, it allowed people to settle in and be in the moment.
We asked people to share their favorite tips for adopting a vacation mindset at home.
1. Get creative about ____27____ time
Not everyone has Saturday and Sunday off work and actually some people often find their weekend schedules fully ____28____. You could still apply the philosophy. For example, devote an hour on Sunday morning to the ____29____, but protect the rest of the weekend as your vacation time.
2. Reflect on priorities
Focus on what makes a vacation different from a _____30_____ weekend. “Does it mean turning off your email notifications Spending money carelessly “Maybe it means being able to spend time with people you don’t normally get to see, or giving yourself a break on a workout,” Holmes says. “It’s helpful to make a list of those things and be able to _____31_____.”
3. Act like a _____32_____
Decision scientist Nika Kabiri recommends doing something totally new so you can disconnect from the same old routines _____33_____ your life. Among her favorite ideas: Drive to a part of town you’ve never been to before go for a stroll, and grab lunch at the first cute café you see. “The spontaneity（自发性）is what makes experiences like this feel vacation-like,” Kabiri says.
4. Don’t put extra pressure on yourself
Treating your weekend like a vacation doesn’t mean it needs to be a complicated affair. If your “vacation” encounters a few problems or lasts for only a few hours—don’t worry. “It doesn’t have to be all or nothing,” Kabiri says. “Don’t put pressure on yourself to have this ‘perfect vacation.’” It’s _____34_____ to be fun. _____35_____, there’s always another one just a few days away.
21. A. unattainable B. inharmonious C. incompleteD. unprofessional
22. A. study B. shift C. trend D. proposal
23. A. representing B. ranking C. exploringD. predicting
24. A. persuaded B. challenged C. motivatedD. instructed
25. A. practically B. literally C. identicallyD. differently
26. A. In light of B. Regardless of C. In favor ofD. Instead of
27. A. telling B. killing C. making D. changing
28. A. cleared B. packed C. removedD. dominated
29. A. laundry B. recreation C. movies D. picnic
30. A. regular B. dramatic C. primitive D. peaceful
31. A. identify with B. depend on C. follow throughD. substitute for
32. A. resident B. master C. tourist D. neighbor
33. A. facilitating B. governing C. revealingD. polishing
34. A. proved B. defined C. described D. meant
35. A. Plus B. Hence C. Still D. Finally
2024届上海市虹口区高三下学期二模英语试题
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
In the middle of 2023, a study conducted by the HuthLab at the University of Texas sent shockwaves through the fields of neuroscience (神经科学) and technology. For the first time, the thoughts and impressions of people ___41___ to communicate with the outside world were translated into continuous natural language, using a combination of artificial intelligence (AI) and brain imaging technology. This is the closest science has yet come to ___42___ someone’s mind.
Losing the ability to communicate is a deep cut to one’s sense of self. ___43___ this ability gives the patient greater control over their lives. But it could also give other entities, such as corporations, researchers and other third parties, a(n) ___44___ degree of insight into, or even control over, the lives of patients. The NeuroRights Foundation, based at Columbia University in New York, argues that new rights surrounding neurotechnologies will be ___45___ for all humans to preserve their privacy, identity, and free will. The potential ___46___ of disabled patients makes this a particularly important problem.
___47___ this approach, Chile was the first country that adopted legislation, drafting new laws, to address the risks of neurotechnology. It not only introduced a new constitutional right to mental ___48___, but is also in the process of adopting a bill that bans selling neurodata, and forces all neurotech devices to be regulated as medical devices, even those intended for the general consumer.
The proposed legislation recognizes the intensely ___49___ nature of neural data and considers it as organ tissues, which cannot be bought or sold, only donated. But this legislation has also faced ____50____, with legal scholars questioning the need for new rights and pointing out that it could discourage beneficial brain research for disabled patients.
While the legal action taken by Chile is the most impactful and ____51____ to date, other countries are considering updating existing laws to face the new developments in neurotechnologies.
And while it is likely that the first applications of neurotech will be medical, future ____52____ are likely to involve consumer applications such as entertainment, as well as for military and security purposes. The growing ____53____ of neurotechnology in a commercial context only causes more legal concerns.
Different people, societies, and cultures will disagree on where to draw the line. We are at a(n) ____54____ stage of technological development. And as we begin to uncover the great potential of brain science, the need to consider their implications for legal action becomes more ____55____.
