（2019外研版）选修四 unit 4讲义（精讲）
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中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
Unit 4
复习定语从句
一.定语从句概述
1.定义:在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句,叫作定语从句。它所修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词。
2.构成:
先行词+关系词+定语从句
（关系词作用：（1）连接主句和从句 （2）指代先行词 （3）在从句中充当句子成分）
关系词用法
关系代词 that 人、物 主、宾、表
which 物 主、宾、表
who 人 主、宾、表
whom 人 宾
whose 人、物 定
as 人、物 主、宾、表
关系副词 when 时间 时间状语
where 地点 地点状语
why 原因 原因状语
分类:限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常用逗号隔开。
二.关系代词与关系副词的选用
定语从句的引导词用关系代词还是关系副词可用以下方法判断:
用法 依据
根据从句的谓语动词 是及物动词，后面若无宾语，用关系代词;是不及物动词，则用关系副词
根据关系词在从句中作的成分 若关系词在从句中作主语或宾语，用关系代词;作状语则用关系副词
This is the factory where he used to work.
这是他以前工作过的那家工厂。(work是不及物动词)
Is this the museum that/which was built last year
这就是去年建成的那家博物馆吗 (从句缺主语)
三.关系代词as引导的定语从句
1.as既可指人也可指物。在定语从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。
它常用在the same…as…,such…as.….等结构中， as 不能省略。
Such people as were mentioned by him were honest.(主语)
他提到的这些人是诚实的。
I’ll buy the same dictionary as you have.(宾语)
我要买和你一样的词典。
I’ve never seen such a clever man as he is.(表语)
我从未见过像他一样聪明的人。
2.as与which引导非限制性定语从句，代替整个主句的内容。
(1)在位置上，as从句可放在主句前后或中间，而 which引导的从句则不能放在主句前。
As the famous military theorist once said attack is the best method of defence.
这位著名的军事理论家曾经说过，进攻是最好的防守。
(2)在含义上，as有“正如”之意，而which意为“这一点，这件事”。
He changed his mind again, which made us all angry.
他又改变了主意，这使我们大家都生气了。
四.宜用that不宜用which引导定语从句的情况
1.当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
This is the most delicious food that I have ever had.
这是我曾吃过的最美味的食物。
当先行词是all,little,few,much,everything,anything, nothing,none等不定代词或被这些词修饰时。
All that can be done has been done.一切能做的都已经做了。
3.当先行词被 the only,the very,the last,the same等修饰时。
This is the very book that I want to buy.
这就是我想买的那本书。
五.宜用which不宜用that引导定语从句的情况
1.引导非限制性定语从句时。
Football, which is an interesting game, is very popular all over the world.
足球是一项有趣的运动,在全世界非常受欢迎。
2.当关系代词前有介词时。
This is the house in which Mo Yan once lived.
这就是莫言曾经住过的房子。
3.当先行词本身就是that 时。
That which you told him is what we want to know.
你告诉他的事情就是我们想知道的。
4.在限制性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系词是that那么另一句的关系词宜用which。
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open.
让我给你看看我从新开的图书馆借来的小说。
六 “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，关系代词只能用which 或whom，不可用that 或who。先行词指物时用 which,先行词指人时用whom.
介词选择的三原则:一先二动三意义。
一先:根据先行词的搭配习惯来确定。
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club
你还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗
二动:根据从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯来确定。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
这是我两年前住过的房子。
三意义:根据从句所表达的意义来确定。
1.My computer, without which I can’t surf the Internet.crashed yesterday.
昨天我的电脑死机了,没有它我不能上网。
2.“名词/代词/数词+of+关系代词”引导的定语从句通常是非限制性定语从句，该结构在定语从句中一被作主语。
The building had been repaired,the roof of which was destroyed again in the big fire.
那座大楼曾经被修复过，在这次大火中,楼顶又被烧毁了。
七.定语从句中的主谓一致
1.关系代词在从句中作主语时，定语从句谓语动词的单复数形式根据先行词的形式确定。
I’m fond of the piece of music which is popular with the teenagers.
