09 完形填空
(记叙文、说明文与议论文)
完形填空概略
第一部分 完形填空的理论依据
(一)格式塔理论
完形填空又被称为完形测验法或者补漏填空法，其创设是基于格式塔心理学关于场的理论。该理论认为，人们在观察物体形状时，总会下意识的将残缺或空缺的部分补全完整，以获得完整的物体形状。之后，语言学家研究发现在语言现象中，人们对不完整的语言现象同样具有补全心理。完形心理学同样也能运用于篇章阅读中。这也就是说，当读者接触到有空缺的篇章时，读者便会倾向于将所删减的词汇或短语填充完整，使篇章通顺，语意流畅。补全过程同时也要求读者能够从文章整体出发，而非将思维局限于部分，因为一篇文章是一由词汇、句子、段落构成的有机整体。读者还需通过篇章情境和已有的知识储备填出或选择出最佳词汇以及短语，填补篇章中的空缺，达到形式和心理上的“完形”。
(二)语篇衔接理论
衔接是语篇的一大特征，是形成语篇的重要手段。衔接指在依据语法关系和词汇之间的联系，语篇实现结构完整，语义通畅，意义连贯。从句子结构关系角度，衔接包括语法衔接;从词汇关系和内容角度，衔接又包含着词汇衔接。1976年，Halliday和Hasan ( Halliday&Hasan } 1976 )出版了《英语的衔接》( Cohesion in English )专著，在书中韩礼德和哈桑将语法衔接手段划分为指代、替代、省略和连接;同时又提出词汇衔接手段包括词汇复现和词汇同现。其中，词汇通过上下义词、近义词、反义词、同义词或原词形成词汇重现。
(三)图式理论
图式理论近年来在完形填空教学中被普遍使用，并取得良好的教学效果。图式理论在20世纪70年代得到较大发展。该理论认为，人们认识新事物时，会在大脑中利用自身己有的知识背景和知识储备与新事物形态特征相联系，大脑中进行复杂活跃的认知活动，建构图示，联系新旧事物，最终达到理解新事物的状态。图式理论有三种结构:形式图式、内容图示和语言图示。形式图式指导读者分析文章体裁和结构。内容图式则涉及篇章主旨和具体内容以及文化背景知识。语言图示则是指读者对篇章语言知识如词汇、语法等的熟悉程度。三种图式结构紧密联系，缺一不可。
第二部分 完形填空的作用
完形填空比多项选择题更为有效，而目的更易于设计或运用于课堂教学。关于这一点要提及另一个事实，阅读理解题常使学生感到盲从。这些题目常使学生只是从某一点来专注于文章，用这种方式来构成学生的阅读。我们在教学中早已发现学生在阅读之前是如何常常先查看文章后面的问题。这是因为问题会告诉读者应该在文章中寻找什么或阅读什么，而这在完形填空中是行不通的，学生要根据要求利用完形填空真正地将文章阅读数遍，随后自行做出决定。因此，完形填空不同于其它的测试，是一种创造性的并且奏效的测试。这一题型促使学生注意整篇文章的语篇而不是单纯的词汇或句子结构，这对于中等或优等的学生是一个重要的因素。由于完形填空可以对学生的阅读能力提供首要的明证，以证实诸如学生入学的阅读水平或实际的阅读水平，所以可以作为入学考试或分班考试的命题手段。其具体作用体现在如下几点:
一、确立文章可读性的标准
完形填空的首要用途是确立一篇文章可读性的标准，这篇文章与拥有的读者层次有关。这对于英语作为外语或者英语作为第二语言(EsL>的教师无疑极为重要。如果学生能够流畅地阅读一篇文章，教师就没有必要对此多作解释，可以立即利用这一文章作为背景知识进行教学。如果学生表明是根据教学标准来阅读，这对于理解课文是必不可少的。如果学生阅读受挫，教师最好放弃这篇文章，这说明要么是因为语言太难，要么是因为文章的背景相对于学生的经历太陌生。
二、训练听说读写技能
鉴于完形填空的诸多优点，我们教师可以利用完形填空进行英语听说读写的训练。
发展听力技能(listening skills)
听力似乎与阅读毫无关系，其实不然，两者有其共同之处。都是用感官去接受信息，前者用耳，后者用眼去感受和接受信息，听与读都属于感受技能(receptive skills)。完形填空反映出听力与阅读技能间有重要的关系。教师可以利用完形填空的题型再借助于录有原文的录音磁带来训练或测试学生的听力技能。学生一边倾听录音中的原文，一边写出原文中被删掉的词或短语，这样能促使学生答题时认真仔细地听写，从而提高答题的准确性。此外，这样的训练或测试也能增强学生对发展听力技能的自信心，尤其是对于那些听力技能较弱的学生，他们或许能借助于上下文对未听懂之处再进行完形填空。我们在教学中发现一些学生对纯粹的听写常感到紧张和缺乏自信心，所以教师不妨变换训练或测试的手段，以激发起学生发展听力技能的兴趣。
2.增进会话技巧(speaking skills)
利用完形填空来教学。一旦学生完成后，并知道得分以后，他们会对自己的得分与教师发生不可避免的争论:“为什么我不能用房屋来代替住宅呢 毕竟它们属同一类”Why can' t工have building instead of house After all it comes to the same thing.由于英语课堂教学要求学生用英语问答，学生也就会习惯成自然地用英语争辩。此时，教师应不失时机地针对学生们的争辩组织讨论。在这种场合，即便是一些被我们教师认为腼腆和沉默寡言的学生每当获悉自己的得分后，也会变得口若悬河和好争论。开口的机会越多，就越能增进学生的会话技巧。
3.提高I阅读技能(reading skills)
阅读教学的主要目的是培养学生通过阅读了解其内容找出中心思想、扩大词汇量等。一方面，学生完形填空的过程本身就是了解其内容和寻觅中心思想的过程。以此为基础，然后学生考虑空格所省略的词与上下文连贯的语义及结构，自上而下地逐一填空。另一方面，教师通过分析与讲解相关的完形填空，有助于学生借助于上下文学习与掌握语法知识、常用的固定搭配习语、词组与句型，从而提高阅读技能。
4.强化写作技能(writing skills)
完形填空除了可以用于听、说、读教学之外，还可以用于写作教学，尤其是商务信件，或者其它指导性的写作(如:小结、报告和随笔等)。教学步骤可以这样安排:首先让学生阅读一篇简单的商务信件，其次发给学生一篇类似的信件，但是信中有些语句被删掉，要求学生填出删掉的部分。此类写作教学的长处在于可根据学生的能力变换空格的出现率，随着课程的进展，空格出现的频率更多。最后学生发现他们能很容易地填出每隔三个词或者四个词出现的空格，这样，学生对于商务信件的文体规律和词汇更为熟悉，达到预期的教学效果。
第三部分 完形填空解题能力的制约因素
完形填空是一种立意新、区分度高、从语篇层面上考查学生语言能力的综合型试题。完形填空自问世以来，国内的学者专家对其进行了大量的研究。从这些研究成果中，我们可以看到，考生在完形填空的答题成绩，与以下几个因素有关:
1.快速阅读理解能力。试卷上的答题要求写道“阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从各题所给的四个选项中，选出一个最佳答案。”由于完形填空的文章被有目的挖去了一些词，考生必须根据整篇文章信息综合分析，来补全残缺部分，因此，考生需要具备较强的阅读能力，才能把握文章脉络。完形填空不只考查英语知识层面的内容，也考查英语阅读能力。
2.整体思维和综合判断能力。命题者在试题命制过程中，从语篇的角度通盘考虑，有系统的删去一些文字，这就要求考生在答题时，必须在通览全文的基础上整体考虑，确定正确选项。而从全局出发考虑问题的能力，是优秀人才必须具备的素质。
3一定的语法知识和词汇运用能力。做完形填空题必须具有一定的语法知识，它是分析复杂长句和篇章结构的基础。但近几年英语高考完形填空题对词汇(包括习语)的考查比重最大。这种检测是放在活的语境中进行的，这就要求考生掌握词汇的含义和潜词造句的能力。
完形填空体裁及试题应对分析
第一部分 记叙文类完形填空
文体分析
记叙文是记人叙事的文章，它主要是用于说明事件的时间、背景、起因、过程及结果，即我们通常所说的五个" W "( what, who, when, where, why )和一个" H "( how )。记叙文的重点在于"述说"和"描写"，因此一篇好的记叙文要叙述条理清楚，描写生动形象。
1. 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过"我"来传达给读者，使人读后感到真实可信，如身临其境。如：
The other day, I was driving along the street. Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast. I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side. But it was too late. The car hit my bike and I fell off it.
用第三人称叙述，优点在于叙述者不受"我"活动范围以内的人和事物的限制，而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者，直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前，文章的客观性很强。如：
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard. On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover. Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short. What could he do Then he had a good idea.
2. 动词的时态
在记叙文中，记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高，且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的，这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化，正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3. 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙，都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作，较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙，读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果，让所叙之事跌宕起伏，使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃，从而为文章所吸引，深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当，则容易弄巧成拙，使文章结构散乱，头绪不清，让读者不知所云。
4. 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如：
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things. Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao. It is really a beautiful city. There are many places of interest to see. But what impressed me most was the sunrise.
The next morning I got up early. I was very happy because it was a fine day. By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red. In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing. The sun was very red, not shining. It rose slowly. At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball. At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright.
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5. 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述，可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态，使记叙生动、有趣，使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果：
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something. Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front. I thought maybe someone was knocking the door. I asked who it was but I heard no reply. After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor. I realized it was the cat. I felt released.
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字，但经作者这么一写，就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式，没有人物语言，把"悬念"给冲淡了。可作如下调整：
I was in the kitchen cooking something. "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front. Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who " No reply. After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor. "Its you." I said, quite released.
题型分析
一、题型解读
记叙文类完形填空可分为记事和记人两种形式，记叙时间、地点、人物和事件等，文章长度在300词左右。
文章首句一般不设空，以情景意义考查为主，淡化对语法的考查，4个选项词类相同，设空以实词为主，即动词、名词、形容词、副词为主，虚词为辅，即介词、连词，代词为辅，几乎不涉及情态动词与冠词。近几年记叙文文体完形填空的选文突出了叙述上的灵活性、事件的趣味性和教育性，再加上生词量的增大，及复合句的增多，考生在此题上的失分仍然很严重。因此，如在读懂原文的情况下减少失误是目前考生面临的重大问题。
二、解答技巧
1.细读文章首句，推测全文内容
完形填空通常首句是一个完整的句子，它提供的信息是把握全文主旨的关键，是理解全文大意的一扇窗户，所以理解首句信息显得很重要。一般情况下，高考完形填空首句不设空。少数情况下，即使设空，也是在句子末尾，不影响考生对句意的把握。
【典例示例】
My previous home had a stand of woods behind it and many animals in the backyard.
That first year, I 11 feeding peanuts to the blue jays, then the squirrels. The squirrels had no 12 coming up right to me for them . As the months went by , the rabbits saw that I was no 13 and didn't escape.
【解析】
根据首句，确定出本文讲述的主题：“我”以前家的后面有一片树林，在后院有很多动物；国绕这一主题展开故事。
11.A.avoided B. started C. canceled D. suggested
【解析】：第一年，“我”开始给冠蓝码喂花生吃，然后又喂松鼠。start doing sth.“开始做某事”
12.A.business B. fun C. problem D. privilege
【解析】：松鼠毫无困难（problem),直接上来享用花生。
13.A.help B. cheat C. threat D. exception
【解析】：几个月过去了，兔子见“我”没有威胁，不逃走了。threat"威胁”，符合语境。
【答案】：11.B12.C13.C
2.通读全文，理清各个角色
一般来说，记叙文有两个或两个以上的角色，作者对这些角色的态度是不一样的，即便是对做同样一件事的人，作文突出了叙述上的灵者也不一定采用同样的态度来描述。只有把握好每个人物生词量的增大，及复：的特点和内心世界，才能更好地定位文章的中心思想，更准然很严重。因此，如何确地选出答案。
【典例示例】
I passed the clean comb back to Dad. He smiled at me and 41 placed his comb on his wallet. But this time, I noticed something 42 .Dad had aged. He had wrinkles next to his eyes when he smiled, 43 his smile was still as 44 as before, the smile of a father who just wanted a good 45 for his family.
41.A.firmly B. hurriedly C. casually D. carefully
【解析】：父亲对“我”笑了笑，小心地（carefully)把梳子放在他的钱包上。firmly“坚决地”，hurriedly“匆忙地”，casually“随便地”，均不符合文意。
42.A.different B. exciting C. interesting D. urgent
【解析】：但是，这一次，“我”注意到一些不同的（different)事情后文中的“Dad had aged. He had wrinkles...”也是暗示。
43 . A . for B. or C. so D. yet
【解析】：根据空处上下文的语境可知，此处表示意思上的转折，故要用yet“然而，但是”。
44.A.convincing B. heartwarming C. cautious D. innocent
【解析】：父亲的微笑仍然像以前一样令人感到幸福快乐(heartwarming)。convincing"令人信服的，有说服力的”；cautious"谨慎的，十分小心的”；innocent"无辜的，无罪的”，均不符合文意。
45.A.origin B. life C. reputation D. education
【解析】：从父亲的笑中，作者体会到父亲是想让自己的家人有好的生活（life)。
【答案】：41.D 42.A 43.D 44.B 45.B
3.理顺事件线索，找准发展方向
记叙文一般按事件发展的顺序来叙述（有时用倒叙）,正确把握文章的发展顺序对把握文章的主脉有着重要的意义。因此，在选择答案时要事先理清人物间的关系及各自所做的事情。
【典例示例】
Obediently(顺从地）,my class lay their heads on their desks, closed their eyes and 42 . When the music started , the room was filled with the most beautiful tones and musical colors I could have ever imagined. All the children were 43. When the music finished, I asked them all to raise their 44 slowly so that we could share our musical journeys.
42.A.slept B. nodded C. waited D. continued
【解析】：学生们趴在课桌上，闭着眼睛，等待（waited)着播放音乐。
43.A.talking B. singing C. dancing D. listening
【解析】：根据前一句的“When the music started”可知，此处指所有学生都在听着音乐。故选D。
44.A.legs B. heads C. arms D. shoulders
【解析】：根据前一句的“When the music started”可知，此处指所有学生都在听着音乐。故选D。
【答案】：42.C 43.D 44.B
4.描摩作者意图，弄清蕴含哲理
记叙文一般通过一件平常事来说明一个人生哲理，或作者的感悟，因此把握好其中的道理，对理解细节有更为准确的作用。注意不要把自己的观点放到文章中去，一切都以作者或主人公的态度和观点为线索展开。
【典例示例】
It 37 me that playing against the other team was a great 38 moment for all the girls on the team. I think it is a general principle. 39 is the best teacher. The lessons they learned may not be 40 what they would have gotten in school, but are certainly more personal and meaningful , because they had to work them out on their own .
37.A.confused B. struck C. reminded D. warned
【解析】：这不由让作者想起和其他队比赛也是一个难得的学习机会。It strikes sb. that...“让某人突然想到……”，为固定句型。
38 . A . touching B. thinking C. encouraging D. learning
【解析】：本句与文章首句“Where do you go when you want to learn something"还有下文The lessons they learned ma not...照应。
39 . A . Experience B. Independence C. Curiosity D. Interest
【解析】：结合上文的比赛情况可知，“经验”是最好的老师。
40.A.harmful to B. mixed with C. different from D. applied to
【解析】：这些经验与她们在学校学到的东西可能不会有太大的“不同”，但是肯定更加深入、更加有意义，因为这她们自己摸索出来的。different from"与……不同”，符合语境。
【答案】：37.B38.D39.A40.C
5.把握时间线索，做出正确判断
有些记叙文叙述一件事，故事情节随着时间而不断推进。我们可以抓住里面的时间线索，利用情节的变化来巧妙地做出判断。
【典例示例】
That second year, the rabbits 15 me, and one would even sit up for slices!...
By year three, the rabbits and the groundhog were back.
