（2019外研版）选修四 unit 2 讲义（精讲）
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中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
选修四：unit 2
复习被动语态
语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语和谓语动词之间的具体关系，分为主动语态和被动语态两种。主动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者;被动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者。
在英语中，一般只有及物动词或及物动词短语才有被动语态。
一.被动语态的基本构成形式
被动语态的基本构成形式为“be+过去分词”。其中be无具体意义,但有时态、人称和数的变化。各种时态的被动语态形式如下表(以动词do为例):
时间 一般体 进行体 完成体
现在 am/is/are done am/is/are being done have /has been done
过去 was /were done was/were being done had been done
将来 shall/will be done ------ shall / will have been done
(1)一般现在时的被动语态
People are grateful because their food is gathered for the winter and the agricultural work is over.人们都心怀感激，因为越冬的粮食收集起来了,农活结束了。
(2)一般过去时的被动语态
When they were served the ice cream, Tom began to look ill.
当他们吃冰激凌时，汤姆开始看上去不舒服。
(3)一般将来时的被动语态
Otherwise, he will soon be abandoned by his company and his fans.
否则，他将很快被他的公司和粉丝抛弃。
(4)过去将来时的被动语态
It was not obvious that water was to be used for the development of life.
水被运用于生命的发展,这一点并不明显。
(5)现在进行时的被动语态
Nowadays, many flying birds are being shot by the hunters.
当今,大量的飞鸟正在被猎人射杀。
(6)过去进行时的被动语态
In both China and Rome at that time, poetry was being developed.
在当时的中国和罗马，诗歌都得到了发展。
(7)现在完成时的被动语态
Some sports that were parts of the Olympics in the past have been removed.
那些曾属于奥运会项目的一些运动已被去掉了。
(8)过去完成时的被动语态
He said this computer had never been used.
他说这台电脑从来没被用过。
(9)将来完成时的被动语态
The program will have been done by the end of the month.
这个项目将在本月底完成。
二.被动语态的用法
(1)不知道谁是动作的执行者,或没有必要指明谁是动作的执行者。
The room is dirty.房间脏了。
----I know. It hasn’t been cleaned for days.
我知道。好几天没人打扫了。
(2)需要强调或突出动作的承受者。
All the employees except the manager are encouraged to work online.
除了经理以外，所有的雇员都被鼓励线上办公。
在文章标题、广告、新闻中。
Boys wanted! 招男工!
(4)当动作的执行者不是人时。
The number of deaths from heart attack will be reduced greatly if people eat more fruit and vegetables.
如果人们吃更多的水果和蔬菜，那么死于心脏病的人的数量将极大地减少。
三.含有情态动词的被动句式结构:情态动词+be+过去分词
Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.
每天必须保证8小时的睡眠。
I lived near an airport and passing planes can be heard night and day.
我住在一个机场附近，过往飞机(的声音)日夜不绝于耳。
四.“get+过去分词”可以表示被动，此结构比较口语化
The patient got treated once a month.
Finally,Tom and Mary got married and they lived happily ever after.
最终，汤姆和玛丽结婚了,他们从此过上了幸福的生活。
五.含 going to , used to, have to, had better等结构的主动句变被动句时，只需将其后的动词变为被动形式即可.
This sports meeting is going to be held next month.
这次运动会将于下个月举行。
All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome.
必须克服各种困难。
【误区警示】
被动语态与系表结构的区别
(1)被动语态表动作，常由介词by引出动作的机行者；而系表结构表状态。
The window was broken by a little boy.
窗户是被一个小男孩打碎的。(动作)
The window was broken.
窗户被打碎了。(状态)
(2)表结构书用very,quite,rather,too,so, more, most等词修饰，被动结构常用greatly等词修饰。
I’m quite satisfied with your work.
我对你的工作相当满意。(系表结构).
We were greatly moved by what the little boy did.
我们被那个小男孩的行为深深地感动了。(被动语态)
难点1
despite 引起的让步状语(=in spite of)
教材例句
Despite being a sports journalist with a successful career ahead of him,Mitch Albom feels that there is something missing from his life.
米奇·阿尔博姆是一位前途光明的体育新闻记者,可他总觉得生活里少了些什么。
despite the fact that... 尽管……
despite this 尽管如此
despite our best efforts尽管我们尽了最大努力
despite applying for hundreds of jobs尽管申请了数百份工作
despite,in spite of是介词(短语)，后接名词、代词或动名词,不能引导从句,但可以用 despite/in spite of the fact that 引导从句。
although,though,as意为“尽管,虽然”时,可引导让步状语从句。但although不能倒装;as 必须倒装;though 既可倒装,也可不倒装。
The thing is, a number of them have admitted that despite their success, they aren't happy.