我喜欢在青少年中流行的那支曲子。
2.one of the+复数名词+定语从句(复数谓语);the only one of the+复数名词+定语从句(单数谓语)
He is the only one of the students who has a good command of French.
他是唯一精通法语的学生。(the only one of the students为先行词)
where引导的定语从句与状语从句
区别 引导定语从句 引导状语从句
where 的作用 关系副词 从属连词
修饰谁 前面的地点名词 主句或主句谓语动词
替换“介词+which” 能 不能
位置 主句之后或主句中间 主句之前或主句之后
Is there a shop around where I can blow my bike tyres up
附近有商店可以让我给我的自行车车胎打气吗 (定语从句)
We should go where we are needed.
我们应当到需要我们的地方去。(地点状语从句)
九 定语从句与同位语从句的区别
从句 从句性质 that 的作用 when, where, why 的作用
定语从句 形容词性的, 对先行词进行修饰或限制 既起连接作用,又在从句中充当成分 ①关系副词,充当句子成分 ②前面先行词表示时间、地点、原因
同位语从句 名词性的，对名词进行解释说明 只起连接作用,不充当句子成分. ①连接副词,充当句子成分 ②前面名词一般与时间、地点、原因 无关
The proposal that he put forward is to be discussed at the meeting.
他提出的建议将在会议上被讨论。(定语从句, that在从句中作宾语)
The proposal that we should send another satellite into space is to be discussed at the meeting.我们应该再发射一颗卫星到太空的建议将在会议上被讨论。
(同位语从句, that在从句中不作任何成分)
单句语法填空
1. She purchased her first house with all the money__________she made through hard work.
2. In December 1924,Frederic Joliot visited the Institute______he met Marie Curie.
3. In the year 1024, there was a kingdom_______which everyone could be a king.
4.He has such an enormous amount of work________he has to finish before Friday.
5. Einstein was a scientist_________hated pomposity(摆架子)and disliked being called a genius.
6. This is the statue,_________which he took many pictures.
7. The biggest obstacle_________lay in our way was a tree trunk on the road.
8. The reason________she uttered a cry of despair was a mystery.
9. They appeared surprisingly pessimistic about their only chance of winning the prize______they wanted.
10.________is often the case, we have worked out the manufacturing plan before that.
语法填空
Mary,1_____drawings were shown at the exhibition last month,is a model student 2____is often praised for her good work at school. 3_____we all know, Mary is famous for her painting of horses. As soon as we got into the exhibition hall, our eye was caught by a very large picture 4______was hung on the wall in front of us. The horse 5______was drawn in the picture was exactly like a real horse. The man 6_____ was riding on it looked like a living man. It was the best picture7______I had ever seen, and I should say Mary is the best young painter 8_____I have ever heard of.Her friend 9________was visiting the exhibition told me the reason 10_____Mary painted well was that it had taken Mary thousands of hours to learn and practise.
难点1
That is why... 那就是为什么……
教材例句
And that is why I need your help in turning my new and ex- citing business into a successful one.那就是为什么我需要你们的帮助，使这个全新的、激动人心的创业项目获得成功。
That is why….那就是为什么……(why引导表语从句，后接结果)
It/This/That is because.….这/那是因为……(because后接原因)
The reason (why….) is that.…. (……的)原因是……
引导表语从句:
①连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever;
②连接副词 where, when,how,why.
Chinese New Year is a celebration marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring. This is why decorating with plants fruits and flowers carries special significance.
中国新年是一个标志着冬天的结束和春天的开始的庆祝活动。这就是用植物、水果和花装饰具有特殊意义的原因。
2.This is________we do things here. You’ll soon get used to it.
这是我们这里的做事风格。你很快就会习惯的。
难点2.
adj.+ enough to do...足够……能做……
教材例句
A few,like Zhang Yue,find themselves lucky enough to get investment and the all-important input and support from more experienced business people.
但包括张悦在内的少数人会非常幸运地获得投资,并从更有经验的商界人士那里获得非常关键的投入和支持。
(1)be+adj.+enough+to do sth.意为“(某人或某物)足够……能够做某事”，常用来表述某人或某物的能力或特征。在此句型中，当不定式的逻辑主语与句子主语不同时，常用for引出不定式的逻辑主语。
(2)该结构可以改成too...to….结构或者so…that引导的结果状语从句。
You are old enough to go to school alone=You are so old that you can go to school alone.