The groundhog 23 didn't have a problem with me scratching her back , and I got an idea .
15.A.feared B. ignored C. discovered D. remembered
【解析】：第二年，兔子记得“我”，甚至有一只会坐着享用胡萝卜片。remember"想起，记得”。
23 . A . also B. thus C. just D. still
【解析】：第三年，兔子和土拨鼠回来了。“我”用手指抓挠土拨鼠的背仍然（still)没有困难。
【答案】：15.D23.D
第二部分 说明文类完形填空
文体分析
说明文是一种以说明为主要表达方式的文章体裁。它通过对实体事物科学的解说，对客观事物做出说明或对抽象的阐释，使人们对事物的形态、构造、性质、种类、成因、功能，关系或对事理的概念、特点、、演变、异同等科学地认识，从而获得有关的知识。下面是收集的说明文的基本特征，希望对您有所帮助！
1、内容的确定性
说明文是以传输知识为目的的文体。而任何知识都必须有确定的内容。确定的内容有二：一是确定的对象，一是确定的要点。凡是知识总是关于一定事物、一定对象的。所以说明首先要明确说明的对象。确定的要点指说明内容的基本范围，作者说明的着眼点。说明的对象表明作者所说明的特定的事物，但特定的事物是一个整体，要介绍有关它的知识不能只作空泛的陈述，必须确定说明内容的具体范围即着眼点。有几处着眼点，就有多大的说明范围。说明的要点常表现为某些方面。一般说来，事物的属性有7个方面：形状、特性（性质）、构造、成因、关系、功能、方法。说明的要点也表现为不同的角度、类别、阶段、部位等，这些就是人们认识事物的观察点、出发点。当说明的内容确定为该事物的某个方面以后，说明的角度、部位等就成了更加具体的说明范围。
2、顺序的条理性
说明的内容最后确定在说明的要点上。当说明的要点不止一个或同一要点有不同的角度、类别等的时候，就有一个先后顺序的问题。记叙也有顺序。但它包含在事件的因果相连的链条中。无论任何事件，都有它的起因、发展和结果；无论顺叙倒叙，它们都是事件本身的顺序。议论也有顺序，但它主要包含在证明的过程中。而且，议论的顺序与说明的顺序有着很多相通的地方。所以，研究说明的顺序对我们自觉地认识议论的顺序也有着十分重要的参考价值。
说明的顺序尽管复杂，但也是有规律可寻的。总的来看，说明顺序有3种：方位顺序、时间顺序、逻辑事理顺序。逻辑事理，这是概括说法。凡在方位和时间之外的顺序都是逻辑事理顺序。如简单与复杂，主要与次要，一般与个别，概括与具体，原因与结果等。
3、语言的科学性
说明文以传播知识为目的。这就决定了说明文的语言要具有科学性。
（1）真实。对事物有关知识的说明不能夸大或缩小，更不能弄虑作假，必须持实事求是的态度。
（2）准确。准确也是真实，但它重在选用词语的恰如其分上。
（3）简明。就是简洁、明晰，不罗苏，不含糊，用精练的语言把意思表达的清清楚楚。
（4）周密。所谓周密，就是严密，没有疏漏，无懈可击。
（5）客观。所谓客观，指在语言表达中，不能携带作者的思想感情。它要求无褒无贬，冷静地观察事物，用平实地语言进行表达。这一点，正好同记叙的语言形成对比。记叙的语言具有鲜明的情感性，而说明的语言则无需表达作者的感情。如果说有感情的话，也只能说是零度感情。
题型分析
说明文的写作目的是授人以知，让人明白，说明文只是说明事物的特征，阐明原理，介绍知识。说明文完形填空的结构模式一般是：提出问题——发现直接原因——分析深层原因——得出结论或提出解决方案。
一、命题解读
说明文类完形填空题常就某一个问题从不同的角度来加以说明，文章可以是用来说明某一种社会现象、一个产品的制作过程、一种产品的使用方法、某个科学成就或人类生活中所面临的某个具体的难题。说明文所呈现的方式较为单一，作者往往一开始就交代说明的对象，然后再从不同的角度进行说明。因此，这类文章的每一段通常就是其中的一个角度或侧面，所以要注意概括每一个段落的主旨大意，尤其是文章每一段的开头或结尾，作者往往会对说明的话题进行概括说明。说明文类的完形填空的特征如下：
1.文章多用现在时态
说明文通常是对客观事物或实例的介绍与说明，与时间的变化关系不大，所以文章常用现在时态。
2.语言简练、平实、准确，常采用客观描述
说明文的目的主要是帮助读者认清事物，明白事理，所以语言简练、平实、易于理解，内容客观真实，很少含有带感情的词汇。
3.文章主题明确，层次分明
说明文类完形填空往往在文章开头就点明说明对象，从而为学生们把握文章主题提供了有利条件。而且，作者借助合理的说明顺序展开文章，使文章结构清晰，层次分明。
二、应试策略
1. 利用说明文的首句查找说明主体
2. 把握说明文的两种结构模式
(1)总分式。包括＂总—分＂＂分—总＂＂总—分—总＂等具体形式。
(2)递进式。事理说明文多用递进式结构，一层一层地剖析事理。具体包括：空间顺序——从上到下、从外到内、从左到右、从南到北、从远到近、从中间到四周、从整体到部分；时间顺序——按照时间先后顺序来安排，事物都有发生、发展、消亡的过程；逻辑顺序——有些说明文主要是剖析事理的，在说明时就按照事理的逻辑关系进行安排，或者从主到次、从浅到深、从原因到结果，具有严密的条理性。
三、解题步骤
1.利用说明文首句，明确说明对象
【典例示例】
Imagine the first days in a new time zone . Slow to respond to the 28______ , your body clock is confused. You're sleepy all day, but when it's time for bed, you can hardly fall asleep. Obviously you're 29 _________jet lag(时差反应）.
28.A.flight B. change C. demand D. climate
【解析】：下文的“jet lag(时差反应）”说明，在旅行时要适应时差。
29.A.suffering from B. working on C. looking into D. leading to
【解析】：上文的“hardly fall asleep”说明人们常常不能顺利地倒时差；suffer from“受折磨”。
【答案】：28.B29.A
2.关注内在联系，把握说明顺序
常见的说明顺序有时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序（如因果关系、果因关系、先主后次等）和认识顺序（如由此及彼、由浅入深、由局部到整体、由现象到本质、由具体到抽象等）。
【典例示例】
How long can human beings live Most scientists who study old age think that the human body is 1 _______to live no longer than 120 years. However,110 years is probably the longest that anyone could hope to live-if he or she is 2_______ healthy and lucky. Some scientists even say we can live as long as 130 years! Yet, our cells simply cannot continue to reproduce 3_______. They wear out, and as a result , we get old and 4 die .
1.A.designed B. selected C. improved D. discovered
【解析】：此处表示我们人体的设计就是最长活到120岁。design“设计”。
2.A.completely B. generally C. apparently D. extremely
【解析】：根据上下文可知，此处表示110岁很可能是任何一个人可能会希望活的最长的时间了——如果一个人极其健康和幸运的话，extremely“极度，极其”。
3.A.rapidly B. harmlessly C. endlessly D. separately
【解析】：这里表示人类细胞不能永无止境地自我繁殖，所以人才会变老。endlessly“无止况地，无限地”。
4.A.eventually B. hopelessly C. automatically D. desperately
【解析】：get old的最终结果就是死亡，因此用eventually表示“最终”。
【答案】：1.A2.D3.C4.A
3.逐句精读短文，逐题分析选项
对特定的语境作深入的理解，克服“思维定式”，根据全文大意和文不离句、句不离文的原则逐项选择。针对说明文独有的文体特点，解答时一定要注意从上下文意义、惯用法、固定搭配、逻辑推理、常识等角度去考虑和判断，并注意其内在联系。
第三部分 议论文类完形填空
文体分析
议论文是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表见解或提出主张的说理性文章。议论文的目的不仅是客观的解释事物，还力图说服读者相信并接受某一观点。英语议论文不完全等同于汉语的议论文，它涉及的范围要小得多。英语议论文主要是就某一主题，在摆出正反两方面观点的基础上，通过论证、推理辩论等手段，试图让读者最终接受作者对这一主题的某种观点。尽管有时也不一定非常明确的交待正反观点，但力图通过推理让读者赞同自己的观点始终是英语议论文的主要目的。
不管是在汉语中，还是在英语中，议论文都是由论点（作者的观点，也就是被证明的对象、论据（用来证明论点的依据，是说明论点的理由和材料）和论证（运用论据证明论点的过程与方法），这三个要素构成的，这也是一个提出问题——分析问题——解决问题的过程。因此，典型的议论文一般就由序论（提出问题，即what）、本论（分析问题，即why）和结论（解决问题，即how）三个部分构成，其具体的结构模式又有以下三种：
模式一：引言段（提出观点）——正方论点心（支持作者的观点的较弱论点）、正方论点2（支持作者的观点的较强论点）、正方论点3（支持作者观点的最强论点）——结论段（总结+解决方法，论断或建议）
在这种模式中，文章主体段（中间部分）的每一个部分论述一个论点，这些论点以其重要性按序排列，最有力、最重要的论点在最后面，以示强调。
模式二：引言段（提出观点）——反面意见（反方观点+作者的反驳）、正方论点1（支持作者观点的较弱论点）、正方论点2（支持作者观点的较强论点）、正方论点3（支持作者观点的最强论点）——结论段（总结+解决方法，论断或建议）
在这种模式中，文章立体段的一开始就提出对立方的反面意见及作者对这种意见的反驳，以后各部分仍分别陈述作者的不同论点。
模式三：引言段（提出观点）——反方观点1+进行反驳的正方论点、反方观点2+进行反驳的正方论点、反方观点3+进行反驳的正方论点——结论段（总结+解决方法，论断或建议）在这种模式中，作者在文章主体段的每一部分都先提出一个反面观点，然后再进行反驳。
英语议论文的语言特点
由于与其他文体相比，英语议论文类似英语说明文，因此，它具有英语说明文的一些语言特点，比如：时态较为统一，多用现在时；强调语言表达的客观性；尽可能指明信息来源等等。但作为一种独立的文体，英语议论文在语言上也有一些自己特有的表达形式：
1.较多使用表达委婉语气的词语和句子
与英语说明文相比，英语议论文不仅需要说明自己的观点，而且还要让读者接受自己的观点，因此，在词语表达上除了客观之外，还必须注意委婉。在英语中，常用虚拟语气，让步状语从句和情态动词can，could，may，might，would，should等。请看下面两组有关“面试在招生过程中的重要性”的文字：
（1）No one should be admitted into（招收进）college without a personal interview（面试）.What can admissions people（招生人员）tell from a piece of paper？They can tell nothing.Only when they see a student face to face，can they decide what kind of a person he is.
（2）Though admissions people can learn some things from a piece of paper，such as how well a person writes and what he is interested in there may be many other things that an application （申请表）can not tell but can only be seen in a personal interview.The way a person talks，the way he thinks about and answers questions，the way he reacts（反应），are all important facts of a person which can not be found on a piece of paper.
两段文字都强调“大学生入学必须面试”，但相比之下，例（2）用了情态动词，though引导的让步状语从句等表达方式，语气较为委婉，更容易为读者所接受。
2.使用有辩论、推理等含义的连接词和过渡词等词语结构
英语议论文讲究辩论推理的条理性和逻辑性，因此，往往较多地使用这类性质的过渡词和连接词，常用的包括：since （既然），now that（既然）， therefore（因而），consequently（因此），accordingly（因此），hence（因而），in that case（在那种情况下），because（因为），so（所以）。另外，还有些句型也常出现在英语议论文中，比如： It follows that…（因而……），If…，we may conclude that…（如果……，我们可以这样下结论……）， Should it be the case（如果是这样的话……），Idon't want to…，but…（我并不想……，但是……）， If you admit…，then…（如果你承认……，那么……），It is true that…，but…（诚然……，但是……）， Even if…（即使……）等。
（1）如“很多人很快就会发现，他们在物质上是富裕了，精神上却很贫乏”，可以这样达： Many people will soon find themselves rich in goods，but ragged in spirit.（注：句中rich in与ragged in，goods与spirit具有正反对比的关系和效果。）
（2）如“利远远大于弊”，可以这样表达： The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.（注：句中the advantages与the disadvantages具有正反对比的关系和效果。）
（3）如“他们注意到了这些说法中的一些道理，但他们却忽视了一个重要的事实”，可以这样表达：
They have noticed a grain of truth in the statements，but have ignored a more important fact.（注：句中have noticed与have ignored，a grain of truth in the statements与a more important fact具有正反对比的关系和效果。）
（4）如“这样做既有积极效果也有消极效果”，可以这样表达：
It will have both negative and positive effects by so doing.（注：句中negative与positive具有正反对比的关系和效果）
3.使用重复。
英文一般讲求简洁，因此为表达强调偶尔使用重复可以使语句的强调内容得到突出。
（1）如“现在是忘掉过去一切的时候了。现在是言归正传的时候了。现在是为未来而奋斗的时候了”，可以这样表达：
Now is the time to forget everything in the past. Now is the time to get down to the business. Now is the time to work hard for the future.（注：此句为句首重复，重复部分为句首的now it the time to）
（2）如“我们渴望成功，而且正在为成功而努力工作”，可以这样表达：
We long for success and we are working hard for success.（注：此句为句尾重复，重复的部分为句尾的for success.）
（3）如“我相信我们能够成功，我相信我们也一定会成功”，可以这样表达：
I am convinced that we can succeed，and I am convinced that we must succeed.（注：and所连接的两个语句的句首与句尾部分同时重复，重复的部分为句首的I am convinced that与句尾的succeed）
（4）如“我们现在生活在一个新的时代，而一个改革充满着风险与机遇”，可以这样表达： We are now living in a new era，and a new era of reform is always full of ventures and chances.（注：and之前的句尾与and之后的句首重复，重复部分为a new era.）
4.使用倒装
倒装是进行强调的一种手段，它利用了语句句首（或句尾）的特殊位置。例如，如“充满着风险与机遇的改革的新时代正向我们走来”，可以这样表达：
Now on coming to us is the new era of reform full of ventures and chances.
5.使用转义
转义是一种对词语灵活运用的修辞手段，主要有比喻、拟人、夸张、反语、婉转等，比喻又包括明喻、暗喻、换喻、提喻等。
（1）如要表达“过去的经历就像图片一样总是在脑海中萦绕”，英文可为：
What had been experienced in the past was always looming in memory like a picture.（注：此句采用明喻，明喻的特点是使用了like一词）
（2）如要表达“我们的英语老师就是我们最好的英语辞典”，英文可为：
Our English teacher is our best English dictionary.（注：此句采用暗喻，暗喻的特点是利用事物之间的相似之处进行比喻，与明喻不同之处在于不使用like一词）
（3）如要表达“我正在读莎土比亚的书呢”，英文可为：
I am reading Shakespeare.（注：此句采用换喻，换喻的特点是直接借用一事物的名称宋代替另一事物的名称，使用通过联想理解其含义，但不是所有的事物都是可以用换喻来表达的）
（4）如要表达“这里需要一个帮手”，英文可为：
A hand is needed here.（注：此句采用提喻，提喻的特点是用一个事物的部分来代表事物的整体或用一个事物的整体来代表事物的部分。这里用hand一词代表整个人）
题型分析
一、题型特点
议论文文体的完形填空一般是直接提出论点，通过论据论证，最后作者提出自己的看法或提出另一个话题供大家讨论。
议论文文体的完形填空一般都是由论点（作者的观点，也就是被证明的对象）、论据（用来证明论点的依据，是说明论点的理由和材料）和论证（运用论据证明论点的过程与方法）这三个要素构成，这也是一个提出问题→分析问题→解决问题的过程。
另外，英语议论文不仅需要说明自己的观点，而且还要让读者接受自己的观点。因此，在词语表达上除了客观之外，还比较注重委婉。作者的写作态度一般也较诚恳，在文章中通常使用的是与读者平等交流的语气，不会给人以居高临下、以势居人、逼人接受的感觉，在遣词造句方面多使用虚拟语气、让步状语从句和can, may, might, could, would, should等情态动词。为了辩证推理的条理性和逻辑性，往往较多地使用像since, now that, therefore, in that case, because, so, but, however等过渡词和连接词。
三、解答技巧
把握首段和首句完整的信息，把握全文的主旨大意
【典例示例】
All of us go through some difficult times as we approach teenage years . It's the age when we have to deal with the most 36_____ in our life . This transition(过渡） from childhood to adulthood is 37_____ for some , but rough for others . The most important thing about being a teenager is 38______ . When we are teenagers , we would get blamed or even punished for anything wrong we do.