41. A. eager B. ready C. unwilling D. unable
42. A. clearing B. occupying C. changing D. reading
43. A. Reducing B. Restricting C. RestoringD. Requiring
44. A. irrelevant B. uncomfortable C. negligibleD. supportive
45. A. needed B. limited C. controlled D. denied
46. A. application B. weakness C. impactD. significance
47. A. In comparison with B. In line with C. At the conclusion of D. At the cost of
48. A. integrity B. condition C. disorder D. function
49. A. group B. general C. physical D. personal
50. A. interaction B. chance C. criticism D. defence
51. A. far-reaching B. labor-saving C. short-sighted D. ill-timed
52. A. advances B. arrangements C. requirements D. policies
53. A. confidence B. availability C. membershipD. movement
54 A. mature B. initial C. different D. final
55. A. diversified B. genuine C. pressing D. special
答案
2024届上海市黄浦区高三下学期二模英语试卷
【答案】41. C 42. A 43. D 44. A 45. B 46. B 47. C 48. D 49. A 50. A 51. D 52. A 53. B 54. B 55. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了能说两种语言，可以将痴呆症发病时间推迟至多5年，由于这种潜在的好处，许多人试图在成年后学习一门新的语言。专家表示，经常说多种语言可能特别有益。
【41题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：从表面上看，他的退休爱好似乎有点随意——我们家与法语国家没有任何联系——但他的动机比对蛋糕的热爱更深层次。A. affection喜爱；B. contribution贡献；C. motivation动机；D. struggle努力。根据上文“My father decided to start learning French when he was 57.(我父亲在57岁时决定开始学习法语)”可知，此处指父亲学习法语的动机比对蛋糕的热爱更深层次。故选C。
【42题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我的祖母在70岁出头时出现了阿尔茨海默氏症的迹象，研究表明，会说双语，也就是能说两种语言，可以将这种疾病的发病时间推迟至多5年。A. delay推迟；B. prevent阻止；C. signal示意；D. stimulate激励。根据后文“benefit, many people have attempted to pick up a new language in adulthood”可知，此处指研究表明，会说双语，也就是能说两种语言，可以将这种疾病的发病时间推迟至多5年。故选A。
【43题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：由于这种潜在的好处，许多人试图在成年后学习一门新的语言。A. additional附加的；B. educational教育的；C. lasting持久的；D. potential潜在的。结合上文提到研究表明，会说双语，也就是能说两种语言，可以将痴呆症的发病时间推迟至多5年，所以是潜在的好处，故选D。
【44题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：专家表示，经常说多种语言可能特别有益。A. beneficial有益的；B. common共同的；C. impractical不明智的；D. rare罕见的。根据上文“Lots of activities are linked to better brain health in old age, like getting more education when you’re younger and physical activity.(许多活动都与老年时更好的大脑健康有关，比如年轻时接受更多的教育和体育锻炼)”提到了许多活动都与老年时更好的大脑健康有关，比如年轻时接受更多的教育和体育锻炼，而专家表示经常说多种语言可能特别有益。故选A。
【45题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：西悉尼大学专门研究双语的教授马克·安东尼奥说：“我们在日常生活的各个方面都使用语言，所以双语大脑一直在工作。”A. carelessly马虎地；B. constantly不断地；C. creatively创造性地；D. delicately微妙地。根据上文“We use language in all aspects of daily life, so a bilingual brain is”指会说双语的大脑一直在工作。故选B。
【46题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：你学习另一门语言的年龄似乎没有你说这门语言的频率重要。A. long长地；B. often经常；C. soon很快；D. well好地。根据上文“regularly speaking”可知，学习另一门语言的年龄似乎没有你说这门语言的频率重要。故选B。
【47题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：认知上的好处是必须限制你的母语，如果你试图用另一种语言回忆正确的单词，你的大脑就会被迫这样做。A. command命令；B. practice练习；C. restrict限制；D. spread传播。根据后文“your mother tongue, which your brain is forced to do if you’re trying to recall the right words in another language”可知，如果你试图用另一种语言回忆正确的单词，你的大脑就会被迫限制说你的母语。故选C。
【48题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：所以如果经常使用第二语言，你就会得到认知训练。A. function功能；B. psychology心理学；C. system系统；D. training训练。根据上文“if the second language is used a lot, you’re getting that cognitive”可知，如果经常使用第二语言，你就会得到认知训练。故选D。
【49题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：从理论上讲，通过改善这些类型的过程，大脑会变得更强大，以抵御痴呆症等疾病造成的损害。A. damages破坏；B. operations运作；C. pains痛苦；D. signs迹象。根据后文“caused by diseases like dementia”指痴呆症等疾病造成的损害。故选A。
