（2019外研版）选修四 unit 3 讲义（精讲）

中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
Unit 3
复习状语从句
功能：状语从句起副词作用，用来修饰句中谓语动词，非谓语动词，定语，状语或整个句子。
引导词：一般由从属连词引导，也可由连词词组引导。
位于句首或句中时常用逗号与主句隔开,位于句尾时可以不用逗号。
一.时间状语从句
(1)when,while 和 as
when 从句谓语动词为延续性或非延续性动词，主从句动作可以同时发生，也可以先后发生
while 从句谓语动词为延续性动词，强调主从句动作同时发生
as 从句谓语动词一般为延续性动词。主从句动作同时发生或交替进行,意为“一边……一边……随着………”
It was raining when we arrived.我们到达时,天正在下雨。
While I was watching TV,the bell rang.我在看电视时，铃响了。
As she grew older, she gained in confidence.随着年龄的增长,她的自信心增强了。
【误区警示】
when作并列连词，意为“这时”，相当于and at this/that time,用于以下句式:
be about to do sth. when... 正要做某事，这时...
be on the point of doing sth. when... 正要做某事,这时…
be doing sth. when... 正在做某事，这时...
had done sth. when... 刚做完某事,这时…
I was going upstairs to take my umbrella when suddenly the house opposite to my house collapsed.
我正要上楼拿伞，这时我家对面的那所房子突然倒塌了。
(2)表示“-……就……”的连词
a. as soon as, the moment, the minute, the instant, immediately,directly
The moment she saw him, she blushed and hurriedly left the room.
她一看见他,脸就红了,并急忙离开了房间。
b.hardly/barely/scarcely...when.... no sooner...than.…. 主句用过去完成时，when或than所在从句用一般过去时。
The votes had scarcely been counted, when the telephone rang.
选票一统计好，电话就响了。
(3) before 和 since
It may be many years before the situation improves.
这种状况或许要过很多年才能得到改善。
How long is it since we last went to the theatre
我们多久没去看戏了
before It will be/was+一段时间+before..过了多长时间才……
It won"t be/wasn’t+一段时间+before，没过多长时间就……
since It is/has been+一段时间+since从句(常用一般过去时)自从…以来已经多长时间了
(4)until/till
She didn't start the lesson until the students settled down.
直到学生们安静下来，她才开始上课。
【误区警示】
until/ill用于肯定句,表示“直到…为止”，主句读语动调应用延续性动词;not...until/till表示“直到才…”. not所在主句谓语动词为非延续性动词,until可置于句首。
(5) every time, each time, next time, the first time, by the time 引导时间状语从句
By the time you have finished the task , the guests will get back.
当你完成任务时，客人就回来了。
地点状语从句
where 和 wherever
This kind of medicine should not be placed where it is accessible to children.
这种药品不应该放在儿童拿得到的地方。
Wherever she goes, there are crowds of people waiting k see her.
无论她去哪里，都有成群的人等着见她。
三.原因状语从句
because,since,as,seeing that(鉴于，由于),now that in that(由于),considering that(考虑到,就……而论) inasmuch as(既然,由于),given that(鉴于,考虑到)
Now that both of my grandparents have retired from their jobs in the city , how they are going to spend their retirement is an important decision for them.
既然我的祖父母都已经从城市的岗位退休了，如何度过他们的退休生活对他们来说是一个重要的决定。
It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not "be overly concerned about bad tables” given that they're profitable.
结论是餐厅老板不需要“过分担心差的餐位”因为它们是可获利的。
四.条件状语从句
If,unless , as/so long as(只要)providing/provided that (如果).suppose that(假如),in case that
(万一),on condition that(如果)
Nothing will change as long as the workers continue to accept these appalling conditions.
只要工人们继续接受这些极为恶劣的条件，情况将不会有任何改变。
I will agree to go providing that my expenses are paid.
如果帮我支付费用，我就同意去。
五.让步状语从句
though.although, even if/though, as, while, no matter + 疑问词,疑问词+ever,whether..or...
