（2019外研版）选修三unit 3 War and peace 讲义（精讲）
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| 名称 | （2019外研版）选修三unit 3 War and peace 讲义（精讲） |  | |
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| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2024-05-06 18:43:26 | ||
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中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
Unit 3
主谓一致
在英语中，谓语受主语支配，必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致,即主谓一致。一般来说,主谓一致要遵循三个原则:语法一致原则，意义一致原则和就近一致原则。
一：语法一致原则:即在语法形式上取得一致，谓语动词的单复数形式由主语的单复数形式决定。
单数名词，不可数名词，单个动词不定式短语，单个动名词短语以及单个句子作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。
To see is to believe.眼见为实。
Reading aloud is very important in learning English.
学习英语时朗读非常重要。
When they could finish the task is not known yet.
他们何时能完成任务还未知.
Whoever wants to join in the competition is asked to sign his/her name here.
要参加比赛的人需要在这里签名
注意:what引导的主语从句充当主语时.有时要以what所指代的词的意义来决定谓语动词的数。
What he said is true.他所说的是真的。(what指“话”)
What we need are more volunteers.
我们所需要的是更多的志愿者。(what指volunteers)
2.由连接词and或both...and...连接的名词、动词不定试(短语)、动名词(短语)以及句子作主语时,谓语动词要用复数形式。
What he said and what he did have greatly encouraged the their students.
他说的话及其行为极大地鼓舞了其他学生。
Both his father and his mother are advanced workers.
他的爸爸和妈妈都是先进工作者。
注意:有时，一些用and连接的主语表达的却是单数的概念，这时谓语动词也应用单数形式。
(1)用and连接的名词表示同一人,同一物或同一概念作主语时
那位作家教授正在做讲座。
“each/every/no/many a(n)+单数名词+and+each/ every/no/many a(n)+单数名词”作主语时
Every hour and every minute is precious.每一小时,每一分钟，都很宝贵。
No man and no woman is allowed to enter the hall.
任何人都不允许进入大厅。
3.“名词 +as well as, rather than, like, but, except, besides, with, together with, along with,including.b addition to+名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词同第一个名词的数保持一致。
Tom as well as two of his friends was invited to the party.
汤姆以及他的两个朋友一起被邀请参加宴会了
Nobody but one teacher and three students was in the lab.
实验室只有一个老师和三个学生。
“more than one 或many a(n)+单数名词”作主语时,尽管其意义为复数，但谓语动词还是用单数形式。
More than one student is against the decision.
不止一个学生反对这个决定。
Many a page in this book is missing.
这本书缺了许多页.
不定代词either,neither,each或“no+单数名词"和由some,any,no,every与thing,body,one 构成的复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
Nothing in the world moves faster than light.
世上没有什么东西比光传播得更快。
Each of the answer is worth 20 points.每题为20分。
注意:若none of后面的名词是不可数名词,它的谓语动词就要用单数形式;若它后面的名词是复数,它的谓语动词用单数形式或复数形式都可以。
None of the money has been spent on repairs.
这笔钱没有花费在维修方面.
None of the passengers were/was aware of the danger.
乘客中没有一个意识到危险的存在。
6.由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of+名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。
The majority of doctors believe smoking is harmful to health.
大多数医生都认为吸烟有害健康。
The majority of the damage is easy to repair.
这次的损害大部分都容易补救。
The rest of the books were returned to the library.
其余的书都归还给图书馆了。
7."a large amount of+不可数名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 “large amounts of+不可数名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
A large amount of damage was done in a short time.
在短时间内就造成了巨大的损失。
在定语从句中，关系代词that，who,which 等作主语时，其调语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。
who am your teacher . will do my best to help you.
我是你的老师，我会尽全力帮助你的。
Those who have finished the work can go home first.
那些已完成工作的人可以先回家。
注意:"one of the+复数名词+who/which/that引导的定语从句”中，若关系代词在定语从句中充当主语,谓语动词常用复数形式。若one前有the(only/very/right)修询时，从句中的调语动词用单数形式。
He was one of the students who were given a prize.
他是那些获奖的学生之一.
I was the only one in my office who was invited.
我是办公室里唯一受到邀请的人.
由两部分组成的表示衣物或工具的名询作主语时。如
glasses,spectacles,shoes,boots,trousers/pants,compasses,chopsticks,
scissors,socks等，请语动词通常用复数，但这类词如用a pair of修饰时，请语动词用单数。
Here are some new pairs of shoes.这里有儿双新鞋.
A pair of shoes is lying under the bed.
床底下有一双鞋。
10.由"...kind/form/type/sort/species/series:+of+名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于这些调的单复数而不是它们后面所跟的名词。
All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome.
必须克服各种各样的困难
This kind/sort of questions is very difficult.这种问题很难.
单句语法填空
1.Being self-critical__________(be)very important for your own personal improvement.
2. Whether they could realise their objectives__________(be)not known yet.
3 What they need_________(be)more outstanding and skilled mechanics.
4. What the commander said and what he did________(have) greatly encouraged the other soldiers.
5.The secretary and manager______(be)making an analysis of the sales report of last year at the meeting right now.
