2024届高考英语 二轮复习 阅读理解 专题训练（含解析）
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| 名称 | 2024届高考英语 二轮复习 阅读理解 专题训练（含解析） |  | |
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| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 通用版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2024-05-06 21:50:44 | ||
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Passage 1
Professional courses, such as Master of International Business or MIB, have been taken by many students in the last two decades. They are choosing new-age unconventional courses that guarantee a better future. MIB is a specialized course that teaches the international business. There are solid reasons for so much popularity of the MIB course.
The course content and teaching methods of MIB differ from a normal MBA or Master of Business Administration. It has been designed with the objective of developing professionals with an in-depth understanding and knowledge of the international trade. The course offers various advantages over the conventional MBA degree course.
The massive increase in the international business and foreign trade gives excellent job prospects to the new generation. Acquiring a degree of MIB offers outstanding growth of job opportunities. Those who want to pursue the field of marketing also have a good future after completing the degree from a MIB college with a good reputation. Big multinational organizations look for talented people who can handle the job of International Marketing Manager, and people with MIB degrees are preferred. The job needs an in-depth understanding of the overseas markets, because it is the strategic post from the aspect of company’s international business growth.
Since business finance and economics are covered at length in the courses of MIB, students have great job offers in the field of finance as well. Typically, organizations offer the positions of international finance controllers to those who complete MIB with the specialization of finance. The specialization covers aspects of international taxes, accounts, budgeting and so on. People in this field are well-paid, and growth prospects are unlimited. After completing degree courses from a reputed MIB college, there is a good opportunity in the banking and finance field as well. International banks appoint people who have an excellent grasp of the international banking policies, currency exchange, and international policies. Thus, MIB is the golden key to success with brilliant job opportunities in national and multinational areas.
1How is the second paragraph mainly developed
A.By analyzing causes. B.By proving definition.
C.By making comparisons. D.By providing examples.
2Why do more and more people intend to acquire a degree of MIB
A.It is required in the colleges. B.It contributes to great job offers.
C.It appeals to most of the graduates. D.It helps to start up one's own business.
3What can we learn from the last paragraph
A.The international finance controller is a high-quality job.
B.MIB holders are more promising in all careers than others.
C.International banks only accept employees from MIB colleges.
D.People earn more in the business field than in the finance field.
4What’s the writer’s purpose of writing this article
A.To predict the future trend of the MIB course.
B.To describe the development of the MIB course.
C.To promote the professional MIB course worldwide.
D.To explain why the MIB course is gaining popularity.
【解析】 现在MIB课程大受欢迎,作者对其受欢迎的原因进行了分析。
Passage 2
This year saw the publication, in stages, of the sixth report by the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)—a report which was depressing reading for many climate scientists, and in some ways offered a ray of hope.
Why is it depressing Because the report confirmed what scientists have been saying for years: that human activity, particularly in the form of emissions (排放) of greenhouse gases, is responsible for the warming in the past few centuries, and that unless such emissions are greatly reduced, we will in the future bring about our entire ecosystem’s destruction.
The report concluded that 1.5℃ of global warming over the next couple of hundred years is already "baked in". This makes the goals outlined in the 2015 Paris Agreement—that nations agreed to keep warming below 2℃, and hopefully below 1.5℃—much harder to meet. Worse still, the IPCC report was followed later in the year by the COP27, described by Prof Dann Mitchell, as "a complete failure, other than some commitment to loss and damage".
And the ray of hope The IPCC’s sixth report was broader in the approach than previous studies—taking an in-depth look for the first time at the role played in warming by short-term greenhouse gases such as methane(甲烷), for instance.
"Reducing carbon emissions is always the best approach: stop the problem at its source," said Mitchell. "But we also need other approaches to help with this. Methane is important, but it’s so short-lived—that’s why we haven’t been so bothered when compared with CO2."
The IPCC working groups showed potential adaptation paths, and they are the other things we can do in terms of fighting climate change and relieving its worst effects, rather than simply reducing carbon emissions. This would include taking measures such as switching to a more plant-based diet (to reduce methane emissions), controlling population growth, reducing financial inequality and developing means by which we might remove CO2 that's already in our atmosphere, rather than simply preventing it being released.
1Which of the following can best describe the sixth report by the IPCC
A.Seemingly contradictory. B.Wholly promising.
C.Particularly hopeless. D.Exceptionally new.
2What does the underlined phrase "baked in" in paragraph 3 mean
A.Out of date. B.To the full.
C.Under discussion. D.In progress.
3According to the passage, what can we learn about methane
A.It has been long regarded as a major source of global warming.
B.Its role in global warming had been overlooked before the report.
C.Its boost to global warming is as much as other greenhouse gases.
D.It is considered as a new approach to reducing global warming.
4How many aspects do the adaptation paths involve in the last paragraph
A.2. B.3. C.4. D.5.
Passage 3
In shallow coastal waters of the Indian ocean, the dugong, a kind of sea cow, is in trouble. Environmental problems pose such a major threat to its survival that the International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN)upgraded the species’ extinction risk status(地位) to vulnerable(脆弱的).
Much worse, dugongs are at risk of losing the protection of the Torres Strait Islanders, who have looked after them historically, hunting them for food sustainably and monitoring their numbers. These native people keep their biodiversity, and have deep knowledge about their environment. But these people are also threatened, in part because rising sea levels are making it difficult for them to live there.
This situation isn’t unique to dugongs. A global analysis of 385 culturally important plant and animal species found 68 percent were both biologically vulnerable and at risk of losing their cultural protection.
The findings clearly illustrate that biology shouldn’t be the primary factor in shaping conservation policy, says anthropologist Victoria Reyes-García. When a culture declines, the species that are important to that culture are also threatened. "Lots of conservationists think we need to separate people from nature," says Reyes-García. "But that strategy misses the caring relationship many cultural groups have with nature."
One way to help shift conservation efforts is to give species a"bio-cultural status," which would provide a fuller picture of their vulnerability. In the study, the team used a new way to determine a species’ risk of disappearing: The more a cultural group’s language use declines, the more that culture is threatened. The more a culture is threatened, the more culturally vulnerable its important species are. Researchers then combined a species’ cultural and biological vulnerability to arrive at its bio-cultural status. In the dugong’s case, its bio-cultural status is endangered, meaning it is more at risk than its IUCN categorization suggests.
This new approach to conservation involves people that have historically cared for them. It can highlight when communities need support to continue their care. Scientists hope it will bring more efforts that recognize local communities’ rights and encourage their participation—taking advantage of humans’ connection with nature instead of creating more separation.
1What is the relationship between the native people and dugongs
A.The native people help conserve dugongs. B.The native people train dugongs to survive.
C.Dugongs ruin the native people’s environment. D.Dugongs force the native people to leave home.
2Which statement will Reyes-García probably agree with
A.The protection policy is used incorrectly. B.Culture is connected to species’ existence.
C.Many groups take good care of each other. D.Conservationists prefer nature over people.
3How is the study method different from previous ones
A.It involves more preservation efforts. B.It relies on the IUCN’s classification.
C.It highlights the effect of human languages. D.It assesses the biological influence of a species.
4What is the author’s attitude towards the latest approach
A.Conservative. B.Favourable.
C.Critical. D.Ambiguous.
Passage 4
Kenya has been at the forefront(前沿) of the global war on plastic since the government banned single-use plastics in protected areas in June 2020. Unfortunately, the preventive measures have barely received attention. Hundreds of tons of industrial and consumer polymer waste continue to get dumped into landfills daily. However, if 29-year-old Nzambi Matee has her will, the unsightly plastic heaps will soon be transformed into colorful bricks.
The material engineer’s seeking to find a practical solution to control plastic pollution began in 2017. She quit her job and set up a small lab in her mother’s backyard. It took her nine months to produce the first brick and even longer to convince a partner to help set up the machinery to make them. But the determined eco-entrepreneur was confident in her idea and did not give up.
She says, "I wanted to use my education to handle plastic waste pollution. But I was very clear that the solution had to be practical, sustainable, and affordable. The best way to do this was by channeling the waste into the construction space and finding the most efficient and affordable material to build homes." Her company produces over 1,500 bricks a day. The pavers are made using a mix of plastic products that cannot be reprocessed or recycled.