你年龄大了,可以独自去上学了。
I'm glad enough to help.=I'm only too glad to help.我很乐意帮忙。
1.The truth is that we are lucky enough to have clean water whenever we want, but this is not the case for many people around the world.
事实上，我们足够幸运，随时都能得到干净的水，但世界上有很多人不是这样。
that 引导表语从句;whenever 引导让步状语从句
2.Fortunately,after a brief stay in hospital,Ben was well enough to be allowed to leave and later the family met up for dinner.
幸运的是，本在医院住了一小段时间后,康复得足够好被允许出院,后来全家人聚在一起吃晚饭。
难点3
advise that...
教材例句
...she advises that people be realistic and seek guidance from expert consultants before rushing into things.
……但她建议他们要现实一些，在仓促行事之前先寻求专业顾问的指导。
句中advise+宾语从句(含虚拟语气，should可以省略)
与advise 用法类似的常见动词:
insist(坚决要求),demand,desire,require,request,propose,suggest(建议)， command,order,recommend,advise 等。常见名词(常用于主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中):advice,requirement,demand,desire,recommendation,suggestion,order,proposal等。
1.The camp manager suggested I use pepper spray.
营地经理建议我用胡椒粉喷雾剂。
2.He recommended that she do some research and talk to dentists about what a healthier candy would contain.
他建议她做一些研究,并与牙医谈一谈更健康的糖果应该包含哪些成分。
3.She made the demand that the journalists ___________(leave) at once for Iraq.
她下了命令要求记者们马上前往伊拉克。
难点4
(there is) no need to do sth.不需要做某事
教材例句
No need to bring my own tomorrow!明天不用带我自己的!
need用作名词时，既可以是可数名词也可以是不可数名词。常用句型如下:
There is no need to do/of doing sth.没有必要做某事。
There is a need (for sb.) to do sth.(某人)需要做某事。
类似句式:
There is no hurry to do sth.不用着急做某事。
There is no sense / point in doing sth.做某事没有意义。
There is no doubt that...毫无疑问……
There is no possibility that... 没有可能……
There is no reason to do sth.没有理由做某事。
1.No need to get bent out of shape about going to see the professor.
不要因为要去见敏授而烦恼。
2.If we stay at home it is comfortable and there is no need to spend money.
如果我们待在家里，它是舒适的，没有必要花钱。
3.There is a need to check the accuracy of these figures.
需要核实这些数字的准确性。
4.You need to get out and make some new friends.There was no sense in_____(stay) at home.
你应该出去走走,多结交一些新朋友。在家宅着没有意义。
There is no reason___________(suppose)she's lying.
认为她在说谎完全没道理。
难点 5 whether...or...无论……还是……
教材例句
Whether we’re a lender or a borrower, it's a win-win situation; everyone makes or saves money.这对于出租者和租用者来说都是一个双赢的局面;人人都能挣钱，或都能省钱。
whether…or…
①表选择关系“是……还是……”;
② 表让步关系“无论……还是……”
(1)表示选择关系的并列连词(词组)还有:or(或者,还是);either...or...(或者……或者……;不是……就是……);rather than(而不是)
(2)表让步关系的引导词(组)还有: though.although(吊然) as虽然)，while(尽管)，even if，even though(即使)，however(不管怎样)， whatever(不管什么)，wherever(不管哪里)，whenever(不管何时)，no matter(how/what/where/when)[不管(怎样/什么/哪里/何时)]
(3)whether or not无论是不是;无论如何;不管怎样
We all need to get involved in saving energy whether it's at work, at home. or at school.
我们都需要参与到节约能源中来,无论是在工作中,在家里，还是在学校。
People who work toward such excellence---whether they are driving a truck, or running a store---make the world better just by being the kind of people they are。
那些朝着如此卓越方向努力的人不管是开卡车还是开商店，只要他们是这样的人，世界就会变得更美好。
who 引导定语从句修饰people
Whether it is healthier or not may require more research.