6.Every boy and every girl present at the seminar_____(be) condemning the school violence.
7.Jack along with his roommates________(be) getting along well with each other.
8. No one but Duke and Tom_________(be)injured nonetheless.
9.As is known to us all, many a masterpiece of that time______(be) timeless and invaluable.
10. The majority of deaths from lung cancer_________ (be) associated with too much smoking.
语法填空
Polluting the air 1.______(be) the price we pay for an overpopulated, over-industrialized planet. When you come to think about pollution. there 2.______(be)four ways you can deal with rubbish: dump it, burn it, turn it into something you can use again, and attempt to produce less of it. Trying all four methods 3.______(be) kept but the sheer volume of rubbish we produce 4.________(threaten) to overwhelm us.
Rubbish,however.5________ ( be ) only part of the problem of polluting our planet. The fact that ever-increasing quantities of cheap food 6.______(be ) needed to be produced 7.______( lead ) to a different kind of pollution. Industrialized farming methods produce cheap meat products: beef, pork and chicken. The use of pesticides and fertilizers 8.________(produce) cheap grain and vegetables. What we
pay for cheap food 9.________(be) already too high: Mad Cow Disease in cattle,10.________example.
难点1：
过去分词(短语)作定语
教材例句
...Allie troops made up mainly of British,Canadian and American
soldiers were gathering in large numbers..
主要由英国、加拿大和美国士兵组成的盟军正在大规模集结。
(2 ) ...it was the largest combined sea, air and land operation in history, the aim being to free north-west Europe from German occupation...
它是历史上规模最大的海、陆、空三方力量集结的行动，目的是解放德国占领的欧洲西北部地区。
An order issued by Supreme Allied Com mander General Eisenhower to the troops read..
盟军最高司令艾森豪威尔将军在鼓舞军队士气时说道……
过去分词作定语
(1)位置:单前短后单个过去分词 作定语常置于名词前，过去分词短语
作定语常置于名词后。被修饰的名词与它之间存在一种被动关系。
The boy looked up with a pleased expression.
男孩带着满意的表情举目而视。
The meeting held yesterday was of great importance.
昨天开的会议很重要.
常作后置定语的单个过去分词:given: provided. left
Please hurry! There is only five minutes left!请快点!只刺下五分钟了!
(2)过去分词短语作后置定语时，相当于一个限制性定语从句。(注意谓语/非谓语形式)
The concert given by their friends was a great success.
= The concert which/that was given by their friends was a great success.
他们的朋友举行的音乐会大为成功。
Most parents will have eagerly asked their child about their day,only to meet with a good”,quickly followed by"’I’m hungry”.
大多数父母都会急切地问他们的孩子一天过得怎么样。只得到一声"好”紧接着是"我饿了”.
②.Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US.照明约占美国总耗电量的7%。
③___________(write) communications can often read as cold and dull.书面交流经常会被理解为冷漠和无趣。
④ I even noticed a rainbow appear in the fog__________(cause)by a heat wave.
我甚至注意到一道彩虹出现在热浪引起的雾中。
⑤ As you descend,suddenly you see at last the________(hide)waterfall.你往下走，最终会突然发现那条隐秘的瀑布。
⑥ The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras_____(return )to our shop for quality problems.
厂家定期来收取由于质量问题退给我们店的相机。
难点2：
who.that.which 引导定语从句
教材例句
This marked one of the final stages of a top-secret operation that had been months，perhaps years, in the planning.
这标志着一场计划了数月,甚至可能是数年的绝密行动终于进入了最后阶段。
But even in the depths of war , few could have been prepared for the violence and horror they would experience there.
但就算是深陷战争，也很少有人能够做好准备,面临即将发生的残暴和恐怖。
关系词that/which代替先行词the violence and horror,在从句中作动词 experience的宾语，已省略
Boats were hit and men drowned,while those who did make it to the beach faced heavy machine gunfire.
船被击翻，一些人落水而亡,而那些成功登陆的人面对的则是机关枪的猛烈扫射。
1.who
(1)关系代词,指人,在从句中作主语或宾语,限制性定语从句中作宾语可省略,非限制性定语从句中不可省略。
(2)some,any,no,every 等+one/body构成的指人的不定代词作先行词,用 who/whom。
(3)先行词是those，指人用who.指物用 that。
2.that/which
关系代词,指物,在从句中作主语或宾语,在限制性定语从句中作宾语可省略。
当定语从句修饰“物”时，关系代词用that不用which的情况:
先行词本身是everything,anything, nothing,none.little.few 等代词时;
(2)当先行词被all,every,no,little few , the only , the very , the last , the same等修饰时;
(3)当先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级或被它们修饰时。
3.定语从句关系词的选择
一看定语从句的成分:缺主宾表定用关系代词;不缺主宾表定用关系副词。二看先行词。
I'll never forget the day ( that/which ) we spent together on the farm.
我永远不会忘记我们在农场一起度过的日子。
The shop(that/which)you visited is near the school.
