上海市七宝中学2023-2024学年高二下学期期中考试英语试卷（原卷版+解析版 ）

上海市七宝中学2023-2024学年高二下学期期中考试英语试卷
（A）
Directions: After reading the passage below, fil in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Have you ridden an electric bike If not, you should probably stop reading this article and go find one. Hire one on the street. Borrow your neighbour’s. Steal one if you ____1____. Sitting on the saddle, with the help of the motor, you will magically become half as old and twice as fit. You will feel like Lance Armstrong in his prime after an appointment with his doctor. And this, ____2____ it turns out, is all about the bike.
Electric cars get the hype, but in 2021, e-bikes far outsold them in the US and nearly matched battery vehicles in the UK. They democratise cycling, ____3____ (convert) those who don’t want to arrive at their destination sweaty and exhausted. On an e-bike, hills are no problem. You can carry a couple of kids as passengers and transport 150kg of cargo. Under UK law, the motor cuts out above 15.5mph, but you can still make short trips with ease.
E-bikes have reinvented the wheel, in a helpful way. They break the dynamic of cyclists versus other road users, ____4____ nearly everyone can now be a cyclist. I ____5____ (convince) the main reason more people don’t ride e-bikes is that they don’t know about them. A mile on ____6____ produces fewer carbon emissions than the food required to cycle a mile on a pedal bike.
But it’s not all good news. The London Fire Brigade has been called to an e-bike or e-scooter fire on average every two days this year. Tragically, in January, a 21-year-old woman became the first person ____7____ (die) in an e-bike fire in London.
The rise of rental e-bikes has also annoyed pedestrians, who find them ____8____ (discard) on pavements like giant cigarette butts, obstructing buggies(童车) and wheelchairs. Also, the sector has even been problematic for investors. VanMoof a Dutch company ____9____ chic e-bikes were popular in the pandemic—went bankrupt this week, _____10_____ having proclaimed itself “the most funded e-bike company in the world” when it raised $128m in 2021.
（B）
Directions: After reading the passage below, fil in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
People regularly engage in “presenteeism”—going to work while ill. It’s the opposite of absenteeism.
On the face of it, being sick at work might sound like ____11____ employers might favor, with some work preferable to none at all. Besides, such employees display a strong ethic, job dedication and loyalty. But research generally finds health consequences for present-but-ill employees, with higher medical costs and greater reductions in productivity than absenteeism would cause.
Employees who recover at home are ____12____(productive) than persistently ill employees struggling at work ___13___(meet) job demands, research shows.
“Organizations need to think about this, develop policies and get first-level managers ____14____(involve) who are closest to the probably sick employees,” said Gary Johns, a professor at Concordia University in Montreal. He’s reviewed the academic literature addressing corporate and employee impacts ____15____ presenteeism.
“Giving employees accommodation and support can be good all the way around,” he said, “They are under so much pressure to go to work ____16____ they are polluting the place or are affecting their own health downstream. But this needs ____17____(manage) so you do not burn people out physically and abuse them and create problems. It takes a sensitive hand.” he said.
Ill employees make more mistakes, communicate less effectively and produce lower quality work. Presenteeism among pharmacists, one study found, ____18____(result) in more prescription errors. Nevertheless, ___19___ practising absenteeism, medical workers tend to be on the job, even with contagious illnesses.
Job insecurity, strict attendance policies, teamwork, demanding clients and _____20_____ positive attendance culture are among the factors promoting presenteeism. That, in turn can worsen existing medical conditions, damage the quality of life and lead to impressions of ineffectiveness because of declines in productivity.
Section B (20 points)
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
（A）
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. spilled B. infamous C. originating D. local AB. prompted AC. referred AD. favourite BC. classed BD. features CD. overtaken ABC enthusiasm
Unusual foods often gain cult (狂热的) followings. But it’s rare for an odorous dish to become a national ___21___, which is exactly what’s happened with luosifen, whose magic has ____22____ over its birthplace.
Just like the durian fruit, this spiral-based rice noodle soup dish has created a buzz on Chinese social media thanks to its ____23____ smell. While some claim the scent is mildly sour, others say it should be ____24____ as a bioweapon.
Luosifen, ____25____ in Liuzhou, a city in China’s north-central Guangxi autonomous province, ____26____ rice noodles soaked in a spicy broth, topped with locally grown ingredients including bamboo shoots, string beans, turnips, peanuts and tofu skin.
For a Liuzhou ____27____, beyond the initial stench, a bowl of luosifen is a mixture of rich and complicated flavors — sour, spicy, savory and juicy, which is the perfect embodiment of the vital trait of harmony in Chinese cuisine. With a historically elaborate style, Chinese people enjoy the reputation of making food tasty, appealing and colorful.
In the past, it would have been hard for conservatives to share this newly-found ____28____ for this strange regional dish — or even to try it. But thanks to a DIY ready-to-eat form, luosifen’s magic has unexpectedly ____29____ the entire country. Pre-packaged luosifen — which is ____30____ to as the “luxury version of instant noodles” — usually comes with eight or more ingredients in vacuum-sealed packets, and neither the quality nor the freshness has been compromised during the process.
（B）
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. approach B. bare C. consistent D. covered AB. economies AC. hit AD. record BC. set BD. stormed CD. tough ABC. updates
The weather has been so warm, and snow so scarce, that Windham Mountain Resort in the Catskills opened its chairlifts to mountain bikers last weekend instead of skiers.
Ski resorts and their fans in the Northeast are hoping for a much better January. It has been a(n) ____31____season. Judging by listings on Sno-country.com, which provides ____32____ on the slopes, roughly half of the ski areas in the Northeast haven’t opened yet for skiers but aimed to do so soon.
Snow making equipment needs temperatures in the high 20s or below. At Windham, eight trails out of 54 had enough snow to open on Friday, but Chip Seamans, general manager at Windham, predicted many more will be ____33____ next weekend.
“It looks like finally tonight and tomorrow and into next week we’ll get some ____34____ snowfalls so we’e very excited,” Mr. Seamans said.
Last month was the warmest December on ____35____ in Central Park, according to the National Weather Service. It said last month the average daily temperature in New York City ____36____ 50.8 degrees, which is 13.3 degrees warmer than normal. Last month beat the previous December record of 44.1 degrees, ____37____ in 2001.
Tyler Fairbank, chief executive of the Fairbank Group, said the ski industry overall typically did 20% to 25% of its business over the Christmas holidays so the ____38____ slopes had a terrible impact. It also hurt hotels, equipment stores and local ____39____.
Mr. Fairbank said about 25% to 30% of the slopes were open at his group’s mountains and he expected that to rise to 70% in a week.
The National Weather Service predicted Friday’s late night lows would range from the mid-20s inland to the lower 30s for New York City. It said a cold front would ____40____ Sunday evening, with the chilliest air of the season thus far coming on Monday.
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A (15 points)
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fit s the context.
Corporate America is struggling to adapt to Gen Z
In recent months, the payments company Visa has quietly started to offer customers a new feature: a digital tool that lets them cap spending in a personalized way, for example by ____41____ the bill at coffee bars to a preset limit each week. Nothing odd about that, you might think.
With inflation (通货膨胀) weakening household ____42____, and credit card debt at record highs in countries such as the US, consumers have reasons to do so.
But look a little closer, and there is a twist: Visa’s move is partly sparked by an urge to ____43____the behaviour of “Gen Z”, or the group of people born between 1997 and 2012.
“Gen Z wants control,” explains Charlotte Hogg, chief executive of Visa Europe, who says the company is ____44____ trying to figure out how these teens and young adults think and behave.
Since most business leaders today are “baby boomers,” or members of “Gen X”, (born, that is, between 1946 and 1964, or 1965 and 1980, respectively), many feel confused by Gen Z, and assume they are ____45____ to “millennials” (or those born between 1981 and 1996). This assumption is not entirely wrong. A recent study by the consultancy Oliver Wyman, which ____46____ 150,000 Gen Z-ers over two years, shows that this generation cares far more deeply about social and environmental issues than their elders, and expects digital and “real-world” experiences to be ____47____, as they have grown up surrounded by more technology than previous generations. In this respect, they are similar to millennials. ____48____, Gen Z has a higher rate of self-reported mental health issues than millennials, and its members prefer to get their information from ____49____ rather than authority figures. These findings, which _____50_____ similar studies by McKinsey, undoubtedly reflect the fact that Gen Z-ers are digital natives whose lives have been shaped by the _____51_____of the global financial crisis, the Covid-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine.
But the most striking issue that defines Gen Z is something else: _____52_____. Accustomed to digitization and smartphones, they consider it entirely normal and desirable to _____53_____ everything — from their music, media, food and holidays to their politics, gender identities and working practices. I call this the era of “Gen P”, which has led to the rise of a “pick’n’mix” or “playlist” approach to life, in which personal choice _____54_____. To Gen Z the idea of accepting preselected roles or consumption packages feels as _____55_____ as only listening to music on the radio picked by somebody else. Instead they want to exercise choice.
41. A. applying B. restricting C. consuming D. accepting
42. A. budgets B. names C. goods D. bills
43. A. give way to B. make sense of C. come up with D. take advantage of
44. A. leisurely B. ultimately C. urgently D. reluctantly
45. A. prior B. contrary C. familiar D. identical
46. A. tracked B. tended C. selected D. attained
47. A. supervised B. connected C. generated D. separated
48. A. However B. Likewise C. Consequently D. Furthermore
49. A. school teachers B. online peers C. family members D. news anchors
50. A. modify B. review C. echo D. oppose
51. A. outlets B. upgrades C. forecasts D. aftershocks
52. A. inspiration B. innovation C. identification D. personalization
53. A. tackle B. customize C. access D. authorize
54. A. rules B. arises C. fulfills D. fades
55. A. dynamic B. casual C. outdated D. unconventional
Section B (40 points)
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
（A）
Pride and Prejudice for the Modern Woman
Let us imagine how Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen’s most famous work, might be updated, 200 years on.
Austen’s popularity is rooted in her intelligence. But today she would certainly have had a very different life, as would her characters. Here’s my own suggestion.
It is a truth finally and universally acknowledged that a single woman with brains deserves to have equal opportunities to men, however disadvantaged she may feel by sexism.
“My dear husband,” said his hopeful wife one day, “have you heard that the local store, standing empty for so long, is taken over by a bright young businesswoman ”
Her dull and indifferent (漠不关心的) husband replied that he had not. “But it is, it is,” she replied excitedly. Mr Dull-Husband made no reply.
“Don’t you want to know her plans ” she cried with some impatience.
“Well, clearly you think it matters to your silly little head... so I’d better listen.”
“Well, my dear, the rumour (传言) is that she has already set up a string of successful businesses in northern England, though how a woman can know anything about that is beyond me. She will move in herself next month.” “What is her name ” “Bingley.”