问题是他们中的很多人承认尽管他们很成功,但并不快乐。
It is unbelievable that Mr. Lucas leads a simple life______his great wealth.
尽管卢卡斯先生有大量的财富,但是他过着简朴的生活，这真让人难以置信。
Her voice was shaking despite/in spite of all her efforts to control it.
尽管她竭尽全力控制自己,但她的声音仍在颤抖。
Although/Though it was raining hard, we still went on working.
尽管下着大雨,但我们仍继续工作。
难点2：as if引导从句时的语气问题
教材例句：
Reading this book made me feel as if I'd been woken up from a long sleep and finally opened my eyes to the world!
阅读这本书仿佛将我从长觉中唤醒了，让我终于开始睁眼看世界!
as if/though引导从句时的语气:从句表示的情况是事实，用陈述语气;从句表示的情况与事实不符,用虚拟语气。从句表示的情况与事实不符时，从句谓语的形式如下:
过去式(与现在事实相反)
had+过去分词(与过去事实相反)
would/could/might+动词原形(与将来事实相反)
He looked as if he was about to burst into tears.他看上去好像要哭了。
She looks as though she were ten years younger.她看起来好像年轻了10岁。
He kept working as though nothing had happened.他继续工作，好像什么都没有发生过。
It looks as though it would rain.看起来好像要下雨了。
as if引导的从句有时可用省略形式。结构:as if+分词/不定式/形容词/介词短语等。
She stood at the door as if waiting for someone.她站在门口，好像在等人。
. It seemed as if he didn't care about everything around him.
他看起来好像不在乎周围的一切。
.I always read,using different voices, as though I were acting out the stories with my voice and they loved it!
我总是用不同的声音阅读，就好像我在用我的声音表演故事,他们很喜欢!
More generally,the Internet functions as if it________(be)my memory.
从更广泛的意义而言,互联网所起的作用像是我的记忆的延伸。
It was John who broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if l_____(do)it
是约翰打破了窗户。为什么你跟我说的好像是我做的
强调句型:1t+is/was+ 被强调部分 +who/that...此处强调了主语John
When fat and salt are removed from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.
当除去食物中的脂肪和时，食物尝起来好像少了什么。
(6)She opened her mouth as if_________(say) something.她张嘴好像要说什么。
难点3：过去分词(短语)作状语
教材例句：
Performed in 1921 in Shanghai by Chinese students,it was the first foreign play staged in China.由中国学生于1921年在上海演出，它是第一部在中国上演的外国戏剧。
注意:一般来说，不论是动词不定式、现在分词，还是过去分词作状语，其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语。但是，有一些非谓语动词短语已经群离出来，成为单独的短语,在句子中作状语。 exactly/honestly/frankly generally speaking;judging from/by 等。
过去分词(短语)作状语时，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语。主语是过去分词(短语)动作的承受者，它们之间是被动关系。过去分词(短语)作状语一般用逗号同其他成分隔开。
作时间状语时,可转换为when 或 while等引导的从句,通常放在句首。
Seen from the top of the hill(= When it is seen from the top of the hill),the boat looks like a small leaf.
从山顶上看,这艘船看起来像一片小树叶。
作原因状语时，可转换为because as或since等引导的从句,多放在句首。
Encouraged by the teacher(= As she was encouraged by the teacher)，the girl was very happy.
由于被老师鼓励,这个女孩非常高兴。
(3)作条件状语时,可转换为once,if或unless 等引导的从句,一般放在句首。
Given more attention (= If it was given more attention ), the fire could have been avoided.
如果多注意一些，这场大火本来能避免的。
(4)作让步状语时，可转换为though. although 或 even if 引导的从句,常放在句首。
(5)作结果状语时，可转换为and 连接的并列句。
He fell off a tall tree, his leg broken.=He fell off a tall tree and his leg broke.
他从高树上摔了下来，腿摔断了。
Filled with curiosity, the artist packed his bags and left.
那位艺术家怀着好奇心收拾行囊离开了。
__________(treat )this way,you're sure to feel hurt.
被这样对待,你肯定会感到伤心。
The cup fell down to the ground,_________(break).
茶杯掉到了地上破碎了。
_________(lose) in thought,he almost knocked into the big tree in front of him.
他陷人沉思几乎要撞到他前面的那棵大树。
Time,____________(use)correctly,is money in the bank.