你去的那家商店就在学校附近。
This is the house(that/which)I lived in three years ago.
这就是3年前我住的那所房子。
1.Anyone who is over sixteen is allowed in.16岁以上的人都可以进来。
② It is impolite to turn your back on someone________is speaking to you.
别人在跟你说话,你却不理睬,这是不礼貌的。
3 The plan was supported by those_________wished to improve their spoken English.
这个计划受到了那些想提高英语口语的人的支持。
③先行词分别是anyone,someone.those且指人，所以定语从句的关系词都用who
④ I know the girl__________you are talking about.
我认识你正在谈论的那个女孩。
先行词为the girl，关系词在从句中作宾语，关系词who.whom.that可以省略
⑤ This is the very book__________I lost yesterday.
这就是我昨天丢的那本书。
⑥Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures______
wild chimpanzees use to communicate.
研究人员表示，他们已经翻译出了野生黑猩猩用来交流的手势的含义。
⑦ I remember the days __________we spent together.
我记得我们一起度过的时光。
⑧ Please send us all the information__________you have about the candidates for the position
请你把所掌握的有关该职位候选人的所有信息发给我们。
that在从句中作实语可以省略，作主语不能省略
⑨Do not follow the people who make you feel not-good-enough.
不要追随那些让你感觉不够好的人。
⑩She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.
她还说，可能还有许多其他基因帮助巴瑶人潜水。
难点3：形容词作表语
教材例句
By mid-morning,hundreds lay dead in the water and amongst the tanks on the beach.
上午10点左右已有上百人在水中或在海滩上的坦克之间阵亡。
形容词的主要功能是作定语和表语,但有时也可作状语。如:
a dead animal 一只死去的动物(定语)
lie dead 死了(状态是“躺”)(表语)
He lay in bed, awake.
他躺在床上，没有睡着。(状语)
He arrived home, hungry and tired.他回到家里，又饿又累。(状语)
形容词作状语的特点是该形容词的逻辑主语就是句子主语，并且通常可以用并列句或主从复合句来改写。如以上两句可改写为:
He lay in bed and he was awake.
He arrived home and he was hungry and tired.
→ He was hungry and tired when he arrived home.
Snow was lying thick on the ground.厚厚的积雪覆盖着大地。
② These machines have lain idle since the factory closed.
工厂关闭以来,这些机器就一直闲置着。
③ Robinson Crusoe stared at the footprints,full of fear.
鲁滨逊·克鲁索看着这些脚印,心中充满恐惧。
④ He grows up, tall and strong.他长大了,又高又壮。
⑤ Unable to afford the time, I had to give up the plan.
由于抽不出时间,我不得不放弃该计划。
⑥ Strange to say, he did pass his exam after all.
说也奇怪，他考试还是通过了。
难点4现在分词(短语)作状语
教材例句
...killing thousands of Chinese civilians.…
…杀害了成千上万的中国平民。(作结果状语)
(2 ) ...making sure that previously warring par- ties keep to their agreements.…
…确保之前的交战各方遵守协议。(作伴随状语)
①现在分词(短语)作状语，表示原因:
Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday.
由于生病,他昨天没有去学校。
②现在分词(短语)作状语,表示时间:
Coming into the room , he found every- thing had changed.
当他进入房间时，他发现一切都变了。
③现在分词(短语)作状语,表示正常出现的、自然而然的结果:
His parents died when he was very young, leaving him an orphan.
他的父母在他很小的时候就去世了，这使他成为一名孤儿。
The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, allowing more patients to be treated.
医院最近获得了新医疗设备，从而使更多的病人得到治疗。
Newly-built wooden cottages line the street , turning the old town into a dream- land.
新建的木屋排列在街道两旁，把这座古老的城镇变成了梦幻的世界。
④现在分词(短语)作状语，表示伴随:
He sat there for two hours, considering how to design the advertisement.他坐在那里两个小时，考虑如何设计这则广告。
⑤现在分词(短语)作状语，表示方式:
Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way using the sun and the stars.就像古代的水手一样,鸟类可以利用太阳和星星找到它们的路。
1.Being very weak,she couldn't move.她由于身体非常虚弱而不能动。
②_________(approach ) the vehicle,they saw that a woman was trying to get out of the broken window.
走近这辆车，他们看到一个女子正在努力从破碎的车窗出来。
③ People from all the corners came to the city center,__________
(make)it very crowded.
人们从各个区域来到市中心使其变得很拥挤。
④ The boys left the side window,_________(laugh)merrily.
男孩子们愉快地笑着从侧窗离开了。
⑤ The girl is a student at Oxford University,__________(study)for a degree in English literature.
这个女孩是牛津大学的学生正在攻读英国文学学位。
⑥An avalanche once closed the path,_________( kill ) 63 people.
雪崩曾经封闭了道路，导致63人丧生。
⑦ People probably cooked their food in large pots,_________(use) twigs to remove it.
人们可能用大锅煮食物，用树枝把它移开。
⑧They'll come rushing in, saying their handbag's been stolen.