The collected plastic is mixed with sand, heated at very high temperatures, and compressed(压缩) into bricks that vary in color and thickness. The resulting product is stronger, lighter, and about 30 percent cheaper than concrete bricks. More importantly, it helps repurpose the lowest quality of plastic. "There is that waste they cannot process anymore; they cannot recycle. That is what we get," Matee says.
Matee is not nearly done. Her dream is to reduce the mountain of trash to just a hill by increasing production and expanding her offerings. She says, "The more we recycle the plastic, the more we will produce affordable housing, the more we will creat employment for the youth."
1What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 1 imply
A.Matee’s method can be effective if adopted. B.Matee's idea has been widely accepted.
C.Colorful bricks are in huge demand. D.Plastic waste hasn't attracted enough attention.
2Which of the following can best describe Nzambi Matee
A.Generous and ambitious. B.Confident and grateful.
C.Creative and resolved. D.Optimistic and modest.
3What is Nzambi Matee’s ultimate purpose in using a mix of plastic products
A.To build cheaper houses. B.To support the government.
C.To create job opportunities. D.To tackle plastic pollution.
4Which of the following is the best title for the text
A.Kenya: Pioneer in Banning Single-use Plastics
B.Nzambi Matee: Innovator in Solving Plastic Waste
C.Mix of Plastic Products: a New Construction Material
D.Plastic Recycling: a Creative Solution to Pollution
Passage 5
As thrift was introduced into mainstream pop culture, young people started going to thrift stores for cheaper, fashionable finds. Gen Z consumers state that sustainability is an important factor while making buying decisions. Many choose to shop for a second-hand or resale item of eco-friendly products. Thrift shopping may have once been on the to-do list of people in poverty. But now a rise in eco-conscious thinking has caused young people to pop to thrift stores.
However, scientists recently have come to realize such trendy sustainable practices could actually be less rosy than expected.
Actually, the root of this sustainability dilemma is not only assessing what you use in your life, but the overconsumption."Buying piles of second-hand clothing doesn’t help to build a sustainable future or challenge our addiction to shopping whenever we want them," says Anna Fitzpatrick, a project coordinator at the Centre for Sustainable Fashion. In some cases, the very existence of second-hand stores can give us a false sense of guiltlessness. Fitzpatrick adds, "We can clear out our entire wardrobe by leaving what we don’t want at a second-hand store in the hope that it’ll be put into good use. Instead of buying less, we trick ourselves into thinking we can shop and then solve our problems by donating again and again."
While shopping second-hand may seem like fun, or even an adventurous activity for fashion lovers, it’s absolutely essential for people of limited budget. With thrifting reaching new levels of popularity, a great many people are noticing a rise in prices at their local thrift stores. This can influence those who rely on the used market for everyday wear.
"Actually, they aren’t shopping in second-hand shops to be sustainable or cool—they’re doing it out of necessity," says Fitzpatrick. So, when you walk into a thrift shop or really any store, it's important to ask yourself whether it is necessary. While buying second-hand used to be economical and sustainable, it’s now about consumption and staying on trend. Just remember, when it comes to your wardrobe, less is more helpful for society and the planet.
1Who has become the mainstream thrift store shoppers recently
A.Fashion followers. B.Lower-income individuals.
C.Young environmentalists. D.Green initiative scientists.
2What view do scientists hold towards thrift shopping
A.It is a virtue of thrift. B.It is sustainable action.
C.It challenges addiction to shopping. D.It comes with worrying effects potentially.
3Why do second-hand stores make us feel guiltless according to Fitzpatrick
A.They can cut down our living expenses. B.They give us good excuses for the waste.
C.They are responsible for the environment. D.They provide affordable items for the poor.
4Which is suggested about thrift shopping according to the text
A.Restrict the desire of overconsumption. B.Feel free to purchase the things you like.
C.Make contributions to society by donating. D.Keep away from cheap and fashionable finds.
Passage 6
Like any doctor, Jacques Fellay wants to give his patients the best care. Hidden inside our bodies are genetic markers that can tell him which patients could probably have diseases such as AIDS and provide early treatments. However, there are worries for Fellay: they contain sensitive details that could lead to embarrassment, discrimination or even worse.
A new kind of encryption, fully homomorphic encryption (FHE)(全同态加密), is making it possible for data users to run multiple operations on genetic data without seeing the contents. This can help end big data's privacy problems, and Fellay's patients can be some of the first to benefit.
In 1978, the concept of homomorphic encryption (HE) was firstly proposed. According to it, one could encrypt and share data with others, who could analyze and perform calculations on the data with no idea what it means. After getting the data back, the data user could simply arrive at the result using the secret key and it will make total sense.
In 2009, Craig Gentry firstly provided a workable FHE program. Like HE, it rests on a mathematical idea called a homomorphism, which mostly relies on using algebra(代数) to map data from one form to another without changing its underlying structure. However, it supports multiple operations on encrypted data, rather than only one calculation in HE.
Later, Gentry went on to work at IBM, which now has complicated FHE tools to run encrypted data. In the medical field, for example, it detected signs of pneumonia(肺炎) infection by applying FHE to analyze the encrypted CT scans of more than 1,500 people’s lungs. In a paper published in October 2021, the team used FHE to collect data from multiple sources and predicted the effect of cancer treatments or the process of HIV infection, as in Fellay’s case.
Workable, but still slow: calculations on the FHE-encrypted data could take millions of times longer than those on raw data. But, as Goldwasser said, "If you believe that security is not a plus, but it’s a must, then in some sense there is no overhead."
1What is Fellay concerned about
A.Serious diseases. B.Sensitive patients.
C.The safety of personal data. D.The lack of genetic information.
2In what way is FHE different from HE
A.It speeds up the analyses. B.It allows more calculations.
C.It prevents direct access to data. D.It depends on the use of algebra.
3What is Goldwasser’s attitude towards FHE
A.Contradictory. B.Unclear.
C.Favorable. D.Intolerant.
4What is the main idea of the text
A.FHE protects privacy in the big data era. B.FHE opens a new world for medical workers.
C.Gentry proposed a new encryption technology. D.Homomorphic encryption developed over time.
Passage 7
Scientists have learned more about the inner workings of the Earth by studying the way waves from earthquakes travel through the planet’s center. The results suggest that the Earth’s inner core may be starting to spin more slowly than the Earth.
The Earth’s core has two parts: the outer core and the inner core. Both of these are made mainly of the metals, iron and nickel. The outer core is liquid. But the inner core is a solid ball held in this liquid almost like the yolk(蛋黄) in an egg.
Scientists suspected for a long time that the inner core might be spinning slightly differently from the way the Earth spins.
In the 1990s, two scientists, Paul Richards and Song Xiaodong, studied the inner core by looking at the waves from earthquakes that travel through the center of the Earth. They focused on groups and pairs of waves from earthquakes that naturally repeat. If the inner core was spinning exactly with the Earth, each wave of the pair should have taken the same time to pass through the Earth. Instead, some moved faster than others. This was because they were hitting different parts of the inner core as it spun. Their studies revealed that the inner core was spinning in the same direction as the Earth, but slightly faster.
Now Dr. Song and Yang Yi—another scientist who studies the Earth—say they’ve used the same method to learn that the Earth’s inner core may be starting to spin slower than the Earth. The researchers studied earthquake wave pairs from Alaska, going all the way back to 1964. They noticed that the inner core’s spin also seemed to change speed in the early 1970s. The scientists say that the inner core may have a pattern of speeding up and slowing down every 70 years or so.
Not everyone agrees. Many scientists who study the Earth say more information needed to figure out what is really going on.
1Why is an egg mentioned in the second paragraph
A.To explain how the Earth’s core moves.
B.To show the importance of the inner core.
C.To illustrate the composition of the outer core.
D.To help picture the structure of the Earth’s core.
2What did the scientists discover about the inner core in the 1990s
A.It sent out earthquake waves. B.It changed speed repeatedly.
C.It moved exactly with the Earth. D.It moved a little faster than the Earth.
3What does the author say about the study result
A.It is accurate and reliable. B.It excites the scientists.
C.It needs further confirmation. D.It has caused a heated discussion.
4What is the text
A.A science report. B.A sci-fi story.
C.A diary entry. D.A brochure.
Passage 8
The first traffic lights in the United States were installed(安装) because of an increase in travellers on the road in the 1920s. Worried about accidents, towns and cities installed traffic towers to help the flow of cars. Officers manned the towers, using whistles and red, green and yellow lights to indicate to drivers when they should stop and go.