如果使用得当时间就是银行里的钱。
6.It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live with their parents, compared with 16%in1991.据说25到34岁的年轻人中约有20%和父母住在一起，而1991年这一比例为16%。
7.__________( see) from the moon,our earth. with water covering about seventy percent of its surface,appears as a blue ball
我们的地球表面被水覆盖了约70%，从月球上看像一个蓝色的球。
When our earth is seen from the moon
Some people against tollbooths argue that roads, once_______(build),should be free.
一些反对收费站的人认为,道路一旦建成.就应该是免费的。
9.____________(give )a few minutes, I'll finish it.
再给几分钟的时间，我就完成了。
难点4：every time 引导时间状语从句
教材例句
...and the Happiness of the Forest: you will see him every time you go to the window...
……这个是森林福:你每次走到窗前都能看见他……
every time 意为“每次”，是名词词组，可用作连词,引导时间状语从句。
The roof leaks every time it rains.
每逢下雨屋顶都会漏水。
除every time 外，下列名词词组也可以引导时间状语从句:
the first/second time 第一/第二次(the)last time/(the) next time上次/下次any time 任何时候
the moment/minute/instant-……就……
the day/week/month/year那天/那个星期/那个月/那年
Every time we got to a new place, Mom would cheer up like s child.
每次我们到一个新地方，妈妈都会像个孩子一样高兴。
Next time you visit Bob remember to give him a call in advance.
下次你去拜访鲍勃的时候，记得要提前给他打个电话。
For example,__________moment you get on the airplane, start adjusting your biological clock to the destination's time.
例如,你一上飞机就开始调整你的生物钟以适应目的地的时间。
本单元短语：
Unit2
1.be reunited with （使）重聚 2.lose touch with 与…失去联系
3.burst into laughing 突然大笑起来 4.point of view 观点
5.live life to the full 充实地享受生活 6.be crammed with 塞满；填满
7.get distracted by 被…分心 8.rush into 冲进；仓促行动
9.be compared to 被比作… 10.a pleasant surprise 一个惊喜
11.be filled with被…充满 12.be made up of由…组成
13.a series of一系列的 14.stick to坚持；粘住
15.as…as possible尽可能…的 16.pass on传递；继续；去世
17.credit to将…归于 18.lose weight减重
19.in order to为了 20.cooperate with与…合作
21.put all one’s efforts into投入全部精力 22.at all根本；究竟
23.go up to 走向….;前往；上到…上；上升到 24.no more…than…和…一样都不（=neither…nor…）
21世纪教育网 www.21cnjy.com 精品试卷·第 2 页 （共 2 页）
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
选修四：unit 2
复习被动语态
语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语和谓语动词之间的具体关系，分为主动语态和被动语态两种。主动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者;被动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者。
在英语中，一般只有及物动词或及物动词短语才有被动语态。
一.被动语态的基本构成形式
被动语态的基本构成形式为“be+过去分词”。其中be无具体意义,但有时态、人称和数的变化。各种时态的被动语态形式如下表(以动词do为例):
时间 一般体 进行体 完成体
现在 am/is/are done am/is/are being done have /has been done
过去 was /were done was/were being done had been done
将来 shall/will be done ------ shall / will have been done
(1)一般现在时的被动语态
People are grateful because their food is gathered for the winter and the agricultural work is over.人们都心怀感激，因为越冬的粮食收集起来了,农活结束了。
(2)一般过去时的被动语态
When they were served the ice cream, Tom began to look ill.
当他们吃冰激凌时，汤姆开始看上去不舒服。
(3)一般将来时的被动语态
Otherwise, he will soon be abandoned by his company and his fans.
否则，他将很快被他的公司和粉丝抛弃。
(4)过去将来时的被动语态
It was not obvious that water was to be used for the development of life.
水被运用于生命的发展,这一点并不明显。
(5)现在进行时的被动语态
Nowadays, many flying birds are being shot by the hunters.
当今,大量的飞鸟正在被猎人射杀。
(6)过去进行时的被动语态
In both China and Rome at that time, poetry was being developed.
在当时的中国和罗马，诗歌都得到了发展。
(7)现在完成时的被动语态
Some sports that were parts of the Olympics in the past have been removed.
那些曾属于奥运会项目的一些运动已被去掉了。
(8)过去完成时的被动语态
He said this computer had never been used.
他说这台电脑从来没被用过。
(9)将来完成时的被动语态
The program will have been done by the end of the month.
这个项目将在本月底完成。
二.被动语态的用法
(1)不知道谁是动作的执行者,或没有必要指明谁是动作的执行者。
The room is dirty.房间脏了。
----I know. It hasn’t been cleaned for days.
我知道。好几天没人打扫了。
(2)需要强调或突出动作的承受者。
All the employees except the manager are encouraged to work online.