(无论……还是……)
Even if/though museums have begged to borrow her collection, she could never split it up.
尽管博物馆已恳求过借用她的收藏品,但她永远都不会把收藏品分开。
Two people in love are at home wherever they are, no matter how often they move.
无论在哪里，不管多么经常搬家，两个相爱的人都会过得舒舒服服。
【误区警示】
as,though 引导让步状语从句时采用倒装的两种特殊情况
若是单数名词或形容词最高级作表语，省略冠词。
Youngest as/though he is in our class, he speaks English best.
他虽然是我们班年龄最小的，但英语说得最好。
②行为动词前置时，从句主语后面要用may,might,can, could,will,would; 若没有，需加上do(does 或did)
Search as they would here and there, they could find nothing in the room.
他们尽管划处寻找，但在房间里找不到任何东西。
Change your mind as/though you do, you will get no help from us.
你即使改变主意，也得不到我们的帮助。
六.结果状语从句
so that,so/such..that.(如此……以至于……),to the extent that(达到某种程度以至于),to such a degree that(到如此程度以至于)
It was such a good film that we all went to see it.
电影如此好以至于我们都去看了。
We started for the peak early, so that we saw the sunrise.
我们很早就动身去山顶，结果我们看到了日出。
方式状语从句
as, as if/though
He had a thick moustache and long white hair, which sometimes white hair stood on end as though he had just received an electric shock.
他留着浓密的胡子和长长的白发，有时白发挺立，就好像刚遭了电击。
【误区警示】
as if though 引导方式状语从句与事实相反时，通常用虚拟语气:与现在的情况相反时，用一般过去时;与过去情况相反时，用过去完成时;与将来情况相反时，用“would/could/ should/might+动词原形”。
八.目的状语从句
so that , in order that, lest(唯恐; 以免), in case , for fear that(唯恐),to the end that(为……起见)
I had my camera ready, in case I saw something that would make a good picture.
我把照相机准备好,万一看到什么值得拍的就可以拍下来。
Sometimes we are not satisfied with what our friend does, but we will not point it out for fear that we might lose that friend.
有时我们对朋友的所作所为并不满意,但我们不会指出来，唯恐失去那个朋友。
【对比】
目的状语从句中常有can,could,may,might,will,would, should 等情态动词。而结果状语从句表示客观事实,谓语动词用陈述语气,从句中常无情态动词。
九．比较状语从句
as...as...,than,the+比较级…the+比较级.…not as/ so...as...
Apparently, many people believe that the longer time a person spends at work, the more he accomplishes.
很明显,许多人相信一个人工作的时间越长，他(取得)的成就越多。
十．状语从句的省略
为了简洁起见,有的状语从句(如时间状语从句、条件状语从句、方式状语从句等)有时可省略从句的主语和部分谓语(尤其是当从句主语与主句主语一致,且从句谓语包括动词be时):
He fell asleep while (he was) doing his homework.他在做家庭作业时睡着了。
While (he was) doing so,he trembled a little.他这样做时稍稍颤抖了一下
He opened his mouth as if ( he was) to speak.他张开嘴，似乎要说点儿什么。
Often she would weep when (she was) alone.她一个人时，常常哭泣。
I'd like to see you whenever(it’s)convenient.在你方便的时候我想来看看你。
If (you are) travelling north , you must change at Leeds.如果你是向北行,你必须在利兹换车。
【误区警示】
有些由if构成的省略结构,已属固定短语,如if any,if necessary,if possible,if not, if so:
There are few,if any, mistakes in that book.那本书就是有错误也不多。
If necessary,ring me at home.
如果必要，可以打电话到我家找我。
If possible, I wish to go there next summer.如果可能，我希望明年夏天去那里。
He may be busy. If so, I'll call later. If not, can I see him now
他可能很忙,要是这样，我以后再来拜访。要是不忙，我现在可以见他吗
单句语法填空
1.________you want to work as a translator, you need fluency in at least one foreign language.