【50题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这种想法认为，你的精神力量越强大，即使你的大脑健康状况开始下降，你也能正常工作的时间越长。A. decline下降；B. improve改善；C. matter重要；D. restore恢复。根据后文“The stronger your mental power, the thinking goes, the longer you can function normally, even if your brain health starts to”中even if表示让步，可知你的精神力量越强大，即使你的大脑健康状况开始下降，你也能正常工作的时间越长。故选A。
【51题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，对于60多岁的人来说，将学习第二语言作为一种爱好有好处的证据并不明显。A. available可用的；B. mounting上升的；C. stronger更强壮的；D. weaker较弱的。根据后文“Research by Dr. Antoniou and colleagues found that while Chinese adults 60 and up improved on cognition tests after a six-month language learning program, people who played games like Sudoku did as well.(安东尼奥博士及其同事的研究发现，虽然60岁及以上的中国成年人在接受了六个月的语言学习项目后，在认知测试中有所提高，但玩数独等游戏的人也有同样的表现)”可知，研究表明对于60多岁的人来说，将学习第二语言作为一种爱好有好处的证据并不明显。故选D。
【52题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：最近关于这个话题的两项研究发现，参加语言学习项目后，人们的认知表现几乎没有什么不同。A. difference差异；B. involvement参与；C. point要点；D. reduction减少。上文提到对于60多岁的人来说，将学习第二语言作为一种爱好有好处的证据并不明显，即人们的认知表现几乎没有什么不同。故选A。
【53题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：进行这些研究的科学家提供了一些可能的解释。A. applications应用；B. explanations解释；C. findings发现；D. suggestions建议。后文“Another is that the language interventions were perhaps too short.(另一个原因是语言干预可能太短了)”主要给出了这一现象的两种解释。故选B。
【54题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：一是参与者都是非常积极的志愿者，他们的表现可能已经达到了同龄人的最高水平，因此很难看到任何改善。A. diversities多样性；B. improvements改善；C. outcomes结果；D. possibilities可能性。根据上文“the participants were highly motivated volunteers, who may have already been at peak performance for their age”可知，参与者都是非常积极的志愿者，他们的表现可能已经达到了同龄人的最高水平，因此很难看到任何改善。故选B。
【55题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：调查这个问题的少数研究使用了在长度和频率上都大不相同的语言课程。A. content内容；B. intention意图；C. length长度；D. requirement要求。根据上文“Another is that the language interventions were perhaps too short.(另一个原因是语言干预可能太短了)”可知，此处指使用在长度和频率上都大不相同的语言课程。故选C。
2024届上海市普陀区高三下学期二模英语试题
【答案】41. C 42. B 43. D 44. A 45. A 46. C 47. B 48. D 49. A 50. B 51. D 52. A 53. A 54. B 55. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要阐述研究人员通过研究发现，虽然已经记录了许多人类造成的鸟类灭绝，但是真实数字要大得多，许多物种在有文字记载之前就已经灭绝了，其中绝大多数是直接或间接由人类活动而造成的，而且这些鸟类的灭绝也造成了其他依赖其生存的物种的灭绝。
【41题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：结果，大多数鸟类消失了。A. To some extent在某种程度上；B. On average平均；C. As a result因此，结果；D. In short简言之。上文“but over time, people have come to these places with far-reaching effects, including deforestation, over-hunting and the introduction of invasive species”与空后“most of the bird species disappeared”为因果关系，As a result“因此”符合语境。故选C。
【42题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：虽然自16世纪以来许多鸟类的死亡被记录下来，但我们对这之前物种命运的了解依赖于化石，而且这些记录是有限的，因为鸟类的轻质骨骼随着时间的推移会分解。A. confirmed确认；B. recorded记录；C. concealed隐藏；D. discussed讨论。根据下文“many species became extinct before written records and left no ___9___, lost from history”可知，以前物种的灭绝没有文字记录，直到16世纪以来才有许多鸟类死亡被记录下来。故选B。
【43题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：虽然自16世纪以来有许多鸟类死亡的记录，但我们对这之前物种命运的了解依赖于化石，而且这些记录是有限的，因为鸟类的轻质骨骼随着时间的推移会分解。A. distracted使分心，使转移注意力；B. disposed处理，配置，使适应；C. dismissed不予理会，解散；D. disintegrated使分解，使碎裂。根据空前“our knowledge of the fate of species before this relies on fossils (化石), and these records are limited”以及常识可知，鸟类的轻质骨骼随着时间的推移会被分解，因此，化石留下的信息也是很有限的。故选D。