它是营更康可能需要更多的研究。
难点 6
否定词+without
教材例句
But the sharing economy is not without its problems.
但共享经济并非没有问题。
双重否定句常见句型:
①否定词no/not/never等+without...
②否定词no/not等+表示否定意义的形容词
③否定词no/not/never/nobody/few等+具有否定意义的动词(短语)
No smoke without fire.无火不生烟;无风不起浪。
Nothing to be got without pains but poverty.只有贫穷可以不劳而获。
I never knew anyone who'd grown up in Jackson without being at. raid of Mrs.Calloway,our librarian.
我从没见过一个在杰克逊这地方长大且不害怕我们的图书管理员卡洛威太太的人。
who 引导定语从向修饰 anyone
While regularly eating out seems to have become common for many young people in recent years, it's not without a cost.
虽然近来，于许多轻人来说，经常外出就餐似乎已经变得很普遍，但这并不是没有代价的。while 引导让步状语从句
Unit 4
1.make ends meet使收支仅能相抵 2.go into debt 陷入债务之中；负债
3.rent out 出租（房屋，房间，土地等） 4.as to 关于；至于
5.response to 对…的反应 6.do a further favour 再帮一次忙
7.be subject to 从属于 8.interfere with 妨碍；阻止
9.designer clothes 名牌服装 10.at the expense of 以损害…为代价
11.start out 出发；开始 12.at rock-bottom prices 以最低价格
13.as is often the case 情况常常如此 14.be fond of 喜欢
15.end up 结束；告知；（尤指经历一系列意料之外的事情后）最后处于… 16.be bitten by the…bug迷上…;对…着迷
17.most of all大部分；大多数的 18.go blank变成空白
19.a world away from一个世界远离 20.feel dizzy感到头晕
21.start out出发；着手进行 22.row upon row成排的；鳞次栉比
23.keep in mind 记住… 24.go into debt陷入债务之中；负债
25.associate with 与…联系 26.In association with与…联合；与…相联系
27.meet the end满足需求 28.whether or not无论；是否
29.financial security财政安全；财政担保
21世纪教育网 www.21cnjy.com 精品试卷·第 2 页 （共 2 页）
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
Unit 4
复习定语从句
一.定语从句概述
1.定义:在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句,叫作定语从句。它所修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词。
2.构成:
先行词+关系词+定语从句
（关系词作用：（1）连接主句和从句 （2）指代先行词 （3）在从句中充当句子成分）
关系词用法
关系代词 that 人、物 主、宾、表
which 物 主、宾、表
who 人 主、宾、表
whom 人 宾
whose 人、物 定
as 人、物 主、宾、表
关系副词 when 时间 时间状语
where 地点 地点状语
why 原因 原因状语
分类:限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常用逗号隔开。
二.关系代词与关系副词的选用
定语从句的引导词用关系代词还是关系副词可用以下方法判断:
用法 依据
根据从句的谓语动词 是及物动词，后面若无宾语，用关系代词;是不及物动词，则用关系副词
根据关系词在从句中作的成分 若关系词在从句中作主语或宾语，用关系代词;作状语则用关系副词
This is the factory where he used to work.
这是他以前工作过的那家工厂。(work是不及物动词)
Is this the museum that/which was built last year
这就是去年建成的那家博物馆吗 (从句缺主语)
三.关系代词as引导的定语从句
1.as既可指人也可指物。在定语从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。
它常用在the same…as…,such…as.….等结构中， as 不能省略。
Such people as were mentioned by him were honest.(主语)
他提到的这些人是诚实的。
I’ll buy the same dictionary as you have.(宾语)
我要买和你一样的词典。
I’ve never seen such a clever man as he is.(表语)
我从未见过像他一样聪明的人。
2.as与which引导非限制性定语从句，代替整个主句的内容。
(1)在位置上，as从句可放在主句前后或中间，而 which引导的从句则不能放在主句前。
As the famous military theorist once said attack is the best method of defence.
这位著名的军事理论家曾经说过，进攻是最好的防守。
(2)在含义上，as有“正如”之意，而which意为“这一点，这件事”。
He changed his mind again, which made us all angry.