“Is she married or single ”
“What a question! And none of your business. But her coming will be a fine thing for our five boys.” “How so How can it possibly affect them ”
“My dear love; those lazy boys need something to wake them up. There are bound to be jobs going.”
“Is that her point in settling here Surely as a woman she has simply taken a fancy to the place.”
“Nonsense, my love, how little you’ve noticed the world has changed. She’s got a first-rate degree and some sort of business qualification, I’m told. She surely needs one of our boys! Perhaps you might give her a call.”
“Me No. Perhaps you can take an interest. You still have your looks, after all. She may even offer you a job.” “Oh, that’s not likely. These new chances belong to the younger generation. But now you mention it, I think I’ll go along all the same.”
And Mrs Bennet went along. That was 10 years ago. She is now managing director of a FTSE-listed company.
...It would remain the case, of course, that Mrs Bennet would be one of very few women on the company board, that her salary would be lower than her male colleagues, her bonus of a more “female” dimension and her lifespan (年限) among the city’s business leaders shorter than theirs. Still, she’d no doubt have enjoyed Davos — and might even have hobnobbed (攀谈) with influential figures.
56. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage
A. Austen was born 200 years ago.
B. Austen rewrote Pride and Prejudice.
C. Austen’s success lies in her wisdom.
D. Austen’s updated work gains popularity.
57. The underlined part in the passage suggests that Mrs Bennet ____.
A. had mixed feelings of admiration and surprise about Bingley
B. felt kind of worried and doubtful about Bingley
C. was extremely anxious to meet Bingley
D. had a great curiosity about Bingley
58. In the eyes of Mrs Bennet, Bingley surely needed one of their boys to ____.
A. get married to B. work for her
C. help her move in D. take over her store
59. What does the writer intend to tell us
A. Women with brains can also be as successful as men.
B. Women have to pay a high price for success.
C. A judgment must be made free from prejudice.
D. Sex discrimination still exists nowadays.
（B）
(You may read the questions first.)
Interested in learning simple moves which can lead to a less stressed-out you Join our eight-week course of training Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction. Below is a brief introduction of our four strategies to build the ability to recover from stress.
Body Scan For many of us, work can be so mentally exhausting that it’s possible to forget that we have an entire body attached to our head. The body-scan meditation is a chance to help you tune in to the tiny pains that we often don’t even notice. It can last anywhere from one to 20 minutes, and it’s easy to do while lying in bed. Here’s how to do it: lie down or sit still in a chair with your eyes closed, and begin to sense every part of the body in turn, starting at your toes and traveling up from there. It’s a good way for us to release tension we don’t even realize we’re experiencing.
Gentle Yoga Mindfulness isn’t all closed eyes and a statue-still position. Stretching, too, can be meditation. Mindful movement is also a way to pay attention. The point isn’t to twist into a complex body position, but to better understand the body’s limits and potential. Cycle through slow, gentle poses, like placing a knee to your chest while lying on your back, or a simple cat-cow (pictured) on all fours. Before you start, set aside at few minutes to calm down and focus on your breath. And once you’re done, spend a few moments lying flat on your back with your muscles relaxed.
Breathing Exercise Simply breathing while paying attention to the breath is the heart of any mindfulness practice. The goal isn’t to clear the mind but to let thoughts pass like clouds without getting sucked into what they might mean. Rather than identifying with a thought or getting caught up in it, the participant notices the thought and then says goodbye to it. That way, people can have a little bit more freedom in how to respond to internal stimuli like their thoughts. To cultivate awareness of the breath, find a relaxed seat and notice—without thinking about it or trying to change it—how you breathe in and out. Build up to a 15-to-20-minute practice.
Walking Meditation Walking is a good framework for practicing mindfulness. (Ideally, this should be done without the pressure of having to get anywhere on a particular schedule.) Find a quiet place inside or outdoors to take your stroll. While you walk, focus on each small, slow step: the lifting of one foot, the heel-first transfer of weight, the shift to the other. Every time your foot hits the ground, bring your attention to your breath and the feelings in your body. Walking meditation is more manageable than, say, sitting still in the dark, and it can also alleviate pain in the process. Try to practice mindful walking, at any pace, for 10 to 30 minutes.
60. Gentle Yoga and Breathing Exercise are similar in that both of them __________.
A. involve stretching bodies considerably
B. call for controlling people’s breath
C. empty pressure from mind temporarily
D. help people reduce body movement
61. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true
A. People can do their walking meditation at their own pace
B. Doing body scan can let go of the unnoticed tension.
C. Before doing gentle yoga, people need to lie down and relax muscles.
D. Breathing exercise requires people to breathe in a usual way
62. Chris is a student who tends to overthink everything and prefers to stay still, so practising __________ fits her most.
A. Body scan B. Gentle yoga
C. Breathing exercise D. Walking meditation
63. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage
A Warming up activity is required before doing these exercises.
B. These exercises are better functioned when done indoors.
C. The more time you spend on the exercises, the better result you get.
D. Your body keeps in a motionless state when doing body scan.
（C）
Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to harness people’s self-interest in the service of the common good. The threat of a ticket keeps drivers in line, and the promise of a bonus inspires high performance. But incentives can also backfire, diminishing the very behavior they’re meant to encourage.
A generation ago, Richard Titmuss claimed that paying people to donate blood reduced the supply. Economists were skeptical, citing a lack of evidence. But since then, new data and models have prompted a sea of changes in how economists think about incentives — showing, among other things, that Titmuss was right often enough that businesses should take note.
Experimental economists have found that offering to pay women for donating blood decreases the number willing to donate by almost half, and that letting them contribute the payment to charity reverses the effect. Dozens of recent experiments show that rewarding self-interest with economic incentives can backfire when they undermine what Adam Smith called “the moral sentiments”. The psychology here has confused blackboard economists, but it will be no surprise to people in business: when we take a job or buy a car, we are not only trying to get stuff — we are also trying to be a certain kind of person. People desire to be esteemed by others and to be seen as ethical and dignified. And they don’t want to be taken for suckers. Rewarding blood donations may backfire because it suggests that the donor is less interested in being selfless than in making a buck. Incentives also run into trouble when they signal that the employer mistrusts the employee or is greedy. Close supervision of workers coupled with pay for performance is textbook economics — and a prescription for gloomy employees.
Perhaps most important, incentives affect what our actions signal, whether we’re being self-interested or civic-minded, manipulated or trusted, and they can imply — sometimes wrongly — what motivates us. Fines or public criticism that appeal to our moral sentiments by signaling social disapproval (think of littering) can be highly effective. But incentives go wrong when they offend or diminish our ethical sensibilities.
This does not mean it’s impossible to appeal to self-interested and ethical motivations at the same time — just that efforts to do so often fail. Ideally, policies support socially valued ends not only by harnessing self-interest but also by encouraging public-spiritedness. The small tax on plastic grocery bags enacted in Ireland in 2002 that resulted in their virtual elimination appears to have had such an effect. It punished offenders monetarily while conveying a moral message. Carrying a plastic bag joined wearing a fur coat in the gallery of antisocial conduct.
64. From the first two paragraphs, we know that __________.
A. economists didn’t agree with Titmuss for the lack of empirical evidence
B. organizational and social progresses depend on economic incentives
C. economic incentives actually discourage people to behave well
D. economists now prompt businesses to note down Titmuss’s claim
65. According to experimental economists, __________.
A. more money is offered, fewer people donate blood
B. a decreasing number of people donate blood for charity
C. economic incentives may run in the opposite direction
D. economic incentives clash with “the moral sentiments”
66. We know from the text that incentives to are characterized as __________.
A. double-edged B. self-interested
C. counter-productive D. public-spirited
67. The small tax on plastic grocery bags in Ireland is mentioned to show that __________.
A. Ireland is determined to eliminate plastic pollution
B. incentive policies by the government are more effective
C. incentives can make use of self-interest and encourage good deeds
D. monetary punishments usually have moral implications
（D）
Back in 1964, in his book Games People Play, psychiatrist Eric Berne described a pattern of conversation he called “Why Don’t You — Yes But”, which remains one of the most annoying aspects of everyday social life. The person adopting the strategy is usually a chronic complainer. Something is terrible about their relationship, job, or other situation, and they complain about it endlessly, but find some excuse to dismiss any solution that’s proposed. The reason, of course, is that on some level they don’t want a solution; they want to be validated (认可) in their position that the world is out to get them. If they can “win” the game — dismissing every suggestion until interlocutor (对话者) gives up in annoyance — they get to feel pleasurably righteous (正当的) in their anger and excused from any obligation to change.
Part of the trouble here is the so-called responsibility/fault fallacy (谬误). When you’re feeling hard done by — taken for granted by your partner, say, or obliged to work for a stupid boss — it’s easy to become attached to the position that it’s not your job to address the matter, and that doing so would be an admission of fault. But there’s a confusion here. For example, if I were to discover a newborn at my front door, it wouldn’t be my fault, but it most certainly would be my responsibility. There would be choices to make, and no possibility of avoiding them, since trying to ignore the matter would be a choice. The point is that what goes for the baby on the doorstep is true in all cases: even if the other person is 100% in the wrong, there’s nothing to be gained, long-term, from using this as a justification to evade responsibility.
Should you find yourself on the receiving end of this kind of complaining, there’s a clever way to shut it down — which is to agree with it. Psychotherapist Lori Gottlieb describes this as “over-validation”. For one thing, you’ll be spared further complaining, since the other person’s motivation was to confirm her beliefs, and now you’re confirming them. But for another, as Gottlieb notes, people confronted with over-validation often hear their complaints afresh and start arguing back. The concept that they’re utterly powerless suddenly seems unrealistic, not to mention rather annoying — so they’re prompted instead to generate ideas about how they might change things.
“And then, sometimes, something magical might happen, ” Gotlieb writes. The other person “might realize she’s not as trapped as you are saying she is, or as she feels. ” Avoiding responsibility feels comfortable, but turns out to be a prison; whereas assuming responsibility feels unpleasant, but ends up being freeing.
68. What is the characteristic of a chronic complainer, according to Eric Berne
A. They are angry about their ill treatment and feel bitter towards whoever tries to help.
B. They are habitually unhappy and endlessly find fault with people around them.
C. They constantly dismiss others’ proposals while taking no responsibility for dealing with the problem.
D. They lack the basic skills required for successful conversations with others.
69. What does the author try to illustrate with the example of the newborn on one’s doorstep
A People tend to think that one should not be held responsible for others’ mistakes.
B. It is easy to become attached to the position of overlooking one’s own fault.
C. People are often at a loss when confronted with a number of choices.
D. A distinction should be drawn between responsibility and fault.
70. What does the author advise people to do to chronic complainers
A Stop them from going further by agreeing with them.