【44题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这掩盖了全球物种灭绝的真实程度。A. extent程度；B. context上下文，语境；C. outcome结果；D. influence影响。由上文“our knowledge of the fate of species before this relies on fossils (化石), and these records are limited because birds’ lightweight bones are ___3___ over time”可知，有限的记录以及容易分解的鸟类骨骼让人们无法真实地了解全球物种灭绝的程度。故选A。
【45题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：研究人员现在认为，自大约13万年前以来，1430种鸟类——近12%——在现代人类历史上已经灭绝，其中绝大多数是直接或间接由于人类活动而灭绝的。A. due to由于；B. other than除了；C. instead of而不是；D. in spite of尽管。根据空前“the vast majority of them becoming extinct directly or indirectly”以及空后“human activity”可知，绝大多数鸟类灭绝是直接或间接地由于人类活动而导致的，阐述物种灭绝的原因。故选A。
【46题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这项由英国生态与水文中心（UKCEH）领导并发表在《自然通讯》上的研究使用统计模型来估计未被发现的鸟类灭绝。A. declare宣布；B. illustrate说明，阐明；C. estimate估计；D. emphasize 强调。根据空前“used statistical modelling”以及下文“Our study demonstrates there has been a far higher ___7___ impact on diversity than previously recognized.”可知，这项研究运用统计模型对未被发现的鸟类灭绝情况进行估计。故选C。
【47题详解】
考查名词/形容词词义辨析。句意：我们的研究表明，人类对生物多样性的影响远比我们之前认识到的要大得多。A. climate气候；B. human人（类），人 （类）的；C. environmental环保的；D. natural天然的，自然的。根据下文“Humans quickly destroyed bird populations through habitat loss, over-exploitation, and the introduction of rats, pigs, and dogs, which attacked the birds’ nests”可知，此处指人类活动对生物多样性的影响。故选B。
【48题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：人类通过栖息地的丧失、过度开发以及老鼠、猪和狗的引入，迅速摧毁了鸟类的数量，这些老鼠、猪和狗攻击了鸟类的巢穴，并与鸟类争夺食物。A. connected连接；B. coped处理；C. lived 居住，活着；D. competed竞争。根据空后“with birds for food”可知，老鼠、猪、狗和鸟类争夺食物。故选D。
【49题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们展示了许多物种在文字记录之前就灭绝了，没有留下任何痕迹，从历史中消失了。A. trace遗迹，踪迹；B. route路线；C. change改变，变化；D. proposal提议。根据空后“lost from history”可知，许多物种在有文字记载之前就已灭绝，从历史中没有留下痕迹。故选A。
【50题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：世界可能不仅失去了许多迷人的鸟类，而且失去了它们各种各样的生态作用，其中可能包括授粉等关键功能。A. interactive互动的，交互的；B. ecological生态的；C. productive多产的；D. social社会的，社交的。根据空后的“which are likely to have included key functions such as pollination (授粉)”可知，此处指的是失去生态功能。故选B。
【51题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：这将对生态系统产生连锁反应，因此，除了鸟类灭绝外，我们还将失去许多依赖这些物种生存的动植物。A. in terms of就……而言；B. because of因为；C. except for除了；D. in addition to除……以外（还）。根据空前“This will have had knock-on effects on ecosystems”以及空后“bird extinctions, we will have lost a lot of plants and animals that ____12____ these species for survival.”可知，一些鸟类的灭绝带来了连锁反应，还造成其他依赖这些鸟类的物种的灭绝，即除了这些鸟类灭绝外，还带来其他物种的灭绝。故选D。
【52题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：这将对生态系统产生连锁反应，因此，除了鸟类灭绝外，我们还将失去许多依赖这些物种生存的动植物。A. depend on依赖，取决于；B. interact with与……互动；C. fight against与……作斗争；D. stay away远离。根据上文“The world may not only have lost many fascinating birds but also their varied ____10____ roles, which are likely to have included key functions such as pollination (授粉). This will have had knock-on effects on ecosystems”可知，一些鸟类的灭绝，使它们的一些重要生态功能比如授粉功能丧失，造成其他依赖这些鸟类而生存繁衍的动植物也灭绝。故选A。
【53题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：观察和化石显示，640种鸟类已经灭绝，其中90%是在有人居住的岛屿上灭绝的。A. inhabited居住；B. removed去掉，移开；C. developed发展；D. killed杀死。根据上文“Many of the world’s islands were previously unexplored places, but over time, people have come to these places with far-reaching effects, including deforestation, over-hunting and the introduction of invasive species”以及“Humans quickly destroyed bird populations through habitat loss, over-exploitation”可知，人类造成鸟类栖息地的丧失，过度狩猎等活动直接或间接造成许多鸟类的灭绝，由此推断，众多鸟类的灭绝是在有人类居住的岛屿上发生的。故选A。
