2024届高考英语二轮复习七选五解题策略以及例证 讲义

题型攻略七选五解题策略以及例证
解题步骤
鉴于考生考场时间紧张，未必有时间全文精读，建议考生按以下四个步骤进行答题：
第一步：快速浏览标题或首段以及每段第一句，了解文本的话题、基本结构、主题或大意。
第二步：精读每个选项，读懂句意，并圈出体现上下文逻辑关系的提示词，例如指代不明的代词、连词、数词等。
第三步：通读文章，重点关注空格前后的句子，并答题。阅读空格前后的句子时也同样要关注体现上下文逻辑关系的提示词。将七个选项的关键词与五个空的前后句中的提示词进行比对，寻找相关性，利用词汇衔接、逻辑衔接、句法结构等各种衔接手段来确定答案。做题时先易后难，把最容易最明显的答案先选出，这样有区分度的题的答案范围就得以缩小，题目难度降低，这样各个击破，逐一还原每个空格。
第四步：带答案阅读原文，验证答案。将确定的选项代入原文，检查还原后的文章是否在整体上具有连贯性和一致性，在意义与逻辑上都保持通顺。
解题技巧
这种题型主要考核考生对上下文逻辑关系的把握，所以，在做题过程中，考生应该重点关注并用好各种体现句间或段落间逻辑连贯性的表达。考生可以重点从语法、词汇、段落主题以及文章大意等维度来审题并快速确定答案。下图全面展示了众多能够帮助考生快速定位答案的信息还原技巧。
技巧 1：找准代词指代，确定邻句相关性
People with healthy self-esteem don’t need to boast about themselves to others. People with low self-esteem may tell you how much everyone loves them, what a great job they do at work, and how amazing they are at pretty everything under the sun even though they really wonder if it’s true. People may see them as obnoxious or“full of themselves”.People with a healthy level of self-esteem present themselves with a casual confidence. They are not shy about sharing ideas, including constructive criticisms of others. They also take care of themselves without second-guessing or apologizing. They are the people who we say seem“sure of themselves”.
该题答案中的people即为空格后一句中的主语They所指代的名词。原作者在写作过程中，为了避免重复，经常用代词指代前文已经提及的人或事，因此，代词是阅读过程中非常常用的一个体现句间逻辑的语法手段。
技巧2：巧用连词，定位前后句逻辑关系
Professor Jerald has made a scientific study of lying. According to him, women are better liars than men, particularly when telling a“white lie”, such as when a woman at a party tells another woman that she likes her dress when she really thinks it looks terrible. However, this is only one side of the story.Other researchers say that men are more likely to tell serious lies, such as making a promise which they have no intention of carrying out. This is the kind of lie politicians and businessmen are supposed to be particularly skilled at: the lie from which the liar hopes to pro t or gain in some day.
该题前文的 women are better liars than men 与空格后的 men are more likely to tell serious lies 需要答案 However, this is only one side of the story. 来使其转折关系成立。连词是最明显体现句子间或段落间逻辑关系。考生在阅读逻辑过程中一定要关注连词的使用，理解连词提示的前后句的逻辑关系。
技巧3：用好数词同现原则，快速缩小答案范围
The Olympic Games have expanded from 241 to more than 10000 competitors since the original reestablishment in Athens with the 1896 Games.Dozens of additions and changes have been made in the Olympic program since 1896, with almost 100 events being added since 1980 alone. Although enthusiasts of many activities hope to see their avocations become Olympic sports, only a few receive one of the coveted slots in the Olympic program. How Are Sports Chosen for the Olympics
该空前一句中的数词1896明显提示着答案，因为答案中也有1896。作者在写作过程中如果要用到数词，为了达到一定的写作效果，往往会多个数词连着使用。因此，如果选项中有数词，考生可以考虑缩小范围，观察有没有空格前后还有数词尤其是同类别的或相似的数词。
技巧4：用好主语一致原则，减少干扰项
If you’re starting to think you may have low self-esteem, you can work on the way you talk to yourself. When you turn off negative self-talk, you can open the floor to positive reinforcements and access the courage to show different sides of yourself. It isn’t going to feel good at rst, though. Keep going until it becomes less and less and maybe even a few awkward laughs in the mirror may help. With some practice and persistence, you will win this internal struggle to see your self-worth.
本段每一句话的主语均为you，空格前一句省去了主语，但因为是祈使句，省去的主语也是you，与该题答案的主语也是you。全段主语一致。一般情况下，作者在写作过程中，为确保写作的紧凑性和连贯性，不会轻易更换主语。因此，主语一致也是一个非常好用的信息还原技巧。
技巧5：关注句型特点，句以类聚找答案
Much of the work in today’s world is accomplished（完成）in teams. Most people believe the best way to build a great team is to gather a group of the most talented individuals. Sports team owners spend millions of dollars attracting top panies spend millions hiring top business people. Is their money well spent
该题答案Companies spend millions hiring top business people.与前一句Sports team owners spend millions of dollars attracting top talent.为同样的句子结构的并列使用。排比句是说明文常用的写作方式，也是命题者青睐的挖空位置。考生要关注空格前后的句型或句子结构，一旦发现有两句或多句并列或排比，就可以轻松确定该题答案。
技巧6：放大阅读“聚焦”，识破段落结构定答案
Some words sound like what they mean. And they could influence everything from fictional depictions of aliens to your rst impression on a job application. But most words have no apparent connection to what they signify. As the linguist Steven Pinker puts it, we call a dog“dog”because everyone else does. And that’s how it has to be. It would overwhelm our senses if every word we spoke came with a deeper meaning.