他又改变了主意，这使我们大家都生气了。
四.宜用that不宜用which引导定语从句的情况
1.当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
This is the most delicious food that I have ever had.
这是我曾吃过的最美味的食物。
当先行词是all,little,few,much,everything,anything, nothing,none等不定代词或被这些词修饰时。
All that can be done has been done.一切能做的都已经做了。
3.当先行词被 the only,the very,the last,the same等修饰时。
This is the very book that I want to buy.
这就是我想买的那本书。
五.宜用which不宜用that引导定语从句的情况
1.引导非限制性定语从句时。
Football, which is an interesting game, is very popular all over the world.
足球是一项有趣的运动,在全世界非常受欢迎。
2.当关系代词前有介词时。
This is the house in which Mo Yan once lived.
这就是莫言曾经住过的房子。
3.当先行词本身就是that 时。
That which you told him is what we want to know.
你告诉他的事情就是我们想知道的。
4.在限制性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系词是that那么另一句的关系词宜用which。
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open.
让我给你看看我从新开的图书馆借来的小说。
六 “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，关系代词只能用which 或whom，不可用that 或who。先行词指物时用 which,先行词指人时用whom.
介词选择的三原则:一先二动三意义。
一先:根据先行词的搭配习惯来确定。
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club
你还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗
二动:根据从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯来确定。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
这是我两年前住过的房子。
三意义:根据从句所表达的意义来确定。
1.My computer, without which I can’t surf the Internet.crashed yesterday.
昨天我的电脑死机了,没有它我不能上网。
2.“名词/代词/数词+of+关系代词”引导的定语从句通常是非限制性定语从句，该结构在定语从句中一被作主语。
The building had been repaired,the roof of which was destroyed again in the big fire.
那座大楼曾经被修复过，在这次大火中,楼顶又被烧毁了。
七.定语从句中的主谓一致
1.关系代词在从句中作主语时，定语从句谓语动词的单复数形式根据先行词的形式确定。
I’m fond of the piece of music which is popular with the teenagers.
我喜欢在青少年中流行的那支曲子。
2.one of the+复数名词+定语从句(复数谓语);the only one of the+复数名词+定语从句(单数谓语)
He is the only one of the students who has a good command of French.
他是唯一精通法语的学生。(the only one of the students为先行词)
where引导的定语从句与状语从句
区别 引导定语从句 引导状语从句
where 的作用 关系副词 从属连词
修饰谁 前面的地点名词 主句或主句谓语动词
替换“介词+which” 能 不能
位置 主句之后或主句中间 主句之前或主句之后
Is there a shop around where I can blow my bike tyres up
附近有商店可以让我给我的自行车车胎打气吗 (定语从句)
We should go where we are needed.
我们应当到需要我们的地方去。(地点状语从句)
九 定语从句与同位语从句的区别
从句 从句性质 that 的作用 when, where, why 的作用
定语从句 形容词性的, 对先行词进行修饰或限制 既起连接作用,又在从句中充当成分 ①关系副词,充当句子成分 ②前面先行词表示时间、地点、原因
同位语从句 名词性的，对名词进行解释说明 只起连接作用,不充当句子成分. ①连接副词,充当句子成分 ②前面名词一般与时间、地点、原因 无关
The proposal that he put forward is to be discussed at the meeting.
他提出的建议将在会议上被讨论。(定语从句, that在从句中作宾语)
The proposal that we should send another satellite into space is to be discussed at the meeting.我们应该再发射一颗卫星到太空的建议将在会议上被讨论。
(同位语从句, that在从句中不作任何成分)
单句语法填空
1. She purchased her first house with all the money__________she made through hard work.
2. In December 1924,Frederic Joliot visited the Institute______he met Marie Curie.
3. In the year 1024, there was a kingdom_______which everyone could be a king.
4.He has such an enormous amount of work________he has to finish before Friday.
5. Einstein was a scientist_________hated pomposity(摆架子)and disliked being called a genius.
6. This is the statue,_________which he took many pictures.
7. The biggest obstacle_________lay in our way was a tree trunk on the road.
8. The reason________she uttered a cry of despair was a mystery.
9. They appeared surprisingly pessimistic about their only chance of winning the prize______they wanted.
10.________is often the case, we have worked out the manufacturing plan before that.