他们会冲进来，说他们的手提包被偷了。
⑨I got into a panic as I pressed firmly against the table and moved my
head around _________( try ) to find the right angle.
当我紧紧地按在桌子上,转动着头试图找到合适的角度时，我陷人了恐慌。
⑩One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow in experiments using some common vegetables.
他最近的一个项目是用一些普通的蔬菜做实验,让植物发光.
难点5 while 连接的并列句
数材例句
Peking University and Tsinghua University were occupied by Japanese troops, while Nankai University was completely destroyed by bombing.北京大学和清华大学被日本军队占领，南开大学被彻底炸毁。
while/but
*while作并列连词，意为“而.然而”表对比。
The son was having a good meal at home, while the parents were working in the fields.
儿子在家吃好饭而父母却在田里劳作。
but表转折。注意用心体会while与 but 在句中的用意。
Honey is sweet,but the bee stings蜂蜜是甜的，但蜜蜂会蜇人.
while 作从属连词的用法:
(1)引导时间状语从句。
We must strike ,while the iron is hot.我们必须趁热打铁。
(2)引导让步状语从句,意思是“虽然………
尽管……”(多放于句首)。
While he loves his students, he is very strict with them.
他虽然爱他的学生但是对他们很严格。
while/when/as
三者都可表示“当……的时候”。
when后的从句谓语动词既可以是续性动词,也可以是短暂性动词，且还可作并列连词，表示“这时”。
while 后的从句谓语动词只能是延性动词.强调主从句的两个动作同发生;while 也可作并列连词，表示个动作的对比，意为“而.然而”。 as 表示两个变化中动作的同时性意为“一边……一边……”
The coach is able to focus on the kids while the other parents are relieved to be off the hook for another season.
教练能够把精力集中在孩子们身上，而其他的父母因为下一个赛季不用操心而松口气。
②He got lost while playing in the street.他在街上玩的时候迷路了。 while playing=while he was playing...
③While I have only listed two of each . there are obviously many other situations that can arise.
尽管我每一点只列出了两条，但是很明显可能出现其他的状况.
④In the early 1970s,40per cent of children walked to school,while in 2010, it was as low as 15 per cent.
20 世纪70年代初，40%的儿童步行上学，而在2010年,这一比例低至15%。
⑤___________we have enough evidence,we can't win the case.
尽管我们有足够的证据，但是我们不能胜诉。
⑥ We were about to set out _________it began to rain.
我们刚要出发,天开始下雨了。
__________his mother was cooking in the kitchen , the boy fell asleep in the chair.
当母亲正在厨房做饭时，这个男孩在椅子上睡着了。
在一个延续动作发生的同时发生另一个动作
⑧At first I got jammed just above my eyes and then, as I went on with my task. unwilling to quit, my nose briefly prevented entry.
一开始我的眼睛上方被卡住了,然后，当我继续我的任务而不愿放弃时,我的鼻子暂时阻止了进入。
难点6‘only+介词短语’位于句首引起的部分倒装
教材例句
Only under difficult circumstances can students succeed.
只有在困难的情况下学生才能成功。
only倒装句总结
only+副词/介词短语/状语从句”位于句首引起部分倒装。only修饰状语从句时，主句部分倒装,与从句无关。
Only when the war was over could he return to his hometown.
只有到战争结束时，他才能返回自己的家乡。
对比:
only 位于句首修饰句子主语时不用倒装,使用正常的陈述语序。
Only the doctor can save his life.只有这名医生才能拯救他的生命。
①Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore...
只有在正餐时间我们会再在一起吃饭……
②Only then should you set your goals.
只有在那时，你才应该制定你的目标。
③ Only if the red light comes on___________there any danger to employees.
只有红灯闪亮时才有危及职工的险情。
④Only those who are loved can learn how to love others.
只有那些被爱的人才能学会如何去爱别人.
who 引导的定语从句修饰 those
本单元词组：
Unit 3
1. on standby 待命
2. have(...) confidence in 对...有(...)信心
3. prepare for 准备...
4. （be）made up of 由...构成
5. made it 成功，做成
6. free...from...使....摆脱...
7. （be）nothing less than 简直是；近乎
8. meet up with 偶然遇到
9. come up with 想出（计划，建议等）
10. in large numbers 大量地；大规模地
11. be set for 为...准备；被定在....；被设置为
12. become known as 作为...而出名
13. at dawn 清晨；天亮时
14. in the depths of 深陷...；在...的深处
15. get across 通过；使...被理解；解释清楚，传达
16. by the end of 到...末为止；不迟于
17. refer to...as...把...称为...