如果考生能相对宏观一点审题，看到本段三个位置的关键词，即：some words, most words, every word等，考生就一定能快速定位答案。因为这样的关键词显然构成了本段非常紧凑的段落结构。有时候考生在答题过程中，因为视角过于微小，逐词逐句地阅读，忽略了明显的提示词。因此考生在阅读过程中要灵活收放视角或聚焦，及时看到命题者命题过程中留下的答题依据或提示词。否则，容易迷失在选项或字词间。
技巧7：查询变形关键词，复现暗示答案
Pexman also examines how people’s names could affect their chances of being chosen after an interview.“We have videos of people being interviewed for jobs and we will manipulate the names of those candidates before others evaluate them,”she says. “What’s in a name ”William Shakespeare asked us in Romeo and Juliet.“That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet.”Well, perhaps not.
该题答案选项中的interview与后一句的interviewed为同一关键词的不同形式。关键词复现是作者写作过程中体现前后逻辑连贯性的常用方法。关注这样的复现，有助于考生快速锁定答案。
技巧8：研读空格前后句，理清句间逻辑
However, in serious cases of low or even non-existent self-esteem, you may want to call in a professional or a specialist. Good mental health is important, and professionals doing psychotherapy do not pass judgement or give corrections. This encourages you to speak openly without worry. It is the best way to get at the roots of your real self-esteem problems.
该题空格前一句提到的专业心理医生的做法引出答案的encourages you to speak openly without worry，而答案又暗示后一句It is the best way to get at the roots of your real self-esteem problems.这样三句话自成逻辑。事实上，写作本身就是“话赶话”，作者通过非常严密的逻辑形成一段文字或一篇文章。要想真正选对答案，对于有区分度的试题，非常有必要读懂句子或文段所传递的语义。
2021北京高考信息还原题是高考题中该题型得分率最低难度最大的一道题。但如果用到上文介绍的相关技巧，所谓的难题均会迎刃而解。例题如下：
Music has long been considered to be an enjoyable pastime for many people． 35 The mental health benefits from music can’t be argued. Music could also be helping you with many other health problems behind the scenes．
36 However, for the same reason, music can be very bene cial if one is in pain．By distracting（分心） the mind from the pain, music, people say, can lower stress and anxiety levels．This, of course, can lead to less pain．
Many people enjoy relaxing music in the evening prior to going to bed． 37 While the validity of the idea is still being assessed，the lowered stress can even be tied back to blood pressure．Similarly, according to researchers，listening to just 30 minutes of soft music every day may help with healthy blood sugar levels，through the lowering of stress and anxiety．
When it comes to heart health，there is speculation（推测） that it’s not the style of music，but rather the tempo that makes it so good for your heart health. In one European study，participants listened to music as the researchers monitored their heart rates and blood pressure． 38 On the other Hand，when the music slowed，the participants’ stress and anxiety levels became lower and the effects on heart rates appeared to follow suit．
39 But there is a whole range of other health issues that turning up the radio could be beneficial for，which is what makes music so valuable．
A. This feeling can also result in many other health problems．
B. Some experts say that music can be harmful if it is too loud．
C. This idea is a little off-the-wall but still has scienti c backing．
D. They say it can play a big role in calming the brain enough to sleep．