Due to the absence of effective traffic signal systems on some streets, it caused risks at intersections. Then, William Potts created the first tricolour, four-directional traffic signal. The very first four-directional traffic light was installed at Woodward Avenue and Fort Street. But throughout the country, there were still a lot of systems for traffic lights and patterns in place. Since this could end up causing more problems for drivers, the Federal Highway Administration set uniform standards in 1935 for all road signs, pavement markings and traffic signals, requiring them to all use red, yellow and green light indicators.
Red is the colour with the longest wavelength; that means that as it travels through air molecules, it gets diffused(扩散) less than other colours, so it can be seen from a greater distance. Yellow has a shorter wavelength than red but a longer wavelength than green. This means that red is visible the furthest away, yellow in the middle and green the least distance away—a helpful advanced warning for needing to slow or stop. But this could be a coincidence. Red meaning a stop originated with train warning lights, and it’s not clear whether that was chosen based on wavelengths, contrast with green nature or natural association of red with things like blood. It could be a combination of all three!
Back in the 1900s, some stop signs were yellow because it was too hard to see a red sign in a poorly lit area. Eventually, highly reflective materials were developed, and red stop signs were born. Since yellow can be seen well at all times of the day, school zones, some traffic signs and school buses continue to be painted the colour.
1What’s the purpose of installing traffic lights in the 1920s
A.To increase the speed of cars. B.To improve road safety and efficiency.
C.To reduce traffic jams in towns and cities. D.To obey the standards of the government.
2What does the underlined word "this" in Paragraph 2 refer to
A.The absence of traffic signal systems.
B.The installation of the first traffic signal.
C.The first tricolour, four-directional traffic signal.
D.The existence of different traffic lights and patterns.
3What’s the main idea of Paragraph 3
A.The wavelengths of the three colours.
B.The differences among the three colours.
C.The reasons for choosing red as the stop signal.
D.The relationship between red colour and its wavelength.
4Which may be a disadvantage of red as a stop sign
A.It can’t be seen in the distance.
B.It is a kind of highly reflective colour.
C.It is not suitable to be used in school zones.
D.It can not be clearly seen in certain surroundings.
1.C 推断(写作手法) 根据第二段中的"The course content and teaching methods of MIB differ from a normal MBA or Master of Business Administration"和"The course offers various advantages over the conventional MBA degree course"可知,MIB的课程内容和教学方法与普通MBA或工商管理硕士不同,而且与传统的MBA学位课程相比,该课程提供了各种优势。由此可知,本段主要是通过对比的方式来展开的,故选C。
2.B 理解具体信息 根据第三段中的"Acquiring a degree of MIB offers outstanding growth of job opportunities" "Big multinational organizations look for talented people who can handle the job of International Marketing Manager, and people with MIB degrees are preferred"可知,获得MIB学位会使工作机会明显增多;大型跨国公司寻找能胜任国际营销经理工作的人才,具有MIB学位者优先。由此说明,越来越多的人打算获得MIB是因为它有助于提供好的工作机会,故选B。
3.A 理解具体信息 根据最后一段中的"Since business finance and economics are covered at length in the courses of MIB, students have great job offers in the field of finance as well. Typically, organizations offer the positions of international finance controllers to those who complete MIB with the specialization of finance"可知,由于商业金融和经济学在MIB的课程中有详细的介绍,学生们在金融领域也有很好的工作机会。通常,组织会向那些完成MIB的金融专业人员提供国际财务总监的职位。由此可知,国际财务总监是一份高质量的工作,故选A。
4.D 理解目的 文章第一段讲到"MIB is a specialized course that teaches the international business. There
are solid reasons for so much popularity of the MIB course"可知,MIB是一门教授国际商务的专业课程。MIB课程如此受欢迎是有切实的理由的。那么,作者写这篇文章就是为了解释为什么MIB课程大受欢迎,故选D。
【解析】 本文主要分析了联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)发布的第六份气候变化报告,首次研究分析短期温室气体在变暖中的作用,呼吁找到减缓气候变暖的科学方法。
1.A 推断 根据第一段"This year saw the publication, in stages...in some ways offered a ray of hope"可知,这份报告既让人沮丧,又给人一线希望,由此可以推断,该报告似乎有些矛盾。故A项正确。
2.D 理解词汇(短语) 根据第三段中的"This makes the goals outlined in the 2015 Paris Agreement...below 1.5 ℃—much harder to meet"可知,此处是描述在画线短语所在的句子中的内容产生的结果:使得2015年《巴黎协定》中概述的目标更难实现了。这说明画线短语所在的句子陈述的内容已经存在,间接造成《巴黎协定》的目标更难实现,所以该短语的意思是"在进展中,在进行中"。故D项正确。
3.B 推断 根据第四段中的"The IPCC’s sixth report...played in warming by short-term greenhouse gases such as methane(甲烷), for instance"可知,在IPCC的第六份报告中第一次深入研究了像甲烷这样的短期温室气体在气候变暖中的作用,由此可以推断,之前报告从未提到过甲烷给气候变暖带来的影响。故B项正确。
4.C 理解具体信息 根据最后一段中的"This would include taking measures...rather than simply preventing it being released"可知,该段提到的适应性路径有转向更多的植物性饮食、控制人口增长、减少财政不平等以及想方法消除已经存在于大气中的二氧化碳。故C项正确。
【二次精读】
核心单词:publication n. 出版,发行,出版物 particularly adv. 尤其,特别 inequality n. 不平等,不平均
核心短语:be responsible for 对……负责;是……的原因 in terms of 在……方面,就……而言,谈及
【解析】 本文主要通过儒艮的例子讲了文化与物种生存的内在关联。
1.A 理解具体信息 根据第二段中的"Much worse, dugongs are at risk of losing the protection of the Torres Strait Islanders, who have looked after them historically, hunting them for food sustainably and monitored their numbers"可知,托雷斯海峡岛民以前一直在照顾儒艮,可持续地猎杀它们作为食物,并监控它们的数量。由此可知,当地人帮助保护儒艮。故选A。
2.B 推断 根据第四段中的"When a culture declines, the species that are important to that culture are also threatened"可知,当一种文化衰落时,对该文化重要的物种也受到威胁。Reyes-García可能会同意"文化与物种的生存息息相关"。故选B。
3.C 理解具体信息 根据第五段中的"In the study, the team used a new way to determine a species’ risk of disappearing: The more a cultural group’s language use declines, the more that culture is threatened...then combined a species’ cultural and biological vulnerability to arrive at its bio-cultural status"可知,在这项研究中,研究小组使用了一种新的方法来确定一个物种消失的风险:一个文化群体的语言使用下降得越多,该文化受到的威胁就越大。一种文化受到的威胁越多,其重要物种在文化上就越脆弱。然后,研究人员将一个物种的文化和生物脆弱性结合起来,以得出它的生物文化状态。由此可知,与以前的研究方法相比,现在的研究方法突出了人类语言的影响。故选C。