【54题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些鸟类包括从毛里求斯标志性的渡渡鸟到北大西洋的大海雀，再到不太知名的圣赫勒拿巨型渡渡鸟。A. result(因……)发生；B. range包括……之间的各类事物，变化；C. suffer遭受；D. date注明日期，确定年代。根据上文以及空后“from the iconic (标志性的) Dodo of Mauritius to the Great Auk of the North Atlantic to the lesser-known Saint Helena Giant Hoopoe”可知，此处列举了有人类居住的岛上灭绝的一些鸟类，range from…to“包括（从……到……）之间的各类事物”符合语境。故选B。
【55题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：因此，从保护物种多样性的角度来看，保护鸟类是人类迫切需要解决的问题。A. origin起源；B. project项目，计划；C. growth生长；D. diversity多样性。根据上文“But the researchers estimate there have been further 790 unknown extinctions, meaning a total of 1,430 lost species — leaving just under 11,000 today.”可知，有众多的物种消失，结合上文所阐述的一些鸟类灭绝所造成的连锁反应可知，保护鸟类能够保护物种的多样性。故选D。
2024届上海市奉贤区高三下学期二模英语试题
【答案】21. C 22. B 23. C 24. A 25. C 26. A 27. B 28. D 29. B 30. C 31. A 32. B 33. B 34. C 35. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了四个来自贫困地区的学生参加水下机器人比赛并获胜的故事。
【21题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这些男孩出身卑微，经常发现自己被忽视和低估。A. academic学术的；B. relevant相关的；C. humble卑微的；D. professional专业的。根据上文“In a bustling city in Arizona stood a high school where most of the students live in poverty.(在亚利桑那州一个繁华的城市里有一所高中，那里的大多数学生生活贫困)”指这些男孩出身卑微。故选C。
【22题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：命运和友谊把他们联系在一起，他们对机械有着共同的热情。A. space空间；B. mechanics机械学；C. research研究；D. ocean海洋。根据后文“robotics competition”可知，他们对机械有着共同的热情。故选B。
【23题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：那里的两名科学老师决定让他们的高中参加一个由美国宇航局和海军研究所赞助的复杂的水下机器人比赛。A. giant巨大的；B. industrial工业的；C. underwater水下的；D. local当地的。根据后文“causing the robot to leak and sink”可知，这是一个水下机器人比赛。故选C。
【24题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们被告知这些类型的机器人需要玻璃复合漂浮泡沫，一种在各种海洋应用中使用的漂浮材料。A. advised告知，建议；B. forced迫使；C. challenged挑战；D. consulted咨询。根据后文“these kinds of robots require glass syntactic flotation foam, a type of floating material used in various marine applications”可知，此处指他们被告知比赛的要求。故选A。
【25题详解】
考查形容词短语辨析。句意：由于缺钱，他们只能买得起一些PVC管和管道胶带。A. Reliant on依赖……；B. Available to可获得；C. Short of缺乏；D. Desperate for渴望。根据后文“all they could afford was some PVC pipes and duct tape”可知，由于缺钱，他们只能买得起一些PVC管和管道胶带。故选C。
【26题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：因此，他们在城市里寻找各种备件，收集任何他们能把他们的愿景变为现实的东西。A. Therefore因此；B. Otherwise否则；C. Moreover此外；D. However然而。结合前后文语境可知为因果关系，应用therefore。故选A。
【27题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：在老师的指导和鼓励下，他们用金属和电线拼凑出了一个机器人。A. tied系；B. pieced拼凑；C. added增加；D. wrapped包裹。根据后文“together a robot with no more than metal and wires.”可知，此处指他们用金属和电线拼凑出了一个机器人。故选B。
【28题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：胡安在家庭责任的重压下挣扎;奥斯卡与内心深处对失败的恐惧作斗争;路易斯的心因为同伴们对他奇怪口音的嘲笑而疼痛，阿尔弗雷多渴望被接纳和归属感。A. conquered征服；B. created创造；C. expressed表达；D. battled战斗。根据后文“a deep-seated fear of failure”可知，此处指奥斯卡与内心深处对失败的恐惧作斗争。故选D。
【29题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：胡安在家庭责任的重压下挣扎;奥斯卡与内心深处对失败的恐惧作斗争;路易斯的心因为同伴们对他奇怪口音的嘲笑而疼痛，阿尔弗雷多渴望被接纳和归属感。A. perfect完美的；B. strange奇怪的；C. slight稍微的；D. elegant优雅的。根据上文“Luis’s heart ached from the constant peers’ mockery for his”可知，路易斯的心因为同伴们对他奇怪口音的嘲笑而疼痛。故选B。
【30题详解】
考查介词词义辨析。句意：尽管困难重重，他们还是坚持了下来，互相依靠，互相鼓励。A. With和；B. Given考虑到；C. Despite尽管；D. Besides此外。根据后文“these obstacles, they persevered”可知，此处为让步关系，应用介词despite。故选C。
【31题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：不幸的是，聚氯乙烯没有支撑住，导致机器人漏水并下沉。A. Unfortunately不幸地；B. Basically基本上；C. Actually实际上；D. Consequently结果。根据后文“the PVC didn’t hold up, causing the robot to leak and sink.”可知，不幸的是，聚氯乙烯没有支撑住，导致机器人漏水并下沉。故选A。