B. Listen to their complaints attentively and sympathetically.
C. Ask them to validate their beliefs with further evidence.
D. Persuade them to clarify the confusion they caused.
71. Which of the following is the best title for the passage
A. What is the responsibility/fault fallacy for chronic complainers
B. How can you avoid dangerous traps in everyday social life
C. Who are chronic complainers and how to deal with them
D. Why should we stop being a chronic complainer and assume responsibility
Section C
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
The quality of patience goes a long way toward your goal of creating a more peaceful and loving self. The more patient you are, the more accepting you will be of what life is, rather than insisting that life be exactly as you would like it to be. Without patience, life is extremely frustrating. ____72____ Patience adds some ease and acceptance to your life. It’s important for inner peace.
____73____ If you are stuck in a traffic jam, late for an appointment, being patient would mean keeping yourself from building a mental snowball before your thinking gets out of hand and gently reminding yourself to relax. It might also be a good time to breathe as well as an opportunity to remind yourself that, in the bigger scheme of things, being late is “small stuff”.
Patience is a quality of heart that can be greatly enhanced with deliberate practice.____74____ They are the periods of time that I set up in my mind to practise the art of patience. Life itself becomes a classroom, and the curriculum is patience. You can start with as little as five minutes and build up your capacity for patience over time. What you’ll discover is truly amazing. Your intention to be patient, especially if you know it’s only for a short while, immediately strengthens your capacity for patience. Patience is one of those qualities where success feeds on itself. Once you reach little milestone—five minutes of successful patience—you’ll begin to see that you do indeed have the capacity to be patient, even for longer periods of time. Over time, you may even become a patient person.
Being patient will help you to keep your perspective. You will see even a difficult situation, say your present challenge, isn’t “life or death” but simply a minor obstacle that must be dealt with. ____75____
A. An effective way that I have found to deepen my own patience is to create actual practise periods.
B. You are more easily annoyed and bothered.
C. It is generally believed that the quality of being patient is very difficult to develop.
D. Becoming more patient involves opening your heart to the present moment, even if you don’t like it.
E. Without patience, you will see the same scene as an emergency complete with yelling, frustration, hurt feelings and high blood pressure.
F. If you lack patience, you are destined to fail in what you are pursuing.
第Ⅱ卷
Ⅳ. Summary (10 points)
76. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
Why Socks Help You Sleep Better
If you’re one of those people who has trouble falling asleep, listen up. You might fall asleep 15 minutes earlier and wake up far less during the night if you put on a pair of socks at bedtime.
To understand why you first need to grasp the relationship between core body temperature and sleep. During daylight hours, the human body hums along at an average temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (37 degrees Celsius). But at night, your core body temperature dips as much as 2 degrees Fahrenheit (1.2 degrees Celsius) over the course of six or seven hours of sleep.
This gradual decrease in core body temperature, as it turns out, is a key part of the complicated neurobiological (神经生物学) dance of falling asleep and staying asleep. And the faster you can lower the core body temperature, the faster you will fall asleep. Researchers have show that warming the feet before going to sleep using a warm feet bath or by wearing socks promotes vasodilation (血管扩张), which in turn lowers the body’s core temperature faster than going to sleep with cold, bare feet.
Scientists suppose that socked feet have a neurological effect as well. Inside the brain’s “thermostat (恒湿器)” is a type of neuron called a warm-sensitive neuron (WSN) that increases its firing rate when there’s a temperature difference between the body’s core temperature and extremities like the feet. Research has shown that WSN firing rates go way up on the beginning or slow wave or deep sleep and gradually decrease prior to waking up. So WSNs may play a role in generating the sensation of sleepiness that helps us fall asleep and stay asleep. And if that is the case warming up the feet before bed time gives WSNs an extra power.
In a small study, researchers found that wearing a pair of special sleeping socks not only sped up the beginning of sleep, but increased overall sleep time by an average of 30 minutes and cut nighttime waking periods in half.
If you are worried about becoming too warm while wearing socks in bed, look for ones made of natural breathable fibers.
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Ⅴ. Translation (4+4+4+4+4=20points)
77. 对那些正义感强的人来说，为酗酒导致不能正常工作的人捐款既不能终止苦痛，也不能为他指引正确的方向。（function）
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78. 当场抓住小偷后，这个有道德的青少年收获了欢呼与掌声，让他感觉似乎是某个励志故事的男主角。（greet）
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79. 直到意识到此次灾害的严重性，政府才安排心理治疗师为从暴风雨受灾地区撤离的居民疏导焦虑情绪。（It; recognize）
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80. 那些对当地风貌期望过高的游客大老远来到山区，却发现曾经延伸到地平线的森林全都消失不见了。（expect）
_____________________________________________________________
81. 断网意味着与电子设备保持距离，腾出时间去冥想，在大自然中敞开心扉，这已成为一些当代人的生存工具。（involve）
_____________________________________________________________上海市七宝中学2023-2024学年高二下学期期中考试英语试卷
（A）
Directions: After reading the passage below, fil in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Have you ridden an electric bike If not, you should probably stop reading this article and go find one. Hire one on the street. Borrow your neighbour’s. Steal one if you ____1____. Sitting on the saddle, with the help of the motor, you will magically become half as old and twice as fit. You will feel like Lance Armstrong in his prime after an appointment with his doctor. And this, ____2____ it turns out, is all about the bike.
Electric cars get the hype, but in 2021, e-bikes far outsold them in the US and nearly matched battery vehicles in the UK. They democratise cycling, ____3____ (convert) those who don’t want to arrive at their destination sweaty and exhausted. On an e-bike, hills are no problem. You can carry a couple of kids as passengers and transport 150kg of cargo. Under UK law, the motor cuts out above 15.5mph, but you can still make short trips with ease.
E-bikes have reinvented the wheel, in a helpful way. They break the dynamic of cyclists versus other road users, ____4____ nearly everyone can now be a cyclist. I ____5____ (convince) the main reason more people don’t ride e-bikes is that they don’t know about them. A mile on ____6____ produces fewer carbon emissions than the food required to cycle a mile on a pedal bike.
But it’s not all good news. The London Fire Brigade has been called to an e-bike or e-scooter fire on average every two days this year. Tragically, in January, a 21-year-old woman became the first person ____7____ (die) in an e-bike fire in London.
The rise of rental e-bikes has also annoyed pedestrians, who find them ____8____ (discard) on pavements like giant cigarette butts, obstructing buggies(童车) and wheelchairs. Also, the sector has even been problematic for investors. VanMoof a Dutch company ____9____ chic e-bikes were popular in the pandemic—went bankrupt this week, _____10_____ having proclaimed itself “the most funded e-bike company in the world” when it raised $128m in 2021.
【答案】1. have to
2. as 3. converting
4. because 5. am convinced
6. one 7. to die
8. discarded
9. whose 10. despite
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。文章陈述了电动自行车的许多优点也提到了几个缺点。
【1题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：如果有必要就偷一辆。分析句子可知，空处为谓语部分，结合上文内容“Have you ridden an electric bike If not, you should probably stop reading this article and go find one. Hire one on the street. Borrow your neighbour’s.( 你骑过电动自行车吗 如果没有，你应该停止阅读这篇文章，去找一辆。在街上租一辆。借你邻居的。)”可知，如果你没有骑过电动自行车，无论如何应该弄一辆骑行，因此此处表示如果你必须要有一辆，偷一辆，用have to，表示“必须”，承前省略动词，故填have to。
【2题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：事实证明，这一切都与自行车有关。分析句子可知，空处引导定语从句，指代整个主句，从句置于居中，用关系代词as，as it turns out是固定句型，表示“事实证明”，故填as。
【3题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：他们让骑自行车大众化，让那些不想汗流浃背、精疲力竭地到达目的地的人改头换面。分析句子可知，句子的谓语动词是democratise，convert用非谓语动词形式作状语，与上文的内容之间是主动关系，表示意料之中的结果用现在分词，故填converting。
【4题详解】
考查状语从句。句意：他们打破了骑自行车者与其他道路使用者之间的动态关系，因为现在几乎每个人都可以骑自行车。根据句意，前后文是因果关系，故填because。
【5题详解】
考查时态语态。句意：我相信更多人不骑电动自行车的主要原因是他们不了解电动自行车。convince作谓语，与主语I是被动关系，文章主时态是一般现在时，故填am convinced。
【6题详解】
考查代词。句意：骑一英里产生的碳排放量比骑一英里脚踏车所需的食物要少。根据语境，泛指上文提到e-bike，表示单数，故填one。
【7题详解】
考查不定式。句意：不幸的是，今年1月，一名21岁的女子成为伦敦首个死于电动自行车火灾的人。分析句子可知，die作定语，修饰person，由序数词修饰，用不定式作后置定语，故填to die。
【8题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：租赁电动自行车的兴起也惹恼了行人，他们发现它们像巨大的烟头一样被丢弃在人行道上，挡住了童车和轮椅。分析句子可知，discard作宾语补足语，与宾语them“指代e-bikes”是被动关系，用过去分词作宾语补足语，故填discarded。
【9题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：荷兰公司VanMoof本周破产——该公司生产的时髦电动自行车在疫情期间很受欢迎，尽管它在2021年融资1.28亿美元时宣称自己是“世界上资金最多的电动自行车公司”。分析句子可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰company，从句中作定语，用关系代词whose作定语，故填whose。
【10题详解】
考查介词。句意：荷兰公司VanMoof本周破产——该公司生产的时髦电动自行车在疫情期间很受欢迎，尽管它在2021年融资1.28亿美元时宣称自己是“世界上资金最多的电动自行车公司”。空后为动名词，表示让步关系，用介词despite“尽管”，故填despite。
（B）
Directions: After reading the passage below, fil in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
People regularly engage in “presenteeism”—going to work while ill. It’s the opposite of absenteeism.
On the face of it, being sick at work might sound like ____11____ employers might favor, with some work preferable to none at all. Besides, such employees display a strong ethic, job dedication and loyalty. But research generally finds health consequences for present-but-ill employees, with higher medical costs and greater reductions in productivity than absenteeism would cause.
Employees who recover at home are ____12____(productive) than persistently ill employees struggling at work ___13___(meet) job demands, research shows.
“Organizations need to think about this, develop policies and get first-level managers ____14____(involve) who are closest to the probably sick employees,” said Gary Johns, a professor at Concordia University in Montreal. He’s reviewed the academic literature addressing corporate and employee impacts ____15____ presenteeism.
“Giving employees accommodation and support can be good all the way around,” he said, “They are under so much pressure to go to work ____16____ they are polluting the place or are affecting their own health downstream. But this needs ____17____(manage) so you do not burn people out physically and abuse them and create problems. It takes a sensitive hand.” he said.
Ill employees make more mistakes, communicate less effectively and produce lower quality work. Presenteeism among pharmacists, one study found, ____18____(result) in more prescription errors. Nevertheless, ___19___ practising absenteeism, medical workers tend to be on the job, even with contagious illnesses.
Job insecurity, strict attendance policies, teamwork, demanding clients and _____20_____ positive attendance culture are among the factors promoting presenteeism. That, in turn can worsen existing medical conditions, damage the quality of life and lead to impressions of ineffectiveness because of declines in productivity.