2.________problems arose, she responded with her characteristic,“No problem,I can handle it.”
3. He was so absurd_________he predicted that the sun will not rise tomorrow.
4. Feelings of powerlessness and despair often make us overwhelmed_______we bring our problems under control.
5.I refused his invitation to his flat for coffee___________I didn’t think that his motive was entirely pure.
6. Put the bulbs in a transparent plastic box, in order_____________the children can see the roots growing.
7.___________she worked hard, the company never gave her any recognition for her work.
8.Carl and Martin may inherit their grandmother's possessions_________she dies.
9.No matter__________happens,don't be pessimistic about your life.
10. We can't protect the environment__________large corporations sense their duty to cooperate.
语法填空
Learning a new language is rewarding 1_____it takes time and devotion.2_____you do, being fuent3________a second language offers many benefits and opportunities. It will help you a lot in life,especially in today's global society. First, learning a second language will make you a stronger candidate 4 _______you search for jobs. Second,medical studies have shown that learning a second language has such positive effects on the brain5________you can delay many brain diseases. Third. learning a new language can open up a whole new world for you. For example,6________you can speak English fluently, you can travel 7______you want to go and won't have trouble 8________( communicate). You will have a much better experience, and you can learn a lot 9 ________you talk to people from different cultures who may have different points of view. 10________it has been proven that it is easier for children to learn a second language, it is certainly never too late to learn a second language at any age. So, let's do it right now.
难点1：so that 引导目的状语从句
教材例句:
Come a little bit closer so that you can get a better view.
请靠近一点，这样你就可以看得更清楚。
so that 引导目的状语从句，意思是“以便,为了”.相当于in order that;从句中常用情态动词will,would,can,could, may.might表示一种主观愿望。
so that 引导目的状语从句,可以和so as to 不定式来转换
I will find more examples so that I can learn how to use this word.
→ I will find more examples so as to learn how to use this word.
我会找到更多的例子。这样我就可以学习如何使用这个单词。
They decide to have more workers for the project so that it won't be delayed.
他们决定为这项工程增加工人，以免被耽搁。
Then I can spare some time to learn it again, so that we can practice together every day.
然后我就可以抽出些时间重新学习,这样我们就可以每天一起练习了。
She asked for the woman's name and address so that she could repay her.
她要了那位女生的名字和地址，这样她就可以报答她。
难点2.with 复合结构
教材例句:
The Apsaras are depicted sailing in the bright blue sky, with their scarves flying, as if they are about to fly down to meet us.
上面画的是飞天在蔚蓝的天空中飞行，他们帔巾飘飘,好像要飞下来迎接我们。
构成:with+宾语+宾补
宾补形式:形容词、副词、介宾短语、动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词。
句中成分;作定语和状语，作状语时表示时间、原因、方式、条件或伴随。
The cars have blue and white signs with seagulls on them to show the way to go.
车身上有蓝白两色相间的标记,上面有海鸥以表示要去的路线。(作定语)
With her daughter to help her, she believed she could work it out.
有女儿的帮助。她相信她能够解决它。(动词不定式作宾补)
With the problem settled,we went on smoothly.
问题得到了解决，我们进展顺利。(过去分词作宾补)
With the villagers leading the way,we got there without difficulty.
村民们带路,我们毫不费力地到了那儿。(现在分词短语作宾补)
Tom likes to read with the soft music on.
汤姆喜欢听着柔和的音乐读书。(副词作宾补)
I'm sitting in the warm night air with a cold drink in my hand.我坐在温暖的夜空下,手里拿着一杯冷饮。(介宾短语作宾补)
The students attended class with the doors and windows open so as to make the air exchanged.学生们开着门窗上课以便于空气得到交换。(形容词作宾补)
1.The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog following them.
晚饭后这对老夫妻经常在公园里散步，他们的宠物狗跟在后面。
2.At exactly eleven Sir Percival knocked and entered , with anxiety and worry in every line of his face.
