由关系代词引导的限制性定语从句
在复合句中作定语，修饰主句或主句中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句由关系词引导。限制性定语从句表现为在意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，若省略，主句的内容就不完整或失去意义；它和主句的关系十分密切，不可用逗号分开。
先行词是被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。关系词指代先行词，在从句中作一定的句子成分。引导定语从句的关系代词有which，that，who，whom，whose，as等。
[观察例句]
1．Do you know the man that/who is waiting outside
2．He showed me the photos (that/which) he took on his trip to Xi'an.
3．Simon is the poor man whose car has been stolen.
4．I like the way (that/in which) she smiles.
5．The trees that/which are behind the office building have lost their leaves.
6．Then another big quake which was almost as strong as the first one shook Tangshan.
7．The army organized teams to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.
8．Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.
[归纳用法]
一、定语从句的先行词
先行词是定语从句修饰和限定的成分，从构成上而言，它可以是名词、代词、名词性短语等；从句子成分上而言，它可以是主句的主语、宾语、表语等。下面，我们从两个实例来看一下定语从句及其相关成分的分布：
二、关系代词的用法
1．that的用法
that既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中通常作主语、宾语、状语或表语，而且作宾语或状语时常可省略。
This is the book.I want to read it.
→This is the book (that)I want to read.
这就是我想读的那本书。(that指代the book，在定语从句中充当宾语)
2．which的用法
which指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语，常与that互换使用。
The houses overlook the lake.They cost more.
→The houses which/that overlook the lake cost more.
俯瞰湖泊的房子价格高一些。(which/that指代the houses，在定语从句中充当主语)
3．who的用法
who指人，在定语从句中通常作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。
The tall man is Yao Ming.Yao Ming is playing basketball.
→The tall man who is playing basketball is Yao Ming.
正在打篮球的那个很高的人是姚明。(who指代Yao Ming，在定语从句中充当主语)
4．whom的用法
whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略。
This is the girl.I met the girl in the street.
→This is the girl whom I met in the street.
这是我在街上遇到的那个女孩。(whom指代the girl，在定语从句中充当宾语)
5．whose的用法
whose既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中作定语，指人时，相当于of whom the；指物时，相当于of which the。
I have read the book.I like its characters very much.
→I have read the book whose/of which the characters I like very much.
我已经读了这本书，我很喜欢它里面的人物。(whose指代先行词the book，在定语从句中充当定语)
6．关系代词that与which的区别
情况 用that还是which
先行词是不定代词或被不定代词修饰 that
先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰 that
先行词由the very，the only等修饰 that
先行词既指人也指物 that
先行词前有疑问代词which时 that
there be句型中，句子的主语是先行词而且又是指物的名词 that
句中已经出现过that或which 交替使用
先行词为主句的表语或关系代词在从句中作表语 that
关系代词前面有介词 which
关系代词后面带有插入语 which
三、关系代词的省略
关系代词在从句中作宾语时，通常可以省略。
The man(whom/who)you saw just now is our manager.
你刚才见到的那个人是我们的经理。
Is there anything(that)I can do for you
有什么我能为你效劳的吗？
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．He is the man who/that has offered some useful advice.
2．It is the most expensive hotel that he has ever stayed in.
3．He is the boy of whom we are proud in our school.
4．The building whose doors are white is an office building.
5．Anyone who has helped to save the old man is worth praising.
6．She is the only one of the children who is(be) good at music here.
7．The first place that she visited in China was the History Museum.
8．We don't know the number of people who/that lost their homes in the flood.
9．Those who want to go to the party must be at the school gate by 5 p．m.
10．The film that/which you are looking forward to seeing will be on next week.
Ⅱ.短文语法填空
I'd skipped nearby Guilin，1.which is a dream place for tourists 2.seeking(seek) the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River 3.that/which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.Instead，I'd headed straight for Yangshuo.For those 4.who fly to Guilin，it's only an hour away by car and offers all the scenery of the better known city.