语法填空
Mary,1_____drawings were shown at the exhibition last month,is a model student 2____is often praised for her good work at school. 3_____we all know, Mary is famous for her painting of horses. As soon as we got into the exhibition hall, our eye was caught by a very large picture 4______was hung on the wall in front of us. The horse 5______was drawn in the picture was exactly like a real horse. The man 6_____ was riding on it looked like a living man. It was the best picture7______I had ever seen, and I should say Mary is the best young painter 8_____I have ever heard of.Her friend 9________was visiting the exhibition told me the reason 10_____Mary painted well was that it had taken Mary thousands of hours to learn and practise.
难点1
That is why... 那就是为什么……
教材例句
And that is why I need your help in turning my new and ex- citing business into a successful one.那就是为什么我需要你们的帮助，使这个全新的、激动人心的创业项目获得成功。
That is why….那就是为什么……(why引导表语从句，后接结果)
It/This/That is because.….这/那是因为……(because后接原因)
The reason (why….) is that.…. (……的)原因是……
引导表语从句:
①连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever;
②连接副词 where, when,how,why.
Chinese New Year is a celebration marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring. This is why decorating with plants fruits and flowers carries special significance.
中国新年是一个标志着冬天的结束和春天的开始的庆祝活动。这就是用植物、水果和花装饰具有特殊意义的原因。
2.This is________we do things here. You’ll soon get used to it.
这是我们这里的做事风格。你很快就会习惯的。
难点2.
adj.+ enough to do...足够……能做……
教材例句
A few,like Zhang Yue,find themselves lucky enough to get investment and the all-important input and support from more experienced business people.
但包括张悦在内的少数人会非常幸运地获得投资,并从更有经验的商界人士那里获得非常关键的投入和支持。
(1)be+adj.+enough+to do sth.意为“(某人或某物)足够……能够做某事”，常用来表述某人或某物的能力或特征。在此句型中，当不定式的逻辑主语与句子主语不同时，常用for引出不定式的逻辑主语。
(2)该结构可以改成too...to….结构或者so…that引导的结果状语从句。
You are old enough to go to school alone=You are so old that you can go to school alone.
你年龄大了,可以独自去上学了。
I'm glad enough to help.=I'm only too glad to help.我很乐意帮忙。
1.The truth is that we are lucky enough to have clean water whenever we want, but this is not the case for many people around the world.
事实上，我们足够幸运，随时都能得到干净的水，但世界上有很多人不是这样。
that 引导表语从句;whenever 引导让步状语从句
2.Fortunately,after a brief stay in hospital,Ben was well enough to be allowed to leave and later the family met up for dinner.
幸运的是，本在医院住了一小段时间后,康复得足够好被允许出院,后来全家人聚在一起吃晚饭。
难点3
advise that...
教材例句
...she advises that people be realistic and seek guidance from expert consultants before rushing into things.
……但她建议他们要现实一些，在仓促行事之前先寻求专业顾问的指导。
句中advise+宾语从句(含虚拟语气，should可以省略)
与advise 用法类似的常见动词:
insist(坚决要求),demand,desire,require,request,propose,suggest(建议)， command,order,recommend,advise 等。常见名词(常用于主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中):advice,requirement,demand,desire,recommendation,suggestion,order,proposal等。
1.The camp manager suggested I use pepper spray.
营地经理建议我用胡椒粉喷雾剂。
2.He recommended that she do some research and talk to dentists about what a healthier candy would contain.
他建议她做一些研究,并与牙医谈一谈更健康的糖果应该包含哪些成分。
3.She made the demand that the journalists ___________(leave) at once for Iraq.
她下了命令要求记者们马上前往伊拉克。
难点4
(there is) no need to do sth.不需要做某事
教材例句
No need to bring my own tomorrow!明天不用带我自己的!
need用作名词时，既可以是可数名词也可以是不可数名词。常用句型如下:
There is no need to do/of doing sth.没有必要做某事。
There is a need (for sb.) to do sth.(某人)需要做某事。
类似句式:
There is no hurry to do sth.不用着急做某事。
There is no sense / point in doing sth.做某事没有意义。
There is no doubt that...毫无疑问……
There is no possibility that... 没有可能……
There is no reason to do sth.没有理由做某事。
1.No need to get bent out of shape about going to see the professor.