18. put down 镇压；放下；记下
19. at the beginning of 在...开始的时候；在...的开头
20. a sum of一笔（钱）
21. stop sb. From doing sth.阻止某人做某事
22. keep to 坚持；遵守；信守；固守
23. play a role in 在...中扮演一个角色；在...中起作用
24. carry out 进行；实行；执行
25. make sure 确保；保证；弄清楚；弄明白
26.weary of 厌倦；疲倦
27.be occupied by被...占据
28.light up点燃；露出喜色；照亮
29.hold down压制；限制
30.serve as充当；用作
31.break through冲破；突破
32.be betrayed by被背叛
33.fight against对抗；与...作斗争
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Unit 3
主谓一致
在英语中，谓语受主语支配，必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致,即主谓一致。一般来说,主谓一致要遵循三个原则:语法一致原则，意义一致原则和就近一致原则。
一：语法一致原则:即在语法形式上取得一致，谓语动词的单复数形式由主语的单复数形式决定。
单数名词，不可数名词，单个动词不定式短语，单个动名词短语以及单个句子作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。
To see is to believe.眼见为实。
Reading aloud is very important in learning English.
学习英语时朗读非常重要。
When they could finish the task is not known yet.
他们何时能完成任务还未知.
Whoever wants to join in the competition is asked to sign his/her name here.
要参加比赛的人需要在这里签名
注意:what引导的主语从句充当主语时.有时要以what所指代的词的意义来决定谓语动词的数。
What he said is true.他所说的是真的。(what指“话”)
What we need are more volunteers.
我们所需要的是更多的志愿者。(what指volunteers)
2.由连接词and或both...and...连接的名词、动词不定试(短语)、动名词(短语)以及句子作主语时,谓语动词要用复数形式。
What he said and what he did have greatly encouraged the their students.
他说的话及其行为极大地鼓舞了其他学生。
Both his father and his mother are advanced workers.
他的爸爸和妈妈都是先进工作者。
注意:有时，一些用and连接的主语表达的却是单数的概念，这时谓语动词也应用单数形式。
(1)用and连接的名词表示同一人,同一物或同一概念作主语时
那位作家教授正在做讲座。
“each/every/no/many a(n)+单数名词+and+each/ every/no/many a(n)+单数名词”作主语时
Every hour and every minute is precious.每一小时,每一分钟，都很宝贵。
No man and no woman is allowed to enter the hall.
任何人都不允许进入大厅。
3.“名词 +as well as, rather than, like, but, except, besides, with, together with, along with,including.b addition to+名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词同第一个名词的数保持一致。
Tom as well as two of his friends was invited to the party.
汤姆以及他的两个朋友一起被邀请参加宴会了
Nobody but one teacher and three students was in the lab.
实验室只有一个老师和三个学生。
“more than one 或many a(n)+单数名词”作主语时,尽管其意义为复数，但谓语动词还是用单数形式。
More than one student is against the decision.
不止一个学生反对这个决定。
Many a page in this book is missing.
这本书缺了许多页.
不定代词either,neither,each或“no+单数名词"和由some,any,no,every与thing,body,one 构成的复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
Nothing in the world moves faster than light.
世上没有什么东西比光传播得更快。
Each of the answer is worth 20 points.每题为20分。
注意:若none of后面的名词是不可数名词,它的谓语动词就要用单数形式;若它后面的名词是复数,它的谓语动词用单数形式或复数形式都可以。
None of the money has been spent on repairs.
这笔钱没有花费在维修方面.
None of the passengers were/was aware of the danger.
乘客中没有一个意识到危险的存在。
6.由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of+名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。
The majority of doctors believe smoking is harmful to health.
大多数医生都认为吸烟有害健康。
The majority of the damage is easy to repair.
这次的损害大部分都容易补救。
The rest of the books were returned to the library.
其余的书都归还给图书馆了。
7."a large amount of+不可数名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 “large amounts of+不可数名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
A large amount of damage was done in a short time.
在短时间内就造成了巨大的损失。
在定语从句中，关系代词that，who,which 等作主语时，其调语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。
who am your teacher . will do my best to help you.
我是你的老师，我会尽全力帮助你的。
Those who have finished the work can go home first.
那些已完成工作的人可以先回家。
注意:"one of the+复数名词+who/which/that引导的定语从句”中，若关系代词在定语从句中充当主语,谓语动词常用复数形式。若one前有the(only/very/right)修询时，从句中的调语动词用单数形式。
He was one of the students who were given a prize.
他是那些获奖的学生之一.
I was the only one in my office who was invited.
我是办公室里唯一受到邀请的人.
由两部分组成的表示衣物或工具的名询作主语时。如
glasses,spectacles,shoes,boots,trousers/pants,compasses,chopsticks,
scissors,socks等，请语动词通常用复数，但这类词如用a pair of修饰时，请语动词用单数。
Here are some new pairs of shoes.这里有儿双新鞋.
A pair of shoes is lying under the bed.
床底下有一双鞋。
10.由"...kind/form/type/sort/species/series:+of+名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于这些调的单复数而不是它们后面所跟的名词。
All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome.
必须克服各种各样的困难
This kind/sort of questions is very difficult.这种问题很难.
单句语法填空
1.Being self-critical__________(be)very important for your own personal improvement.
2. Whether they could realise their objectives__________(be)not known yet.
3 What they need_________(be)more outstanding and skilled mechanics.
4. What the commander said and what he did________(have) greatly encouraged the other soldiers.
5.The secretary and manager______(be)making an analysis of the sales report of last year at the meeting right now.
6.Every boy and every girl present at the seminar_____(be) condemning the school violence.