【32题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，男孩们并没有让这次失败毁掉他们的精神，而是集思广益，想出了一个绝妙的解决方案。A. disagreement分歧；B. failure失败；C. conflict冲突；D. progress进步。根据上文“the PVC didn’t hold up, causing the robot to leak and sink.”可知，机器人下沉了，即遭遇了失败。故选B。
【33题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：12小时后，配备了8块超强吸水垫来堵塞泄漏，机器人再次被放入水池中。A. scaled攀登；B. lowered降低；C. inserted插入；D. fed喂养。根据后文“into the pool again”可知，机器人再次被放入水池中。故选B。
【34题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：它优雅地在水中滑行，以精确和速度导航，使评委和观众都惊叹不已。A. boring使无聊；B. confusing使困惑；C. wowing称赞；D. motivating激励。根据上文“Gliding gracefully through the waters, it navigated the course with precision and speed”可知，此处指他们的机器人让评委和观众惊叹。故选C。
【35题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这个水下机器人，象征着他们的决心和毅力，征服了水，击败了工程强国麻省理工学院，排名全国第一。A. bravery勇敢；B. generosity慷慨；C. confidence自信；D. perseverance毅力。根据上文“determination and”可知，这个水下机器人，象征着他们的决心和毅力。故选D。
2024市上海市杨浦区高三下学期二模英语试题
【答案】21. A 22. B 23. C 24. D 25. D 26. D 27. C 28. B 29. A 30. A 31. C 32. C 33. B 34. D 35. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了四种让你在两天内感受到假期的感觉的方法。
【21题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这听起来像是遥不可及的梦想。A. unattainable无法达到的，不可企及的；B. inharmonious不和谐的；C. incomplete未完成的；D. unprofessional非专业的。根据“Going on vacation every week ”可知，每周出去旅行对于普通人来说是遥不可及的梦想。故选A。
【22题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：但是一个简单的心态转变可以让它发生——不需要旅行。A. study研究；B. shift转移，改变；C. trend趋势；D. proposal建议，提议。根据下文“In a series of experiments, Holmes’ team ____4____ 441 U.S. workers to either spend the weekend like any other, or treat it like a vacation.”可知，此处指转变心态。故选B。
【23题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：几年前，霍姆斯和她的同事开始探索度假的重要性。A. representing代表，表现；B. ranking把……分等级；C. exploring探索；D. predicting预测。根据“In a series of experiments”可知，霍姆斯和她的同事通过一系列的实验开始探索。故选C。
【24题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：在一系列实验中，霍姆斯的团队指示441名美国工人要么像往常一样度过周末，要么像度假一样度过周末。A. persuaded劝说；B. challenged对……质疑，向……挑战；C. motivated激发，促使；D. instructed指导，指示。根据“441 U.S. workers to either spend the weekend like any other, or treat it like a vacation.”可知，霍姆斯的团队对实验过程进行指导。故选D。
【25题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：霍尔姆斯说:“令人惊讶的是，这种影响并不是由人们花费时间的方式不同造成的。”A. practically实际地；B. literally字面上；C. identically同一地，相同地；D. differently不同地。根据“It was this mindset that allowed them to be more present”可知，这种影响并不是由人们花费时间的方式不同造成的。故选D。
【26题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：“正是这种心态让他们更活在当下，而不是处于“做”的模式，它让人们安顿下来，活在当下。”A. In light of考虑到，鉴于；B. Regardless of不管，不顾；C. In favor of支持，有利于；D. Instead of代替，而不是。上文提到“正是这种心态让他们更活在当下”，结合下文“being in “doing” mode”可知，不是处于“做”的模式。故选D。
【27题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：创造性地腾出时间。A. telling告诉；B. killing杀死；C. making制作，安排；D. changing改变。根据下文“Not everyone has Saturday and Sunday off work and actually some people often find their weekend schedules fully ____8____.”可知，周末日程紧张，因此需要创造性挤出时间。make time为固定搭配，意为“腾出时间做某事，挤出时间。”故选C。
【28题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：不是每个人周六和周日都不工作，实际上有些人经常发现他们的周末日程排得满满的。A. cleared清除；B. packed填入，塞进；C. removed去除，移开；D. dominated控制，支配。根据“Not everyone has Saturday and Sunday off work”可知，此处强调没有时间，因此空处指有些人经常发现他们的周末日程被塞得满满的。故选B。
【29题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：例如，周日早上花一个小时洗衣服，但周末剩下的时间作为你的假期。A. laundry洗衣物；B. recreation娱乐，消遣；C. movies电影；D. picnic野餐。根据下文“but protect the rest of the weekend as your vacation time.”可知，空处是与假期的娱乐休闲相反的事情，应该是一些家务。故选A。