不要因为要去见敏授而烦恼。
2.If we stay at home it is comfortable and there is no need to spend money.
如果我们待在家里，它是舒适的，没有必要花钱。
3.There is a need to check the accuracy of these figures.
需要核实这些数字的准确性。
4.You need to get out and make some new friends.There was no sense in_____(stay) at home.
你应该出去走走,多结交一些新朋友。在家宅着没有意义。
There is no reason___________(suppose)she's lying.
认为她在说谎完全没道理。
难点 5 whether...or...无论……还是……
教材例句
Whether we’re a lender or a borrower, it's a win-win situation; everyone makes or saves money.这对于出租者和租用者来说都是一个双赢的局面;人人都能挣钱，或都能省钱。
whether…or…
①表选择关系“是……还是……”;
② 表让步关系“无论……还是……”
(1)表示选择关系的并列连词(词组)还有:or(或者,还是);either...or...(或者……或者……;不是……就是……);rather than(而不是)
(2)表让步关系的引导词(组)还有: though.although(吊然) as虽然)，while(尽管)，even if，even though(即使)，however(不管怎样)， whatever(不管什么)，wherever(不管哪里)，whenever(不管何时)，no matter(how/what/where/when)[不管(怎样/什么/哪里/何时)]
(3)whether or not无论是不是;无论如何;不管怎样
We all need to get involved in saving energy whether it's at work, at home. or at school.
我们都需要参与到节约能源中来,无论是在工作中,在家里，还是在学校。
People who work toward such excellence---whether they are driving a truck, or running a store---make the world better just by being the kind of people they are。
那些朝着如此卓越方向努力的人不管是开卡车还是开商店，只要他们是这样的人，世界就会变得更美好。
who 引导定语从句修饰people
Whether it is healthier or not may require more research.
它是营更康可能需要更多的研究。
难点 6
否定词+without
教材例句
But the sharing economy is not without its problems.
但共享经济并非没有问题。
双重否定句常见句型:
①否定词no/not/never等+without...
②否定词no/not等+表示否定意义的形容词
③否定词no/not/never/nobody/few等+具有否定意义的动词(短语)
No smoke without fire.无火不生烟;无风不起浪。
Nothing to be got without pains but poverty.只有贫穷可以不劳而获。
I never knew anyone who'd grown up in Jackson without being at. raid of Mrs.Calloway,our librarian.
我从没见过一个在杰克逊这地方长大且不害怕我们的图书管理员卡洛威太太的人。
who 引导定语从向修饰 anyone
While regularly eating out seems to have become common for many young people in recent years, it's not without a cost.
虽然近来，于许多轻人来说，经常外出就餐似乎已经变得很普遍，但这并不是没有代价的。while 引导让步状语从句
Unit 4
1.make ends meet使收支仅能相抵 2.go into debt 陷入债务之中；负债
3.rent out 出租（房屋，房间，土地等） 4.as to 关于；至于
5.response to 对…的反应 6.do a further favour 再帮一次忙
7.be subject to 从属于 8.interfere with 妨碍；阻止
9.designer clothes 名牌服装 10.at the expense of 以损害…为代价
11.start out 出发；开始 12.at rock-bottom prices 以最低价格
13.as is often the case 情况常常如此 14.be fond of 喜欢
15.end up 结束；告知；（尤指经历一系列意料之外的事情后）最后处于… 16.be bitten by the…bug迷上…;对…着迷
17.most of all大部分；大多数的 18.go blank变成空白
19.a world away from一个世界远离 20.feel dizzy感到头晕
21.start out出发；着手进行 22.row upon row成排的；鳞次栉比
23.keep in mind 记住… 24.go into debt陷入债务之中；负债
25.associate with 与…联系 26.In association with与…联合；与…相联系
27.meet the end满足需求 28.whether or not无论；是否
29.financial security财政安全；财政担保
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