7.Jack along with his roommates________(be) getting along well with each other.
8. No one but Duke and Tom_________(be)injured nonetheless.
9.As is known to us all, many a masterpiece of that time______(be) timeless and invaluable.
10. The majority of deaths from lung cancer_________ (be) associated with too much smoking.
语法填空
Polluting the air 1.______(be) the price we pay for an overpopulated, over-industrialized planet. When you come to think about pollution. there 2.______(be)four ways you can deal with rubbish: dump it, burn it, turn it into something you can use again, and attempt to produce less of it. Trying all four methods 3.______(be) kept but the sheer volume of rubbish we produce 4.________(threaten) to overwhelm us.
Rubbish,however.5________ ( be ) only part of the problem of polluting our planet. The fact that ever-increasing quantities of cheap food 6.______(be ) needed to be produced 7.______( lead ) to a different kind of pollution. Industrialized farming methods produce cheap meat products: beef, pork and chicken. The use of pesticides and fertilizers 8.________(produce) cheap grain and vegetables. What we
pay for cheap food 9.________(be) already too high: Mad Cow Disease in cattle,10.________example.
难点1：
过去分词(短语)作定语
教材例句
...Allie troops made up mainly of British,Canadian and American
soldiers were gathering in large numbers..
主要由英国、加拿大和美国士兵组成的盟军正在大规模集结。
(2 ) ...it was the largest combined sea, air and land operation in history, the aim being to free north-west Europe from German occupation...
它是历史上规模最大的海、陆、空三方力量集结的行动，目的是解放德国占领的欧洲西北部地区。
An order issued by Supreme Allied Com mander General Eisenhower to the troops read..
盟军最高司令艾森豪威尔将军在鼓舞军队士气时说道……
过去分词作定语
(1)位置:单前短后单个过去分词 作定语常置于名词前，过去分词短语
作定语常置于名词后。被修饰的名词与它之间存在一种被动关系。
The boy looked up with a pleased expression.
男孩带着满意的表情举目而视。
The meeting held yesterday was of great importance.
昨天开的会议很重要.
常作后置定语的单个过去分词:given: provided. left
Please hurry! There is only five minutes left!请快点!只刺下五分钟了!
(2)过去分词短语作后置定语时，相当于一个限制性定语从句。(注意谓语/非谓语形式)
The concert given by their friends was a great success.
= The concert which/that was given by their friends was a great success.
他们的朋友举行的音乐会大为成功。
Most parents will have eagerly asked their child about their day,only to meet with a good”,quickly followed by"’I’m hungry”.
大多数父母都会急切地问他们的孩子一天过得怎么样。只得到一声"好”紧接着是"我饿了”.
②.Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US.照明约占美国总耗电量的7%。
③___________(write) communications can often read as cold and dull.书面交流经常会被理解为冷漠和无趣。
④ I even noticed a rainbow appear in the fog__________(cause)by a heat wave.
我甚至注意到一道彩虹出现在热浪引起的雾中。
⑤ As you descend,suddenly you see at last the________(hide)waterfall.你往下走，最终会突然发现那条隐秘的瀑布。
⑥ The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras_____(return )to our shop for quality problems.
厂家定期来收取由于质量问题退给我们店的相机。
难点2：
who.that.which 引导定语从句
教材例句
This marked one of the final stages of a top-secret operation that had been months，perhaps years, in the planning.
这标志着一场计划了数月,甚至可能是数年的绝密行动终于进入了最后阶段。
But even in the depths of war , few could have been prepared for the violence and horror they would experience there.
但就算是深陷战争，也很少有人能够做好准备,面临即将发生的残暴和恐怖。
关系词that/which代替先行词the violence and horror,在从句中作动词 experience的宾语，已省略
Boats were hit and men drowned,while those who did make it to the beach faced heavy machine gunfire.
船被击翻，一些人落水而亡,而那些成功登陆的人面对的则是机关枪的猛烈扫射。
1.who
(1)关系代词,指人,在从句中作主语或宾语,限制性定语从句中作宾语可省略,非限制性定语从句中不可省略。
(2)some,any,no,every 等+one/body构成的指人的不定代词作先行词,用 who/whom。
(3)先行词是those，指人用who.指物用 that。
2.that/which
关系代词,指物,在从句中作主语或宾语,在限制性定语从句中作宾语可省略。
当定语从句修饰“物”时，关系代词用that不用which的情况:
先行词本身是everything,anything, nothing,none.little.few 等代词时;
(2)当先行词被all,every,no,little few , the only , the very , the last , the same等修饰时;
(3)当先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级或被它们修饰时。
3.定语从句关系词的选择
一看定语从句的成分:缺主宾表定用关系代词;不缺主宾表定用关系副词。二看先行词。
I'll never forget the day ( that/which ) we spent together on the farm.
我永远不会忘记我们在农场一起度过的日子。
The shop(that/which)you visited is near the school.
你去的那家商店就在学校附近。
This is the house(that/which)I lived in three years ago.