36.A.chances B. changes C. feelings D. expectations
【解析】：在这个阶段我们需要面对生活中的很多改变(changes)。
37.A.smooth B. practical C. demanding D. necessary
【解析】：从童年到成年的过渡，对有些人来说是很顺利的(smooth),但是对另外一些人来说却很艰难。此处用smooth“顺利的”，和后面的rough相对应。
38.A.knowledge B. independence C. confidence D. responsibility
【解析】：根据此空的下一句“当我们成为青少年时，我们会因犯错受到责备甚至是惩罚”可知，此处表示“成为青少年最重要的一件事就是责任（responsibility)”。
【答案】：36.B 37.A 38.D
把握作者的观点和态度
议论文往往体现作者对某一事物的观点，而作者的观点就是文章的论点。考生要把握作者的观点，把握作者对某一事物是襄还是贬，是赞成还是反对，而通常把握了作者的观点也就找准了文章的论点。
【典例示例】
You do not have to train yourself 6_______ to feel the psychological benefits of exercise.
What really matters is 7______, not intensity(强度）of your exercise. You can try walking for 30 minutes five times per week or simply gardening on weekends.
6.A.hard B. everywhere C. carefully D. late
【解析】：根据下文作者强调运动的关键是频度而不是强度可知：你训练的时候强度没必要很大，故选A。
7.A.time B. length C. form D. frequency
【解析】：根据文章最后一段给出的建议每周五次散步可知，运动的关键是频度而不是强度，故选D。time“次”；length“长度”；form“形式，表格”；frequency“频度，频率”。
【答案】：6.B 7.D
论点、论据互相结合，找出选项正确答案
一般说来，能说明论据主要内容的答案可以在论点里得到印证，而论点里的某些答案也可以与论据有机地结合起来，使论点、论据形成相辅相成的关系，因而整个文章上下一致。如果我们所选的答案前后矛盾，论据与论点相惊，最后的结论与论点相矛盾，那么我们就要重新回过头来理顺文章的各个部分，直到清楚为止，这样才能选出正确答案。
【典例示例】
There are four of us now in the house, but over time I've had nine people come in and move on to other places. We'd all be in 54 _______if we hadn't banded together .
The American Dream I believe in now is a shared one. It's not so much about what I can get for myself ; it's about 55_______we can all get by together
54.A.yards B. shelters C. camps D. cottages
【解析】：如果不是大家齐心协力，那么我们都将会栖身于避难所，因此选shelters。
55.A.when B. what C. whether D. how
【解析】：D 本句点明中心：美国梦不是关于一个人能够获得什么，而是关于我们在一起如何去实现它，因此选how。
【答案】：54.B 55.D
4.通篇阅读，围绕主题（论点）推敲有疑问的题目，并最终确定答案
逐题按照文章的内容及语境选择完毕后，一篇完整的文章便呈现出来，此时，要注意一定要通读全文，以验证个别题目的答案是否与主题偏离，以求更高的准确度。
第四部分 夹叙夹议类完形填空
文体分析
一般说来，“夹叙夹议”中的“叙”常见的有三种情况：记叙性叙述、描写性叙述和议论性叙述。记叙性叙述带有很强的叙事性。描写性叙述有浓厚的描写色彩。议论性叙述往往由几个事例构成，常采用排比的句式，酣畅淋漓，大气磅礴，表达出飞扬的激情和深邃的思想，极具感染力。这种“叙”难说是叙还是议，实际上是理性化的叙述，叙议一体，渗透了作者的思想与情感。这三种叙述方法，记叙性叙述要把事件的过程写清楚，适合举一个事例时使用；描写性叙述要有对人物和情节的想像再造，适合对一个场景或情境的描述；议论性叙述要选择几个相关的事例，具有概括性，适合列举一组典型事例时使用。
“议”是“夹叙夹议”语段的核心、灵魂，是事例叙述的意义之所在。“议”，有四种常见的议论方式。
（1）分析性议论。这是一种最常见的议论形式，是对叙述的事例加以分析，揭示事例的内涵，阐释事例的意义，透析事例的实质，使读者能够悟道明理。
（2）感悟性议论。这种议论在叙述事例之后生发开去，着重表达作者的感想和领悟。
（3）联想性议论。由事例引发联想，由此及彼，联想到过去、现实、未来，联想到包含着类似道理的事例，表达出作者对客观世界的一种认知。
（4）对比性议论。先是对所叙述的事例阐述、挖掘，然后再举出事例与之比较分析，找出二者的相同点或不同点，通过对比，孰优孰劣，褒贬分明。
题型分析
一、题型解读
在夹叙夹议形式的完形填空中,作者首先叙述一件事,然后就此事提出自己的见解或由此事引出一个深刻的社会主题。夹叙夹议类型的完形填空常见的有以下三种形式：
1.先叙述最后得出结论
首先作者讲述一个事件，并且利用了主要的篇幅讲述整个事件的发生、发展、高潮、结局，然后作者就此展开议论，或者阐述一个深刻的社会热点，或者自己对生活的感悟等。
2.先议论再叙述
这也是我们平时见得比较多的完形填空类型。文章首先提出一个深刻的社会话题，或者提出一个人生哲理，然后通过一个事件来印证这个深刻的道理，让人们在具体的事例中体会作者的观点。
3.叙述议论多方结合
这一类文章包括“议论＋叙述＋议论”型、“叙述＋议论＋叙述＋议论”型。这两种模式都可以概括为多层叙述与议论。也就是针对每一部分论点用事例说明，然后再提出论点再进行论证，或者采用叙述，然后议论的形式。
二、解答技巧
夹叙夹议型文章的思路跳跃性强,按照一般的命题要求,文章的首句或者是一个完整的富有哲理的句子,这个句子不容忽视,往往是全文的关键句,甚至是文章的主题；或者是一小段叙述文,作者下文要对此展开议论。夹叙夹议文的主题明确,那就是告诉读者一个道理。因此,正确理解首句和开头段落以及它们在文章中的作用是非常重要的。
夹叙夹议型完形填空是记叙和议论在文中交错运用,这样,不但可以大大充实文章的内容,而且能增强文章的说服力,从而既易于读者理解,又引发读者思考。只要抓住文章的线索,弄明白文章的逻辑关系,就能确定比较明确的、直接的答案。
夹叙夹议型文章的基本结构模式是：①用一段概括性的话引入要叙述的经历(话题)；②叙述先前的经历及其感悟或发现；③叙述接下来的经历及其感悟或发现；④作出总结或结论。文章通常使用对比、附加、强调、让步、举例、结论、顺序和对照等手段。因此考生应注意观察文章的结构特点,根据故事情节的发展模式,确定恰当的衔接词。常见的语篇标志词有：表示逻辑关系的,如thus,therefore,so,though等；表示改变话题的,如by the way等；表示递进关系的,如besides,further,furthermore,what is more等。
【典例示例】 (2019·全国卷I)
Every year about 40,000 people attempt to climb Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa. They 41 with them lots of waste. The 42 might damage the beauty of the place. The glaciers（冰川）are disappearing, changing the 43 of Kilimanjaro.
Hearing these stories, I’m 44 about the place — other destinations are described as “purer” natural experiences.
However, I soon 45 that much has changed since the days of disturbing reports of 46 among tons of rubbish. I find a 47 mountain, with toilets at camps and along the paths. The environmental challenges are 48 but the efforts made by the Tanzania National Park Authority seem to be 49 .
The best of a Kilimanjaro 50 , in my opinion, isn’t reaching the top. Mountains are 51 as spiritual places by many cultures. This 52 is especially evident on Kilimanjaro as 53 go through five ecosystems（生态系统）in the space of a few kilometers. At the base is a rainforest. It ends abruptly at 3, 000 meters, 54 lands of low growing plants. Further up, the weather 55 — low clouds envelope the mountainsides, which are covered with thick grass. I 56 twelve shades of green from where I stand. Above 4, 000 meters is the highland 57 : gravel（砾石）, stones and rocks. 58 you climb into an arctic-like zone with 59 snow and the glaciers that may soon disappear.
Does Kilimanjaro 60 its reputation as a crowded mountain with lines of tourists ruining the atmosphere of peace？I found the opposite to be true.
41. A. keep B. mix C. connect D. bring
42. A. stories B. buildings C. crowds D. reporters
43. A. position B. age C. face D. name
44. A. silent B. skeptical C. serious D. crazy
45. A. discover B. argue C. decide D. advocate
46. A. equipment B. grass C. camps D. stones
47. A. remote B. quiet C. all D. clean
48. A. new B. special C. significant D. necessary
49. A. paying off B. spreading out C. blowing up D. fading away
50. A. atmosphere B. experience C. experiment D. sight
51. A. studied B. observed C. explored D. regarded
52. A. view B. quality C. reason D. purpose
53. A. scientists B. climbers C. locals D. officials
54. A. holding on to B. going back to C. living up to D. giving way to
55. A. changes B. clears C. improves D. permits
56. A. match B. imagine C. count D. add
57. A. village B. desert C. road D. lake
58. A. Obviously B. Easily C. Consequently D. Finally
59. A. permanent B. little C. fresh D. artificial
60. A. enjoy B. deserve C. save D. acquire
【文章大意】文章讲述了乞力马扎罗山的特征以及与之相关的环境问题。
41.D
【解析】A. keep保持；B. mix混合；C. connect联系；D. bring带来。句意：他们带来了很多的垃圾。由“lots of waste”可知，登山者带来了很多的垃圾。故D选项切题。
【考点】动词辨析
42.C
【解析】A. stories故事；B. buildings建筑物；C. crowds人群；D. reporters记者。句意：人群可能会破坏这个地方的美。由“40,000”可知，这是一个庞大的群体。故C选项切题。
【考点】名词辨析
43.C
【解析】A. position位置；B. age年龄；C. face外貌，表面；D. name名字。句意：冰川正在消失，改变着乞力马扎罗山的地貌。冰川是乞力马扎罗山的地貌之一，所以冰山融化会改变它的地貌。故C选项切题。
【考点】名词辨析
44.B
【解析】A. silent沉默的；B. skepetical怀疑的；C. serious严肃的；D. crazy疯狂的。句意：听到这些故事，我对这个地方产生了怀疑——其他旅游地被描述为“更纯粹”的自然体验。由下文可知，作者亲自来到了乞力马扎罗山，作者想解开这个怀疑。故B选项切题。
【考点】形容词辨析
45.A
【解析】A. discover发现；B. argue争论；C. decide决定；D. advocate提倡。句意：然而，我很快发现，自从那些令人不安的关于营地周围有成吨的垃圾的报道出现以来，情况发生了很大的变化。由“much has changed”可知，作者发现了很大的变化。故A选项切题。
【考点】动词辨析
46.C
【解析】A. equipment装备；B. grass草；C. camps营地；D. stone石头。句意：我很快发现，自从那些令人不安的关于营地周围有成吨的垃圾的报道出现以来，情况发生了很大的变化。由下文“at camps”可知，本句属于原词再现。故C选项切题。
【考点】名词辨析
47.D
【解析】A. remote遥远的；B. quiet安静的；C. tall高的；D. clean干净的。句意：我发现了一座干净的山，营地里和路边都有厕所。由“with tolilet at camps and along the paths”可知，营地里和路边都有厕所，所以这是一座干净的山。故D选项切题。
【考点】形容词辨析
48.C
【解析】A. new新的；B. special特殊的；C. significant重大的；D. necessary必要的。句意：环境挑战是巨大的，但坦桑尼亚国家公园管理局所做的努力似乎正在得到回报。根据前文可知，很多的登山者来到乞力马扎罗山以及冰川可能会消失，这对于环境来说是一个巨大的挑战。故C选项切题。
【考点】形容词辨析
49.A
【解析】A. paying off还清，报偿；B. spreading out伸展；C. blowing up爆炸；D. fading away逐渐消退。句意：环境挑战是巨大的，但坦桑尼亚国家公园管理局所做的努力似乎正在得到回报。由“but”可知，前后表示转折关系，说明坦桑尼亚国家公园管理局所做的努力似乎正在得到回报。故A选项切题。
【考点】动词短语辨析
50.B
【解析】A. atmosphere氛围；B. experience经历；C. experiment实验；D. sight视力。句意：在我看来，来乞力马扎罗最好的经历并不是到达顶峰。登山就是人生的一种经历。故B选项切题。
【考点】名词辨析
51.D
【解析】A. studied学习；B. observed观察；C. explored探索；D. regarded认为。句意：山被许多文化视为精神场所。由“spiritual space”可知，山被许多文化视为精神场所。be regarded as被视为……。故D选项切题。
【考点】动词辨析
52.A
【解析】A. view景色；B. quality质量；C. reason原因；D. purpose目的。句意：在乞力马扎罗，当登山者在几公里的空间里穿越五个生态系统时，景色差异尤为明显。有五个生态系统，所以景色也是明显的不同。故A选项切题。
【考点】名词辨析
53.B
【解析】A. scientists科学家；B. climbers登山者；C. locals当地人；D. officials官员。句意：在乞力马扎罗，当登山者在几公里的空间里穿越五个生态系统时，景色尤为明显。故A选项切题。来到乞力马扎罗都是为了登山，也只有登山者能体验到五个生态系统。故B选项切题。
【考点】名词辨析
54.D
【解析】A. holding on to抓住；B. going back to回到（原来的话题）；C. living up to达到，履行；D. giving way to向……让步。句意：热带雨林在海拔3000米处突然到了尽头，让位于大片的低矮植物。这里指热带雨林在海拔3000米处突然到了尽头，所以海拔3000米以上就是大片的低矮植物。故D选项切题。
【考点】动词短语辨析
55.A
【解析】A. changes改变；B. clears放晴；C. improves提高；D. permits允许。句意：再往上走，天气变了——低云笼罩着被厚厚的草覆盖的山腰。由“low clouds”可知，海拔变了，天气也是不同的，是变化的。故A选项切题。
【考点】动词辨析
56.C
【解析】A. match匹配；B. imagine想象；C. count数；D. add增加。句意：我从站的地方数出了十二种绿色。由“twelve shades of green”可知，作者数出了十二种绿色。故C选项切题。
【考点】动词辨析
57.B
【解析】A. village村庄；B. desert沙漠，荒地；C. road马路；D. lake湖。句意：海拔4000米以上是高山荒漠：砾石、石头和岩石。由“grave, stones and rocks”可知，海拔4000米以上是高山荒漠。故B选项切题。
【考点】名词辨析
58.D
【解析】A. Obviously明显地；B. Easily容易地；C. Consequently结果；D. Finally最后地。句意：海拔4000米以上是高地荒漠：砾石、石头和岩石。生态系统最顶端也是最后一个生态系统是冰川地区。故D选项切题。
【考点】副词辨析
59.A
【解析】A. permanent永久的；B. little小的；C. fresh新鲜的；D. artificial人造的。句意：很明显，你爬进了一个类似北极的地带，那里有着永久性的积雪和可能很快消失的冰川。由“arctic-like zone”可知，这是一个类似北极的地带，所以有永久性的积雪。故A选项切题。
【考点】形容词辨析
60.B
【解析】A. enjoy享受；B. deserve值得；C. save挽救；D. acquire获得。句意：乞力马扎罗山是一座拥挤的山，挤满了成群的游客，破坏了宁静的气氛，它值得这样的名声吗？这里作者在质疑乞力马扎罗山是不是应该被誉为一座挤满了破坏宁静氛围的游客的拥挤的山峰，以此在对后面的回答做好铺垫。故B选项切题。
【考点】动词辨析
名校资源学练
1
（2023·江苏扬州·扬州中学校考模拟预测）Twin sisters Hadley and Delaney Robertson were both found to suffer from scoliosis(脊柱侧凸)at age 12.