在11点整,珀西瓦尔敲门进人，整个脸上写着焦虑和担忧。
with复合结构作伴随状语，修饰谓语knocked and entered
3.They will be able to clear away the mystery of mathematics and face their studies_______ more confidence built up than they ever imagined.
他们能把数学的神秘一面给清除掉，以比曾经想象的更强的信心直面他们的学习。
4.Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from325.000 in 2001 to 419.000 in 2013.
官方报告显示，三代同堂的家庭数量从2001年的32.5万户增加到2013年的41.9万户。
5.His son,age 15,who had taken an art appreciation class, thought that there was something unusual about the one with a young girl sitting on a garden chair.
他15岁的儿子上过艺术欣赏课,觉得那幅坐在花园椅子上的小女孩的画有点儿不寻常。
6.Animals like donkeys and horses usually sleep with their eyes open.
像驴、马之类的动物常常睁着眼睛睡觉。
难点3 as+ adj/adv.+ as和……一样………
教材例句
..Dunhuang was not as prosperous as it used to be. ……敦煌也不像以前那样繁华。
该结构的基本意思是“和...样……"，两个as中间接形容词或副词的原级，在否定句中，第一个as也可换成 so。
He doesn't study as/so hard as his brother.
他学习不如他弟弟努力。
涉及数量或程度的用法
可用“as much+不可数名词+as”和“as many+可数名词复数+as”。
He doesn't pay as much tax as we do/as us.他没我们交的税款多。
There are not as many restaurants as there were.现在餐馆没有过去多了。
有关词序的说明
两个as中间接形容词时，有时该形容词还可修饰另一名词,但这个名词应带有不定冠词(注意词序)。
I have as good a voice as you.我的声音和你一样好。
该结构的修饰语
根据情况可用(not)nearly,almost, just, nothing like, exactly, not quite, half,one-ten, twice, three times,30 per cent 等修饰，并且这些修饰语必须置于第一个as之前,而不能置于其后。
This room is twice as large as that one.这个房间是那个房间的两倍大。
1.Humans do not shed skin as easily as other animals. 人类不像其他动物那样容易蜕皮。
2.My hands are as cold as ice.我双手冰冷。
3.He was not so quick a learner as his brother.他学东西不像他哥哥那么快。
4.This isn't as hard as it sounds, and it is far better than any other method because you improve your vocabulary while reading an interesting piece of literature.
这不像听起来那么难而且它比任何其他方法都好阅读一篇有趣的文学作品的同时扩大了词汇量。
5.But I did not find my results to be as good as I had hoped they would be.
但是我没有发现我的结果像我希望的那样好。
6.I have read as interesting a book as you have read.我读的书和你读的书一样有趣.
7.Americans eat only about fifteen pounds of fish per person per year, but we eat twice as much fish in restaurants as at home.
美国人每年每人只吃大约15磅的鱼肉,但我们在餐馆中吃的鱼肉是在家中吃的两倍多。
难点4 even though引导让步状语从句
教材例句
Gradually,it faded from memory, even though it was once such a great city.
尽管敦煌曾经是一个如此繁华的大城市,但它还是渐渐淡出了人们的记忆。
even though 意为“虽然,即使,尽管”，相当于even if,引导让步状语从句。
Even though conditions are rather tough here, they will never quit their dreams.
即使这里的条件相当艰苦,他们也绝不会放弃自己的梦想。
若主句使用一般将来时,even though引导的从句用一般现在时。
Even though I fail many times, I will try once again.即使失败了很多次，我还是会再试一次。
as though/if“似乎,好像”，引导表语从句或方式状语从句从句用陈述语气或虚拟语气(更常用)。
It seems as though my luggage is over- weight.看起来我的行李超重了。(陈述语气)
Use a clear simple style as though you were writing to younger students in your school.
运用简洁明了的写作风格，就好像你是写给你们学校低年级的学生那样。(虚拟语气)
---Why do people like pop music I hate it so much.