除了经理以外，所有的雇员都被鼓励线上办公。
在文章标题、广告、新闻中。
Boys wanted! 招男工!
(4)当动作的执行者不是人时。
The number of deaths from heart attack will be reduced greatly if people eat more fruit and vegetables.
如果人们吃更多的水果和蔬菜，那么死于心脏病的人的数量将极大地减少。
三.含有情态动词的被动句式结构:情态动词+be+过去分词
Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.
每天必须保证8小时的睡眠。
I lived near an airport and passing planes can be heard night and day.
我住在一个机场附近，过往飞机(的声音)日夜不绝于耳。
四.“get+过去分词”可以表示被动，此结构比较口语化
The patient got treated once a month.
Finally,Tom and Mary got married and they lived happily ever after.
最终，汤姆和玛丽结婚了,他们从此过上了幸福的生活。
五.含 going to , used to, have to, had better等结构的主动句变被动句时，只需将其后的动词变为被动形式即可.
This sports meeting is going to be held next month.
这次运动会将于下个月举行。
All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome.
必须克服各种困难。
【误区警示】
被动语态与系表结构的区别
(1)被动语态表动作，常由介词by引出动作的机行者；而系表结构表状态。
The window was broken by a little boy.
窗户是被一个小男孩打碎的。(动作)
The window was broken.
窗户被打碎了。(状态)
(2)表结构书用very,quite,rather,too,so, more, most等词修饰，被动结构常用greatly等词修饰。
I’m quite satisfied with your work.
我对你的工作相当满意。(系表结构).
We were greatly moved by what the little boy did.
我们被那个小男孩的行为深深地感动了。(被动语态)
难点1
despite 引起的让步状语(=in spite of)
教材例句
Despite being a sports journalist with a successful career ahead of him,Mitch Albom feels that there is something missing from his life.
米奇·阿尔博姆是一位前途光明的体育新闻记者,可他总觉得生活里少了些什么。
despite the fact that... 尽管……
despite this 尽管如此
despite our best efforts尽管我们尽了最大努力
despite applying for hundreds of jobs尽管申请了数百份工作
despite,in spite of是介词(短语)，后接名词、代词或动名词,不能引导从句,但可以用 despite/in spite of the fact that 引导从句。
although,though,as意为“尽管,虽然”时,可引导让步状语从句。但although不能倒装;as 必须倒装;though 既可倒装,也可不倒装。
The thing is, a number of them have admitted that despite their success, they aren't happy.
问题是他们中的很多人承认尽管他们很成功,但并不快乐。
It is unbelievable that Mr. Lucas leads a simple life______his great wealth.
尽管卢卡斯先生有大量的财富,但是他过着简朴的生活，这真让人难以置信。
Her voice was shaking despite/in spite of all her efforts to control it.
尽管她竭尽全力控制自己,但她的声音仍在颤抖。
Although/Though it was raining hard, we still went on working.
尽管下着大雨,但我们仍继续工作。
难点2：as if引导从句时的语气问题
教材例句：
Reading this book made me feel as if I'd been woken up from a long sleep and finally opened my eyes to the world!
阅读这本书仿佛将我从长觉中唤醒了，让我终于开始睁眼看世界!
as if/though引导从句时的语气:从句表示的情况是事实，用陈述语气;从句表示的情况与事实不符,用虚拟语气。从句表示的情况与事实不符时，从句谓语的形式如下:
过去式(与现在事实相反)
had+过去分词(与过去事实相反)
would/could/might+动词原形(与将来事实相反)
He looked as if he was about to burst into tears.他看上去好像要哭了。
She looks as though she were ten years younger.她看起来好像年轻了10岁。
He kept working as though nothing had happened.他继续工作，好像什么都没有发生过。
It looks as though it would rain.看起来好像要下雨了。
as if引导的从句有时可用省略形式。结构:as if+分词/不定式/形容词/介词短语等。
She stood at the door as if waiting for someone.她站在门口，好像在等人。
. It seemed as if he didn't care about everything around him.
他看起来好像不在乎周围的一切。
.I always read,using different voices, as though I were acting out the stories with my voice and they loved it!
我总是用不同的声音阅读，就好像我在用我的声音表演故事,他们很喜欢!
More generally,the Internet functions as if it________(be)my memory.
从更广泛的意义而言,互联网所起的作用像是我的记忆的延伸。
It was John who broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if l_____(do)it
是约翰打破了窗户。为什么你跟我说的好像是我做的
强调句型:1t+is/was+ 被强调部分 +who/that...此处强调了主语John
When fat and salt are removed from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.