【答案】11. what##something
12. more productive
13. to meet
14. involved
15. of 16. that
17. managing##to be managed
18. resulted
19. instead of
20. a
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。研究发现与旷工相比，带病上班的员工的医疗费用更高，生产力下降更大。
【11题详解】
考查代词。句意：从表面上看，带病上班听起来像是雇主喜欢的，工作总比不工作好。like后接代词something作宾语，且something为定语从句的宾语，省略了关系代词that。或者like后接宾语从句，从句缺少宾语，指代事物，用what作引导词。故填what/something。
【12题详解】
考查比较级。句意：研究显示，在家康复的员工比坚持带病上班的员工在工作中努力满足工作要求的效率更高。根据than可知，用比较级more productive。故填more productive。
【13题详解】
考查非谓语。句意：研究显示，在家康复的员工比坚持带病上班的员工在工作中努力满足工作要求的效率更高。struggle to do sth“努力做某事”。故填to meet。
【14题详解】
考查形容词。句意：组织需要考虑到这一点，制定政策，让最接近可能患病员工的一级管理人员参与进来。形容词involved作宾语补足语。故填involved。
【15题详解】
考查介词。句意：他回顾了有关出勤对公司和员工影响的学术文献。表示“…的影响”，用介词of。故填of。
【16题详解】
考查连词。句意：他们上班的压力太大了，污染了这个地方，或者影响他们之后的健康。本句为so…that…句型，that引导的结果状语从句。故填that。
【17题详解】
考查非谓语。句意：但这需要被管理，这样你就不会让人们身心疲惫，虐待他们，制造问题。need doing sth=need to be done“……需要被做”。故填managing/to be managed。
【18题详解】
考查时态。句意：一项研究发现，药剂师带病上班导致了更多的处方错误。陈述过去发生的事情，为一般过去时。故填resulted。
【19题详解】
考查介词短语。句意：然而，医务工作者往往不旷工，而是上班，即使患有传染性疾病。根据句意可知，空处填instead of“而不是”。故填instead of。
【20题详解】
考查冠词。句意：工作不安全感、严格的出勤政策、团队合作、苛刻的客户和积极的出勤文化都是促进出勤的因素。泛指积极的出勤文化，用不定冠词修饰，且positive首字母的发音为辅音音素。故填a。
Section B (20 points)
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
（A）
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. spilled B. infamous C. originating D. local AB. prompted AC. referred AD. favourite BC. classed BD. features CD. overtaken ABC. enthusiasm
Unusual foods often gain cult (狂热的) followings. But it’s rare for an odorous dish to become a national ___21___, which is exactly what’s happened with luosifen, whose magic has ____22____ over its birthplace.
Just like the durian fruit, this spiral-based rice noodle soup dish has created a buzz on Chinese social media thanks to its ____23____ smell. While some claim the scent is mildly sour, others say it should be ____24____ as a bioweapon.
Luosifen, ____25____ in Liuzhou, a city in China’s north-central Guangxi autonomous province, ____26____ rice noodles soaked in a spicy broth, topped with locally grown ingredients including bamboo shoots, string beans, turnips, peanuts and tofu skin.
For a Liuzhou ____27____, beyond the initial stench, a bowl of luosifen is a mixture of rich and complicated flavors — sour, spicy, savory and juicy, which is the perfect embodiment of the vital trait of harmony in Chinese cuisine. With a historically elaborate style, Chinese people enjoy the reputation of making food tasty, appealing and colorful.
In the past, it would have been hard for conservatives to share this newly-found ____28____ for this strange regional dish — or even to try it. But thanks to a DIY ready-to-eat form, luosifen’s magic has unexpectedly ____29____ the entire country. Pre-packaged luosifen — which is ____30____ to as the “luxury version of instant noodles” — usually comes with eight or more ingredients in vacuum-sealed packets, and neither the quality nor the freshness has been compromised during the process.
【答案】21. AD 22. A 23. B 24. BC 25. C 26. BD 27. D
28. ABC 29. CD 30. AC
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。螺蛳粉的魔力现在席卷了整个国家，文章对其进行了介绍。
【21题详解】
考查名词。句意：但一种气味浓郁的菜肴很少能成为全国人民的最爱，而螺蛳粉却恰恰发生了这种情况，它的魔力已经蔓延出它的发源地。根据前文“Unusual foods often gain cult (狂热的) followings.(不寻常的食物通常会获得狂热的追随者。)”可知，此处是指一种气味浓郁的菜肴很少能成为全国人民的最爱，名词favourite意为“最爱”，符合句意。故选AD。
【22题详解】
考查动词。句意：但一种气味浓郁的菜肴很少能成为全国人民的最爱，而螺蛳粉却恰恰发生了这种情况，它的魔力已经蔓延出它的发源地。根据“over its birthplace”可知，此处是指它的魔力已经蔓延出它的发源地，动词spill意为“溢出”，符合句意。故选A。
【23题详解】
考查形容词。句意：就像榴莲一样，这道螺旋形米粉汤因其臭名昭著的气味在中国社交媒体上引起了热议。根据后文“as a bioweapon(作为生化武器)”可知，此处是指因其臭名昭著的气味，形容词infamous意为“臭名昭著的”，符合句意。故选B。
【24题详解】
考查动词。句意：虽然一些人声称这种气味是微酸的，但其他人认为它应该被归类为生物武器。根据“as a bioweapon”可知，此处是指应该被归类为生物武器。动词class意为“归类”，符合句意。故选BC。
【25题详解】
考查动词。句意：螺蛳粉起源于中国中北部广西自治区柳州，其特色是米粉浸泡在辛辣的汤汁中，上面撒上当地种植的食材，包括竹笋、菜豆、萝卜、花生和豆腐皮。根据“in Liuzhou”可知，此处是指螺蛳粉起源于柳州，动词originate意为“起源”，符合句意。故选C。
【26题详解】
考查动词。句意：螺蛳粉起源于中国中北部广西自治区柳州，其特色是米粉浸泡在辛辣的汤汁中，上面撒上当地种植的食材，包括竹笋、菜豆、萝卜、花生和豆腐皮。根据“rice noodles soaked in a spicy broth, topped with locally grown ingredients including bamboo shoots, string beans, turnips, peanuts and tofu skin”可知，此处是指螺蛳粉的特色，动词feature意为“以……为特色”，符合句意。故选BD。
【27题详解】
考查名词。句意：对于柳州本地人来说，除了最初的臭味，一碗螺蛳粉的味道丰富而复杂——酸、辣、鲜、多汁，完美地体现了中国菜中和谐的重要特征。根据“For a Liuzhou”可知，此处是指对于柳州本地人来说，名词local意为“当地人”，符合句意。故选D。
【28题详解】
考查名词。句意：在过去，保守派很难分享这种对这种奇怪的地方菜的新热情，甚至很难尝试它。根据“for this strange regional dish”可知，此处是指对这种奇怪的地方菜的新热情，名词enthusiasm意为“热情”，符合句意。故选ABC。
【29题详解】
考查动词。句意：但由于有了DIY即食的形式，螺蛳粉的魔力出人意料地席卷了整个国家。根据“the entire country”可知，此处是指螺蛳粉的魔力出人意料地席卷了整个国家，动词overtake意为“席卷”，符合句意。故选CD。
【30题详解】
考查动词。句意：预包装的螺蛳粉——被称为“豪华版即食面”——通常在真空密封的包装中含有八种或更多的成分，在加工过程中，质量和新鲜度都没有受到影响。根据“to as the “luxury version of instant noodles””可知，此处是指被称为“豪华版即食面”，refer to ...as意为“称作”，符合句意。故选AC。
（B）
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. approach B. bare C. consistent D. covered AB. economies AC. hit AD. record BC. set BD. stormed CD. tough ABC. updates
The weather has been so warm, and snow so scarce, that Windham Mountain Resort in the Catskills opened its chairlifts to mountain bikers last weekend instead of skiers.
Ski resorts and their fans in the Northeast are hoping for a much better January. It has been a(n) ____31____season. Judging by listings on Sno-country.com, which provides ____32____ on the slopes, roughly half of the ski areas in the Northeast haven’t opened yet for skiers but aimed to do so soon.
Snow making equipment needs temperatures in the high 20s or below. At Windham, eight trails out of 54 had enough snow to open on Friday, but Chip Seamans, general manager at Windham, predicted many more will be ____33____ next weekend.
“It looks like finally tonight and tomorrow and into next week we’ll get some ____34____ snowfalls so we’e very excited,” Mr. Seamans said.
Last month was the warmest December on ____35____ in Central Park, according to the National Weather Service. It said last month the average daily temperature in New York City ____36____ 50.8 degrees, which is 13.3 degrees warmer than normal. Last month beat the previous December record of 44.1 degrees, ____37____ in 2001.
Tyler Fairbank, chief executive of the Fairbank Group, said the ski industry overall typically did 20% to 25% of its business over the Christmas holidays so the ____38____ slopes had a terrible impact. It also hurt hotels, equipment stores and local ____39____.
Mr. Fairbank said about 25% to 30% of the slopes were open at his group’s mountains and he expected that to rise to 70% in a week.
The National Weather Service predicted Friday’s late night lows would range from the mid-20s inland to the lower 30s for New York City. It said a cold front would ____40____ Sunday evening, with the chilliest air of the season thus far coming on Monday.