E. The implications of music on overall well-being are really impressive．
F. It is also highly popular due to the individualized effects on stress and anxiety．
G. Interestingly，the more cheerful the music was，the faster their heart rates were．
解析：
第35题有代词指代、连词以及关键词三个技巧可以提示正答。答案F选项的主语it指代前一句的music;答案中的连词also与前一句构成递进关系。答案后一句中的mental health bene ts暗指答案中的the individualized effects on stress and anxiety。
第36题可以用到连词和关键词两个技巧。答案B中Some experts say that music can be harmful if it is too loud与空格后一句However, for the same reason, music can be very bene cial if one is in pain.是转折关系，由连词however体现，而for the same reason关键词指代答案中的too loud。
第37题考生可以用到关键词复现以及代词指代的方法。答案D的主语they指代前一句的many people。答案中的 calming the brain enough to sleep与前一句的prior to going to bed为关键信息再现。
第38题可以用到段落主题heart health快速定位，因为七个选项中只有G选项中涉及同样主题的heart rates。另外，答案第一个词Interestingly起到前后衔接作用。空格后一句的On the other hand与前文构成转折关系。选择中的heart rates也在空格前一句出现。一个答案有如此多的提示，该题难度不大。
第39题空格后的but与答案E所表示的内容形成转折关系。又是一个连词体现逻辑关系的答案。
注意事项
1.慧眼辨识干扰项
信息还原题的干扰项一般是两项，即选项比答案多出的两句话。命题者在命题的时候会从相关文本或原文删除的其他位置的文本拿出两句话对五个空格中的两个空进行干扰。因此从原作者视角来看，干扰项永远不会是答案。但因为干扰项的一些特点，往往很有迷惑性，让考生举棋不定或是掉入陷阱。因此考生有必要了解干扰项的特点。干扰项的整体特点就是形似神不似：干扰项往往是给那些不能真正读懂文本的考生设置的。
如果不能读懂，就不能得分，这样试题才能起到其该有的甄别和筛选功能。读不懂文本的考生往往会关注形式，比如前后句一模一样的关键词，或同样代词且指代不一致的代词，看后句互相解释或重复表达的句子，看似有关实际偏离主题的句子，与前一句能搭配且与后一句无相关性的句子等。考生在日常学习过程中要关注这样的干扰项特点，透过现象看本质，通过文字表层含义看深意，排除干扰项，锁定答案。
例如上文两个干扰项，
A. This feeling can also result in many other health problems．
C. This idea is a little off-the-wall but still has scienti c backing．
两个干扰项的主语代词均无所指：如果这两句是答案，那么空格前一定会提示feeling和idea分别指什么。显然，五个空格前均无相关信息与其匹配。另外，A选项的关键词 health problems 与全文主旨 bene ts of music 相悖。而C选项突兀地提出了一个scienti c backing的概念，与全文无关。
2.走出答题误区，降低出错概率
信息还原题其实是客观题，命题者只是把原文拿走五句话，打乱顺序并放进两句干扰项。有的考生之所以不能把信息还原主要是因为做题有误区，主要体现如下：
误区1：没有了解文本话题或大致框架结构，就直接看空选答案。这样胸无成竹，阅读理解跑偏了还不自知。
误区2：在阅读过程中，视角过于微观，逐词阅读，忽略选项的特点，只见树木不见森林。误区3：没有读懂七个选项就开始答题，这样必然容易选中形似神不似的干扰项。
误区4：顾头不顾尾，只看空格前一句或只看空格后一句，且不知命题者可能刻意安排这样单项自洽且不是答案的干扰项。
误区5：顾单句不顾篇章。有时候某一句话放进空格，前后是说得通的，但和全文所要传递的整体信息相悖，或是不能为全文做贡献。
误区6：忽略空格位置特点，同样对待段首、段中、段尾句，忽略不同位置句子应有的特点，在做题过程中耗时或出错。
备考建议
1.总结归纳信号词，培养举一反三的能力
为了提高得分率，很多考生盲目地进行刷题练习。事实上，刷题是必要不充分的。如果盲目地做题，并不进行归纳总结或反思，那么除了增加做题熟练程度外不会有其他作用。考生一定要培养在阅读过程中关注上文中显性或隐性的体现上下文逻辑连贯的语言，并不断归纳总结例题中出现过的体现逻辑性的技巧及具体的表达法。比如，掌握常见连词：and, but, yet, while, or, since, though, considering, now that等在文中的使用，之后在信息还原题中看到这些连词的时候，关注到它们的可能性就会增加。
2.研究说明文及段落写作方式，学会从原作者视角审题
鉴于信息还原题主要为说明文，因此分析常见说明文的写作方法和写作框架至关重要。了解说明文的写作方法有助于考生从原作者视角去思考问题。常见说明文第一段往往会交代说明对象，而中间的几段经常呈并列或递进的方式来围绕说明对象展开说明，文章最后一段往往是总结。常见的说明文段落写作方式则是首尾句为主旨句或总结句，中间分别是解释说明、举例论证、数据论证等。了解这样的说明文写作方式才能帮助考生从原作者视角审题，让答题更快更准。
3.用好jigsaw reading（拼图式阅读法）,培养句间段落间逻辑连贯的意识和能力
考生可以将一篇文章以句子为单位彻底打乱顺序并还原。这样的练习可以全面培养考试阅读理解逻辑连贯意识和能力。考生在还原全篇的过程中，需要排列组合每一句话，每一段，关注每一句话与前后句的关系，每一段与前后段的逻辑关系。这样的练习才能真正培养出考生逻辑连贯意识和能力。
4.尝试命题，用考官视角答题
考生可以尝试命题，在这个过程中深度审读文本，思考空格位置和干扰项特点，从命题者视角去思考信息还原题的考核方式和考核点，从而让考场审题视角会更加宏观、全面、科学，不至于掉入命题者设置的“坑”，让答题更加准确。
考生通过了解信息还原题选材文本特点、命题方式、干扰项特点、正答常见依据，并通过研究说明文写法、多练习全文还原，真正培养阅读理解过程中的逻辑连贯意识和能力，尝试从考生视角、命题视角和原作者视角等多个角度审读文本，那么信息还原题就会变得非常简单。