这就是3年前我住的那所房子。
1.Anyone who is over sixteen is allowed in.16岁以上的人都可以进来。
② It is impolite to turn your back on someone________is speaking to you.
别人在跟你说话,你却不理睬,这是不礼貌的。
3 The plan was supported by those_________wished to improve their spoken English.
这个计划受到了那些想提高英语口语的人的支持。
③先行词分别是anyone,someone.those且指人，所以定语从句的关系词都用who
④ I know the girl__________you are talking about.
我认识你正在谈论的那个女孩。
先行词为the girl，关系词在从句中作宾语，关系词who.whom.that可以省略
⑤ This is the very book__________I lost yesterday.
这就是我昨天丢的那本书。
⑥Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures______
wild chimpanzees use to communicate.
研究人员表示，他们已经翻译出了野生黑猩猩用来交流的手势的含义。
⑦ I remember the days __________we spent together.
我记得我们一起度过的时光。
⑧ Please send us all the information__________you have about the candidates for the position
请你把所掌握的有关该职位候选人的所有信息发给我们。
that在从句中作实语可以省略，作主语不能省略
⑨Do not follow the people who make you feel not-good-enough.
不要追随那些让你感觉不够好的人。
⑩She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.
她还说，可能还有许多其他基因帮助巴瑶人潜水。
难点3：形容词作表语
教材例句
By mid-morning,hundreds lay dead in the water and amongst the tanks on the beach.
上午10点左右已有上百人在水中或在海滩上的坦克之间阵亡。
形容词的主要功能是作定语和表语,但有时也可作状语。如:
a dead animal 一只死去的动物(定语)
lie dead 死了(状态是“躺”)(表语)
He lay in bed, awake.
他躺在床上，没有睡着。(状语)
He arrived home, hungry and tired.他回到家里，又饿又累。(状语)
形容词作状语的特点是该形容词的逻辑主语就是句子主语，并且通常可以用并列句或主从复合句来改写。如以上两句可改写为:
He lay in bed and he was awake.
He arrived home and he was hungry and tired.
→ He was hungry and tired when he arrived home.
Snow was lying thick on the ground.厚厚的积雪覆盖着大地。
② These machines have lain idle since the factory closed.
工厂关闭以来,这些机器就一直闲置着。
③ Robinson Crusoe stared at the footprints,full of fear.
鲁滨逊·克鲁索看着这些脚印,心中充满恐惧。
④ He grows up, tall and strong.他长大了,又高又壮。
⑤ Unable to afford the time, I had to give up the plan.
由于抽不出时间,我不得不放弃该计划。
⑥ Strange to say, he did pass his exam after all.
说也奇怪，他考试还是通过了。
难点4现在分词(短语)作状语
教材例句
...killing thousands of Chinese civilians.…
…杀害了成千上万的中国平民。(作结果状语)
(2 ) ...making sure that previously warring par- ties keep to their agreements.…
…确保之前的交战各方遵守协议。(作伴随状语)
①现在分词(短语)作状语，表示原因:
Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday.
由于生病,他昨天没有去学校。
②现在分词(短语)作状语,表示时间:
Coming into the room , he found every- thing had changed.
当他进入房间时，他发现一切都变了。
③现在分词(短语)作状语,表示正常出现的、自然而然的结果:
His parents died when he was very young, leaving him an orphan.
他的父母在他很小的时候就去世了，这使他成为一名孤儿。
The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, allowing more patients to be treated.
医院最近获得了新医疗设备，从而使更多的病人得到治疗。
Newly-built wooden cottages line the street , turning the old town into a dream- land.
新建的木屋排列在街道两旁，把这座古老的城镇变成了梦幻的世界。
④现在分词(短语)作状语，表示伴随:
He sat there for two hours, considering how to design the advertisement.他坐在那里两个小时，考虑如何设计这则广告。
⑤现在分词(短语)作状语，表示方式:
Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way using the sun and the stars.就像古代的水手一样,鸟类可以利用太阳和星星找到它们的路。
1.Being very weak,she couldn't move.她由于身体非常虚弱而不能动。
②_________(approach ) the vehicle,they saw that a woman was trying to get out of the broken window.
走近这辆车，他们看到一个女子正在努力从破碎的车窗出来。
③ People from all the corners came to the city center,__________
(make)it very crowded.
人们从各个区域来到市中心使其变得很拥挤。
④ The boys left the side window,_________(laugh)merrily.
男孩子们愉快地笑着从侧窗离开了。
⑤ The girl is a student at Oxford University,__________(study)for a degree in English literature.
这个女孩是牛津大学的学生正在攻读英国文学学位。
⑥An avalanche once closed the path,_________( kill ) 63 people.
雪崩曾经封闭了道路，导致63人丧生。
⑦ People probably cooked their food in large pots,_________(use) twigs to remove it.
人们可能用大锅煮食物，用树枝把它移开。
⑧They'll come rushing in, saying their handbag's been stolen.
他们会冲进来，说他们的手提包被偷了。
⑨I got into a panic as I pressed firmly against the table and moved my
head around _________( try ) to find the right angle.