【答案】31. CD 32. ABC 33. D 34. C 35. AD 36. AC 37. BC 38. B 39. AB 40. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。主要讲述了这个冬季温暖少雪，Catskills的Windham山度假村上周末向山地骑行者开放椅式缆车。仍有大部分滑雪区未开放，预计即将开放。
【31题详解】
考查形容词。句意：这是一个艰难的季节。根据前文“The weather has been so warm, and snow so scarce”（天气一直很暖和，雪也很少）可知，对于滑雪场这是一个艰难的季节，此处需要使用形容词作定语，tough“艰难的”符合句意。故选CD项。
【32题详解】
考查名词。句意：从提供滑雪场最新情况的 Sno-country.com 网站的列表来看，东北部约有一半的滑雪场尚未对滑雪者开放，但目标是尽快开放。根据后句“roughly half of the ski areas in the Northeast haven’t opened yet for skiers but aimed to do so soon”（东北部约有一半的滑雪场尚未对滑雪者开放，但目标是尽快开放。）可知此网站是提供雪场数据更新的，这里使用名词复数形式，updates“更新”符合句意。故选ABC项。
【33题详解】
考查动词。句意：在温德姆滑雪场，54 条雪道中有 8 条雪道的积雪足以在周五开放，但温德姆滑雪场总经理Chip Seamans预计，下周末将有更多雪道开放。根据上文“roughly half of the ski areas in the Northeast haven’t opened yet for skiers but aimed to do so soon”（东北部约有一半的滑雪场尚未对滑雪者开放，但目标是尽快开放。）可知，此处表示更多的滑雪场将被包含在内。需使用动词被动语态形式，covered“涉及、包含”符合句意。故选D项。
【34题详解】
考查形容词。句意：看来今晚、明天和下周我们将迎来持续降雪，因此我们非常兴奋。分析句子可知，此处需使用形容词作定语修饰名词snowfall，consistent“连续的”是形容词，符合句意。故选C项。
【35题详解】
考查名词。句意：根据美国国家气象局的数据，上个月是中央公园有记录以来最热的 12 月。根据后文“Last month beat the previous December record of 44.1 degrees”（上个月的气温超过了 2001 年12月创下的 44.1 华氏度的纪录）可知此月创下了新纪录，此处需使用名词作宾语，record“记录”符合句意。故选AD项。
【36题详解】
考查动词。句意：上个月纽约市的日平均气温达到 50.8 度，比正常温度高出 13.3 度。分析句子可知，此处需使用动词作谓语，表示“达到”，hit“达到”符合句意。故选AC项。
【37题详解】
考查动词。句意：上个月的气温超过了 2001 年12月创下的 44.1 华氏度的纪录。分析句子可知，这里表示创下记录，使用过去分词作后置定语，set“创立”符合句意。故选BC项。
【38题详解】
考查形容词。句意：整个滑雪行业在圣诞节期间的业务量通常占其业务量的 20% 至 25%，因此光秃秃的雪道造成了严重影响。这也损害了酒店、设备商店和当地经济。根据前文“snow so scarce”（雪很少）可知滑雪场是光秃雪很少的，使用形容词作定语修饰名词slopes，bare“光秃的”符合句意。故选B项。
【39题详解】
考查名词。句意：整个滑雪行业在圣诞节期间的业务量通常占其业务量的 20% 至 25%，因此光秃秃的雪道造成了严重影响。这也损害了酒店、设备商店和当地经济。分析句子可知，此处使用名词复数做宾语，economies“经济”是名词复数，符合句意。故选AB项。
【40题详解】
考查动词。句意：国家气象局称，周日晚间将有一股冷锋逼近，周一将迎来本季迄今为止最寒冷的空气。分析句子可知，此处使用动词原形作谓语，表示冷锋即将接近，approach“接近”符合句意。故选A项。
【点睛】
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A (15 points)
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fit s the context.
Corporate America is struggling to adapt to Gen Z
In recent months, the payments company Visa has quietly started to offer customers a new feature: a digital tool that lets them cap spending in a personalized way, for example by ____41____ the bill at coffee bars to a preset limit each week. Nothing odd about that, you might think.
With inflation (通货膨胀) weakening household ____42____, and credit card debt at record highs in countries such as the US, consumers have reasons to do so.
But look a little closer, and there is a twist: Visa’s move is partly sparked by an urge to ____43____the behaviour of “Gen Z”, or the group of people born between 1997 and 2012.
“Gen Z wants control,” explains Charlotte Hogg, chief executive of Visa Europe, who says the company is ____44____ trying to figure out how these teens and young adults think and behave.
Since most business leaders today are “baby boomers,” or members of “Gen X”, (born, that is, between 1946 and 1964, or 1965 and 1980, respectively), many feel confused by Gen Z, and assume they are ____45____ to “millennials” (or those born between 1981 and 1996). This assumption is not entirely wrong. A recent study by the consultancy Oliver Wyman, which ____46____ 150,000 Gen Z-ers over two years, shows that this generation cares far more deeply about social and environmental issues than their elders, and expects digital and “real-world” experiences to be ____47____, as they have grown up surrounded by more technology than previous generations. In this respect, they are similar to millennials. ____48____, Gen Z has a higher rate of self-reported mental health issues than millennials, and its members prefer to get their information from ____49____ rather than authority figures. These findings, which _____50_____ similar studies by McKinsey, undoubtedly reflect the fact that Gen Z-ers are digital natives whose lives have been shaped by the _____51_____of the global financial crisis, the Covid-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine.
But the most striking issue that defines Gen Z is something else: _____52_____. Accustomed to digitization and smartphones, they consider it entirely normal and desirable to _____53_____ everything — from their music, media, food and holidays to their politics, gender identities and working practices. I call this the era of “Gen P”, which has led to the rise of a “pick’n’mix” or “playlist” approach to life, in which personal choice _____54_____. To Gen Z the idea of accepting preselected roles or consumption packages feels as _____55_____ as only listening to music on the radio picked by somebody else. Instead they want to exercise choice.
41. A. applying B. restricting C. consuming D. accepting
42. A. budgets B. names C. goods D. bills
43. A. give way to B. make sense of C. come up with D. take advantage of
44. A. leisurely B. ultimately C. urgently D. reluctantly
45. A. prior B. contrary C. familiar D. identical
46. A. tracked B. tended C. selected D. attained
47. A. supervised B. connected C. generated D. separated
48. A. However B. Likewise C. Consequently D. Furthermore
49. A. school teachers B. online peers C. family members D. news anchors
50. A. modify B. review C. echo D. oppose
51. A. outlets B. upgrades C. forecasts D. aftershocks
52. A. inspiration B. innovation C. identification D. personalization
53. A. tackle B. customize C. access D. authorize
54. A. rules B. arises C. fulfills D. fades
55. A. dynamic B. casual C. outdated D. unconventional
【答案】41. B 42. A 43. B 44. C 45. D 46. A 47. B 48. A 49. B 50. C 51. D 52. D 53. B 54. A 55. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了美国企业正在努力适应Z世代。
【41题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：最近几个月，支付公司Visa悄悄开始向客户提供一项新功能:一种数字工具，让他们以个性化的方式限制支出，例如将每周在咖啡馆的账单限制在预设的上限。A. applying申请；B. restricting限制；C. consuming消费；D. accepting接受。根据下文“to a preset limit each week”可知，此处指限制账单。故选B。
【42题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：由于通胀削弱了家庭预算，而美国等国的信用卡债务处于创纪录高位，消费者有理由这样做。A. budgets预算；B. names姓名；C. goods货物；D. bills账单。根据下文“and credit card debt at record highs in countries such as the US”可知，此处指通胀削弱了家庭预算。故选A。
【43题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：但仔细看看，会发现一个转折：Visa此举在一定程度上是出于理解“Z世代”（ 即1997年至2012年出生的群体）行为的冲动。A. give way to让位于；B. make sense of理解；C. come up with想出；D. take advantage of利用。根据下文“the behaviour of ‘Gen Z”, or the group of people born between 1997 and 2012.”可知，此处指理解“Z世代”（ 即1997年至2012年出生的群体）行为的冲动。故选B。
【44题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：“Z世代想要掌控一切，”Visa欧洲首席执行官夏洛特·霍格解释说，她表示，该公司正迫切试图弄清楚这些青少年和年轻人的思维和行为方式。A. leisurely悠闲地；B. ultimately最终；C. urgently迫切地； D. reluctantly勉强地。根据下文“trying to figure out how these teens and young adults think and behave.”及常识可知，公司要想适应Z世代，需要迫切弄清楚这些青少年和年轻人的思维和行为方式。故选C。
【45题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：由于今天的大多数商业领袖都是“婴儿潮一代”，或“X世代”(分别出生于1946年至1964年或1965年至1980年之间)，许多人对Z世代感到困惑，并认为他们与“千禧一代”(或生于1981年至1996年之间)相同。A. prior优先的；B. contrary相反的；C. familiar熟悉的；D. identical相同的。根据上文““Gen Z”, or the group of people born between 1997 and 2012”及下文““millennials” (or those born between 1981 and 1996).”可知，许多X世代的人对Z世代感到困惑，认为他们与“千禧一代”相同。故选D。
46题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：Oliver Wyman最近的一项研究对15万Z世代进行了两年多的跟踪调查，结果显示，这一代人对社会和环境问题的关心远远超过他们的长辈，并期望将数字体验和“现实世界”体验联系起来，因为他们在比前几代人更多的科技环境中长大。A. tracked跟踪；B. tended倾向；C. selected选择；D. attained获得。根据下文“over two years”可知，此处指两年多的跟踪调查。故选A。
【47题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：Oliver Wyman最近的一项研究对15万Z世代进行了两年多的跟踪调查，结果显示，这一代人对社会和环境问题的关心远远超过他们的长辈，并期望将数字体验和“现实世界”体验联系起来，因为他们在比前几代人更多的科技环境中长大。A. supervised监督；B. connected连接；C. generated生成；D. separated分离。根据下文“as they have grown up surrounded by more technology than previous generations.”可知，此处指Z世代期望将数字体验和“现实世界”体验联系起来。故选B。
【48题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，Z世代的自我报告心理健康问题的比例高于千禧一代，而且Z世代的成员更喜欢从网上的同龄人而不是权威人士那里获取信息。A. However然而；B. Likewise同样；C. Consequently因此；D. Furthermore此外。前后句意存在转折关系，应用转折副词。故选A。
【49题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，Z世代的自我报告心理健康问题的比例高于千禧一代，而且Z世代的成员更喜欢从网上的同龄人而不是权威人士那里获取信息。A. school teachers学校教师；B. online peers网上同龄人；C. family members家庭成员；D. news anchors新闻主播。根据下文“rather than authority figures”可知，Z世代的成员更喜欢从网上的同龄人而不是权威人士那里获取信息。故选B。
【50题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些发现与麦肯锡的类似研究相呼应，无疑反映了这样一个事实：Z世代是数字原住民，他们的生活受到全球金融危机、新冠肺炎大流行和乌克兰战争的余震影响。A. modify修改；B. review审查；C. echo产生回响；D. oppose反对。根据下文“similar studies by McKinsey, undoubtedly reflect the fact that Gen Z-ers are digital natives”可知，此处指新的发现与麦肯锡的类似研究相呼应。故选C。
【51题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些发现与麦肯锡的类似研究相呼应，无疑反映了这样一个事实：Z世代是数字原住民，他们的生活受到全球金融危机、新冠肺炎大流行和乌克兰战争的余震影响。A. outlets插座；B. upgrades升级；C. forecasts预测；D. aftershocks余震。根据下文“the global financial crisis, the Covid-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine.”及常识可知，此处指Z世代受到了现在全球金融危机、新冠肺炎大流行和乌克兰战争产生的余震影响。故选D。
【52题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：但定义Z世代的最引人注目的问题是另一件事：个性化。A. inspiration灵感；B. innovation创新；C. identification识别；D. personalization个性化。根据下文“Accustomed to digitization and smartphones, they consider it entirely normal and desirable to ____13____ everything — from their music, media, food and holidays to their politics, gender identities and working practices.”可知，Z世代个性化很强。故选D。
【53题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：习惯了数字化和智能手机，他们认为定制一切是完全正常和可取的——从他们的音乐、媒体、食物和假期到他们的政治、性别认同和工作方式。A. tackle解决；B. customize定制；C. access访问；D. authorize授权。根据下文“Instead they want to exercise choice.”可知，Z世代认为定制一切是完全正常和可取的。故选B。
【54题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我把这个时代称为“P世代”(Gen P)，这个时代导致了一种“自选混合”(pick’n’mix)或“播放列表”(playlist)生活方式的兴起，在这种生活方式中，个人选择占据首要地位。A. rules占首要地位；B. arises出现；C. fulfills履行；D. fades褪色。根据上文“Accustomed to digitization and smartphones, they consider it entirely normal and desirable to ____13____ everything — from their music, media, food and holidays to their politics, gender identities and working practices.”可知，个人选择占据首要地位。故选A。
【55题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：对于Z世代来说，接受预先选定角色或消费套餐的想法就像只听别人挑选的收音机里的音乐一样过时。A. dynamic精力充沛的；B. casual随便的；C. outdated过时的；D. unconventional不因循守旧的。根据上文“I call this the era of “Gen P”, which has led to the rise of a “pick’n’mix” or “playlist” approach to life, in which personal choice ____14____.”可知，对应Z世代而言，个人选择占据首要地位，接受预先选定的角色或消费套餐的想法就像只听别人挑选的收音机里的音乐一样过时。故选C。
Section B (40 points)
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
（A）
Pride and Prejudice for the Modern Woman
Let us imagine how Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen’s most famous work, might be updated, 200 years on.