4.B 理解观点、态度 根据最后一段中的"This new approach to conservation involves people that have historically cared for them. It can highlight when communities need support to continue their care"可知,这种新的保护方法涉及历史上一直照顾它们的人。它可以突出社区何时需要支持以继续提供护理。由此可知,作者赞成这种最新的方法,故选B。
【解析】 肯尼亚的Nzambi Matee利用回收的塑料和沙子混合在一起制作成建筑用砖来解决塑料污染问题。
1.A 理解句意 画线句的上一句"Hundreds of tons of industrial and consumer polymer waste continue to get dumped into landfills daily"讲到肯尼亚推出的解决塑料污染的方案并不起作用。画线句出现在转折词However之后,据此可以推断,画线句讲的应该是一个有效的解决塑料污染的方案,故A项"如果被采纳,Matee的方法肯定很有效"与画线句的意思最为接近。have one's will"遂愿";unsightly"难看的,不雅观的,不悦目的";heap"(凌乱的)一堆"。句意:然而,如果29岁的Nzambi Matee能遂愿,那么那些难看的塑料垃圾堆不久就会被转变成彩砖。
2.C 推断(人物特征) 根据第二段中的"the determined eco-entrepreneur was confident in her idea and did not give up"可以看出,Nzambi Matee是一个意志坚定的(resolved)人;根据第三段中的"The best way to do this was by channeling the waste into the construction space...homes"和常识可知,Nzambi Matee解决塑料垃圾的方法很有创意(creative),故C项最能概括她的性格。generous"慷慨的,大方的";ambitious"有志向的,有抱负的";confident"自信的";grateful"感恩的";optimistic"乐观的";modest"谦虚的"。
3.D 推断 根据第四段中的"More importantly, it helps repurpose the lowest quality of plastic"和最后一段中的"Her dream is to reduce the mountain of trash to just a hill"可知,Nzambi Matee制造彩色塑料砖的终极目标是解决塑料污染,故D项正确。repurpose"(为适合新用途)对……稍加修改,略微改动"。
4.B 理解主旨要义(标题判断) 通读全文可知,文章主要讲述了29岁的肯尼亚女孩Nzambi Matee创造性地利用回收的塑料和沙子混合在一起制作成建筑用砖来解决塑料污染问题,故B项"Nzambi Matee:解决塑料污染的创新者"最适合作本文的标题。
【二次精读】
核心单词:preventive adj. 预防性的 polymer n. 聚合物 machinery n. 机器;机械 reprocess v. 再加工
【解析】 随着节俭购物开始流行,许多人选择购买二手或转售的环保产品。但科学家认为节俭购物带来了潜在的令人担忧的影响。
1.C 理解具体信息 根据第一段的内容可知,随着节俭被引入主流流行文化,年轻人开始去旧货店买更便宜、更时尚的东西。Z世代消费者表示,可持续性是他们作出购买决定时的一个重要因素。许多人选择购买二手或转售的环保产品。由此说明,最近年轻的环保主义者成为旧货店的主流消费者。故选C。
2.D 推断 根据第二段中的"scientists recently have come to realize such trendy sustainable practices could actually be less rosy than expected"和第三段中的"Actually, the root of this sustainability dilemma is not only assessing what you use in your life, but the
overconsumption"可知,科学家们最近意识到,这种时髦的可持续的做法可能真的没有预期的那么美好。事实上,这种可持续性困境的根源不仅在于评估你在生活中使用了什么,还在于过度消费。由此可推知,科学家们认为节俭购物带来了潜在的令人担忧的影响。故选D。
3.B 推断 根据第三段中Fitzpatrick所说的"We can clear out our entire wardrobe by leaving what we don’t want at a second-hand store...again and again"可知,Fitzpatrick认为,我们可以把不想要的东西留在二手店,希望它能得到很好的利用,这样就可以清理我们整个衣柜。我们不会少买东西,而是欺骗自己,认为我们可以购物,然后通过一次又一次的捐赠来解决问题。根据Fitzpatrick的观点,二手商店会让我们感到无罪是因为它们为我们的浪费找了很好的借口。故选B。
4.A 推断 根据最后一段中的"So, when you walk into a thrift shop or really any store, it’s important to ask yourself whether it is necessary...less is more helpful for society and the planet"可知,当你走进旧货店或其他任何商店时,问问自己是否有必要这样做是很重要的。购买二手商品曾经是既经济又可持续的,但现在,
这关乎消费和保持潮流。只要记住,说到你的衣柜,越少对社会和地球越有帮助。由此可推知,文章关于节俭购物的建议是限制过度消费的欲望。故选A。
【解析】 文章介绍了一种新型加密技术——全同态加密的开发过程以及意义。
1.C 理解具体信息 根据第一段中的"Hidden inside our bodies...However, there are worries for Fellay: they contain sensitive details that could lead to embarrassment, discrimination or even worse"可知,Fellay医生担忧隐藏在我们体内的基因标记物所包含的敏感细节被泄露后会导致尴尬、歧视甚至更糟的情况,即他担心个人数据的安全问题,故选C。
2.B 理解具体信息 明题意:本题问"完全同态加密和同态加密有什么不同 "→寻线索:根据第四段最后一句话"However, it supports multiple operations on encrypted data, rather than only one calculation in HE"可知,全同态加密支持对加密数据进行多次操作,而不是在同态加密中只进行一次计算→定答案:由此可知,全同态加密和同态加密的区别在于全同态加密允许多次计算,故选B。
3.C 理解观点、态度 根据最后一段Goldwasser 所说的话"If you believe that security is not a plus, but it's a must, then in some sense there is no overhead"可知,Goldwasser认为在某种意义上,全同态加密是必须的,即她对全同态加密持赞成态度,故选C。
4.A 理解主旨要义(文章大意) 文章开头介绍医生担心病人个人数据的安全问题,从而引入了全同态加密,然后以此为线索对全同态加密进行介绍,即这篇文章主要讲述了全同态加密保护个人隐私的功能,故选A。
【二次精读】
核心单词:discrimination n. 歧视 encryption n. 加密 privacy n. 隐私 workable adj. 可行的 encrypted adj. 加密的 security n. 安全
核心短语:make sense讲得通,有意义 rely on依靠
【解析】 一项研究发现,地球内核的旋转速度可能开始比地球慢,但这一发现并非所有人都认可,仍需要进一步弄清楚到底发生了什么。
1.D 理解目的 根据第二段的内容可知,地核有两部分:外核和内核。这两部分主要由金属铁和镍构成。外核是液态的。但内核是一个被液体包裹的固体球。本段主要介绍的是地核的构造,它与鸡蛋的构造有相似之处。所以,此处提到鸡蛋是以此来说明地核的构造。故选D项。
2.D 理解具体信息 根据题干中的"in the 1990s"将答案定位到第四段,根据第四段中的"In the 1990s, two scientists, Paul Richards and Song Xiaodong, studied the inner core...through the center of the Earth"可知,20世纪90年代,Paul Richards和宋晓东两位科学家通过观察穿过地球中心的地震波来研究内核。那么该段中的"Their studies revealed that the inner core was spinning in the same direction as the Earth, but slightly faster"就是他们的研究发现,即他们的研究表明,内核的旋转方向与地球相同,但速度略快。故选D项。
3.C 推断 根据最后一段的内容可知,并非所有人都同意。许多研究地球的科学家表示,需要更多的信息来弄清楚到底发生了什么。由此可知,这项研究需要进一步证实。故选C项。
4.A 理解文章结构、类型(文章类型) 首段介绍了文章的主旨,即通过研究地震波穿过地球中心的方式,科学家们对地球的内部的运作有了更多的了解。结果表明,地球内核的旋转速度可能开始比地球慢。下文对此研究进行分析。由此可知,本文介绍了一项科学研究发现,是一篇科学研究报告。故选A项。
【解析】 本文介绍了交通信号灯的发展历史以及选用红色、绿色和黄色作为信号灯颜色的原因。
1.B 推断 根据题干中的"in the 1920s"可将答案定位在第一段,根据该段中的"The first traffic lights in the United States were installed because of an increase in travellers on the road
in the 1920s. Worried about accidents, towns and cities installed traffic towers to help the flow of cars"可知,20世纪20年代,由于路上旅客的增加,美国的第一个交通信号灯被安装。由于担心发生事故,城镇和城市安装了交通塔来帮助汽车流动。由此可知,在20世纪20年代安装交通信号灯是为了道路的安全和通行效率,故选B。
2.D 理解词汇(代词指代) 代词this通常指代上文的内容,根据前一句"But throughout the country, there were still a lot of systems for traffic lights and patterns in place"可知,但在全国各地,仍然有很多交通灯系统和模式。画线词this所在的从句表示,因为这最终可能会给司机带来更多问题。也就是说,不同的交通信号灯和模式的存在可能导致更多问题,因此画线词this指的就是不同交通信号灯和模式的存在,故选D。
3.C 理解主旨要义(段落大意) 根据第三段的内容可知,红色是波长最长的颜色;这意味着,当它在空气分子中传播时,它比其他颜色扩散得更小,因此人们可以从更远的地方看到它。黄色的波长比红色短,但比绿色长。这意味着红色在最远的地方是可见的,黄色在中间,绿色在距离最小的地方是可见的——这是一个有用的需要减速或停车的提前警告。但这可能是个巧合。红色意味着停止起源于火车警示灯,目前尚不清楚选择红色是基于波长、与绿色的大自然的对比,还是红色与血液等事物的自然联系。这可能是三者的结合!由此可知,本段主要介绍选择红色作为停止信号的原因,故选C。
4.D 理解具体信息 根据最后一段中的"Back in the 1900s, some stop signs were yellow because it was too hard to see a red sign in a poorly lit area"可知,早在20世纪,一些停止标志是黄色的,因为在光线不好的地方很难看到红色标志。也就是说,红色的停止标志在昏暗的地方很难看到,故选D。
Professional courses, such as Master of International Business or MIB, have been taken by many students in the last two decades. They are choosing new-age unconventional courses that guarantee a better future. MIB is a specialized course that teaches the international business. There are solid reasons for so much popularity of the MIB course.