人们为什么喜欢流行音乐 我非常讨厌它。
---Even though it is not your style, that doesn't mean it is bad.
即使这不是你喜欢的风格,那也不意味着它很糟糕。
2.Even if you have dark skin, you still need protection from the sun.
即使你皮肤黝黑,你仍需要防晒。
3.When you walk into the gallery, you feel as if you were inside a fragile, white seashell.
当你走进画廊的时候，你会觉得你进人了一个易碎的白色贝壳里。
4.It seemed very far, but he heard it as distinctly as if it_____(be)at his very side.
它似乎很远,但他听得清清楚楚,就好像它就在他身边一样。
5.He is so busy. He cannot afford enough time with his son even______he wants to.
他如此忙碌，不能抽出充足的时间陪儿子，即使他想这样做。
难点5.given that引导原因状语从句
教材例句
Given that the theme of the Expo was to promote cultural exchange and strengthen mutual cooperation between the countries along the Silk Road, Dunhuang was the ideal place.
博览会的主题是促进文化交流，加强丝绸之路沿线国家的相互合作。因此敦煌正是理想的会址。
(1)given that连词,意为“考虑到”相当于considering that,引导原因状语从句。
Given that there is often poor visibility, the site chosen as an airport is not appropriate.
考虑到这里能见度经常欠佳，所以选为机场是不合适的。
另外,given that作为从属连词,等同于 supposing that,on condition that,表示“假定,假如”引导表示条件的从句。
Given that I had been abroad last year, you should have found me nowhere here at home.
假如我去年在国外，你当时在国内任何地方都找不到我。
given 介词,表示“考虑到;鉴于”，后接名词或名词短语。
Given her interest in children, teaching seems the right job for her.
考虑到她喜欢孩子,教书看来是很适合她的工作。
Given that this is the case, why aren't students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit
鉴于这种情况,为什么不按照教他们解决数学问题、开车或保持身体健康的方法教给学生处理矛盾冲突的办法
Given_________current treatments are a far cry from a cure and do not work for everyone some people feel there is no harm in trying something that might improve their quality of life.
假设目前的治疗还远未达到治愈的水准,并且,尚不是对每个人都有效,那么一些人就会认为,提高生活质量的一些尝试可能是无害的。
A far cry from意为“相距甚远,与……差得老远”
___________(give)your busy schedule , I'd be very appreciative if you offer to give some professional advice.
如果您在百忙之中能给我一些专业建议,我将不胜感激。
难点6 now that引导原因状语从句
教树例句
Now that this dream has come true, my next goal is to translate The Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
现在这个梦想已经实现了，我的下一个目标就是翻译《三国演义》。
now that表示“既然，由于”，相当于since,引导原因状语从句。
now that在口语中 that可省略;引导从句时,主句前不可再用 so。
Now(that) we have accepted the challenge, we may as well take a chance.
既然我们已经接受了挑战,我们不妨来碰一碰运气。
in that表示“由于,因为,既然”,引导原因状语从句。
①We needn't have bought so much food now that Susie won't be with us for dinner.
既然苏西不和我们一起吃晚饭，我们就不必买如此多的食物。
②______ _______you've listed your strengths, list your imperfections.
既然你已经列出了自己的优点，那就列出你的不足之处。
③ This research is important ________that it confirms the link between aggression and alcohol.这项研究很重要,因为它证实了攻击性和酒精之间的联系。
难点7.插入语
教材例句
It's a moving and intense experience that I'm sure you would love-a bit like Peking Opera!
这是一次感人而紧张的体验,我相信你会喜欢的--有点儿像京剧!