Delaney’s scoliosis required no 1 , but Hadley’s spine curve(脊柱弯曲)was serious. To 2 the rapid progression, she was under the doctor’s 3 to wear a back brace(支架)for 18 hours a day. If Hadley needed to 4 take off her brace, she should wear it for extra hours another day to 5 lost time. “One thing I found really 6 was figuring out how to track the 7 of my wearing,” Hadley said. “I tried 8 things. A notepad, a whiteboard and some other tools. And I even 9 to look for an app with such function, but there really wasn’t anything so we decided to 10 an app ourselves.”
The twins had no 11 of developing an app although they were enthusiastic about computer science. They then worked with an app developer to 12 they had everything they needed to place the app into app stores, and it was officially 13 to the public in May. The app had around 500 active 14 within a week. Hadley said, “Their positive comments on the app made us amazed. People said they’re glad that they can record how long they wear the brace more 15 .”
1. A. test B. surgery C. examination D. treatment
2. A. keep B. assess C. slow D. predict
3. A. terms B. orders C. eye D. control
4. A. quickly B. frequently C. accidentally D. temporarily
5. A. make up for B. give way to C. take advantage of D. look back on
6. A. original B. meaningful C. difficult D. urgent
7. A. progress B. length C. condition D. expense
8. A. various B. vital C. similar D. secure
9. A. preferred B. failed C. prepared D. attempted
10. A. employ B. find C. select D. build
11. A. practice B. expectation C. habit D. possibility
12. A. indicate B. prove C. guarantee D. promise
13. A. adjusted B. introduced C. donated D. committed
14. A. comments B. tips C. users D. developers
15. A. conveniently B. automatically C. firmly D. obviously
2
（2023·陕西宝鸡·统考二模）In battling leukemia(白血病)，9-year-old Harper Harrell has devoted her days- -in the hospital-to raising money for the V Foundation for cancer research. “I know it’s 16 , but it deserves my effort,” said Harrell.
After Harrell was diagnosed(诊断) with leukemia in October 2021, she started learning about the foundation which 17 cancer research. The foundation has already 18 nearly $ 290 million for cancer research nationwide. The foundation’s administrative costs are paid 19 by itself, which means 100% of donations go to cancer research.
Believing one small thing could 20 a lot, Harrell started to 21 some drawings in her notebook shortly after beginning 22 . One of them was a ribbon(丝带) with a “Peace out, cancer” message written below it. Harrell thought the 23 would be a great T-shirt for children facing a(n) 24 battle.
While Harrell was 25 , her mother, Heather Hindin, found a way to bring her 26 to life. She 27 a T-shirt campaign online. The 28 was to donate half of the income to the foundation while using the rest for her daughter’s medical expenses. They have 29 over $ 24,000 this year, which will 30 go to the foundation, after launching two T-shirt campaigns.
“There are all of these messages of 31 that people post when they 32 ,” Hindin said. “They help so much with her 33 and keeping her positive.” Harrell, who says she has always had a 34 for helping others, offered a simple piece of advice: “Try to help and assist where you can, and you will achieve something 35 .”
16. A. risky B. lucky C. new D. hard
17. A. avoids B. attracts C. supports D. restricts
18. A. awarded B. wasted C. demanded D. missed
19. A. partly B. completely C. accidentally D. suddenly
20. A. resist B. promise C. change D. thrill
21. A. make B. cover C. tear D. enjoy
22. A. study B. appointment C. discussion D. treatment
23. A. word B. title C. design D. wish
24. A. original B. similar C. exact D. famous
25. A. under control B. at school C. in hospital D. on duty
26. A. dream B. body C. illness D. doctor
27. A. turned down B. put off C. handed over D. set up
28. A. course B. plan C. right D. fund
29. A. collected B. refused C. invested D. borrowed
30. A. temporarily B. cautiously C. specifically D. confidently
31. A. prediction B. encouragement C. hesitation D. embarrassment
32. A. order B. sell C. guess D. hurt
33. A. notes B. roles C. scores D. spirits
34. A. sign B. passion C. view. D. finish
35. A. harmless B. gentle C. familiar D. great
3
（2023·广东惠州·高三统考期末）At a family picnic for employees of the company where my father worked, they held a contest for children. I was 13, full of enthusiasm, so I 36 myself into it.
The host gave each child a cloth handkerchief and told us the winner would be the one who cast it the 37 . The first throwers, took mighty wind-ups, but when the cloth left their hands, it 38 and landed on the ground a few inches in front of them. The crowd roared with 39 . Not until then did I realize it was not meant to 40 any real skill, but simply for laughs. However, it stimulated my 41 for thinking outside the box.
It 42 me to see the kids throwing harder when the handkerchief always caught the air and died. It was obvious that using the same 43 would not work. Suppose I tied a(an) 44 inside the handkerchief When they inspected it, I’d be 45 . So I began tying the handkerchief around itself to make it small and 46 packed together to keep it from unfolding. When I approached the line, people were already laughing, 47 a big strong-looking boy like me casting it just a few inches.
I took a long wind-up, and the balled handkerchief 48 off maybe 60 feet away. The laughing 49 in collective shock. I had not broken the rules. What I learned from this contest was that, in order to live creatively, you have to 50 the less-used parts of your brain, and not accept stereotypes(刻板印象), slogans and unquestioned ideas.
36. A. admitted B. threw C. trapped D. talked
37. A. farthest B. strongest C. highest D. biggest
38. A. escaped B. wrinkled C. opened D. appeared
39. A. pain B. applause C. laughter D. anger
40. A. demonstrate B. apply C. improve D. learn
41. A. responsibility B. imagination C. demand D. passion
42. A. delighted B. frightened C. amused D. annoyed
43. A. cloth B. technique C. rule D. line
44. A. ant B. rock C. leaf D. shoe
45. A. fined B. disqualified C. dismissed D. banned
46. A. loosely B. randomly C. firmly D. delicately
47. A. anticipating B. enjoying C. stopping D. confirming
48. A. dashed B. jumped C. shot D. rocketed
49. A. died B. roared C. continued D. weakened
50. A. glance through B. tap into C. give up D. go over
4
（2023·江苏南京·南京市第一中学校考三模）Since 1960, considerable scientific researches have been done on chimps in their natural habitats. Astonishingly, scientists have found out that the social 51 of Chimps are very similar to humans. Chimps will 52 in certain ways, like gathering together to protect their land. But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct (本能) to 53 one another. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. Even chimp mothers regularly 54 to share food with their children. Who are able from a young age to gather their own food
In the laboratory, chimps don’t 55 share food either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no greater effort, a plate that also provides food for a neighbor to the next cage, he will pull 56 -he just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish.
Human children, 57 , are extremely cooperative. From the earliest ages, they decide to help others, to share information and to participate in achieving common goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this 58 in a series of experiments with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see a worried adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.
There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught, but naturally 59 in young children. One is that these instincts appear at a very 60 age before most parents have started to train their children to behave 61 . Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. A third reason is that social intelligence 62 in children before their general cognitive(认知的) skills, at least when compared with chimps. In tests conducted by Tomasello, the human children did no better than the chimps on the 63 world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world.
The core (核心) of what children’s minds have and chimps’ don’t is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality. Part of this ability is that they can 64 what others know or are thinking. But beyond that, even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose. They actively seek to be part of a “we”, a group that intends to work toward a(n) 65 goal.
51. A. structures B. responsibilities C. policies D. behaviors
52. A. conflict B. offend C. cooperate D. discuss
53. A. help B. contact C. divide D. trust
54. A. manage B. decline C. attempt D. force
55. A. curiously B. unwillingly C. naturally D. carelessly
56. A. in turn B. with care C. at random D. in advance
57. A. all in all B. as a result
C. in no case D. on the other hand
58. A. cooperativeness B. availability C. attack D. attractiveness
59. A. educated B. possessed C. motivated D. stimulated
60. A. old B. young C. middle D. late
61. A. creatively B. formally C. competitively D. socially
62. A. develops B. decreases C. changes D. disappears
63. A. invisible B. abstract C. physical D. imaginary
64. A. infer B. adapt C. absorb D. balance
65. A. realistic B. shared C. specific D. ambitious
5
（2023·辽宁·东北育才学校校考三模）Young boys often dream of superpowers to solve their problems. It was 1933, while the country was still 66 the Great Depression, Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster put their 67 down on paper. In the process, they created the world’s most popular superhero, Superman.
Joe was the artist and sketched all the time, 68 out at newsstands absorbed in magazines, especially “Amazing Stories,” and then 69 to recreate them at home. Jerry was the storyteller. The idea of Superman 70 upon him in the middle of a sleepless summer night. When the Superman’s origin story started 71 , he dashed over to Joe’s place and showed it to him. Then they just sat down, and worked straight out.
As is often the case, when we experience something 72 in life, we deal with the feeling through 73 expression. Jerry’s father had died during a robbery. A young child might 74 that experience by wishing something could have 75 it. For Jerry, out came the Man of Steel, who was 76 to bullets and protecting innocent people was his 77 .
The story of Superman has inspired kids for generations. It has 78 their fears and driven their dreams. Most 79 , the Man of Steel has inspired us all to find our superpower and use them to help others. Therefore, the next time you are inspired to 80 a friend from being bullied, or help the widow next door with your superpower smile, thank Joe and Jerry, two awkward high school kids who dreamt up Superman—making the world a little more safe and fair.
66. A. evaluating B. undergoing C. controlling D. overcoming
67. A. concepts B. principles C. ideas D. disputes
68. A. hanging B. working C. running D. figuring
69. A. get out B. stand out C. set out D. put out
70. A. struck B. dawned C. fell D. occurred
71. A. taking action B. taking effect C. taking shape D. taking aim
72. A. tiresome B. tragic C. memorable D. grateful
73. A. creative B. personal C. academic D. skillful
74. A. remember B. commend C. judge D. process
75. A. defeated B. predicted C. prevented D. supported
76. A. subject B. resistant C. sensitive D. accustomed
77. A. responsibility B. belief C. command D. contribution
78. A. shared B. confirmed C. boosted D. calmed
79. A. unexpectedly B. importantly C. fortunately D. obviously
80. A. ban B. help C. save D. facilitate
6
（2023·湖北武汉·湖北省武昌实验中学校考模拟预测）More than anything, this is a book about unconditional love—a bond between a caring woman and a loyal dog.
Harley’s Harlequin Heart written by Christy Jaeger and 81 through the narration (叙述) of Harley, shows why the power of love can overcome the 82 that is part of every life journey.
Harley takes us along on all his 83 with his owner Jaeger — from growing up, being trained, to going to dog shows. Then one day, Harley is diagnosed with bone cancer. Fortunately, there’s enough time to explore 84 . “Jaeger told me everyone has a sixth sense, which 85 them when something’s not right. Looking back, I’m glad she paid attention to her 86 warning.”
Through surgery, this smart dog 87 . It isn’t easy and he tells us about his pain and fears. But chances of 88 look promising. After this experience, Harley 89 realizes that when someone has cancer, the entire family will 90 . However, all the people playing a part in the process form an unbreakable connection.
Harley’s 91 with cancer might concern adults considering reading this book with their children. But Jaeger provides such a positive perspective that there is so much more reason to 92 this book. Besides, it helps greatly that the book has a 93 ending.
As Jaeger notes, “The book spreads love to us. This small element can be 94 in the human and animal worlds.” Love can defeat all. That 95 couldn’t be any clearer than in this wonderful book.
81. A. explained B. presented C. designed D. included
82. A. misfortune B. unease C. inconvenience D. discomfort
83. A. packages B. dreams C. burdens D. adventures
84. A. mysteries B. problems C. cures D. challenges
85. A. forbids B. hits C. informs D. warns
86. A. active B. inner C. useful D. sudden
87. A. pushes through B. bends down C. cheers up D. gets off
88. A. success B. recovery C. victory D. survival
89. A. innocently B. automatically C. gradually D. accidentally
90. A. suffer B. behave C. perform D. delay
91. A. competing B. battling C. continuing D. mixing
92. A. possess B. close C. share D. print
93. A. sad B. happy C. ridiculous D. unusual
94. A. decisive B. logical C. attractive D. influential
95. A. meaning B. principle C. message D. expression
7
（2023·上海·上海市民办文绮中学校考三模）The teenage years of an individual is marked by evaluating one’s values, experiencing a shift in outlooks, and a tendency to act rebellious. It can also be a time when someone becomes extremely 96 to negative influences, and is drawn towards dangerous situations. On the other hand, for parents, the period of their children’s adolescence means regularly worrying about their safety and formation as a citizen. Thus, a method of 97 teenagers’ security is needed, and curfews(宵禁)are often seen as such a measure, since they have proved their 98 . At the same time, certain peculiarities exist about establishing curfews for children.
The issue of teenage curfews is widely debated in the United States, where this method is still rather 99 , and in European democracies, where this measure is yet not so widely used. The first and foremost reason for establishing curfews is children’s security. 100 curfews require teenagers under 17 years to stay out of streets starting from 11 p. m. or midnight. This is believed to protect them from crimes committed after nightfall, as well as from breaking the law, and there exists serious evidence 101 this belief. For example, when New Orleans enabled a dusk-till-dawn curfew in 1994, the rates of juvenile crime were reported to fall more than 20 percent. Even more impressive 102 were recorded in Dallas, which reported a 30-percent decrease in violent juvenile crime, and a 21-percent decrease in the overall rates of crimes committed by young people(The New York Times).
On the other hand, curfews can be seen as a preventive measure that rob young people of their rights, 103 their freedom. This opinion is particularly supported by the fact that curfew violations and the respective charges are among the most often committed juvenile crimes in the United States. 104 , there were reports claiming that police arrested more non-white teenagers for curfew violations.
All this can cause a teenager to believe they have crossed a psychological line dividing them as 105 ; thus, such teenagers may start to see themselves as outlaws, which can 106 committing more serious crimes than a curfew offense.
What is important for a parent to remember when establishing a curfew for their children is that a teenager’s misjudged view of certain 107 may cause them to misbehave in some other way; this is proved by research conducted by the University of Minnesota, according to which teens tend to protest against what they see as 108 . Considering this, parents should 109 the authoritarian style of establishing curfews; instead, they should have a conversation with their teenager that would be aimed at finding ideal conditions for a curfew that would 110 both sides.
96. A. opposed B. subjected C. related D. restricted
97. A. improving B. restoring C. ensuring D. expanding
98. A. principle B. reference C. approach D. efficiency
99. A. popular B. absent C. practical D. accessible
100. A. Typical B. Evident C. Critical D. Specific
101. A. in place of B. in honor of C. in case of D. in favor of
102. A. results B. events C. patterns D. links
103. A. protecting B. acknowledging C. limiting D. liberating
104. A. By contrast B. In addition C. In conclusion D. In general
105. A. winners B. criminals C. victims D. protectors
106. A. take charge of B. contribute to C. result from D. deal with
107. A. rules B. charges C. crimes D. relations
108. A. impolite B. unrealistic C. inadequate D. unfair
109. A. adopt B. allow C. avoid D. address
110. A. satisfy B. spare C. surround D. settle
8
（2023·上海·高三校考阶段练习）Why some brilliant ideas get overlooked
In 1928, Karl Jansky, a young radio engineer at Bell Telephone Laboratories, began researching static interference that might obscure voice transmissions. Five years later, after building a large rotating antenna (天线) and investigating every possibility he could think of, he published his remarkable 111 : some of the static was coming from the Milky Way.
Jansky’s theory was eye-catching enough to be published in The New York Times but scientists were 112 . Radio signals from outer space Surely they were too weak to detect. Jansky’s ideas were largely 113 for about a decade. He died at the age of 44. Thankfully, he lived long enough to see his ideas blossom into field of radio astronomy.