The course content and teaching methods of MIB differ from a normal MBA or Master of Business Administration. It has been designed with the objective of developing professionals with an in-depth understanding and knowledge of the international trade. The course offers various advantages over the conventional MBA degree course.
The massive increase in the international business and foreign trade gives excellent job prospects to the new generation. Acquiring a degree of MIB offers outstanding growth of job opportunities. Those who want to pursue the field of marketing also have a good future after completing the degree from a MIB college with a good reputation. Big multinational organizations look for talented people who can handle the job of International Marketing Manager, and people with MIB degrees are preferred. The job needs an in-depth understanding of the overseas markets, because it is the strategic post from the aspect of company’s international business growth.
Since business finance and economics are covered at length in the courses of MIB, students have great job offers in the field of finance as well. Typically, organizations offer the positions of international finance controllers to those who complete MIB with the specialization of finance. The specialization covers aspects of international taxes, accounts, budgeting and so on. People in this field are well-paid, and growth prospects are unlimited. After completing degree courses from a reputed MIB college, there is a good opportunity in the banking and finance field as well. International banks appoint people who have an excellent grasp of the international banking policies, currency exchange, and international policies. Thus, MIB is the golden key to success with brilliant job opportunities in national and multinational areas.
1How is the second paragraph mainly developed
A.By analyzing causes. B.By proving definition.
C.By making comparisons. D.By providing examples.
2Why do more and more people intend to acquire a degree of MIB
A.It is required in the colleges. B.It contributes to great job offers.
C.It appeals to most of the graduates. D.It helps to start up one's own business.
3What can we learn from the last paragraph
A.The international finance controller is a high-quality job.
B.MIB holders are more promising in all careers than others.
C.International banks only accept employees from MIB colleges.
D.People earn more in the business field than in the finance field.
4What’s the writer’s purpose of writing this article
A.To predict the future trend of the MIB course.
B.To describe the development of the MIB course.
C.To promote the professional MIB course worldwide.
D.To explain why the MIB course is gaining popularity.
【解析】 现在MIB课程大受欢迎,作者对其受欢迎的原因进行了分析。
Passage 2
This year saw the publication, in stages, of the sixth report by the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)—a report which was depressing reading for many climate scientists, and in some ways offered a ray of hope.
Why is it depressing Because the report confirmed what scientists have been saying for years: that human activity, particularly in the form of emissions (排放) of greenhouse gases, is responsible for the warming in the past few centuries, and that unless such emissions are greatly reduced, we will in the future bring about our entire ecosystem’s destruction.
The report concluded that 1.5℃ of global warming over the next couple of hundred years is already "baked in". This makes the goals outlined in the 2015 Paris Agreement—that nations agreed to keep warming below 2℃, and hopefully below 1.5℃—much harder to meet. Worse still, the IPCC report was followed later in the year by the COP27, described by Prof Dann Mitchell, as "a complete failure, other than some commitment to loss and damage".
And the ray of hope The IPCC’s sixth report was broader in the approach than previous studies—taking an in-depth look for the first time at the role played in warming by short-term greenhouse gases such as methane(甲烷), for instance.
"Reducing carbon emissions is always the best approach: stop the problem at its source," said Mitchell. "But we also need other approaches to help with this. Methane is important, but it’s so short-lived—that’s why we haven’t been so bothered when compared with CO2."
The IPCC working groups showed potential adaptation paths, and they are the other things we can do in terms of fighting climate change and relieving its worst effects, rather than simply reducing carbon emissions. This would include taking measures such as switching to a more plant-based diet (to reduce methane emissions), controlling population growth, reducing financial inequality and developing means by which we might remove CO2 that's already in our atmosphere, rather than simply preventing it being released.
1Which of the following can best describe the sixth report by the IPCC
A.Seemingly contradictory. B.Wholly promising.
C.Particularly hopeless. D.Exceptionally new.
2What does the underlined phrase "baked in" in paragraph 3 mean
A.Out of date. B.To the full.
C.Under discussion. D.In progress.
3According to the passage, what can we learn about methane
A.It has been long regarded as a major source of global warming.
B.Its role in global warming had been overlooked before the report.
C.Its boost to global warming is as much as other greenhouse gases.
D.It is considered as a new approach to reducing global warming.
4How many aspects do the adaptation paths involve in the last paragraph
A.2. B.3. C.4. D.5.
Passage 3
In shallow coastal waters of the Indian ocean, the dugong, a kind of sea cow, is in trouble. Environmental problems pose such a major threat to its survival that the International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN)upgraded the species’ extinction risk status(地位) to vulnerable(脆弱的).
Much worse, dugongs are at risk of losing the protection of the Torres Strait Islanders, who have looked after them historically, hunting them for food sustainably and monitoring their numbers. These native people keep their biodiversity, and have deep knowledge about their environment. But these people are also threatened, in part because rising sea levels are making it difficult for them to live there.
This situation isn’t unique to dugongs. A global analysis of 385 culturally important plant and animal species found 68 percent were both biologically vulnerable and at risk of losing their cultural protection.
The findings clearly illustrate that biology shouldn’t be the primary factor in shaping conservation policy, says anthropologist Victoria Reyes-García. When a culture declines, the species that are important to that culture are also threatened. "Lots of conservationists think we need to separate people from nature," says Reyes-García. "But that strategy misses the caring relationship many cultural groups have with nature."
One way to help shift conservation efforts is to give species a"bio-cultural status," which would provide a fuller picture of their vulnerability. In the study, the team used a new way to determine a species’ risk of disappearing: The more a cultural group’s language use declines, the more that culture is threatened. The more a culture is threatened, the more culturally vulnerable its important species are. Researchers then combined a species’ cultural and biological vulnerability to arrive at its bio-cultural status. In the dugong’s case, its bio-cultural status is endangered, meaning it is more at risk than its IUCN categorization suggests.
This new approach to conservation involves people that have historically cared for them. It can highlight when communities need support to continue their care. Scientists hope it will bring more efforts that recognize local communities’ rights and encourage their participation—taking advantage of humans’ connection with nature instead of creating more separation.
1What is the relationship between the native people and dugongs
A.The native people help conserve dugongs. B.The native people train dugongs to survive.
C.Dugongs ruin the native people’s environment. D.Dugongs force the native people to leave home.
2Which statement will Reyes-García probably agree with
A.The protection policy is used incorrectly. B.Culture is connected to species’ existence.
C.Many groups take good care of each other. D.Conservationists prefer nature over people.
3How is the study method different from previous ones
A.It involves more preservation efforts. B.It relies on the IUCN’s classification.
C.It highlights the effect of human languages. D.It assesses the biological influence of a species.
4What is the author’s attitude towards the latest approach
A.Conservative. B.Favourable.
C.Critical. D.Ambiguous.
Passage 4
Kenya has been at the forefront(前沿) of the global war on plastic since the government banned single-use plastics in protected areas in June 2020. Unfortunately, the preventive measures have barely received attention. Hundreds of tons of industrial and consumer polymer waste continue to get dumped into landfills daily. However, if 29-year-old Nzambi Matee has her will, the unsightly plastic heaps will soon be transformed into colorful bricks.
The material engineer’s seeking to find a practical solution to control plastic pollution began in 2017. She quit her job and set up a small lab in her mother’s backyard. It took her nine months to produce the first brick and even longer to convince a partner to help set up the machinery to make them. But the determined eco-entrepreneur was confident in her idea and did not give up.
She says, "I wanted to use my education to handle plastic waste pollution. But I was very clear that the solution had to be practical, sustainable, and affordable. The best way to do this was by channeling the waste into the construction space and finding the most efficient and affordable material to build homes." Her company produces over 1,500 bricks a day. The pavers are made using a mix of plastic products that cannot be reprocessed or recycled.
The collected plastic is mixed with sand, heated at very high temperatures, and compressed(压缩) into bricks that vary in color and thickness. The resulting product is stronger, lighter, and about 30 percent cheaper than concrete bricks. More importantly, it helps repurpose the lowest quality of plastic. "There is that waste they cannot process anymore; they cannot recycle. That is what we get," Matee says.