Austen’s popularity is rooted in her intelligence. But today she would certainly have had a very different life, as would her characters. Here’s my own suggestion.
It is a truth finally and universally acknowledged that a single woman with brains deserves to have equal opportunities to men, however disadvantaged she may feel by sexism.
“My dear husband,” said his hopeful wife one day, “have you heard that the local store, standing empty for so long, is taken over by a bright young businesswoman ”
Her dull and indifferent (漠不关心的) husband replied that he had not. “But it is, it is,” she replied excitedly. Mr Dull-Husband made no reply.
“Don’t you want to know her plans ” she cried with some impatience.
“Well, clearly you think it matters to your silly little head... so I’d better listen.”
“Well, my dear, the rumour (传言) is that she has already set up a string of successful businesses in northern England, though how a woman can know anything about that is beyond me. She will move in herself next month.” “What is her name ” “Bingley.”
“Is she married or single ”
“What a question! And none of your business. But her coming will be a fine thing for our five boys.” “How so How can it possibly affect them ”
“My dear love; those lazy boys need something to wake them up. There are bound to be jobs going.”
“Is that her point in settling here Surely as a woman she has simply taken a fancy to the place.”
“Nonsense, my love, how little you’ve noticed the world has changed. She’s got a first-rate degree and some sort of business qualification, I’m told. She surely needs one of our boys! Perhaps you might give her a call.”
“Me No. Perhaps you can take an interest. You still have your looks, after all. She may even offer you a job.” “Oh, that’s not likely. These new chances belong to the younger generation. But now you mention it, I think I’ll go along all the same.”
And Mrs Bennet went along. That was 10 years ago. She is now managing director of a FTSE-listed company.
...It would remain the case, of course, that Mrs Bennet would be one of very few women on the company board, that her salary would be lower than her male colleagues, her bonus of a more “female” dimension and her lifespan (年限) among the city’s business leaders shorter than theirs. Still, she’d no doubt have enjoyed Davos — and might even have hobnobbed (攀谈) with influential figures.
56. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage
A. Austen was born 200 years ago.
B. Austen rewrote Pride and Prejudice.
C. Austen’s success lies in her wisdom.
D. Austen’s updated work gains popularity.
57. The underlined part in the passage suggests that Mrs Bennet ____.
A. had mixed feelings of admiration and surprise about Bingley
B. felt kind of worried and doubtful about Bingley
C. was extremely anxious to meet Bingley
D. had a great curiosity about Bingley
58. In the eyes of Mrs Bennet, Bingley surely needed one of their boys to ____.
A. get married to B. work for her
C. help her move in D. take over her store
59. What does the writer intend to tell us
A. Women with brains can also be as successful as men.
B. Women have to pay a high price for success.
C. A judgment must be made free from prejudice.
D. Sex discrimination still exists nowadays.
【答案】56. C 57. A 58. B 59. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章巧妙套用世界名著《傲慢与偏见》章节，独辟蹊径夹叙夹议，深刻评述性别歧视依然存在的这一社会现实。
【56题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章的第二段的“Austen’s popularity is rooted in her intelligence(奥斯汀的受欢迎源于她的智慧。)”可知，奥斯丁的成功在于她的智慧。故选C项。
【57题详解】
推理判断题。画线句的这句话的理解关键是对“beyond me”的理解，这个词组意思是“超出我的理解”，即我不能理解一个女性是怎么知道这些东西的，由此推知Mrs Bennet对Bingley的行为既敬佩又惊讶。故选A项。
【58题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第十一段的“There are bound to be jobs going(肯定会有工作的)。”和倒数第四段的“She surely needs one of our boys!(她肯定需要我们家男孩子中的一个!)”可以推断出，Mrs Bennet认为Bingley会需要他们家的一个男孩为她工作。故选B项。
【59题详解】
推理判断题。通读全文并结合文章最后一段中“It would remain the case, of course, Mrs Bennet would be one of very few women on the company board, that her salary would be lower than her male colleagues(当然，班纳特太太仍将是公司董事会中为数不多的女性之一，她的薪水将低于她的男同事)”可知，公司委员会的女性还是很少，Mrs Bennet的奖金还是比男性同事要少。可推知，作者想告诉我们性别歧视还是存在。选D项。
（B）
(You may read the questions first.)
Interested in learning simple moves which can lead to a less stressed-out you Join our eight-week course of training Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction. Below is a brief introduction of our four strategies to build the ability to recover from stress.
Body Scan For many of us, work can be so mentally exhausting that it’s possible to forget that we have an entire body attached to our head. The body-scan meditation is a chance to help you tune in to the tiny pains that we often don’t even notice. It can last anywhere from one to 20 minutes, and it’s easy to do while lying in bed. Here’s how to do it: lie down or sit still in a chair with your eyes closed, and begin to sense every part of the body in turn, starting at your toes and traveling up from there. It’s a good way for us to release tension we don’t even realize we’re experiencing.
Gentle Yoga Mindfulness isn’t all closed eyes and a statue-still position. Stretching, too, can be meditation. Mindful movement is also a way to pay attention. The point isn’t to twist into a complex body position, but to better understand the body’s limits and potential. Cycle through slow, gentle poses, like placing a knee to your chest while lying on your back, or a simple cat-cow (pictured) on all fours. Before you start, set aside at few minutes to calm down and focus on your breath. And once you’re done, spend a few moments lying flat on your back with your muscles relaxed.
Breathing Exercise Simply breathing while paying attention to the breath is the heart of any mindfulness practice. The goal isn’t to clear the mind but to let thoughts pass like clouds without getting sucked into what they might mean. Rather than identifying with a thought or getting caught up in it, the participant notices the thought and then says goodbye to it. That way, people can have a little bit more freedom in how to respond to internal stimuli like their thoughts. To cultivate awareness of the breath, find a relaxed seat and notice—without thinking about it or trying to change it—how you breathe in and out. Build up to a 15-to-20-minute practice.
Walking Meditation Walking is a good framework for practicing mindfulness. (Ideally, this should be done without the pressure of having to get anywhere on a particular schedule.) Find a quiet place inside or outdoors to take your stroll. While you walk, focus on each small, slow step: the lifting of one foot, the heel-first transfer of weight, the shift to the other. Every time your foot hits the ground, bring your attention to your breath and the feelings in your body. Walking meditation is more manageable than, say, sitting still in the dark, and it can also alleviate pain in the process. Try to practice mindful walking, at any pace, for 10 to 30 minutes.
60. Gentle Yoga and Breathing Exercise are similar in that both of them __________.
A. involve stretching bodies considerably
B. call for controlling people’s breath
C. empty pressure from mind temporarily
D. help people reduce body movement
61. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true
A. People can do their walking meditation at their own pace
B. Doing body scan can let go of the unnoticed tension.
C. Before doing gentle yoga, people need to lie down and relax muscles.
D. Breathing exercise requires people to breathe in a usual way
62. Chris is a student who tends to overthink everything and prefers to stay still, so practising __________ fits her most.
A. Body scan B. Gentle yoga
C. Breathing exercise D. Walking meditation
63. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage
A. Warming up activity is required before doing these exercises.
B. These exercises are better functioned when done indoors.
C. The more time you spend on the exercises, the better result you get.
D. Your body keeps in a motionless state when doing body scan.
【答案】60. B 61. C 62. C 63. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章对一项为期八周的减压训练课程中的四种策略做了简要介绍。
【60题详解】
推理判断题。根据Gentle Yoga部分倒第二句“Before you start, set aside at few minutes to calm down and focus on your breath.(在开始之前，留出几分钟的时间让自己冷静下来，专注于自己的呼吸。)”和Breathing Exercise部分第一句“Simply breathing while paying attention to the breath is the heart of any mindfulness practice.(简单地呼吸，同时注意呼吸是任何正念练习的核心。)”可知，温和瑜伽和呼吸练习的相似之处在于都要求控制人的呼吸。故选B。
【61题详解】
细节理解题。根据Gentle Yoga部分最后一句“And once you’re done, spend a few moments lying flat on your back with your muscles relaxed.(一旦你完成，花几分钟平躺，放松你的肌肉。)”可知，是在完成温和瑜伽之后人们需要躺下放松肌肉。故选C。
【62题详解】
推理判断题。根据Breathing Exercise部分前三句“Simply breathing while paying attention to the breath is the heart of any mindfulness practice. The goal isn’t to clear the mind but to let thoughts pass like clouds without getting sucked into what they might mean. Rather than identifying with a thought or getting caught up in it, the participant notices the thought and then says goodbye to it.(简单地呼吸，同时注意呼吸是任何正念练习的核心。这样做的目的不是让头脑清醒，而是让思绪像云一样散去，而不是被它们可能的意思所吸引。参与者不是认同一个想法或陷入其中，而是注意到这个想法，然后对它说再见。)”可知，克里斯是一个凡事都想太多，喜欢静止不动的学生，所以练习呼吸练习最适合她。故选C。
【63题详解】
推理判断题。根据Body Scan部分倒第二句“Here’s how to do it: lie down or sit still in a chair with your eyes closed, and begin to sense every part of the body in turn, starting at your toes and traveling up from there.(方法如下：闭上眼睛躺在椅子上或一动不动地坐着，开始依次感受身体的每一个部位，从脚趾开始，然后向上移动。)”可知，在做身体扫描时，你的身体保持静止状态。故选D。
（C）
Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to harness people’s self-interest in the service of the common good. The threat of a ticket keeps drivers in line, and the promise of a bonus inspires high performance. But incentives can also backfire, diminishing the very behavior they’re meant to encourage.