Jansky’s story resonates with us: we all like the idea of the researcher who is so far ahead of their 114 that it takes years for the rest of the world to catch up. Gregor Mendel’s research into plant genetics is a famous example — published in 1866, it was only verified and taken seriously in 1900.
The stories of Jansky and Mendel hold out some hope to anyone who feels that the world has not quite 115 their brilliance. There is even a name for such cases, coined by Anthony van Raan of Leiden University: “Sleeping Beauties”, scientific papers that receive almost no citations for years, before finding wide 116 . (Some scholars argue that the term is sexist and prefer “delayed recognition”.)
So what is it about an idea that delays recognition One view is that brilliant ideas are overlooked when delivered by obscure messengers. Jansky and Mendel were somewhat detached from (离开) the scientific 117 . In 1970, the sociologist Stephen Cole published an analysis arguing that the obstacle tended to lie in the 118 of the idea itself, rather than the prestige of the scientist behind it. Ideas fell asleep for a hundred years because they were radical, or confusing, or both.
It is difficult to be sure. Two scholars of the field, Eugene Garfield and Wolfgand Glanzel, have argued that such 119 of delayed recognition are so rare as to be hard to analyse. Studying papers published in 1980 from the vantage (优势) point of 2004, they looked for articles that were barely cited for five years, then subsequently 120 . They found just 60 examples in 450,000 cases. There are plenty of examples of research that is barely cited; what is rare is their subsequent popularity.
Why, then, is this myth such a compelling one One explanation, of course, is that we all love a story of the underdog (黑马) who triumphs against 121 . Immediate and sustained success is as boring as immediate and sustained failure.
Another is that scientists themselves are fond of the thought that their ideas are 122 . In an essay on delayed recognition, Garfield notes mildly that one historian of science, Derek Price, believed one of his own papers was suffering delayed recognition. It is easy to chuckle, but it is also easy to empathise.
Delayed recognition is rare. Much more 123 is for people simply to reach their prime late in life. David Galenson is an economist who st09 完形填空
(记叙文、说明文与议论文)
完形填空概略
第一部分 完形填空的理论依据
(一)格式塔理论
完形填空又被称为完形测验法或者补漏填空法，其创设是基于格式塔心理学关于场的理论。该理论认为，人们在观察物体形状时，总会下意识的将残缺或空缺的部分补全完整，以获得完整的物体形状。之后，语言学家研究发现在语言现象中，人们对不完整的语言现象同样具有补全心理。完形心理学同样也能运用于篇章阅读中。这也就是说，当读者接触到有空缺的篇章时，读者便会倾向于将所删减的词汇或短语填充完整，使篇章通顺，语意流畅。补全过程同时也要求读者能够从文章整体出发，而非将思维局限于部分，因为一篇文章是一由词汇、句子、段落构成的有机整体。读者还需通过篇章情境和已有的知识储备填出或选择出最佳词汇以及短语，填补篇章中的空缺，达到形式和心理上的“完形”。
(二)语篇衔接理论
衔接是语篇的一大特征，是形成语篇的重要手段。衔接指在依据语法关系和词汇之间的联系，语篇实现结构完整，语义通畅，意义连贯。从句子结构关系角度，衔接包括语法衔接;从词汇关系和内容角度，衔接又包含着词汇衔接。1976年，Halliday和Hasan ( Halliday&Hasan } 1976 )出版了《英语的衔接》( Cohesion in English )专著，在书中韩礼德和哈桑将语法衔接手段划分为指代、替代、省略和连接;同时又提出词汇衔接手段包括词汇复现和词汇同现。其中，词汇通过上下义词、近义词、反义词、同义词或原词形成词汇重现。
(三)图式理论
图式理论近年来在完形填空教学中被普遍使用，并取得良好的教学效果。图式理论在20世纪70年代得到较大发展。该理论认为，人们认识新事物时，会在大脑中利用自身己有的知识背景和知识储备与新事物形态特征相联系，大脑中进行复杂活跃的认知活动，建构图示，联系新旧事物，最终达到理解新事物的状态。图式理论有三种结构:形式图式、内容图示和语言图示。形式图式指导读者分析文章体裁和结构。内容图式则涉及篇章主旨和具体内容以及文化背景知识。语言图示则是指读者对篇章语言知识如词汇、语法等的熟悉程度。三种图式结构紧密联系，缺一不可。
第二部分 完形填空的作用
完形填空比多项选择题更为有效，而目的更易于设计或运用于课堂教学。关于这一点要提及另一个事实，阅读理解题常使学生感到盲从。这些题目常使学生只是从某一点来专注于文章，用这种方式来构成学生的阅读。我们在教学中早已发现学生在阅读之前是如何常常先查看文章后面的问题。这是因为问题会告诉读者应该在文章中寻找什么或阅读什么，而这在完形填空中是行不通的，学生要根据要求利用完形填空真正地将文章阅读数遍，随后自行做出决定。因此，完形填空不同于其它的测试，是一种创造性的并且奏效的测试。这一题型促使学生注意整篇文章的语篇而不是单纯的词汇或句子结构，这对于中等或优等的学生是一个重要的因素。由于完形填空可以对学生的阅读能力提供首要的明证，以证实诸如学生入学的阅读水平或实际的阅读水平，所以可以作为入学考试或分班考试的命题手段。其具体作用体现在如下几点:
一、确立文章可读性的标准
完形填空的首要用途是确立一篇文章可读性的标准，这篇文章与拥有的读者层次有关。这对于英语作为外语或者英语作为第二语言(EsL>的教师无疑极为重要。如果学生能够流畅地阅读一篇文章，教师就没有必要对此多作解释，可以立即利用这一文章作为背景知识进行教学。如果学生表明是根据教学标准来阅读，这对于理解课文是必不可少的。如果学生阅读受挫，教师最好放弃这篇文章，这说明要么是因为语言太难，要么是因为文章的背景相对于学生的经历太陌生。
二、训练听说读写技能
鉴于完形填空的诸多优点，我们教师可以利用完形填空进行英语听说读写的训练。
发展听力技能(listening skills)
听力似乎与阅读毫无关系，其实不然，两者有其共同之处。都是用感官去接受信息，前者用耳，后者用眼去感受和接受信息，听与读都属于感受技能(receptive skills)。完形填空反映出听力与阅读技能间有重要的关系。教师可以利用完形填空的题型再借助于录有原文的录音磁带来训练或测试学生的听力技能。学生一边倾听录音中的原文，一边写出原文中被删掉的词或短语，这样能促使学生答题时认真仔细地听写，从而提高答题的准确性。此外，这样的训练或测试也能增强学生对发展听力技能的自信心，尤其是对于那些听力技能较弱的学生，他们或许能借助于上下文对未听懂之处再进行完形填空。我们在教学中发现一些学生对纯粹的听写常感到紧张和缺乏自信心，所以教师不妨变换训练或测试的手段，以激发起学生发展听力技能的兴趣。
2.增进会话技巧(speaking skills)
利用完形填空来教学。一旦学生完成后，并知道得分以后，他们会对自己的得分与教师发生不可避免的争论:“为什么我不能用房屋来代替住宅呢 毕竟它们属同一类”Why can' t工have building instead of house After all it comes to the same thing.由于英语课堂教学要求学生用英语问答，学生也就会习惯成自然地用英语争辩。此时，教师应不失时机地针对学生们的争辩组织讨论。在这种场合，即便是一些被我们教师认为腼腆和沉默寡言的学生每当获悉自己的得分后，也会变得口若悬河和好争论。开口的机会越多，就越能增进学生的会话技巧。
3.提高I阅读技能(reading skills)
阅读教学的主要目的是培养学生通过阅读了解其内容找出中心思想、扩大词汇量等。一方面，学生完形填空的过程本身就是了解其内容和寻觅中心思想的过程。以此为基础，然后学生考虑空格所省略的词与上下文连贯的语义及结构，自上而下地逐一填空。另一方面，教师通过分析与讲解相关的完形填空，有助于学生借助于上下文学习与掌握语法知识、常用的固定搭配习语、词组与句型，从而提高阅读技能。
4.强化写作技能(writing skills)
完形填空除了可以用于听、说、读教学之外，还可以用于写作教学，尤其是商务信件，或者其它指导性的写作(如:小结、报告和随笔等)。教学步骤可以这样安排:首先让学生阅读一篇简单的商务信件，其次发给学生一篇类似的信件，但是信中有些语句被删掉，要求学生填出删掉的部分。此类写作教学的长处在于可根据学生的能力变换空格的出现率，随着课程的进展，空格出现的频率更多。最后学生发现他们能很容易地填出每隔三个词或者四个词出现的空格，这样，学生对于商务信件的文体规律和词汇更为熟悉，达到预期的教学效果。
第三部分 完形填空解题能力的制约因素
完形填空是一种立意新、区分度高、从语篇层面上考查学生语言能力的综合型试题。完形填空自问世以来，国内的学者专家对其进行了大量的研究。从这些研究成果中，我们可以看到，考生在完形填空的答题成绩，与以下几个因素有关:
1.快速阅读理解能力。试卷上的答题要求写道“阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从各题所给的四个选项中，选出一个最佳答案。”由于完形填空的文章被有目的挖去了一些词，考生必须根据整篇文章信息综合分析，来补全残缺部分，因此，考生需要具备较强的阅读能力，才能把握文章脉络。完形填空不只考查英语知识层面的内容，也考查英语阅读能力。
2.整体思维和综合判断能力。命题者在试题命制过程中，从语篇的角度通盘考虑，有系统的删去一些文字，这就要求考生在答题时，必须在通览全文的基础上整体考虑，确定正确选项。而从全局出发考虑问题的能力，是优秀人才必须具备的素质。
3一定的语法知识和词汇运用能力。做完形填空题必须具有一定的语法知识，它是分析复杂长句和篇章结构的基础。但近几年英语高考完形填空题对词汇(包括习语)的考查比重最大。这种检测是放在活的语境中进行的，这就要求考生掌握词汇的含义和潜词造句的能力。
完形填空体裁及试题应对分析
第一部分 记叙文类完形填空
文体分析
记叙文是记人叙事的文章，它主要是用于说明事件的时间、背景、起因、过程及结果，即我们通常所说的五个" W "( what, who, when, where, why )和一个" H "( how )。记叙文的重点在于"述说"和"描写"，因此一篇好的记叙文要叙述条理清楚，描写生动形象。
1. 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过"我"来传达给读者，使人读后感到真实可信，如身临其境。如：
The other day, I was driving along the street. Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast. I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side. But it was too late. The car hit my bike and I fell off it.
用第三人称叙述，优点在于叙述者不受"我"活动范围以内的人和事物的限制，而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者，直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前，文章的客观性很强。如：
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard. On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover. Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short. What could he do Then he had a good idea.
2. 动词的时态
在记叙文中，记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高，且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的，这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化，正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3. 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙，都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作，较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙，读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果，让所叙之事跌宕起伏，使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃，从而为文章所吸引，深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当，则容易弄巧成拙，使文章结构散乱，头绪不清，让读者不知所云。
4. 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如：
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things. Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao. It is really a beautiful city. There are many places of interest to see. But what impressed me most was the sunrise.
The next morning I got up early. I was very happy because it was a fine day. By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red. In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing. The sun was very red, not shining. It rose slowly. At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball. At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright.
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5. 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述，可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态，使记叙生动、有趣，使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果：
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something. Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front. I thought maybe someone was knocking the door. I asked who it was but I heard no reply. After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor. I realized it was the cat. I felt released.
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字，但经作者这么一写，就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式，没有人物语言，把"悬念"给冲淡了。可作如下调整：
I was in the kitchen cooking something. "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front. Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who " No reply. After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor. "Its you." I said, quite released.
题型分析
一、题型解读
记叙文类完形填空可分为记事和记人两种形式，记叙时间、地点、人物和事件等，文章长度在300词左右。
文章首句一般不设空，以情景意义考查为主，淡化对语法的考查，4个选项词类相同，设空以实词为主，即动词、名词、形容词、副词为主，虚词为辅，即介词、连词，代词为辅，几乎不涉及情态动词与冠词。近几年记叙文文体完形填空的选文突出了叙述上的灵活性、事件的趣味性和教育性，再加上生词量的增大，及复合句的增多，考生在此题上的失分仍然很严重。因此，如在读懂原文的情况下减少失误是目前考生面临的重大问题。
二、解答技巧
1.细读文章首句，推测全文内容
完形填空通常首句是一个完整的句子，它提供的信息是把握全文主旨的关键，是理解全文大意的一扇窗户，所以理解首句信息显得很重要。一般情况下，高考完形填空首句不设空。少数情况下，即使设空，也是在句子末尾，不影响考生对句意的把握。
【典例示例】
My previous home had a stand of woods behind it and many animals in the backyard.
That first year, I 11 feeding peanuts to the blue jays, then the squirrels. The squirrels had no 12 coming up right to me for them . As the months went by , the rabbits saw that I was no 13 and didn't escape.
11.A.avoided B. started C. canceled D. suggested
12.A.business B. fun C. problem D. privilege
13.A.help B. cheat C. threat D. exception
2.通读全文，理清各个角色
一般来说，记叙文有两个或两个以上的角色，作者对这些角色的态度是不一样的，即便是对做同样一件事的人，作文突出了叙述上的灵者也不一定采用同样的态度来描述。只有把握好每个人物生词量的增大，及复：的特点和内心世界，才能更好地定位文章的中心思想，更准然很严重。因此，如何确地选出答案。
【典例示例】
I passed the clean comb back to Dad. He smiled at me and 41 placed his comb on his wallet. But this time, I noticed something 42 .Dad had aged. He had wrinkles next to his eyes when he smiled, 43 his smile was still as 44 as before, the smile of a father who just wanted a good 45 for his family.
41.A.firmly B. hurriedly C. casually D. carefully
42.A.different B. exciting C. interesting D. urgent
43 . A . for B. or C. so D. yet
44.A.convincing B. heartwarming C. cautious D. innocent
45.A.origin B. life C. reputation D. education
3.理顺事件线索，找准发展方向
记叙文一般按事件发展的顺序来叙述（有时用倒叙）,正确把握文章的发展顺序对把握文章的主脉有着重要的意义。因此，在选择答案时要事先理清人物间的关系及各自所做的事情。
【典例示例】
Obediently(顺从地）,my class lay their heads on their desks, closed their eyes and 42 . When the music started , the room was filled with the most beautiful tones and musical colors I could have ever imagined. All the children were 43. When the music finished, I asked them all to raise their 44 slowly so that we could share our musical journeys.
42.A.slept B. nodded C. waited D. continued
43.A.talking B. singing C. dancing D. listening
44.A.legs B. heads C. arms D. shoulders
4.描摩作者意图，弄清蕴含哲理
记叙文一般通过一件平常事来说明一个人生哲理，或作者的感悟，因此把握好其中的道理，对理解细节有更为准确的作用。注意不要把自己的观点放到文章中去，一切都以作者或主人公的态度和观点为线索展开。
【典例示例】
It 37 me that playing against the other team was a great 38 moment for all the girls on the team. I think it is a general principle. 39 is the best teacher. The lessons they learned may not be 40 what they would have gotten in school, but are certainly more personal and meaningful , because they had to work them out on their own .
37.A.confused B. struck C. reminded D. warned
38 . A . touching B. thinking C. encouraging D. learning
39 . A . Experience B. Independence C. Curiosity D. Interest
40.A.harmful to B. mixed with C. different from D. applied to
5.把握时间线索，做出正确判断
有些记叙文叙述一件事，故事情节随着时间而不断推进。我们可以抓住里面的时间线索，利用情节的变化来巧妙地做出判断。
【典例示例】
That second year, the rabbits 15 me, and one would even sit up for slices!...
By year three, the rabbits and the groundhog were back.
The groundhog 23 didn't have a problem with me scratching her back , and I got an idea .