Matee is not nearly done. Her dream is to reduce the mountain of trash to just a hill by increasing production and expanding her offerings. She says, "The more we recycle the plastic, the more we will produce affordable housing, the more we will creat employment for the youth."
1What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 1 imply
A.Matee’s method can be effective if adopted. B.Matee's idea has been widely accepted.
C.Colorful bricks are in huge demand. D.Plastic waste hasn't attracted enough attention.
2Which of the following can best describe Nzambi Matee
A.Generous and ambitious. B.Confident and grateful.
C.Creative and resolved. D.Optimistic and modest.
3What is Nzambi Matee’s ultimate purpose in using a mix of plastic products
A.To build cheaper houses. B.To support the government.
C.To create job opportunities. D.To tackle plastic pollution.
4Which of the following is the best title for the text
A.Kenya: Pioneer in Banning Single-use Plastics
B.Nzambi Matee: Innovator in Solving Plastic Waste
C.Mix of Plastic Products: a New Construction Material
D.Plastic Recycling: a Creative Solution to Pollution
Passage 5
As thrift was introduced into mainstream pop culture, young people started going to thrift stores for cheaper, fashionable finds. Gen Z consumers state that sustainability is an important factor while making buying decisions. Many choose to shop for a second-hand or resale item of eco-friendly products. Thrift shopping may have once been on the to-do list of people in poverty. But now a rise in eco-conscious thinking has caused young people to pop to thrift stores.
However, scientists recently have come to realize such trendy sustainable practices could actually be less rosy than expected.
Actually, the root of this sustainability dilemma is not only assessing what you use in your life, but the overconsumption."Buying piles of second-hand clothing doesn’t help to build a sustainable future or challenge our addiction to shopping whenever we want them," says Anna Fitzpatrick, a project coordinator at the Centre for Sustainable Fashion. In some cases, the very existence of second-hand stores can give us a false sense of guiltlessness. Fitzpatrick adds, "We can clear out our entire wardrobe by leaving what we don’t want at a second-hand store in the hope that it’ll be put into good use. Instead of buying less, we trick ourselves into thinking we can shop and then solve our problems by donating again and again."
While shopping second-hand may seem like fun, or even an adventurous activity for fashion lovers, it’s absolutely essential for people of limited budget. With thrifting reaching new levels of popularity, a great many people are noticing a rise in prices at their local thrift stores. This can influence those who rely on the used market for everyday wear.
"Actually, they aren’t shopping in second-hand shops to be sustainable or cool—they’re doing it out of necessity," says Fitzpatrick. So, when you walk into a thrift shop or really any store, it's important to ask yourself whether it is necessary. While buying second-hand used to be economical and sustainable, it’s now about consumption and staying on trend. Just remember, when it comes to your wardrobe, less is more helpful for society and the planet.
1Who has become the mainstream thrift store shoppers recently
A.Fashion followers. B.Lower-income individuals.
C.Young environmentalists. D.Green initiative scientists.
2What view do scientists hold towards thrift shopping
A.It is a virtue of thrift. B.It is sustainable action.
C.It challenges addiction to shopping. D.It comes with worrying effects potentially.
3Why do second-hand stores make us feel guiltless according to Fitzpatrick
A.They can cut down our living expenses. B.They give us good excuses for the waste.
C.They are responsible for the environment. D.They provide affordable items for the poor.
4Which is suggested about thrift shopping according to the text
A.Restrict the desire of overconsumption. B.Feel free to purchase the things you like.
C.Make contributions to society by donating. D.Keep away from cheap and fashionable finds.
Passage 6
Like any doctor, Jacques Fellay wants to give his patients the best care. Hidden inside our bodies are genetic markers that can tell him which patients could probably have diseases such as AIDS and provide early treatments. However, there are worries for Fellay: they contain sensitive details that could lead to embarrassment, discrimination or even worse.
A new kind of encryption, fully homomorphic encryption (FHE)(全同态加密), is making it possible for data users to run multiple operations on genetic data without seeing the contents. This can help end big data's privacy problems, and Fellay's patients can be some of the first to benefit.
In 1978, the concept of homomorphic encryption (HE) was firstly proposed. According to it, one could encrypt and share data with others, who could analyze and perform calculations on the data with no idea what it means. After getting the data back, the data user could simply arrive at the result using the secret key and it will make total sense.
In 2009, Craig Gentry firstly provided a workable FHE program. Like HE, it rests on a mathematical idea called a homomorphism, which mostly relies on using algebra(代数) to map data from one form to another without changing its underlying structure. However, it supports multiple operations on encrypted data, rather than only one calculation in HE.
Later, Gentry went on to work at IBM, which now has complicated FHE tools to run encrypted data. In the medical field, for example, it detected signs of pneumonia(肺炎) infection by applying FHE to analyze the encrypted CT scans of more than 1,500 people’s lungs. In a paper published in October 2021, the team used FHE to collect data from multiple sources and predicted the effect of cancer treatments or the process of HIV infection, as in Fellay’s case.
Workable, but still slow: calculations on the FHE-encrypted data could take millions of times longer than those on raw data. But, as Goldwasser said, "If you believe that security is not a plus, but it’s a must, then in some sense there is no overhead."
1What is Fellay concerned about
A.Serious diseases. B.Sensitive patients.
C.The safety of personal data. D.The lack of genetic information.
2In what way is FHE different from HE
A.It speeds up the analyses. B.It allows more calculations.
C.It prevents direct access to data. D.It depends on the use of algebra.
3What is Goldwasser’s attitude towards FHE
A.Contradictory. B.Unclear.
C.Favorable. D.Intolerant.
4What is the main idea of the text
A.FHE protects privacy in the big data era. B.FHE opens a new world for medical workers.
C.Gentry proposed a new encryption technology. D.Homomorphic encryption developed over time.
Passage 7
Scientists have learned more about the inner workings of the Earth by studying the way waves from earthquakes travel through the planet’s center. The results suggest that the Earth’s inner core may be starting to spin more slowly than the Earth.
The Earth’s core has two parts: the outer core and the inner core. Both of these are made mainly of the metals, iron and nickel. The outer core is liquid. But the inner core is a solid ball held in this liquid almost like the yolk(蛋黄) in an egg.
Scientists suspected for a long time that the inner core might be spinning slightly differently from the way the Earth spins.
In the 1990s, two scientists, Paul Richards and Song Xiaodong, studied the inner core by looking at the waves from earthquakes that travel through the center of the Earth. They focused on groups and pairs of waves from earthquakes that naturally repeat. If the inner core was spinning exactly with the Earth, each wave of the pair should have taken the same time to pass through the Earth. Instead, some moved faster than others. This was because they were hitting different parts of the inner core as it spun. Their studies revealed that the inner core was spinning in the same direction as the Earth, but slightly faster.
Now Dr. Song and Yang Yi—another scientist who studies the Earth—say they’ve used the same method to learn that the Earth’s inner core may be starting to spin slower than the Earth. The researchers studied earthquake wave pairs from Alaska, going all the way back to 1964. They noticed that the inner core’s spin also seemed to change speed in the early 1970s. The scientists say that the inner core may have a pattern of speeding up and slowing down every 70 years or so.
Not everyone agrees. Many scientists who study the Earth say more information needed to figure out what is really going on.
1Why is an egg mentioned in the second paragraph
A.To explain how the Earth’s core moves.
B.To show the importance of the inner core.
C.To illustrate the composition of the outer core.
D.To help picture the structure of the Earth’s core.
2What did the scientists discover about the inner core in the 1990s
A.It sent out earthquake waves. B.It changed speed repeatedly.
C.It moved exactly with the Earth. D.It moved a little faster than the Earth.
3What does the author say about the study result
A.It is accurate and reliable. B.It excites the scientists.
C.It needs further confirmation. D.It has caused a heated discussion.
4What is the text
A.A science report. B.A sci-fi story.
C.A diary entry. D.A brochure.
Passage 8
The first traffic lights in the United States were installed(安装) because of an increase in travellers on the road in the 1920s. Worried about accidents, towns and cities installed traffic towers to help the flow of cars. Officers manned the towers, using whistles and red, green and yellow lights to indicate to drivers when they should stop and go.