当除去食物中的脂肪和时，食物尝起来好像少了什么。
(6)She opened her mouth as if_________(say) something.她张嘴好像要说什么。
难点3：过去分词(短语)作状语
教材例句：
Performed in 1921 in Shanghai by Chinese students,it was the first foreign play staged in China.由中国学生于1921年在上海演出，它是第一部在中国上演的外国戏剧。
注意:一般来说，不论是动词不定式、现在分词，还是过去分词作状语，其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语。但是，有一些非谓语动词短语已经群离出来，成为单独的短语,在句子中作状语。 exactly/honestly/frankly generally speaking;judging from/by 等。
过去分词(短语)作状语时，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语。主语是过去分词(短语)动作的承受者，它们之间是被动关系。过去分词(短语)作状语一般用逗号同其他成分隔开。
作时间状语时,可转换为when 或 while等引导的从句,通常放在句首。
Seen from the top of the hill(= When it is seen from the top of the hill),the boat looks like a small leaf.
从山顶上看,这艘船看起来像一片小树叶。
作原因状语时，可转换为because as或since等引导的从句,多放在句首。
Encouraged by the teacher(= As she was encouraged by the teacher)，the girl was very happy.
由于被老师鼓励,这个女孩非常高兴。
(3)作条件状语时,可转换为once,if或unless 等引导的从句,一般放在句首。
Given more attention (= If it was given more attention ), the fire could have been avoided.
如果多注意一些，这场大火本来能避免的。
(4)作让步状语时，可转换为though. although 或 even if 引导的从句,常放在句首。
(5)作结果状语时，可转换为and 连接的并列句。
He fell off a tall tree, his leg broken.=He fell off a tall tree and his leg broke.
他从高树上摔了下来，腿摔断了。
Filled with curiosity, the artist packed his bags and left.
那位艺术家怀着好奇心收拾行囊离开了。
__________(treat )this way,you're sure to feel hurt.
被这样对待,你肯定会感到伤心。
The cup fell down to the ground,_________(break).
茶杯掉到了地上破碎了。
_________(lose) in thought,he almost knocked into the big tree in front of him.
他陷人沉思几乎要撞到他前面的那棵大树。
Time,____________(use)correctly,is money in the bank.
如果使用得当时间就是银行里的钱。
6.It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live with their parents, compared with 16%in1991.据说25到34岁的年轻人中约有20%和父母住在一起，而1991年这一比例为16%。
7.__________( see) from the moon,our earth. with water covering about seventy percent of its surface,appears as a blue ball
我们的地球表面被水覆盖了约70%，从月球上看像一个蓝色的球。
When our earth is seen from the moon
Some people against tollbooths argue that roads, once_______(build),should be free.
一些反对收费站的人认为,道路一旦建成.就应该是免费的。
9.____________(give )a few minutes, I'll finish it.
再给几分钟的时间，我就完成了。
难点4：every time 引导时间状语从句
教材例句
...and the Happiness of the Forest: you will see him every time you go to the window...
……这个是森林福:你每次走到窗前都能看见他……
every time 意为“每次”，是名词词组，可用作连词,引导时间状语从句。
The roof leaks every time it rains.
每逢下雨屋顶都会漏水。
除every time 外，下列名词词组也可以引导时间状语从句:
the first/second time 第一/第二次(the)last time/(the) next time上次/下次any time 任何时候
the moment/minute/instant-……就……
the day/week/month/year那天/那个星期/那个月/那年
Every time we got to a new place, Mom would cheer up like s child.
每次我们到一个新地方，妈妈都会像个孩子一样高兴。
Next time you visit Bob remember to give him a call in advance.
下次你去拜访鲍勃的时候，记得要提前给他打个电话。
For example,__________moment you get on the airplane, start adjusting your biological clock to the destination's time.
例如,你一上飞机就开始调整你的生物钟以适应目的地的时间。
本单元短语：
Unit2
1.be reunited with （使）重聚 2.lose touch with 与…失去联系
3.burst into laughing 突然大笑起来 4.point of view 观点
5.live life to the full 充实地享受生活 6.be crammed with 塞满；填满
7.get distracted by 被…分心 8.rush into 冲进；仓促行动
9.be compared to 被比作… 10.a pleasant surprise 一个惊喜
11.be filled with被…充满 12.be made up of由…组成
13.a series of一系列的 14.stick to坚持；粘住
15.as…as possible尽可能…的 16.pass on传递；继续；去世
17.credit to将…归于 18.lose weight减重
19.in order to为了 20.cooperate with与…合作
21.put all one’s efforts into投入全部精力 22.at all根本；究竟
23.go up to 走向….;前往；上到…上；上升到 24.no more…than…和…一样都不（=neither…nor…）
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