15.A.feared B. ignored C. discovered D. remembered
23 . A . also B. thus C. just D. still
第二部分 说明文类完形填空
文体分析
说明文是一种以说明为主要表达方式的文章体裁。它通过对实体事物科学的解说，对客观事物做出说明或对抽象的阐释，使人们对事物的形态、构造、性质、种类、成因、功能，关系或对事理的概念、特点、、演变、异同等科学地认识，从而获得有关的知识。下面是收集的说明文的基本特征，希望对您有所帮助！
1、内容的确定性
说明文是以传输知识为目的的文体。而任何知识都必须有确定的内容。确定的内容有二：一是确定的对象，一是确定的要点。凡是知识总是关于一定事物、一定对象的。所以说明首先要明确说明的对象。确定的要点指说明内容的基本范围，作者说明的着眼点。说明的对象表明作者所说明的特定的事物，但特定的事物是一个整体，要介绍有关它的知识不能只作空泛的陈述，必须确定说明内容的具体范围即着眼点。有几处着眼点，就有多大的说明范围。说明的要点常表现为某些方面。一般说来，事物的属性有7个方面：形状、特性（性质）、构造、成因、关系、功能、方法。说明的要点也表现为不同的角度、类别、阶段、部位等，这些就是人们认识事物的观察点、出发点。当说明的内容确定为该事物的某个方面以后，说明的角度、部位等就成了更加具体的说明范围。
2、顺序的条理性
说明的内容最后确定在说明的要点上。当说明的要点不止一个或同一要点有不同的角度、类别等的时候，就有一个先后顺序的问题。记叙也有顺序。但它包含在事件的因果相连的链条中。无论任何事件，都有它的起因、发展和结果；无论顺叙倒叙，它们都是事件本身的顺序。议论也有顺序，但它主要包含在证明的过程中。而且，议论的顺序与说明的顺序有着很多相通的地方。所以，研究说明的顺序对我们自觉地认识议论的顺序也有着十分重要的参考价值。
说明的顺序尽管复杂，但也是有规律可寻的。总的来看，说明顺序有3种：方位顺序、时间顺序、逻辑事理顺序。逻辑事理，这是概括说法。凡在方位和时间之外的顺序都是逻辑事理顺序。如简单与复杂，主要与次要，一般与个别，概括与具体，原因与结果等。
3、语言的科学性
说明文以传播知识为目的。这就决定了说明文的语言要具有科学性。
（1）真实。对事物有关知识的说明不能夸大或缩小，更不能弄虑作假，必须持实事求是的态度。
（2）准确。准确也是真实，但它重在选用词语的恰如其分上。
（3）简明。就是简洁、明晰，不罗苏，不含糊，用精练的语言把意思表达的清清楚楚。
（4）周密。所谓周密，就是严密，没有疏漏，无懈可击。
（5）客观。所谓客观，指在语言表达中，不能携带作者的思想感情。它要求无褒无贬，冷静地观察事物，用平实地语言进行表达。这一点，正好同记叙的语言形成对比。记叙的语言具有鲜明的情感性，而说明的语言则无需表达作者的感情。如果说有感情的话，也只能说是零度感情。
题型分析
说明文的写作目的是授人以知，让人明白，说明文只是说明事物的特征，阐明原理，介绍知识。说明文完形填空的结构模式一般是：提出问题——发现直接原因——分析深层原因——得出结论或提出解决方案。
一、命题解读
说明文类完形填空题常就某一个问题从不同的角度来加以说明，文章可以是用来说明某一种社会现象、一个产品的制作过程、一种产品的使用方法、某个科学成就或人类生活中所面临的某个具体的难题。说明文所呈现的方式较为单一，作者往往一开始就交代说明的对象，然后再从不同的角度进行说明。因此，这类文章的每一段通常就是其中的一个角度或侧面，所以要注意概括每一个段落的主旨大意，尤其是文章每一段的开头或结尾，作者往往会对说明的话题进行概括说明。说明文类的完形填空的特征如下：
1.文章多用现在时态
说明文通常是对客观事物或实例的介绍与说明，与时间的变化关系不大，所以文章常用现在时态。
2.语言简练、平实、准确，常采用客观描述
说明文的目的主要是帮助读者认清事物，明白事理，所以语言简练、平实、易于理解，内容客观真实，很少含有带感情的词汇。
3.文章主题明确，层次分明
说明文类完形填空往往在文章开头就点明说明对象，从而为学生们把握文章主题提供了有利条件。而且，作者借助合理的说明顺序展开文章，使文章结构清晰，层次分明。
二、应试策略
1. 利用说明文的首句查找说明主体
2. 把握说明文的两种结构模式
(1)总分式。包括＂总—分＂＂分—总＂＂总—分—总＂等具体形式。
(2)递进式。事理说明文多用递进式结构，一层一层地剖析事理。具体包括：空间顺序——从上到下、从外到内、从左到右、从南到北、从远到近、从中间到四周、从整体到部分；时间顺序——按照时间先后顺序来安排，事物都有发生、发展、消亡的过程；逻辑顺序——有些说明文主要是剖析事理的，在说明时就按照事理的逻辑关系进行安排，或者从主到次、从浅到深、从原因到结果，具有严密的条理性。
三、解题步骤
1.利用说明文首句，明确说明对象
【典例示例】
Imagine the first days in a new time zone . Slow to respond to the 28______ , your body clock is confused. You're sleepy all day, but when it's time for bed, you can hardly fall asleep. Obviously you're 29 _________jet lag(时差反应）.
28.A.flight B. change C. demand D. climate
29.A.suffering from B. working on C. looking into D. leading to
2.关注内在联系，把握说明顺序
常见的说明顺序有时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序（如因果关系、果因关系、先主后次等）和认识顺序（如由此及彼、由浅入深、由局部到整体、由现象到本质、由具体到抽象等）。
【典例示例】
How long can human beings live Most scientists who study old age think that the human body is 1 _______to live no longer than 120 years. However,110 years is probably the longest that anyone could hope to live-if he or she is 2_______ healthy and lucky. Some scientists even say we can live as long as 130 years! Yet, our cells simply cannot continue to reproduce 3_______. They wear out, and as a result , we get old and 4 die .
1.A.designed B. selected C. improved D. discovered
2.A.completely B. generally C. apparently D. extremely
3.A.rapidly B. harmlessly C. endlessly D. separately
4.A.eventually B. hopelessly C. automatically D. desperately
3.逐句精读短文，逐题分析选项
对特定的语境作深入的理解，克服“思维定式”，根据全文大意和文不离句、句不离文的原则逐项选择。针对说明文独有的文体特点，解答时一定要注意从上下文意义、惯用法、固定搭配、逻辑推理、常识等角度去考虑和判断，并注意其内在联系。
第三部分 议论文类完形填空
文体分析
议论文是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表见解或提出主张的说理性文章。议论文的目的不仅是客观的解释事物，还力图说服读者相信并接受某一观点。英语议论文不完全等同于汉语的议论文，它涉及的范围要小得多。英语议论文主要是就某一主题，在摆出正反两方面观点的基础上，通过论证、推理辩论等手段，试图让读者最终接受作者对这一主题的某种观点。尽管有时也不一定非常明确的交待正反观点，但力图通过推理让读者赞同自己的观点始终是英语议论文的主要目的。
不管是在汉语中，还是在英语中，议论文都是由论点（作者的观点，也就是被证明的对象、论据（用来证明论点的依据，是说明论点的理由和材料）和论证（运用论据证明论点的过程与方法），这三个要素构成的，这也是一个提出问题——分析问题——解决问题的过程。因此，典型的议论文一般就由序论（提出问题，即what）、本论（分析问题，即why）和结论（解决问题，即how）三个部分构成，其具体的结构模式又有以下三种：
模式一：引言段（提出观点）——正方论点心（支持作者的观点的较弱论点）、正方论点2（支持作者的观点的较强论点）、正方论点3（支持作者观点的最强论点）——结论段（总结+解决方法，论断或建议）
在这种模式中，文章主体段（中间部分）的每一个部分论述一个论点，这些论点以其重要性按序排列，最有力、最重要的论点在最后面，以示强调。
模式二：引言段（提出观点）——反面意见（反方观点+作者的反驳）、正方论点1（支持作者观点的较弱论点）、正方论点2（支持作者观点的较强论点）、正方论点3（支持作者观点的最强论点）——结论段（总结+解决方法，论断或建议）
在这种模式中，文章立体段的一开始就提出对立方的反面意见及作者对这种意见的反驳，以后各部分仍分别陈述作者的不同论点。
模式三：引言段（提出观点）——反方观点1+进行反驳的正方论点、反方观点2+进行反驳的正方论点、反方观点3+进行反驳的正方论点——结论段（总结+解决方法，论断或建议）在这种模式中，作者在文章主体段的每一部分都先提出一个反面观点，然后再进行反驳。
英语议论文的语言特点
由于与其他文体相比，英语议论文类似英语说明文，因此，它具有英语说明文的一些语言特点，比如：时态较为统一，多用现在时；强调语言表达的客观性；尽可能指明信息来源等等。但作为一种独立的文体，英语议论文在语言上也有一些自己特有的表达形式：
1.较多使用表达委婉语气的词语和句子
与英语说明文相比，英语议论文不仅需要说明自己的观点，而且还要让读者接受自己的观点，因此，在词语表达上除了客观之外，还必须注意委婉。在英语中，常用虚拟语气，让步状语从句和情态动词can，could，may，might，would，should等。请看下面两组有关“面试在招生过程中的重要性”的文字：
（1）No one should be admitted into（招收进）college without a personal interview（面试）.What can admissions people（招生人员）tell from a piece of paper？They can tell nothing.Only when they see a student face to face，can they decide what kind of a person he is.
（2）Though admissions people can learn some things from a piece of paper，such as how well a person writes and what he is interested in there may be many other things that an application （申请表）can not tell but can only be seen in a personal interview.The way a person talks，the way he thinks about and answers questions，the way he reacts（反应），are all important facts of a person which can not be found on a piece of paper.
两段文字都强调“大学生入学必须面试”，但相比之下，例（2）用了情态动词，though引导的让步状语从句等表达方式，语气较为委婉，更容易为读者所接受。
2.使用有辩论、推理等含义的连接词和过渡词等词语结构
英语议论文讲究辩论推理的条理性和逻辑性，因此，往往较多地使用这类性质的过渡词和连接词，常用的包括：since （既然），now that（既然）， therefore（因而），consequently（因此），accordingly（因此），hence（因而），in that case（在那种情况下），because（因为），so（所以）。另外，还有些句型也常出现在英语议论文中，比如： It follows that…（因而……），If…，we may conclude that…（如果……，我们可以这样下结论……）， Should it be the case（如果是这样的话……），Idon't want to…，but…（我并不想……，但是……）， If you admit…，then…（如果你承认……，那么……），It is true that…，but…（诚然……，但是……）， Even if…（即使……）等。
（1）如“很多人很快就会发现，他们在物质上是富裕了，精神上却很贫乏”，可以这样达： Many people will soon find themselves rich in goods，but ragged in spirit.（注：句中rich in与ragged in，goods与spirit具有正反对比的关系和效果。）
（2）如“利远远大于弊”，可以这样表达： The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.（注：句中the advantages与the disadvantages具有正反对比的关系和效果。）
（3）如“他们注意到了这些说法中的一些道理，但他们却忽视了一个重要的事实”，可以这样表达：
They have noticed a grain of truth in the statements，but have ignored a more important fact.（注：句中have noticed与have ignored，a grain of truth in the statements与a more important fact具有正反对比的关系和效果。）
（4）如“这样做既有积极效果也有消极效果”，可以这样表达：
It will have both negative and positive effects by so doing.（注：句中negative与positive具有正反对比的关系和效果）
3.使用重复。
英文一般讲求简洁，因此为表达强调偶尔使用重复可以使语句的强调内容得到突出。
（1）如“现在是忘掉过去一切的时候了。现在是言归正传的时候了。现在是为未来而奋斗的时候了”，可以这样表达：
Now is the time to forget everything in the past. Now is the time to get down to the business. Now is the time to work hard for the future.（注：此句为句首重复，重复部分为句首的now it the time to）
（2）如“我们渴望成功，而且正在为成功而努力工作”，可以这样表达：
We long for success and we are working hard for success.（注：此句为句尾重复，重复的部分为句尾的for success.）
（3）如“我相信我们能够成功，我相信我们也一定会成功”，可以这样表达：
I am convinced that we can succeed，and I am convinced that we must succeed.（注：and所连接的两个语句的句首与句尾部分同时重复，重复的部分为句首的I am convinced that与句尾的succeed）
（4）如“我们现在生活在一个新的时代，而一个改革充满着风险与机遇”，可以这样表达： We are now living in a new era，and a new era of reform is always full of ventures and chances.（注：and之前的句尾与and之后的句首重复，重复部分为a new era.）
4.使用倒装
倒装是进行强调的一种手段，它利用了语句句首（或句尾）的特殊位置。例如，如“充满着风险与机遇的改革的新时代正向我们走来”，可以这样表达：
Now on coming to us is the new era of reform full of ventures and chances.
5.使用转义
转义是一种对词语灵活运用的修辞手段，主要有比喻、拟人、夸张、反语、婉转等，比喻又包括明喻、暗喻、换喻、提喻等。
（1）如要表达“过去的经历就像图片一样总是在脑海中萦绕”，英文可为：
What had been experienced in the past was always looming in memory like a picture.（注：此句采用明喻，明喻的特点是使用了like一词）
（2）如要表达“我们的英语老师就是我们最好的英语辞典”，英文可为：
Our English teacher is our best English dictionary.（注：此句采用暗喻，暗喻的特点是利用事物之间的相似之处进行比喻，与明喻不同之处在于不使用like一词）
（3）如要表达“我正在读莎土比亚的书呢”，英文可为：
I am reading Shakespeare.（注：此句采用换喻，换喻的特点是直接借用一事物的名称宋代替另一事物的名称，使用通过联想理解其含义，但不是所有的事物都是可以用换喻来表达的）
（4）如要表达“这里需要一个帮手”，英文可为：
A hand is needed here.（注：此句采用提喻，提喻的特点是用一个事物的部分来代表事物的整体或用一个事物的整体来代表事物的部分。这里用hand一词代表整个人）
题型分析
一、题型特点
议论文文体的完形填空一般是直接提出论点，通过论据论证，最后作者提出自己的看法或提出另一个话题供大家讨论。
议论文文体的完形填空一般都是由论点（作者的观点，也就是被证明的对象）、论据（用来证明论点的依据，是说明论点的理由和材料）和论证（运用论据证明论点的过程与方法）这三个要素构成，这也是一个提出问题→分析问题→解决问题的过程。
另外，英语议论文不仅需要说明自己的观点，而且还要让读者接受自己的观点。因此，在词语表达上除了客观之外，还比较注重委婉。作者的写作态度一般也较诚恳，在文章中通常使用的是与读者平等交流的语气，不会给人以居高临下、以势居人、逼人接受的感觉，在遣词造句方面多使用虚拟语气、让步状语从句和can, may, might, could, would, should等情态动词。为了辩证推理的条理性和逻辑性，往往较多地使用像since, now that, therefore, in that case, because, so, but, however等过渡词和连接词。
三、解答技巧
把握首段和首句完整的信息，把握全文的主旨大意
【典例示例】
All of us go through some difficult times as we approach teenage years . It's the age when we have to deal with the most 36_____ in our life . This transition(过渡） from childhood to adulthood is 37_____ for some , but rough for others . The most important thing about being a teenager is 38______ . When we are teenagers , we would get blamed or even punished for anything wrong we do.
36.A.chances B. changes C. feelings D. expectations
37.A.smooth B. practical C. demanding D. necessary
38.A.knowledge B. independence C. confidence D. responsibility
把握作者的观点和态度
议论文往往体现作者对某一事物的观点，而作者的观点就是文章的论点。考生要把握作者的观点，把握作者对某一事物是襄还是贬，是赞成还是反对，而通常把握了作者的观点也就找准了文章的论点。
【典例示例】
You do not have to train yourself 6_______ to feel the psychological benefits of exercise.