Due to the absence of effective traffic signal systems on some streets, it caused risks at intersections. Then, William Potts created the first tricolour, four-directional traffic signal. The very first four-directional traffic light was installed at Woodward Avenue and Fort Street. But throughout the country, there were still a lot of systems for traffic lights and patterns in place. Since this could end up causing more problems for drivers, the Federal Highway Administration set uniform standards in 1935 for all road signs, pavement markings and traffic signals, requiring them to all use red, yellow and green light indicators.
Red is the colour with the longest wavelength; that means that as it travels through air molecules, it gets diffused(扩散) less than other colours, so it can be seen from a greater distance. Yellow has a shorter wavelength than red but a longer wavelength than green. This means that red is visible the furthest away, yellow in the middle and green the least distance away—a helpful advanced warning for needing to slow or stop. But this could be a coincidence. Red meaning a stop originated with train warning lights, and it’s not clear whether that was chosen based on wavelengths, contrast with green nature or natural association of red with things like blood. It could be a combination of all three!
Back in the 1900s, some stop signs were yellow because it was too hard to see a red sign in a poorly lit area. Eventually, highly reflective materials were developed, and red stop signs were born. Since yellow can be seen well at all times of the day, school zones, some traffic signs and school buses continue to be painted the colour.
1What’s the purpose of installing traffic lights in the 1920s
A.To increase the speed of cars. B.To improve road safety and efficiency.
C.To reduce traffic jams in towns and cities. D.To obey the standards of the government.
2What does the underlined word "this" in Paragraph 2 refer to
A.The absence of traffic signal systems.
B.The installation of the first traffic signal.
C.The first tricolour, four-directional traffic signal.
D.The existence of different traffic lights and patterns.
3What’s the main idea of Paragraph 3
A.The wavelengths of the three colours.
B.The differences among the three colours.
C.The reasons for choosing red as the stop signal.
D.The relationship between red colour and its wavelength.
4Which may be a disadvantage of red as a stop sign
A.It can’t be seen in the distance.
B.It is a kind of highly reflective colour.
C.It is not suitable to be used in school zones.
D.It can not be clearly seen in certain surroundings.
1.C 推断(写作手法) 根据第二段中的"The course content and teaching methods of MIB differ from a normal MBA or Master of Business Administration"和"The course offers various advantages over the conventional MBA degree course"可知,MIB的课程内容和教学方法与普通MBA或工商管理硕士不同,而且与传统的MBA学位课程相比,该课程提供了各种优势。由此可知,本段主要是通过对比的方式来展开的,故选C。
2.B 理解具体信息 根据第三段中的"Acquiring a degree of MIB offers outstanding growth of job opportunities" "Big multinational organizations look for talented people who can handle the job of International Marketing Manager, and people with MIB degrees are preferred"可知,获得MIB学位会使工作机会明显增多;大型跨国公司寻找能胜任国际营销经理工作的人才,具有MIB学位者优先。由此说明,越来越多的人打算获得MIB是因为它有助于提供好的工作机会,故选B。
3.A 理解具体信息 根据最后一段中的"Since business finance and economics are covered at length in the courses of MIB, students have great job offers in the field of finance as well. Typically, organizations offer the positions of international finance controllers to those who complete MIB with the specialization of finance"可知,由于商业金融和经济学在MIB的课程中有详细的介绍,学生们在金融领域也有很好的工作机会。通常,组织会向那些完成MIB的金融专业人员提供国际财务总监的职位。由此可知,国际财务总监是一份高质量的工作,故选A。
4.D 理解目的 文章第一段讲到"MIB is a specialized course that teaches the international business. There
are solid reasons for so much popularity of the MIB course"可知,MIB是一门教授国际商务的专业课程。MIB课程如此受欢迎是有切实的理由的。那么,作者写这篇文章就是为了解释为什么MIB课程大受欢迎,故选D。
【解析】 本文主要分析了联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)发布的第六份气候变化报告,首次研究分析短期温室气体在变暖中的作用,呼吁找到减缓气候变暖的科学方法。
1.A 推断 根据第一段"This year saw the publication, in stages...in some ways offered a ray of hope"可知,这份报告既让人沮丧,又给人一线希望,由此可以推断,该报告似乎有些矛盾。故A项正确。
2.D 理解词汇(短语) 根据第三段中的"This makes the goals outlined in the 2015 Paris Agreement...below 1.5 ℃—much harder to meet"可知,此处是描述在画线短语所在的句子中的内容产生的结果:使得2015年《巴黎协定》中概述的目标更难实现了。这说明画线短语所在的句子陈述的内容已经存在,间接造成《巴黎协定》的目标更难实现,所以该短语的意思是"在进展中,在进行中"。故D项正确。
3.B 推断 根据第四段中的"The IPCC’s sixth report...played in warming by short-term greenhouse gases such as methane(甲烷), for instance"可知,在IPCC的第六份报告中第一次深入研究了像甲烷这样的短期温室气体在气候变暖中的作用,由此可以推断,之前报告从未提到过甲烷给气候变暖带来的影响。故B项正确。
4.C 理解具体信息 根据最后一段中的"This would include taking measures...rather than simply preventing it being released"可知,该段提到的适应性路径有转向更多的植物性饮食、控制人口增长、减少财政不平等以及想方法消除已经存在于大气中的二氧化碳。故C项正确。
【二次精读】
核心单词:publication n. 出版,发行,出版物 particularly adv. 尤其,特别 inequality n. 不平等,不平均
核心短语:be responsible for 对……负责;是……的原因 in terms of 在……方面,就……而言,谈及
【解析】 本文主要通过儒艮的例子讲了文化与物种生存的内在关联。
1.A 理解具体信息 根据第二段中的"Much worse, dugongs are at risk of losing the protection of the Torres Strait Islanders, who have looked after them historically, hunting them for food sustainably and monitored their numbers"可知,托雷斯海峡岛民以前一直在照顾儒艮,可持续地猎杀它们作为食物,并监控它们的数量。由此可知,当地人帮助保护儒艮。故选A。
2.B 推断 根据第四段中的"When a culture declines, the species that are important to that culture are also threatened"可知,当一种文化衰落时,对该文化重要的物种也受到威胁。Reyes-García可能会同意"文化与物种的生存息息相关"。故选B。
3.C 理解具体信息 根据第五段中的"In the study, the team used a new way to determine a species’ risk of disappearing: The more a cultural group’s language use declines, the more that culture is threatened...then combined a species’ cultural and biological vulnerability to arrive at its bio-cultural status"可知,在这项研究中,研究小组使用了一种新的方法来确定一个物种消失的风险:一个文化群体的语言使用下降得越多,该文化受到的威胁就越大。一种文化受到的威胁越多,其重要物种在文化上就越脆弱。然后,研究人员将一个物种的文化和生物脆弱性结合起来,以得出它的生物文化状态。由此可知,与以前的研究方法相比,现在的研究方法突出了人类语言的影响。故选C。