【30题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：关注假期与普通周末的不同之处。A. regular有规律的；B. dramatic戏剧性的，引人注目的；C. primitive原始的；D. peaceful和平的。根据““Does it mean turning off your email notifications Spending money carelessly “Maybe it means being able to spend time with people you don’t normally get to see, or giving yourself a break on a workout,””可知，此处表示关注假期与普通周末的不同。故选A。
【31题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：“把这些事情列一个清单，并能够坚持到底，这很有帮助。”A. identify with认同；B. depend on依靠；C. follow through坚持到底；D. substitute for代替。根据“It’s helpful to make a list of those things”可知，可知，此处表示将列出的清单坚持到底。故选C。
【32题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：表现得像个游客。A. resident居民；B. master大师；C. tourist游客；D. neighbor邻居。根据“Among her favorite ideas: Drive to a part of town you’ve never been to before, go for a stroll, and grab lunch at the first cute café you see.”可知，本段建议要表现得像个游客一样。故选C。
【33题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：决策科学家尼卡·卡比里建议做一些全新的事情，这样你就可以从控制你生活的旧套路中解脱出来。A. facilitating促进，促使；B. governing统治，支配；C. revealing透露，揭示；D. polishing磨光，润色。根据“so you can disconnect from the same old routines”可知，此处表示把你从控制你生活的旧套路中解脱出来。故选B。
【34题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这意味着有趣。A. proved证明；B. defined下定义；C. described描述；D. meant意味着。根据“Don’t put pressure on yourself to have this ‘perfect vacation.”可知，不要为了‘完美假期’而给自己施加压力，假期应该意味着是有趣的。故选D。
【35题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：而且，几天后还会有另一个。A. Plus此外；B. Hence因此；C. Still仍然；D. Finally最终。根据““It doesn’t have to be all or nothing,” Kabiri says. “Don’t put pressure on yourself to have this ‘perfect vacation.’””可知，不要为了‘完美假期’而给自己施加压力，因为假期应该是充满乐趣的，况且，几天后又会有另一个假期了。故选A。
2024届上海市虹口区高三下学期二模英语试题
【答案】41. D 42. D 43. C 44. B 45. A 46. B 47. B 48. A 49. D 50. C 51. A 52. A 53. B 54. B 55. C
【解析】
【导语】本文为一篇说明文。德克萨斯大学HuthLab进行的一项研究在神经科学和技术领域引发了冲击波。恢复交流困难病人的交流能力可以让病人更好地掌控自己的生活，但它也可以让其他实体在某种程度上了解甚至控制病人的生活，因此，随着脑科学的更多开发，考虑神经技术的应用对法律行动的影响变得更加迫切。
【41题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：通过人工智能(AI)和脑成像技术的结合，无法与外界交流的人的思想和印象首次被翻译成连续的自然语言。A. eager渴望的；B. ready准备好的；C. unwilling不愿意的；D. unable不能够的。根据“were translated into continuous natural language”和下文“Losing the ability to communicate”可知，空处修饰people，此处表示一些人无法与外界交流，他们的想法被翻译成语言。故选D项。
【42题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这是迄今为止最接近读心术的科学方法。A. clearing清理；B. occupying占据；C. changing改变；D. reading看透（心思或想法）、读懂。根据上文“For the first time, the thoughts and impressions of people ___1___ to communicate with the outside world were translated into continuous natural language”可知，有交流困难的人的想法被翻译成语言，这是一种解读大脑思维的方法。故选D项。
【43题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：恢复这种能力可以让病人更好地掌控自己的生活。A. Reducing减少；B. Restricting限制；C. Restoring恢复；D. Requiring要求。根据“gives the patient greater control over their lives.”及前文“Losing the ability to communicate is a deep cut to one’s sense of self.”可知，有的人无法交流，恢复这种能力能让病人更好的生活。故选C项。
【44题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但它也可以让其他实体，如公司、研究人员和其他第三方，在某种程度上了解甚至控制病人的生活。A. irrelevant不相关的；B. uncomfortable不舒适的；C. negligible微不足道的；D. supportive支持的。根据“But it could also give other entities, such as corporations, researchers and other third parties”及“degree of insight into, or even control over, the lives of patients”可知，解读大脑虽然可以给病人带来好处，但是也会在让他们不舒适的程度上控制他们的生活。故选B项。