A generation ago, Richard Titmuss claimed that paying people to donate blood reduced the supply. Economists were skeptical, citing a lack of evidence. But since then, new data and models have prompted a sea of changes in how economists think about incentives — showing, among other things, that Titmuss was right often enough that businesses should take note.
Experimental economists have found that offering to pay women for donating blood decreases the number willing to donate by almost half and that letting them contribute the payment to charity reverses the effect. Dozens of recent experiments show that rewarding self-interest with economic incentives can backfire when they undermine what Adam Smith called “the moral sentiments”. The psychology here has confused blackboard economists, but it will be no surprise to people in business: when we take a job or buy a car, we are not only trying to get stuff — we are also trying to be a certain kind of person. People desire to be esteemed by others and to be seen as ethical and dignified. And they don’t want to be taken for suckers. Rewarding blood donations may backfire because it suggests that the donor is less interested in being selfless than in making a buck. Incentives also run into trouble when they signal that the employer mistrusts the employee or is greedy. Close supervision of workers coupled with pay for performance is textbook economics — and a prescription for gloomy employees.
Perhaps most important, incentives affect what our actions signal, whether we’re being self-interested or civic-minded, manipulated or trusted, and they can imply — sometimes wrongly — what motivates us. Fines or public criticism that appeal to our moral sentiments by signaling social disapproval (think of littering) can be highly effective. But incentives go wrong when they offend or diminish our ethical sensibilities.
This does not mean it’s impossible to appeal to self-interested and ethical motivations at the same time — just that efforts to do so often fail. Ideally, policies support socially valued ends not only by harnessing self-interest but also by encouraging public-spiritedness. The small tax on plastic grocery bags enacted in Ireland in 2002 that resulted in their virtual elimination appears to have had such an effect. It punished offenders monetarily while conveying a moral message. Carrying a plastic bag joined wearing a fur coat in the gallery of antisocial conduct.
64. From the first two paragraphs, we know that __________.
A. economists didn’t agree with Titmuss for the lack of empirical evidence
B. organizational and social progresses depend on economic incentives
C. economic incentives actually discourage people to behave well
D. economists now prompt businesses to note down Titmuss’s claim
65. According to experimental economists, __________.
A. more money is offered, fewer people donate blood
B. a decreasing number of people donate blood for charity
C. economic incentives may run in the opposite direction
D. economic incentives clash with “the moral sentiments”
66. We know from the text that incentives to are characterized as __________.
A. double-edged B. self-interested
C. counter-productive D. public-spirited
67. The small tax on plastic grocery bags in Ireland is mentioned to show that __________.
A. Ireland is determined to eliminate plastic pollution
B. incentive policies by the government are more effective
C. incentives can make use of self-interest and encourage good deeds
D. monetary punishments usually have moral implications
【答案】64. A 65. C 66. A 67. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。组织和社会依靠罚款和奖励来利用人们的个人利益来服务于共同利益，但激励也可能适得其反，削弱它们本来想要鼓励的行为。文章对此进行了介绍。
【64题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段前两句“A generation ago, Richard Titmuss claimed that paying people to donate blood reduced the supply. Economists were skeptical, citing a lack of evidence.(上一代人之前，理查德·提特莫斯声称，付钱让人们献血会减少血液供应。经济学家对此持怀疑态度，理由是缺乏证据。)”可知，从前两段中可知经济学家因为缺乏经验证据不同意提特莫斯的观点。故选A。
【65题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“Experimental economists have found that offering to pay women for donating blood decreases the number willing to donate by almost half, and that letting them contribute the payment to charity reverses the effect.(实验经济学家发现，向献血的女性提供报酬会使愿意献血的人数减少近一半，而让她们将报酬捐给慈善机构则会逆转这种效果。)”可知，根据实验经济学家的说法，经济激励可能会朝着相反的方向运行。故选C。
【66题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to harness people’s self-interest in the service of the common good. The threat of a ticket keeps drivers in line, and the promise of a bonus inspires high performance. But incentives can also backfire, diminishing the very behavior they’re meant to encourage.(组织和社会依靠罚款和奖励来利用人们的个人利益来服务于共同利益。罚单的威胁会让司机守规矩，奖金的承诺会激励他们表现出色。但激励也可能适得其反，削弱它们本来想要鼓励的行为。)”可知，激励是一把双刃剑。故选A。
【67题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段前两句“This does not mean it’s impossible to appeal to self-interested and ethical motivations at the same time — just that efforts to do so often fail. Ideally, policies support socially valued ends not only by harnessing self-interest but also by encouraging public-spiritedness.(这并不意味着不可能同时兼顾自利和道德动机——只是这样做的努力往往会失败。理想情况下，政策支持有社会价值的目标，不仅要利用自身利益，还要鼓励公益精神。)”可知，爱尔兰对塑料购物袋征收的小额税表明，激励措施可以利用个人利益，并鼓励做好事。故选C。
（D）
Back in 1964, in his book Games People Play, psychiatrist Eric Berne described a pattern of conversation he called “Why Don’t You — Yes But”, which remains one of the most annoying aspects of everyday social life. The person adopting the strategy is usually a chronic complainer. Something is terrible about their relationship, job, or other situation, and they complain about it endlessly, but find some excuse to dismiss any solution that’s proposed. The reason, of course, is that on some level they don’t want a solution; they want to be validated (认可) in their position that the world is out to get them. If they can “win” the game — dismissing every suggestion until interlocutor (对话者) gives up in annoyance — they get to feel pleasurably righteous (正当的) in their anger and excused from any obligation to change.
Part of the trouble here is the so-called responsibility/fault fallacy (谬误). When you’re feeling hard done by — taken for granted by your partner, say, or obliged to work for a stupid boss — it’s easy to become attached to the position that it’s not your job to address the matter, and that doing so would be an admission of fault. But there’s a confusion here. For example, if I were to discover a newborn at my front door, it wouldn’t be my fault, but it most certainly would be my responsibility. There would be choices to make, and no possibility of avoiding them, since trying to ignore the matter would be a choice. The point is that what goes for the baby on the doorstep is true in all cases: even if the other person is 100% in the wrong, there’s nothing to be gained, long-term, from using this as a justification to evade responsibility.
Should you find yourself on the receiving end of this kind of complaining, there’s a clever way to shut it down — which is to agree with it. Psychotherapist Lori Gottlieb describes this as “over-validation”. For one thing, you’ll be spared further complaining, since the other person’s motivation was to confirm her beliefs, and now you’re confirming them. But for another, as Gottlieb notes, people confronted with over-validation often hear their complaints afresh and start arguing back. The concept that they’re utterly powerless suddenly seems unrealistic, not to mention rather annoying — so they’re prompted instead to generate ideas about how they might change things.
“And then, sometimes, something magical might happen, ” Gotlieb writes. The other person “might realize she’s not as trapped as you are saying she is, or as she feels. ” Avoiding responsibility feels comfortable, but turns out to be a prison; whereas assuming responsibility feels unpleasant, but ends up being freeing.
68. What is the characteristic of a chronic complainer, according to Eric Berne
A. They are angry about their ill treatment and feel bitter towards whoever tries to help.
B. They are habitually unhappy and endlessly find fault with people around them.
C. They constantly dismiss others’ proposals while taking no responsibility for dealing with the problem.
D. They lack the basic skills required for successful conversations with others.
69. What does the author try to illustrate with the example of the newborn on one’s doorstep
A. People tend to think that one should not be held responsible for others’ mistakes.
B. It is easy to become attached to the position of overlooking one’s own fault.
C. People are often at a loss when confronted with a number of choices.
D. A distinction should be drawn between responsibility and fault.
70. What does the author advise people to do to chronic complainers
A. Stop them from going further by agreeing with them.
B. Listen to their complaints attentively and sympathetically.
C. Ask them to validate their beliefs with further evidence.
D. Persuade them to clarify the confusion they caused.
71. Which of the following is the best title for the passage
A. What is the responsibility/fault fallacy for chronic complainers
B. How can you avoid dangerous traps in everyday social life
C. Who are chronic complainers and how to deal with them
D. Why should we stop being a chronic complainer and assume responsibility
【答案】68. C 69. D 70. A 71. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了长期抱怨者会不停地抱怨，但是从不负起责任解决问题，他们试图从对话者的恼怒中获得正义感，从而逃避改变的责任，这背后的原因部分在于他们混淆了责任和错误。对待长期抱怨者，我们需要的是同意他们的观点，促使他们自己产生改变的想法。
【68题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中“The person adopting the strategy is usually a chronic complainer. Something is terrible about their relationship, job, or other situation, and they complain about it endlessly, but find some excuse to dismiss any solution that’s proposed.(采用这种策略的人通常是一个长期抱怨者。他们的关系、工作或其他情况有些糟糕，他们不停地抱怨，但却找借口拒绝任何提出的解决方案)”可知，长期的抱怨者会一直拒绝他人的解决方案，不停地抱怨却不负责解决问题。故选C项。
【69题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段中“For example, if I were to discover a newborn at my front door, it wouldn’t be my fault, but it most certainly would be my responsibility.(例如，如果我在家门口发现一个新生儿，这不是我的错，但肯定是我的责任)”和“The point is that what goes for the baby on the doorstep is true in all cases: even if the other person is 100% in the wrong, there’s nothing to be gained, long-term, from using this as a justification to evade responsibility.(问题的关键在于，在所有情况下，门口的婴儿都是真实的：即使另一方100%是错的，从长远来看，以此作为逃避责任的理由是没有任何好处的)”可知，在家门口发现新生儿的例子说明了错误不在自己，但仍需负起责任，不能因为不是自己的错误就逃避负责任。作者举这个例子是为了说明错误和责任之间有明显的区别，不能混为一谈。故选D项。
【70题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Should you find yourself on the receiving end of this kind of complaining, there’s a clever way to shut it down — which is to agree with it.(如果你发现自己是这种抱怨的接受者，有一个聪明的方法可以让它停止——那就是同意它)”可知，面对长期的抱怨者，让他们停止抱怨的方法就是赞同他们。故选A项。
【71题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章介绍了长期抱怨者会不停地抱怨，但是从不负起责任解决问题，他们试图从对话者的恼怒中获得正义感，从而逃避改变的责任，这背后的原因部分他们在于混淆了责任和错误。对待长期抱怨者，我们需要的是同意他们的观点，促使他们自己产生改变的想法。由此可知，C项“谁是长期抱怨者？如何处理他们？”符合文章大意，对应了文中对长期抱怨者的描述以及提出的解决方法，适合作为文章标题。故选C项。
Section C
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
The quality of patience goes a long way toward your goal of creating a more peaceful and loving self. The more patient you are, the more accepting you will be of what life is, rather than insisting that life be exactly as you would like it to be. Without patience, life is extremely frustrating. ____72____ Patience adds some ease and acceptance to your life. It’s important for inner peace.
____73____ If you are stuck in a traffic jam, late for an appointment, being patient would mean keeping yourself from building a mental snowball before your thinking gets out of hand and gently reminding yourself to relax. It might also be a good time to breathe as well as an opportunity to remind yourself that, in the bigger scheme of things, being late is “small stuff”.