4.B 理解观点、态度 根据最后一段中的"This new approach to conservation involves people that have historically cared for them. It can highlight when communities need support to continue their care"可知,这种新的保护方法涉及历史上一直照顾它们的人。它可以突出社区何时需要支持以继续提供护理。由此可知,作者赞成这种最新的方法,故选B。
【解析】 肯尼亚的Nzambi Matee利用回收的塑料和沙子混合在一起制作成建筑用砖来解决塑料污染问题。
1.A 理解句意 画线句的上一句"Hundreds of tons of industrial and consumer polymer waste continue to get dumped into landfills daily"讲到肯尼亚推出的解决塑料污染的方案并不起作用。画线句出现在转折词However之后,据此可以推断,画线句讲的应该是一个有效的解决塑料污染的方案,故A项"如果被采纳,Matee的方法肯定很有效"与画线句的意思最为接近。have one's will"遂愿";unsightly"难看的,不雅观的,不悦目的";heap"(凌乱的)一堆"。句意:然而,如果29岁的Nzambi Matee能遂愿,那么那些难看的塑料垃圾堆不久就会被转变成彩砖。
2.C 推断(人物特征) 根据第二段中的"the determined eco-entrepreneur was confident in her idea and did not give up"可以看出,Nzambi Matee是一个意志坚定的(resolved)人;根据第三段中的"The best way to do this was by channeling the waste into the construction space...homes"和常识可知,Nzambi Matee解决塑料垃圾的方法很有创意(creative),故C项最能概括她的性格。generous"慷慨的,大方的";ambitious"有志向的,有抱负的";confident"自信的";grateful"感恩的";optimistic"乐观的";modest"谦虚的"。
3.D 推断 根据第四段中的"More importantly, it helps repurpose the lowest quality of plastic"和最后一段中的"Her dream is to reduce the mountain of trash to just a hill"可知,Nzambi Matee制造彩色塑料砖的终极目标是解决塑料污染,故D项正确。repurpose"(为适合新用途)对……稍加修改,略微改动"。
4.B 理解主旨要义(标题判断) 通读全文可知,文章主要讲述了29岁的肯尼亚女孩Nzambi Matee创造性地利用回收的塑料和沙子混合在一起制作成建筑用砖来解决塑料污染问题,故B项"Nzambi Matee:解决塑料污染的创新者"最适合作本文的标题。
【二次精读】
核心单词:preventive adj. 预防性的 polymer n. 聚合物 machinery n. 机器;机械 reprocess v. 再加工
【解析】 随着节俭购物开始流行,许多人选择购买二手或转售的环保产品。但科学家认为节俭购物带来了潜在的令人担忧的影响。
1.C 理解具体信息 根据第一段的内容可知,随着节俭被引入主流流行文化,年轻人开始去旧货店买更便宜、更时尚的东西。Z世代消费者表示,可持续性是他们作出购买决定时的一个重要因素。许多人选择购买二手或转售的环保产品。由此说明,最近年轻的环保主义者成为旧货店的主流消费者。故选C。
2.D 推断 根据第二段中的"scientists recently have come to realize such trendy sustainable practices could actually be less rosy than expected"和第三段中的"Actually, the root of this sustainability dilemma is not only assessing what you use in your life, but the
overconsumption"可知,科学家们最近意识到,这种时髦的可持续的做法可能真的没有预期的那么美好。事实上,这种可持续性困境的根源不仅在于评估你在生活中使用了什么,还在于过度消费。由此可推知,科学家们认为节俭购物带来了潜在的令人担忧的影响。故选D。
3.B 推断 根据第三段中Fitzpatrick所说的"We can clear out our entire wardrobe by leaving what we don’t want at a second-hand store...again and again"可知,Fitzpatrick认为,我们可以把不想要的东西留在二手店,希望它能得到很好的利用,这样就可以清理我们整个衣柜。我们不会少买东西,而是欺骗自己,认为我们可以购物,然后通过一次又一次的捐赠来解决问题。根据Fitzpatrick的观点,二手商店会让我们感到无罪是因为它们为我们的浪费找了很好的借口。故选B。
4.A 推断 根据最后一段中的"So, when you walk into a thrift shop or really any store, it’s important to ask yourself whether it is necessary...less is more helpful for society and the planet"可知,当你走进旧货店或其他任何商店时,问问自己是否有必要这样做是很重要的。购买二手商品曾经是既经济又可持续的,但现在,
这关乎消费和保持潮流。只要记住,说到你的衣柜,越少对社会和地球越有帮助。由此可推知,文章关于节俭购物的建议是限制过度消费的欲望。故选A。
【解析】 文章介绍了一种新型加密技术——全同态加密的开发过程以及意义。
1.C 理解具体信息 根据第一段中的"Hidden inside our bodies...However, there are worries for Fellay: they contain sensitive details that could lead to embarrassment, discrimination or even worse"可知,Fellay医生担忧隐藏在我们体内的基因标记物所包含的敏感细节被泄露后会导致尴尬、歧视甚至更糟的情况,即他担心个人数据的安全问题,故选C。
2.B 理解具体信息 明题意:本题问"完全同态加密和同态加密有什么不同 "→寻线索:根据第四段最后一句话"However, it supports multiple operations on encrypted data, rather than only one calculation in HE"可知,全同态加密支持对加密数据进行多次操作,而不是在同态加密中只进行一次计算→定答案:由此可知,全同态加密和同态加密的区别在于全同态加密允许多次计算,故选B。
3.C 理解观点、态度 根据最后一段Goldwasser 所说的话"If you believe that security is not a plus, but it's a must, then in some sense there is no overhead"可知,Goldwasser认为在某种意义上,全同态加密是必须的,即她对全同态加密持赞成态度,故选C。
4.A 理解主旨要义(文章大意) 文章开头介绍医生担心病人个人数据的安全问题,从而引入了全同态加密,然后以此为线索对全同态加密进行介绍,即这篇文章主要讲述了全同态加密保护个人隐私的功能,故选A。
【二次精读】
核心单词:discrimination n. 歧视 encryption n. 加密 privacy n. 隐私 workable adj. 可行的 encrypted adj. 加密的 security n. 安全
核心短语:make sense讲得通,有意义 rely on依靠
【解析】 一项研究发现,地球内核的旋转速度可能开始比地球慢,但这一发现并非所有人都认可,仍需要进一步弄清楚到底发生了什么。
1.D 理解目的 根据第二段的内容可知,地核有两部分:外核和内核。这两部分主要由金属铁和镍构成。外核是液态的。但内核是一个被液体包裹的固体球。本段主要介绍的是地核的构造,它与鸡蛋的构造有相似之处。所以,此处提到鸡蛋是以此来说明地核的构造。故选D项。
2.D 理解具体信息 根据题干中的"in the 1990s"将答案定位到第四段,根据第四段中的"In the 1990s, two scientists, Paul Richards and Song Xiaodong, studied the inner core...through the center of the Earth"可知,20世纪90年代,Paul Richards和宋晓东两位科学家通过观察穿过地球中心的地震波来研究内核。那么该段中的"Their studies revealed that the inner core was spinning in the same direction as the Earth, but slightly faster"就是他们的研究发现,即他们的研究表明,内核的旋转方向与地球相同,但速度略快。故选D项。
3.C 推断 根据最后一段的内容可知,并非所有人都同意。许多研究地球的科学家表示,需要更多的信息来弄清楚到底发生了什么。由此可知,这项研究需要进一步证实。故选C项。
4.A 理解文章结构、类型(文章类型) 首段介绍了文章的主旨,即通过研究地震波穿过地球中心的方式,科学家们对地球的内部的运作有了更多的了解。结果表明,地球内核的旋转速度可能开始比地球慢。下文对此研究进行分析。由此可知,本文介绍了一项科学研究发现,是一篇科学研究报告。故选A项。
【解析】 本文介绍了交通信号灯的发展历史以及选用红色、绿色和黄色作为信号灯颜色的原因。
1.B 推断 根据题干中的"in the 1920s"可将答案定位在第一段,根据该段中的"The first traffic lights in the United States were installed because of an increase in travellers on the road
in the 1920s. Worried about accidents, towns and cities installed traffic towers to help the flow of cars"可知,20世纪20年代,由于路上旅客的增加,美国的第一个交通信号灯被安装。由于担心发生事故,城镇和城市安装了交通塔来帮助汽车流动。由此可知,在20世纪20年代安装交通信号灯是为了道路的安全和通行效率,故选B。
2.D 理解词汇(代词指代) 代词this通常指代上文的内容,根据前一句"But throughout the country, there were still a lot of systems for traffic lights and patterns in place"可知,但在全国各地,仍然有很多交通灯系统和模式。画线词this所在的从句表示,因为这最终可能会给司机带来更多问题。也就是说,不同的交通信号灯和模式的存在可能导致更多问题,因此画线词this指的就是不同交通信号灯和模式的存在,故选D。
3.C 理解主旨要义(段落大意) 根据第三段的内容可知,红色是波长最长的颜色;这意味着,当它在空气分子中传播时,它比其他颜色扩散得更小,因此人们可以从更远的地方看到它。黄色的波长比红色短,但比绿色长。这意味着红色在最远的地方是可见的,黄色在中间,绿色在距离最小的地方是可见的——这是一个有用的需要减速或停车的提前警告。但这可能是个巧合。红色意味着停止起源于火车警示灯,目前尚不清楚选择红色是基于波长、与绿色的大自然的对比,还是红色与血液等事物的自然联系。这可能是三者的结合!由此可知,本段主要介绍选择红色作为停止信号的原因,故选C。
4.D 理解具体信息 根据最后一段中的"Back in the 1900s, some stop signs were yellow because it was too hard to see a red sign in a poorly lit area"可知,早在20世纪,一些停止标志是黄色的,因为在光线不好的地方很难看到红色标志。也就是说,红色的停止标志在昏暗的地方很难看到,故选D。