性质:属于独立成分，意指说话人的态度或看法，说明整个句子而不是某个词,用以强调或补充所要表达的意思。
位置:一般用逗号或破折号与句中其他成分隔开,位于句首、句中或句尾。
类型:副词、形容词、介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语或主谓结构等。
本句中的插人语I’m sure属于主谓结构。主谓结构作插人语通常放在句子中间或者结尾。常见的主谓结构作插人语的有:I think(我认为),I hope(我希望).I guess(我想)，I believe(我认为)，I'm afraid(恐怕),I wonder(我想知道)，you see(你看,你知道)。 don't you think(难道你不认为)，it seems to me(在我看来)等。
Honesty, I believe, is her virtue.我认为,诚实是她的美德。
副词作插人语:incidentally(顺便提一句),however(但是),though(可是)等。
形容词作插入语:worse still(更糟糕的是)，strange enough(奇怪的是)， most important of all(最重要的是)等。
(3)介词短语作插入语:all in all(总而言之)，by the way(顺便说一下)， in conclusion(总之)，at worst(在最坏的情况下),to my delight(让我高兴的是),as a result(结果),in fact(实际上)等。
(4)不定式短语作插入语:to be frank(坦率地说)，to put it briefly(简单来说)，to be sure(诚然),needless to say(不用说),to put it another way(换句话说)等。
(5)分词短语作插入语:allowing for...(考虑到……),judging from...(根据……判断),roughly speaking(粗略地说),all things considered(从各方面看来).considering..(考虑到……) strictly speaking(严格地说)等
This sentence seemed to strike a chord with those people, who I'm sure are feeling owes. whelmed now.
我相信这句话应该会让那些现在感到迷茫的人产生共鸣。
who 引导非限制性定语从句，对those people进行补充说明
②China,_______fact, has caught up with and surpassed the world advanced levels in many respects.
事实上，中国已经在许多方面赶上和超过了世界先进水平。
③ The movie,__________be frank, moved me to tears.
坦率地说，这部电影使我感动得流下了眼泪。
④Painters,sculptors- they've all tried to make the best of this ordinary face, but I'm afraid there's not much hope.
画家、雕塑家,他们都努力把这张平凡的脸刻画得淋漓尽致,但恐怕希望不大。
⑤ To put_______another way,she's not quite fit for this kind of work.
换句话说，她不太适合这种工作。
⑥ Most important of all, computers create wide communication around the world.
最重要的是，计算机在世界范围内建立了广泛的交流。
⑦ Incidentally, your proposal has been put to the discussion at the meeting.
顺便说一句，你的建议已经提交会议进行讨论了。
⑧ The idea“happiness”, ________be sure, will not sit still for easy definition.
诚然，“幸福”这个概念很难定义。
⑨Needless to say,I suffered a lot. But I know whatever I have to face in my life I was there and I survived.
不用说，我受了很多苦，但我知道无论在我的人生中要面对什么，我都去经历，而且我挺过来了。
whatever引导让步状语从句，表示“无论，不管”
Unit 3
1.be testimony to 是…的证明 2. fade from 从…中消逝
3.be exposed to 暴露于… 4.date from 追溯到; ；起源于
5.bring…to life 使…苏醒；活跃起来 6.keep a close eye on 密切关注…
7.seal…up 把…密封住；封存起来 8.prior to 在…之前；先于
9.on the whole 总的来说 10.strike a chord 引起共鸣
11.vary from…to…由…到…不等/变化 12.be unique to 对…来说是独特的；为…独有的
13.in detail 详细地 14.to name just a few 仅举几例
15.be mixed with与…混合在一起 16.as a whole总的来说；总体上
17.give an account of 叙述；说明；报告 18.(a) knowledge of…某一方面的知识；知道…
19.(be) an expert in 熟于；精通；是…方面的专家 20.(be) accessible to可接近的；可用的；能进入的
21.interact with与…相互作用；与…互动 22.as a whole总的来说
23.lead to 导致 24.be familiar to 为…所熟知；熟悉
25.be amazed by 对…感到惊讶 26.encounter with 遭遇；遇到
27.have an effect on 对…有影响 28.passion for 对…的强烈爱好
29.tend to do 往往会做…;倾向于做… 30.keep a close eye on 密切注视；留心瞧着；注意
31.be highly thought of 受到高度评价；受到重视
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