当我紧紧地按在桌子上,转动着头试图找到合适的角度时，我陷人了恐慌。
⑩One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow in experiments using some common vegetables.
他最近的一个项目是用一些普通的蔬菜做实验,让植物发光.
难点5 while 连接的并列句
数材例句
Peking University and Tsinghua University were occupied by Japanese troops, while Nankai University was completely destroyed by bombing.北京大学和清华大学被日本军队占领，南开大学被彻底炸毁。
while/but
*while作并列连词，意为“而.然而”表对比。
The son was having a good meal at home, while the parents were working in the fields.
儿子在家吃好饭而父母却在田里劳作。
but表转折。注意用心体会while与 but 在句中的用意。
Honey is sweet,but the bee stings蜂蜜是甜的，但蜜蜂会蜇人.
while 作从属连词的用法:
(1)引导时间状语从句。
We must strike ,while the iron is hot.我们必须趁热打铁。
(2)引导让步状语从句,意思是“虽然………
尽管……”(多放于句首)。
While he loves his students, he is very strict with them.
他虽然爱他的学生但是对他们很严格。
while/when/as
三者都可表示“当……的时候”。
when后的从句谓语动词既可以是续性动词,也可以是短暂性动词，且还可作并列连词，表示“这时”。
while 后的从句谓语动词只能是延性动词.强调主从句的两个动作同发生;while 也可作并列连词，表示个动作的对比，意为“而.然而”。 as 表示两个变化中动作的同时性意为“一边……一边……”
The coach is able to focus on the kids while the other parents are relieved to be off the hook for another season.
教练能够把精力集中在孩子们身上，而其他的父母因为下一个赛季不用操心而松口气。
②He got lost while playing in the street.他在街上玩的时候迷路了。 while playing=while he was playing...
③While I have only listed two of each . there are obviously many other situations that can arise.
尽管我每一点只列出了两条，但是很明显可能出现其他的状况.
④In the early 1970s,40per cent of children walked to school,while in 2010, it was as low as 15 per cent.
20 世纪70年代初，40%的儿童步行上学，而在2010年,这一比例低至15%。
⑤___________we have enough evidence,we can't win the case.
尽管我们有足够的证据，但是我们不能胜诉。
⑥ We were about to set out _________it began to rain.
我们刚要出发,天开始下雨了。
__________his mother was cooking in the kitchen , the boy fell asleep in the chair.
当母亲正在厨房做饭时，这个男孩在椅子上睡着了。
在一个延续动作发生的同时发生另一个动作
⑧At first I got jammed just above my eyes and then, as I went on with my task. unwilling to quit, my nose briefly prevented entry.
一开始我的眼睛上方被卡住了,然后，当我继续我的任务而不愿放弃时,我的鼻子暂时阻止了进入。
难点6‘only+介词短语’位于句首引起的部分倒装
教材例句
Only under difficult circumstances can students succeed.
只有在困难的情况下学生才能成功。
only倒装句总结
only+副词/介词短语/状语从句”位于句首引起部分倒装。only修饰状语从句时，主句部分倒装,与从句无关。
Only when the war was over could he return to his hometown.
只有到战争结束时，他才能返回自己的家乡。
对比:
only 位于句首修饰句子主语时不用倒装,使用正常的陈述语序。
Only the doctor can save his life.只有这名医生才能拯救他的生命。
①Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore...
只有在正餐时间我们会再在一起吃饭……
②Only then should you set your goals.
只有在那时，你才应该制定你的目标。
③ Only if the red light comes on___________there any danger to employees.
只有红灯闪亮时才有危及职工的险情。
④Only those who are loved can learn how to love others.
只有那些被爱的人才能学会如何去爱别人.
who 引导的定语从句修饰 those
本单元词组：
Unit 3
1. on standby 待命
2. have(...) confidence in 对...有(...)信心
3. prepare for 准备...
4. （be）made up of 由...构成
5. made it 成功，做成
6. free...from...使....摆脱...
7. （be）nothing less than 简直是；近乎
8. meet up with 偶然遇到
9. come up with 想出（计划，建议等）
10. in large numbers 大量地；大规模地
11. be set for 为...准备；被定在....；被设置为
12. become known as 作为...而出名
13. at dawn 清晨；天亮时
14. in the depths of 深陷...；在...的深处
15. get across 通过；使...被理解；解释清楚，传达
16. by the end of 到...末为止；不迟于
17. refer to...as...把...称为...
18. put down 镇压；放下；记下
19. at the beginning of 在...开始的时候；在...的开头
20. a sum of一笔（钱）
21. stop sb. From doing sth.阻止某人做某事
22. keep to 坚持；遵守；信守；固守
23. play a role in 在...中扮演一个角色；在...中起作用
24. carry out 进行；实行；执行
25. make sure 确保；保证；弄清楚；弄明白
26.weary of 厌倦；疲倦
27.be occupied by被...占据
28.light up点燃；露出喜色；照亮
29.hold down压制；限制
30.serve as充当；用作
31.break through冲破；突破
32.be betrayed by被背叛
33.fight against对抗；与...作斗争
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