What really matters is 7______, not intensity(强度）of your exercise. You can try walking for 30 minutes five times per week or simply gardening on weekends.
6.A.hard B. everywhere C. carefully D. late
7.A.time B. length C. form D. frequency
论点、论据互相结合，找出选项正确答案
一般说来，能说明论据主要内容的答案可以在论点里得到印证，而论点里的某些答案也可以与论据有机地结合起来，使论点、论据形成相辅相成的关系，因而整个文章上下一致。如果我们所选的答案前后矛盾，论据与论点相惊，最后的结论与论点相矛盾，那么我们就要重新回过头来理顺文章的各个部分，直到清楚为止，这样才能选出正确答案。
【典例示例】
There are four of us now in the house, but over time I've had nine people come in and move on to other places. We'd all be in 54 _______if we hadn't banded together .
The American Dream I believe in now is a shared one. It's not so much about what I can get for myself ; it's about 55_______we can all get by together
54.A.yards B. shelters C. camps D. cottages
55.A.when B. what C. whether D. how
4.通篇阅读，围绕主题（论点）推敲有疑问的题目，并最终确定答案
逐题按照文章的内容及语境选择完毕后，一篇完整的文章便呈现出来，此时，要注意一定要通读全文，以验证个别题目的答案是否与主题偏离，以求更高的准确度。
第四部分 夹叙夹议类完形填空
文体分析
一般说来，“夹叙夹议”中的“叙”常见的有三种情况：记叙性叙述、描写性叙述和议论性叙述。记叙性叙述带有很强的叙事性。描写性叙述有浓厚的描写色彩。议论性叙述往往由几个事例构成，常采用排比的句式，酣畅淋漓，大气磅礴，表达出飞扬的激情和深邃的思想，极具感染力。这种“叙”难说是叙还是议，实际上是理性化的叙述，叙议一体，渗透了作者的思想与情感。这三种叙述方法，记叙性叙述要把事件的过程写清楚，适合举一个事例时使用；描写性叙述要有对人物和情节的想像再造，适合对一个场景或情境的描述；议论性叙述要选择几个相关的事例，具有概括性，适合列举一组典型事例时使用。
“议”是“夹叙夹议”语段的核心、灵魂，是事例叙述的意义之所在。“议”，有四种常见的议论方式。
（1）分析性议论。这是一种最常见的议论形式，是对叙述的事例加以分析，揭示事例的内涵，阐释事例的意义，透析事例的实质，使读者能够悟道明理。
（2）感悟性议论。这种议论在叙述事例之后生发开去，着重表达作者的感想和领悟。
（3）联想性议论。由事例引发联想，由此及彼，联想到过去、现实、未来，联想到包含着类似道理的事例，表达出作者对客观世界的一种认知。
（4）对比性议论。先是对所叙述的事例阐述、挖掘，然后再举出事例与之比较分析，找出二者的相同点或不同点，通过对比，孰优孰劣，褒贬分明。
题型分析
一、题型解读
在夹叙夹议形式的完形填空中,作者首先叙述一件事,然后就此事提出自己的见解或由此事引出一个深刻的社会主题。夹叙夹议类型的完形填空常见的有以下三种形式：
1.先叙述最后得出结论
首先作者讲述一个事件，并且利用了主要的篇幅讲述整个事件的发生、发展、高潮、结局，然后作者就此展开议论，或者阐述一个深刻的社会热点，或者自己对生活的感悟等。
2.先议论再叙述
这也是我们平时见得比较多的完形填空类型。文章首先提出一个深刻的社会话题，或者提出一个人生哲理，然后通过一个事件来印证这个深刻的道理，让人们在具体的事例中体会作者的观点。
3.叙述议论多方结合
这一类文章包括“议论＋叙述＋议论”型、“叙述＋议论＋叙述＋议论”型。这两种模式都可以概括为多层叙述与议论。也就是针对每一部分论点用事例说明，然后再提出论点再进行论证，或者采用叙述，然后议论的形式。
二、解答技巧
夹叙夹议型文章的思路跳跃性强,按照一般的命题要求,文章的首句或者是一个完整的富有哲理的句子,这个句子不容忽视,往往是全文的关键句,甚至是文章的主题；或者是一小段叙述文,作者下文要对此展开议论。夹叙夹议文的主题明确,那就是告诉读者一个道理。因此,正确理解首句和开头段落以及它们在文章中的作用是非常重要的。
夹叙夹议型完形填空是记叙和议论在文中交错运用,这样,不但可以大大充实文章的内容,而且能增强文章的说服力,从而既易于读者理解,又引发读者思考。只要抓住文章的线索,弄明白文章的逻辑关系,就能确定比较明确的、直接的答案。
夹叙夹议型文章的基本结构模式是：①用一段概括性的话引入要叙述的经历(话题)；②叙述先前的经历及其感悟或发现；③叙述接下来的经历及其感悟或发现；④作出总结或结论。文章通常使用对比、附加、强调、让步、举例、结论、顺序和对照等手段。因此考生应注意观察文章的结构特点,根据故事情节的发展模式,确定恰当的衔接词。常见的语篇标志词有：表示逻辑关系的,如thus,therefore,so,though等；表示改变话题的,如by the way等；表示递进关系的,如besides,further,furthermore,what is more等。
【典例示例】 (2019·全国卷I)
Every year about 40,000 people attempt to climb Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa. They 41 with them lots of waste. The 42 might damage the beauty of the place. The glaciers（冰川）are disappearing, changing the 43 of Kilimanjaro.
Hearing these stories, I’m 44 about the place — other destinations are described as “purer” natural experiences.
However, I soon 45 that much has changed since the days of disturbing reports of 46 among tons of rubbish. I find a 47 mountain, with toilets at camps and along the paths. The environmental challenges are 48 but the efforts made by the Tanzania National Park Authority seem to be 49 .
The best of a Kilimanjaro 50 , in my opinion, isn’t reaching the top. Mountains are 51 as spiritual places by many cultures. This 52 is especially evident on Kilimanjaro as 53 go through five ecosystems（生态系统）in the space of a few kilometers. At the base is a rainforest. It ends abruptly at 3, 000 meters, 54 lands of low growing plants. Further up, the weather 55 — low clouds envelope the mountainsides, which are covered with thick grass. I 56 twelve shades of green from where I stand. Above 4, 000 meters is the highland 57 : gravel（砾石）, stones and rocks. 58 you climb into an arctic-like zone with 59 snow and the glaciers that may soon disappear.
Does Kilimanjaro 60 its reputation as a crowded mountain with lines of tourists ruining the atmosphere of peace？I found the opposite to be true.
41. A. keep B. mix C. connect D. bring
42. A. stories B. buildings C. crowds D. reporters
43. A. position B. age C. face D. name
44. A. silent B. skeptical C. serious D. crazy
45. A. discover B. argue C. decide D. advocate
46. A. equipment B. grass C. camps D. stones
47. A. remote B. quiet C. all D. clean
48. A. new B. special C. significant D. necessary
49. A. paying off B. spreading out C. blowing up D. fading away
50. A. atmosphere B. experience C. experiment D. sight
51. A. studied B. observed C. explored D. regarded
52. A. view B. quality C. reason D. purpose
53. A. scientists B. climbers C. locals D. officials
54. A. holding on to B. going back to C. living up to D. giving way to
55. A. changes B. clears C. improves D. permits
56. A. match B. imagine C. count D. add
57. A. village B. desert C. road D. lake
58. A. Obviously B. Easily C. Consequently D. Finally
59. A. permanent B. little C. fresh D. artificial
60. A. enjoy B. deserve C. save D. acquire
名校资源学练
1
（2023·江苏扬州·扬州中学校考模拟预测）Twin sisters Hadley and Delaney Robertson were both found to suffer from scoliosis(脊柱侧凸)at age 12.
Delaney’s scoliosis required no 1 , but Hadley’s spine curve(脊柱弯曲)was serious. To 2 the rapid progression, she was under the doctor’s 3 to wear a back brace(支架)for 18 hours a day. If Hadley needed to 4 take off her brace, she should wear it for extra hours another day to 5 lost time. “One thing I found really 6 was figuring out how to track the 7 of my wearing,” Hadley said. “I tried 8 things. A notepad, a whiteboard and some other tools. And I even 9 to look for an app with such function, but there really wasn’t anything so we decided to 10 an app ourselves.”
The twins had no 11 of developing an app although they were enthusiastic about computer science. They then worked with an app developer to 12 they had everything they needed to place the app into app stores, and it was officially 13 to the public in May. The app had around 500 active 14 within a week. Hadley said, “Their positive comments on the app made us amazed. People said they’re glad that they can record how long they wear the brace more 15 .”
1. A. test B. surgery C. examination D. treatment
2. A. keep B. assess C. slow D. predict
3. A. terms B. orders C. eye D. control
4. A. quickly B. frequently C. accidentally D. temporarily
5. A. make up for B. give way to C. take advantage of D. look back on
6. A. original B. meaningful C. difficult D. urgent
7. A. progress B. length C. condition D. expense
8. A. various B. vital C. similar D. secure
9. A. preferred B. failed C. prepared D. attempted
10. A. employ B. find C. select D. build
11. A. practice B. expectation C. habit D. possibility
12. A. indicate B. prove C. guarantee D. promise
13. A. adjusted B. introduced C. donated D. committed
14. A. comments B. tips C. users D. developers
15. A. conveniently B. automatically C. firmly D. obviously
2
（2023·陕西宝鸡·统考二模）In battling leukemia(白血病)，9-year-old Harper Harrell has devoted her days- -in the hospital-to raising money for the V Foundation for cancer research. “I know it’s 16 , but it deserves my effort,” said Harrell.
After Harrell was diagnosed(诊断) with leukemia in October 2021, she started learning about the foundation which 17 cancer research. The foundation has already 18 nearly $ 290 million for cancer research nationwide. The foundation’s administrative costs are paid 19 by itself, which means 100% of donations go to cancer research.
Believing one small thing could 20 a lot, Harrell started to 21 some drawings in her notebook shortly after beginning 22 . One of them was a ribbon(丝带) with a “Peace out, cancer” message written below it. Harrell thought the 23 would be a great T-shirt for children facing a(n) 24 battle.
While Harrell was 25 , her mother, Heather Hindin, found a way to bring her 26 to life. She 27 a T-shirt campaign online. The 28 was to donate half of the income to the foundation while using the rest for her daughter’s medical expenses. They have 29 over $ 24,000 this year, which will 30 go to the foundation, after launching two T-shirt campaigns.
“There are all of these messages of 31 that people post when they 32 ,” Hindin said. “They help so much with her 33 and keeping her positive.” Harrell, who says she has always had a 34 for helping others, offered a simple piece of advice: “Try to help and assist where you can, and you will achieve something 35 .”
16. A. risky B. lucky C. new D. hard
17. A. avoids B. attracts C. supports D. restricts
18. A. awarded B. wasted C. demanded D. missed
19. A. partly B. completely C. accidentally D. suddenly
20. A. resist B. promise C. change D. thrill
21. A. make B. cover C. tear D. enjoy
22. A. study B. appointment C. discussion D. treatment
23. A. word B. title C. design D. wish
24. A. original B. similar C. exact D. famous
25. A. under control B. at school C. in hospital D. on duty
26. A. dream B. body C. illness D. doctor
27. A. turned down B. put off C. handed over D. set up
28. A. course B. plan C. right D. fund
29. A. collected B. refused C. invested D. borrowed
30. A. temporarily B. cautiously C. specifically D. confidently
31. A. prediction B. encouragement C. hesitation D. embarrassment
32. A. order B. sell C. guess D. hurt
33. A. notes B. roles C. scores D. spirits
34. A. sign B. passion C. view. D. finish
35. A. harmless B. gentle C. familiar D. great
3
（2023·广东惠州·高三统考期末）At a family picnic for employees of the company where my father worked, they held a contest for children. I was 13, full of enthusiasm, so I 36 myself into it.
The host gave each child a cloth handkerchief and told us the winner would be the one who cast it the 37 . The first throwers, took mighty wind-ups, but when the cloth left their hands, it 38 and landed on the ground a few inches in front of them. The crowd roared with 39 . Not until then did I realize it was not meant to 40 any real skill, but simply for laughs. However, it stimulated my 41 for thinking outside the box.
It 42 me to see the kids throwing harder when the handkerchief always caught the air and died. It was obvious that using the same 43 would not work. Suppose I tied a(an) 44 inside the handkerchief When they inspected it, I’d be 45 . So I began tying the handkerchief around itself to make it small and 46 packed together to keep it from unfolding. When I approached the line, people were already laughing, 47 a big strong-looking boy like me casting it just a few inches.
I took a long wind-up, and the balled handkerchief 48 off maybe 60 feet away. The laughing 49 in collective shock. I had not broken the rules. What I learned from this contest was that, in order to live creatively, you have to 50 the less-used parts of your brain, and not accept stereotypes(刻板印象), slogans and unquestioned ideas.
36. A. admitted B. threw C. trapped D. talked
37. A. farthest B. strongest C. highest D. biggest
38. A. escaped B. wrinkled C. opened D. appeared
39. A. pain B. applause C. laughter D. anger
40. A. demonstrate B. apply C. improve D. learn
41. A. responsibility B. imagination C. demand D. passion
42. A. delighted B. frightened C. amused D. annoyed
43. A. cloth B. technique C. rule D. line
44. A. ant B. rock C. leaf D. shoe
45. A. fined B. disqualified C. dismissed D. banned
46. A. loosely B. randomly C. firmly D. delicately
47. A. anticipating B. enjoying C. stopping D. confirming
48. A. dashed B. jumped C. shot D. rocketed
49. A. died B. roared C. continued D. weakened
50. A. glance through B. tap into C. give up D. go over
4
（2023·江苏南京·南京市第一中学校考三模）Since 1960, considerable scientific researches have been done on chimps in their natural habitats. Astonishingly, scientists have found out that the social 51 of Chimps are very similar to humans. Chimps will 52 in certain ways, like gathering together to protect their land. But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct (本能) to 53 one another. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. Even chimp mothers regularly 54 to share food with their children. Who are able from a young age to gather their own food
In the laboratory, chimps don’t 55 share food either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no greater effort, a plate that also provides food for a neighbor to the next cage, he will pull 56 -he just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish.
Human children, 57 , are extremely cooperative. From the earliest ages, they decide to help others, to share information and to participate in achieving common goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this 58 in a series of experiments with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see a worried adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.
There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught, but naturally 59 in young children. One is that these instincts appear at a very 60 age before most parents have started to train their children to behave 61 . Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. A third reason is that social intelligence 62 in children before their general cognitive(认知的) skills, at least when compared with chimps. In tests conducted by Tomasello, the human children did no better than the chimps on the 63 world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world.
The core (核心) of what children’s minds have and chimps’ don’t is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality. Part of this ability is that they can 64 what others know or are thinking. But beyond that, even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose. They actively seek to be part of a “we”, a group that intends to work toward a(n) 65 goal.
51. A. structures B. responsibilities C. policies D. behaviors
52. A. conflict B. offend C. cooperate D. discuss
53. A. help B. contact C. divide D. trust
54. A. manage B. decline C. attempt D. force
55. A. curiously B. unwillingly C. naturally D. carelessly
56. A. in turn B. with care C. at random D. in advance
57. A. all in all B. as a result
C. in no case D. on the other hand
58. A. cooperativeness B. availability C. attack D. attractiveness
59. A. educated B. possessed C. motivated D. stimulated
60. A. old B. young C. middle D. late
61. A. creatively B. formally C. competitively D. socially
62. A. develops B. decreases C. changes D. disappears
63. A. invisible B. abstract C. physical D. imaginary
64. A. infer B. adapt C. absorb D. balance
65. A. realistic B. shared C. specific D. ambitious
5
（2023·辽宁·东北育才学校校考三模）Young boys often dream of superpowers to solve their problems. It was 1933, while the country was still 66 the Great Depression, Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster put their 67 down on paper. In the process, they created the world’s most popular superhero, Superman.