Patience is a quality of heart that can be greatly enhanced with deliberate practice.____74____ They are the periods of time that I set up in my mind to practise the art of patience. Life itself becomes a classroom, and the curriculum is patience. You can start with as little as five minutes and build up your capacity for patience over time. What you’ll discover is truly amazing. Your intention to be patient, especially if you know it’s only for a short while, immediately strengthens your capacity for patience. Patience is one of those qualities where success feeds on itself. Once you reach little milestone—five minutes of successful patience—you’ll begin to see that you do indeed have the capacity to be patient, even for longer periods of time. Over time, you may even become a patient person.
Being patient will help you to keep your perspective. You will see even a difficult situation, say your present challenge, isn’t “life or death” but simply a minor obstacle that must be dealt with. ____75____
A. An effective way that I have found to deepen my own patience is to create actual practise periods.
B. You are more easily annoyed and bothered.
C. It is generally believed that the quality of being patient is very difficult to develop.
D. Becoming more patient involves opening your heart to the present moment, even if you don’t like it.
E. Without patience, you will see the same scene as an emergency complete with yelling, frustration, hurt feelings and high blood pressure.
F. If you lack patience, you are destined to fail in what you are pursuing.
【答案】72. B 73. D 74. A 75. E
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述“耐心”。耐心的品质对你创造一个更平和、更有爱的自我的目标大有帮助。你越有耐心，你就会越能接受生活的本来面目，而不是坚持生活就是你想要的样子。
【72题详解】
根据前句“Without patience, life is extremely frustrating. (没有耐心，生活是极其令人沮丧的。)”和后句“Patience adds some ease and acceptance to your life. (耐心会给你的生活增添一些轻松和接纳。)”可知，这里介绍没有耐心带来的烦恼。所以B项“You are more easily annoyed and bothered.（你更容易生气和烦恼。）”符合上下文语境。故选B。
【73题详解】
根据后句“If you are stuck in a traffic jam, late for an appointment, being patient would mean keeping yourself from building a mental snowball before your thinking gets out of hand and gently reminding yourself to relax. (如果你遇到交通堵塞，约会迟到，耐心意味着在你的思维失控之前，不要让自己堆积一个心理雪球，并温柔地提醒自己放松。)”可知，遇到不开心的事情也要有耐心。所以D项“Becoming more patient involves opening your heart to the present moment, even if you don’t like it.（要变得更有耐心，就要敞开你的心扉，即使你不喜欢，也要活在当下。）符合上下文语境。故选D。
74题详解】
根据前句“Patience is a quality of heart that can be greatly enhanced with deliberate practice. (耐心是一种可以通过有意识练习大大提高的心的品质。)”和后句“They are the periods of time that I set up in my mind to practise the art of patience. (它们是我在头脑中建立起来的一段时间来练习耐心的艺术。)”可知，耐心是可以通过练习来实现的。A项 “An effective way that I have found to deepen my own patience is to create actual practice periods.（我发现一个加深自己耐心的有效方法是进行实际训练。）符合上下文语境。故选A。
【75题详解】
根据前句“You will see even a difficult situation, say your present challenge, isn’t “life or death” but simply a minor obstacle that must be dealt with. (你会看到即使是困难的情况，比如你现在面临的挑战，也不是“生或死”，而只是一个必须处理的小障碍。)”可知，这里介绍遇到困难没有耐心的情况。E项 “Without patience, you will see the same scene as an emergency complete with yelling, frustration, hurt feelings.（如果没有耐心，你会看到和紧急情况一样的场景，充满了叫喊、沮丧和受伤的感觉。）符合上下文语境。故选E。
第Ⅱ卷
Ⅳ. Summary (10 points)
76. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
Why Socks Help You Sleep Better
If you’re one of those people who has trouble falling asleep, listen up. You might fall asleep 15 minutes earlier and wake up far less during the night if you put on a pair of socks at bedtime.
To understand why you first need to grasp the relationship between core body temperature and sleep. During daylight hours, the human body hums along at an average temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (37 degrees Celsius). But at night, your core body temperature dips as much as 2 degrees Fahrenheit (1.2 degrees Celsius) over the course of six or seven hours of sleep.
This gradual decrease in core body temperature, as it turns out, is a key part of the complicated neurobiological (神经生物学) dance of falling asleep and staying asleep. And the faster you can lower the core body temperature, the faster you will fall asleep. Researchers have show that warming the feet before going to sleep using a warm feet bath or by wearing socks promotes vasodilation (血管扩张), which in turn lowers the body’s core temperature faster than going to sleep with cold, bare feet.
Scientists suppose that socked feet have a neurological effect as well. Inside the brain’s “thermostat (恒湿器)” is a type of neuron called a warm-sensitive neuron (WSN) that increases its firing rate when there’s a temperature difference between the body’s core temperature and extremities like the feet. Research has shown that WSN firing rates go way up on the beginning or slow wave or deep sleep and gradually decrease prior to waking up. So WSNs may play a role in generating the sensation of sleepiness that helps us fall asleep and stay asleep. And if that is the case, warming up the feet before bed time gives WSNs an extra power.
In a small study, researchers found that wearing a pair of special sleeping socks not only sped up the beginning of sleep, but increased overall sleep time by an average of 30 minutes and cut nighttime waking periods in half.
If you are worried about becoming too warm while wearing socks in bed, look for ones made of natural breathable fibers.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Putting on a pair of socks at bedtime helps you sleep better. Wearing socks promotes vasodilation, lowering the body’s core temperature faster, so that you will fall asleep faster. Warming up the feet before bed time gives WSNs an extra power generating the sensation of sleepiness that helps us fall asleep and stay asleep.
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，睡前穿双袜子能让你睡得更好。穿袜子可以促进血管舒张，更快地降低身体的核心温度，这样你就会更快地入睡。在睡觉前给脚预热给热敏神经器官元额外的能量产生困倦的感觉，帮助我们入睡并保持睡眠状态。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①You might fall asleep 15 minutes earlier and wake up far less during the night if you put on a pair of socks at bedtime.
②And the faster you can lower the core body temperature, the faster you will fall asleep. Researchers have show that warming the feet before going to sleep using a warm feet bath or by wearing socks promotes vasodilation (血管扩张), which in turn lowers the body’s core temperature faster than going to sleep with cold, bare feet.
③So WSNs may play a role in generating the sensation of sleepiness that helps us fall asleep and stay asleep. And if that is the case, warming up the feet before bed time gives WSNs an extra power.
2.缜密构思
将第1个要点进行重组，将第2、3两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
It helps you sleep better to put on a pair of socks at bedtime.
Wearing socks promotes vasodilation, which lowers the body’s core temperature faster, so that you will fall asleep faster.
It is warming up the feet before bed time that gives WSNs an extra power generating the sensation of sleepiness that helps us fall asleep and stay asleep.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Warming up the feet before bed time gives WSNs an extra power generating the sensation of sleepiness that helps us fall asleep and stay asleep. (运用了that引导的定语从句和现在分词作后置定语)
[高分句型2] Wearing socks promotes vasodilation, lowering the body’s core temperature faster, so that you will fall asleep faster. (运用了动名词作主语、现在分词作后置定语和so that引导的结果状语从句)
Ⅴ. Translation (4+4+4+4+4=20points)
77. 对那些正义感强的人来说，为酗酒导致不能正常工作的人捐款既不能终止苦痛，也不能为他指引正确的方向。（function）
_____________________________________________________________
【答案】For those with a strong sense of justice, donating to a person whose alcoholism made him unable to function properly will neither end the suffering nor point him in the right direction.
【解析】
【详解】考查情态动词、名词和定语从句。表示“捐款”应用动词donate；表示“酗酒”应用名词alcoholism；表示“工作”应用动词function；表示“正常地”应用副词properly；表示“终止痛苦”应用短语end the suffering；表示“指引正确方向”短语为point him in the right direction；表示“对那些正义感强的人来说”应用短语for those with a strong sense of justice。分析句子可知，这里使用动名词donating to a person作主语，使用whose alcoholism made him unable to function properly作person的定语从句，使用end和point作谓语动词。故翻译为For those with a strong sense of justice, donating to a person whose alcoholism made him unable to function properly will neither end the suffering nor point him in the right direction.
78. 当场抓住小偷后，这个有道德的青少年收获了欢呼与掌声，让他感觉似乎是某个励志故事的男主角。（greet）
_____________________________________________________________
【答案】After catching the thief on the spot, the ethical teenager was greeted with cheers and applause, making him feel like the hero of some inspirational story.
【解析】
【详解】考查非谓语动词、介词短语、动词时态语态和形容词。“在...之后”是介词after，后面用动名词作宾语，“抓住小偷”是catch the thief，“当场”是介词短语on the spot，“有道德的”是形容词ethical，作定语修饰名词“青少年”teenager，主语teenager和谓语“收获了”greet with是被动关系，表示过去发生的事用一般过去时，宾语是“欢呼与掌声” cheers and applause，“让某人做某事”是make somebody do，和谓语动词之间没有连词，用现在分词表主动，“感觉似乎”是feel like，“某个励志故事的男主角” 表示为the hero of some inspirational story，形容词inspirational作定语，故翻译为After catching the thief on the spot, the ethical teenager was greeted with cheers and applause, making him feel like the hero of some inspirational story.
79. 直到意识到此次灾害的严重性，政府才安排心理治疗师为从暴风雨受灾地区撤离的居民疏导焦虑情绪。（It; recognize）
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【答案】It was not until the severity of the disaster was recognized that the government deployed psychotherapists to help residents evacuated from storm-hit areas manage their anxiety.
【解析】
【详解】考查固定句式和一般过去时。此处描述过去的事情，应用一般过去时。表示“直到……才”应用it was not until...that，此处为it强调句。表示“此次灾害的严重性”应用the severity of the disaster，表示“意识到”应用动词recognize，和主语构成被动关系，用一般过去时的被动语态，表示“政府”应用名词 the government，表示“安排心理治疗师”应用deploy psychotherapists，表示“帮助某人做某事”应用help sb do，此处应用to do不定式作目的状语。表示“居民”应用resident，表示“从暴风雨受灾地区撤离的”应用过去分词短语evacuated from storm-hit areas作后置定语，表示“疏导焦虑情绪”应用manage their anxiety。再结合其它汉语意思，故翻译为It was not until the severity of the disaster was recognized that the government deployed psychotherapists to help residents evacuated from storm-hit areas manage their anxiety.。
80. 那些对当地风貌期望过高的游客大老远来到山区，却发现曾经延伸到地平线的森林全都消失不见了。（expect）
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【答案】Tourists who expected too much from the local scene came all the way to the mountains, only to find that the forests that once stretched to the horizon had disappeared.
【解析】
【详解】考查时态、动词不定式和定语从句。表示“游客”应用tourists，表示