【45题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：位于纽约哥伦比亚大学的神经权利基金会(NeuroRights Foundation)认为，所有人都需要围绕神经技术赋予新的权利，以保护自己的隐私、身份和自由意志。A. needed需要；B. limited限制；C. controlled控制；D. denied否认。根据“new rights surrounding neurotechnologies will be”及“for all humans to preserve their privacy, identity, and free will.”可知，需要围绕神经技术赋予新的权利，以保护自己的隐私、身份和自由意志。故选A项。
【46题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：残疾患者的潜在弱点使这成为一个特别重要的问题。A. application申请，应用；B. weakness弱点；C. impact影响；D. significance意义。根据“of disabled patients makes this a particularly important problem”可知，残疾患者是弱者，有着交流上的弱点，所以需要新的权力才能保护自己的隐私、身份和自由意志，这是十分重要的问题。故选B项。
【47题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：与这种方法一致，智利是第一个通过立法，起草新法律来解决神经技术风险的国家。A. In comparison with与……相比；B. In line with与……一致；C. At the conclusion of在……结束时；D. At the cost of以……为代价。根据上文所说“that new rights surrounding neurotechnologies will be ___5___ for all humans to preserve their privacy, identity, and free will.”及“Chile was the first country that adopted legislation, drafting new laws, to address the risks of neurotechnology.”可知，智利的做法与上文提及的方法一致。故选B项。
【48题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：它不仅引入了精神健全的新宪法权利，而且还在通过一项禁止销售神经数据的法案，并迫使所有神经技术设备作为医疗设备进行监管，即使是那些面向普通消费者的设备。A. integrity完整；B. condition条件；C. disorder混乱；D. function功能。根据结合上文“___3___ this ability gives the patient greater control over their lives.”及空后法案内容可知，该法案与上文方法一致，不仅引入了精神健全的新宪法权利，还保障了数据安全性。故选A项。
【49题详解】
考查名词和形容词词义辨析。句意：拟议的立法承认神经数据具有强烈的个人性质，并将其视为器官组织，不能买卖，只能捐赠。A. group小组；B. general整体上；C. physical身体上的；D. personal个人的。根据“which cannot be bought or sold, only donated”可知，该立法承认神经数据具有强烈的个人性质，不能买卖、捐赠。故选D项。
【50题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：但这项立法也面临着批评，法律学者质疑新权利的必要性，并指出它可能会阻碍对残疾患者有益的大脑研究。A. interaction互动；B. chance机会；C. criticism批评；D. defence防御。根据“with legal scholars questioning the need for new rights and pointing out that it could discourage beneficial brain research for disabled patients.”可知，该立法也接受了法律学者的批评。故选C项。
【51题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：虽然智利采取的法律行动是迄今为止最具影响力和影响深远的，但其他国家正在考虑更新现有法律，以应对神经技术的新发展。A. far-reaching影响深远的；B. labor-saving节省劳力的；C. short-sighted目光短浅的；D. ill-timed不合时宜的。根据“the most impactful”可知，空处与形容词impactful并列，表示“影响深远的”，情感色彩一致。故选A项。
【52题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：虽然神经技术的第一个应用很可能是医疗，但未来的发展可能会涉及娱乐等消费应用，以及军事和安全目的。A. advances发展、进步；B. arrangements安排；C. requirements要求；D. policies政策。根据“are likely to involve consumer applications such as entertainment, as well as for military and security purposes.”可知，此处表示这项技术的未来发展和进步。故选A项。
【53题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：神经技术在商业环境中的日益普及只会引起更多的法律问题。A. confidence自信心；B. availability可用性，可能性；C. membership会员身份；D. movement移动，运动。根据前文“future ___12___ are likely to involve consumer applications such as entertainment, as well as for military and security purposes.”可知，越多的普及该技术可用性，就会引起更多法律问题。故选B项。
【54题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们正处于技术发展的初级阶段。A. mature成熟的；B. initial起初的；C. different不同的；D. final最终的。根据后文“And as we begin to uncover the great potential of brain science”可知，我们正处于技术发展的初级阶段。故选B项。
【55题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当我们开始发现脑科学的巨大潜力时，考虑它们对法律行动的影响变得更加迫切。A. diversified多样化的；B. genuine真诚的；C. pressing紧迫的；D. special特别的。根据“And as we begin to uncover the great potential of brain science, the need to consider their implications for legal action becomes more”可知，脑科学发展越多，其中涉及的个人信息数据安全就越多，考虑法律影响就越迫切。故选C项。