Joe was the artist and sketched all the time, 68 out at newsstands absorbed in magazines, especially “Amazing Stories,” and then 69 to recreate them at home. Jerry was the storyteller. The idea of Superman 70 upon him in the middle of a sleepless summer night. When the Superman’s origin story started 71 , he dashed over to Joe’s place and showed it to him. Then they just sat down, and worked straight out.
As is often the case, when we experience something 72 in life, we deal with the feeling through 73 expression. Jerry’s father had died during a robbery. A young child might 74 that experience by wishing something could have 75 it. For Jerry, out came the Man of Steel, who was 76 to bullets and protecting innocent people was his 77 .
The story of Superman has inspired kids for generations. It has 78 their fears and driven their dreams. Most 79 , the Man of Steel has inspired us all to find our superpower and use them to help others. Therefore, the next time you are inspired to 80 a friend from being bullied, or help the widow next door with your superpower smile, thank Joe and Jerry, two awkward high school kids who dreamt up Superman—making the world a little more safe and fair.
66. A. evaluating B. undergoing C. controlling D. overcoming
67. A. concepts B. principles C. ideas D. disputes
68. A. hanging B. working C. running D. figuring
69. A. get out B. stand out C. set out D. put out
70. A. struck B. dawned C. fell D. occurred
71. A. taking action B. taking effect C. taking shape D. taking aim
72. A. tiresome B. tragic C. memorable D. grateful
73. A. creative B. personal C. academic D. skillful
74. A. remember B. commend C. judge D. process
75. A. defeated B. predicted C. prevented D. supported
76. A. subject B. resistant C. sensitive D. accustomed
77. A. responsibility B. belief C. command D. contribution
78. A. shared B. confirmed C. boosted D. calmed
79. A. unexpectedly B. importantly C. fortunately D. obviously
80. A. ban B. help C. save D. facilitate
6
（2023·湖北武汉·湖北省武昌实验中学校考模拟预测）More than anything, this is a book about unconditional love—a bond between a caring woman and a loyal dog.
Harley’s Harlequin Heart written by Christy Jaeger and 81 through the narration (叙述) of Harley, shows why the power of love can overcome the 82 that is part of every life journey.
Harley takes us along on all his 83 with his owner Jaeger — from growing up, being trained, to going to dog shows. Then one day, Harley is diagnosed with bone cancer. Fortunately, there’s enough time to explore 84 . “Jaeger told me everyone has a sixth sense, which 85 them when something’s not right. Looking back, I’m glad she paid attention to her 86 warning.”
Through surgery, this smart dog 87 . It isn’t easy and he tells us about his pain and fears. But chances of 88 look promising. After this experience, Harley 89 realizes that when someone has cancer, the entire family will 90 . However, all the people playing a part in the process form an unbreakable connection.
Harley’s 91 with cancer might concern adults considering reading this book with their children. But Jaeger provides such a positive perspective that there is so much more reason to 92 this book. Besides, it helps greatly that the book has a 93 ending.
As Jaeger notes, “The book spreads love to us. This small element can be 94 in the human and animal worlds.” Love can defeat all. That 95 couldn’t be any clearer than in this wonderful book.
81. A. explained B. presented C. designed D. included
82. A. misfortune B. unease C. inconvenience D. discomfort
83. A. packages B. dreams C. burdens D. adventures
84. A. mysteries B. problems C. cures D. challenges
85. A. forbids B. hits C. informs D. warns
86. A. active B. inner C. useful D. sudden
87. A. pushes through B. bends down C. cheers up D. gets off
88. A. success B. recovery C. victory D. survival
89. A. innocently B. automatically C. gradually D. accidentally
90. A. suffer B. behave C. perform D. delay
91. A. competing B. battling C. continuing D. mixing
92. A. possess B. close C. share D. print
93. A. sad B. happy C. ridiculous D. unusual
94. A. decisive B. logical C. attractive D. influential
95. A. meaning B. principle C. message D. expression
7
（2023·上海·上海市民办文绮中学校考三模）The teenage years of an individual is marked by evaluating one’s values, experiencing a shift in outlooks, and a tendency to act rebellious. It can also be a time when someone becomes extremely 96 to negative influences, and is drawn towards dangerous situations. On the other hand, for parents, the period of their children’s adolescence means regularly worrying about their safety and formation as a citizen. Thus, a method of 97 teenagers’ security is needed, and curfews(宵禁)are often seen as such a measure, since they have proved their 98 . At the same time, certain peculiarities exist about establishing curfews for children.
The issue of teenage curfews is widely debated in the United States, where this method is still rather 99 , and in European democracies, where this measure is yet not so widely used. The first and foremost reason for establishing curfews is children’s security. 100 curfews require teenagers under 17 years to stay out of streets starting from 11 p. m. or midnight. This is believed to protect them from crimes committed after nightfall, as well as from breaking the law, and there exists serious evidence 101 this belief. For example, when New Orleans enabled a dusk-till-dawn curfew in 1994, the rates of juvenile crime were reported to fall more than 20 percent. Even more impressive 102 were recorded in Dallas, which reported a 30-percent decrease in violent juvenile crime, and a 21-percent decrease in the overall rates of crimes committed by young people(The New York Times).
On the other hand, curfews can be seen as a preventive measure that rob young people of their rights, 103 their freedom. This opinion is particularly supported by the fact that curfew violations and the respective charges are among the most often committed juvenile crimes in the United States. 104 , there were reports claiming that police arrested more non-white teenagers for curfew violations.
All this can cause a teenager to believe they have crossed a psychological line dividing them as 105 ; thus, such teenagers may start to see themselves as outlaws, which can 106 committing more serious crimes than a curfew offense.
What is important for a parent to remember when establishing a curfew for their children is that a teenager’s misjudged view of certain 107 may cause them to misbehave in some other way; this is proved by research conducted by the University of Minnesota, according to which teens tend to protest against what they see as 108 . Considering this, parents should 109 the authoritarian style of establishing curfews; instead, they should have a conversation with their teenager that would be aimed at finding ideal conditions for a curfew that would 110 both sides.
96. A. opposed B. subjected C. related D. restricted
97. A. improving B. restoring C. ensuring D. expanding
98. A. principle B. reference C. approach D. efficiency
99. A. popular B. absent C. practical D. accessible
100. A. Typical B. Evident C. Critical D. Specific
101. A. in place of B. in honor of C. in case of D. in favor of
102. A. results B. events C. patterns D. links
103. A. protecting B. acknowledging C. limiting D. liberating
104. A. By contrast B. In addition C. In conclusion D. In general
105. A. winners B. criminals C. victims D. protectors
106. A. take charge of B. contribute to C. result from D. deal with
107. A. rules B. charges C. crimes D. relations
108. A. impolite B. unrealistic C. inadequate D. unfair
109. A. adopt B. allow C. avoid D. address
110. A. satisfy B. spare C. surround D. settle
8
（2023·上海·高三校考阶段练习）Why some brilliant ideas get overlooked
In 1928, Karl Jansky, a young radio engineer at Bell Telephone Laboratories, began researching static interference that might obscure voice transmissions. Five years later, after building a large rotating antenna (天线) and investigating every possibility he could think of, he published his remarkable 111 : some of the static was coming from the Milky Way.
Jansky’s theory was eye-catching enough to be published in The New York Times but scientists were 112 . Radio signals from outer space Surely they were too weak to detect. Jansky’s ideas were largely 113 for about a decade. He died at the age of 44. Thankfully, he lived long enough to see his ideas blossom into field of radio astronomy.
Jansky’s story resonates with us: we all like the idea of the researcher who is so far ahead of their 114 that it takes years for the rest of the world to catch up. Gregor Mendel’s research into plant genetics is a famous example — published in 1866, it was only verified and taken seriously in 1900.
The stories of Jansky and Mendel hold out some hope to anyone who feels that the world has not quite 115 their brilliance. There is even a name for such cases, coined by Anthony van Raan of Leiden University: “Sleeping Beauties”, scientific papers that receive almost no citations for years, before finding wide 116 . (Some scholars argue that the term is sexist and prefer “delayed recognition”.)
So what is it about an idea that delays recognition One view is that brilliant ideas are overlooked when delivered by obscure messengers. Jansky and Mendel were somewhat detached from (离开) the scientific 117 . In 1970, the sociologist Stephen Cole published an analysis arguing that the obstacle tended to lie in the 118 of the idea itself, rather than the prestige of the scientist behind it. Ideas fell asleep for a hundred years because they were radical, or confusing, or both.
It is difficult to be sure. Two scholars of the field, Eugene Garfield and Wolfgand Glanzel, have argued that such 119 of delayed recognition are so rare as to be hard to analyse. Studying papers published in 1980 from the vantage (优势) point of 2004, they looked for articles that were barely cited for five years, then subsequently 120 . They found just 60 examples in 450,000 cases. There are plenty of examples of research that is barely cited; what is rare is their subsequent popularity.
Why, then, is this myth such a compelling one One explanation, of course, is that we all love a story of the underdog (黑马) who triumphs against 121 . Immediate and sustained success is as boring as immediate and sustained failure.
Another is that scientists themselves are fond of the thought that their ideas are 122 . In an essay on delayed recognition, Garfield notes mildly that one historian of science, Derek Price, believed one of his own papers was suffering delayed recognition. It is easy to chuckle, but it is also easy to empathise.
Delayed recognition is rare. Much more 123 is for people simply to reach their prime late in life. David Galenson is an economist who studies the creative output of musicians, artists, directors and others. Galenson has found that while it is quite possible to 124 as a radical young conceptual artist, there are many examples of “old masters” whose later works are more admired than their youthful ones.
We all need to be able to hold on to the idea that the best is yet to come. But it is too tempting to hope that what we have already produced will, one day, be recognized for its brilliance. Good things do not come to those who wait, if 125 is all they do. It is wiser to get back to work and make something better.
111. A. conclusion B. device C. invention D. paper
112. A. unreliable B. uncomfortable C. unimpressed D. unsatisfactory
113. A. criticized B. kept C. ignored D. inspected
114. A. mission B. goal C. schedule D. time
115. A. caught up with B. had a good command of
C. made good use of D. taken advantage of
116. A. attention B. platform C. space D. vision
117. A. data B. kingdom C. mainstream D. proof
118. A. content B. origin C. popularity D. presence
119. A. examples B. letters C. reports D. supporters
120. A. broke off B. paid off C. switched off D. took off
121. A. the authorities B. the odds C. the opposite D. the wrong
122. A. underappreciated B. underdeveloped
C. underequipped D. underperformed
123. A. challenging B. common C. complicated D. difficult
124. A. break through B. get through C. make ends meet D. make sense
125. A. complaining B. socializing C. thinking D. waiting
9
（2023·上海·卢湾高级中学校考三模）For a start, we’re not sure what artificial intelligence (AI) is, which complicates our every conversation about what effect it will have on our lives. We can’t even really 126 what intelligence is in humans, where the conversation inevitably goes away from science and into philosophy.
As neither a scientist nor a philosopher, but with decades of personal experience on the front lines of both human and machine cognition (认知), I prefer to focus on the 127 . AI will be the greatest technological advance since the Internet turned the world into a living stream of data. It will eventually be more 128 than the Internet, changing every part of our lives in seen and unseen ways. And it’s already 129 .
From medical diagnosis to investment banking, from hiring staff to educating our children, these increasingly 130 systems are changing the world. Whether you find this terrifying or wonderful is important, because public 131 drives education, investment, and regulation, making the outcome a type of self-fulfilling promise. 132 , if people find the rapid advance of intelligent machines terrifying instead of wonderful, it won’t stop it, but it could make the outcome much worse. Powerful new technology nearly always causes distress before producing broad benefits. By slowing down our progress out of unreasoning 133 , we lengthen the distress stage by delaying the next waves of breakthroughs needed to produce the broader benefits.
There are real and immediate 134 about the increase in intelligent machines, especially autonomous ones. Rising inequality if automation hits lower-income people harder, personal data being used improperly by companies… None of these issues come anywhere close to an existential threat – the killer robots of Hollywood or the super-intelligent AI that sees no reason to 135 . It’s as if everyone were curious about how we might all one day be killed by robots.
As a member of the executive board of the Foundation for Responsible Robotics and as a security ambassador for Avast Software, I’ve become all too 136 the real threats we may be faced with due to these AI-enhanced machines. And I’m glad that great minds like Stephen Hawking and Elon Musk are voicing their concerns, and that top AI authorities like Nick Bostrom are mapping out the 137 possibilities. After all, we live with nuclear power that could literally destroy the planet, and we certainly want it to be monitored and used 138 .
But like all our inventions, AI is capable of being used for good or evil. 139 matters, and so making better humans will always be more important than making smarter machines. Above all, we must keep 140 , because the only solution for the problems caused by today’s technology is tomorrow’s.
126. A. tell apart B. disapprove of C. glance at D. agree on
127. A. theoretical B. practical C. physical D. mental
128. A. specialized B. transformative C. predictable D. irrelevant
129. A. happening B. misleading C. worsening D. changing
130. A. intense B. annoying C. capable D. simple
131. A. health B. image C. service D. opinion
132. A. In short B. What’s more C. That is D. As a result
133. A. fear B. deed C. manner D. passion
134. A. rumors B. remarks C. mysteries D. concerns
135. A. take humans in B. keep humans around
C. give humans up D. put humans away
136. A. familiar with B. ignorant of C. superior to D. unhappy about
137. A. newest B. best C. oldest D. worst
138. A. occasionally B. responsibly C. immediately D. genuinely
139. A. Technology B. Morality C. Intelligence D. Automation
140. A. moving forward B. looking upon C. calming down D. running away
10
（2023秋·重庆渝北·高三重庆市渝北中学校校考阶段练习）We love letters. Just as John Donne, a poet, 141 it, “Letters, to me and my friends mean 142 greetings; they get souls together. Thanks to letters, friends who are 143 speak.” He wrote these words nearly 400 years ago. Today, in the age of instant text message, social media, and email, they still ring truer than ever, because writing or receiving a letter has become such a 144 event.
A UK-wide survey undertaken by Sunday Times suggests that one in four of us has not 145 a letter for at least 10 years. That’s ten years without the sweet pleasure of pacing the floor waiting for the 146 ; ten years without recognizing the handwriting on the envelope and eagerly 147 the letter to read its content.
We may not get them any more, but we still love handwritten letters. In the same survey, one third of 148 people interviewed say that they remember the content of sentimental (充满情感的) letters. Shouldn’t we make 149 to give our friends and families what they will treasure forever Ann Bickley went online in 2017 and offered to handwrite a letter to anyone who 150 her. Her website received 50,000 151 in its first three months. Five years later, she is still the main force behind one-million-lovely- and has personally written 4,000 letters offering hope and 152 to strangers.
The thought behind a letter 153 as much as its contents. “I never tell anyone that 154 is going to be OK,” Ann Bickley says, “I am letting someone know that there is someone in the world who 155 them.” Who wouldn’t love to receive a letter like that Let’s get writing!
141. A. made B. put C. helped D. managed
142. A. rather than B. less than C. more than D. other than
143. A. absent B. active C. amused D. admirable
144. A. popular B. common C. rare D. simple
145. A. received B. sent C. written D. rejected
146. A. engineer B. doctor C. police D. postman
147. A. seizing B. tearing C. hiding D. carrying
148. A. American B. Chinese C. Australian D. British
149. A. money B. room C. history D. time
150. A. contacted B. interviewed C. consulted D. admired
151. A. guests B. visitors C. friends D. partners
152. A. effort B. comfort C. surprise D. experience
153. A. educates B. guides C. matters D. rewards
154. A. nothing B. anything C. something D. everything
155. A. looks after B. cares about C. struggles for D. agrees with
11
An old farmer had lived on the same farm all his life. It was really a good farm with fertile soil, but with the passing of the years, the farmer began to think that maybe there was something 156 for him. Every day he found a new 157 for criticizing some feature of his old farm. Finally, he decided to 158 it. He listed the farm with a broker (经纪人) who quickly 159 an advertisement emphasizing all the 160 of the farm.
When the broker read t