Yangshuo is really beautiful.A study of travellers 5.that/which was conducted by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations 6.that/which are famous in the world.And the town is fast becoming a popular weekend destination for people and their families 7.that/who are in Asia.Abercrombie & Kent，8.which is a travel company in Hong Kong，says it 9.regularly(regular) arranges quick getaways here for people 10.who/that live in Shanghai and Hong Kong.简单句、并列句和复合句
英语句子按其结构可以分为三类：简单句、并列句和复合句。
[观察例句]
判断下列句子是简单句，并列句还是复合句？
1．Does every dinner with your parents seem to turn into a battle？
简单句
2．Do you feel that you just cannot see eye to eye with them on anything？ 复合句
3．You might worry about your changing voice，weight problems or spots. 简单句
4．When it all gets too much，your parents are often the first targets of your anger. 复合句
5．It can be a big headache to balance your developing mental needs too. 简单句
6．Unfortunately，your parents do not always agree and that makes you feel unhappy. 并列句
7．Of course，I wanted to show my concern for his condition，so I asked him to see a doctor. 并列句
8．The good news is that this stormy period will not last. 复合句
[归纳用法]
一、简单句
简单句是只含一个主谓结构的句子，按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
She is fond of collecting stamps.
她喜欢集邮。
Can you finish the work in time
你能按时完成工作吗？
Sit down，please.
请坐。
What good news it is!
多好的消息啊！
二、并列句
两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子，叫作并列句，其基本结构是“简单句＋并列连词＋简单句”。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。并列连词有and，but，or，so等。
The watch is cheap，but it goes quite well.
这块表虽然便宜，但走得很好。
It was late，so we went home.
天晚了，所以我们就回家了。
Hurry up，or you'll miss it all.
快点，不然你什么都赶不上了。
Stand over there and you'll be able to see it better.
站在那边，你就能看得更清楚了。
三、复合句
复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体，从句只用作句子的一个次要成分，不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导，并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。从句按其在复合句中的作用分为表语从句、宾语从句、状语从句、定语从句和主语从句等。
The trouble is that we are short of money.
困难是我们资金短缺。
They think that the bridge was built 100 years ago.
他们认为这座桥建于100年前。
When you finish the work，you may go out to play with Sam.
你完成工作就可以和Sam一起出去玩了。
The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle.
手上拿了一把雨伞的那个人是我的叔叔。
What he said is true.
他说的是真的。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The problem was that it was too valuable for everyday use.
2．That's what he is worrying about.
3．The small children don't know what is in their stockings.
4．He had no breathing or pulse and he was lifeless.
5．It may rain tomorrow，but we are going home in any case.
6．I hired a boat so that I could go fishing.
7．He waited until she was about to leave.
8．I don't know if/whether he still lives here after so many years.
9．That's the hotel where we stayed last summer.
10．It is possible that he has stolen the car.
Ⅱ.阅读短文，说出画线句子是什么句子结构
1．My parents love me very much. However，they like making almost all decisions for me.2.They choose schools and subjects for me，and sometimes even the daily timetables have to be decided by them. In my opinion，deciding everything for children does not help them but harm them in many ways.3.Firstly，it will make children less confident，which is useless to their development. Secondly，in many cases parents don't care about children's personal ideas and interests，which will influence their growth greatly.As a result，a lot of children are complaining！4.I do believe to grow to be independent is a natural way for everybody. Parents should give us chances to make our decisions.They can help us make choices instead of replacing us to do it.5.After all，there are a lot of things for us to explore by ourselves.
[答案] 1.简单句 2.并列句 3.复合句 4.复合句 5.简单句定语从句
一、关系副词引导的限制性定语从句
关系副词在引导定语从句时，其功能相当于介词短语，在从句中作状语。引导定语从句的关系副词有when、where、why。
[观察例句]
1．That's the cinema where we often go and see films.
2．He enjoyed the four years when he studied in Suzhou.
3．Do you know the reason why the sky is blue
[归纳用法]
1．when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
I still remember the day when I first went to the Great Wall.
我还记得我第一次去长城的那一天。
2．where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。
The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
我10年前居住的那所房子已经被拆了。
3．why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。
The reason why he succeeded in the exam is that he studied very hard.
他考试成功的原因是他学习很认真。
[名师点津]
定语从句的引导词若在从句中作主语或宾语，则用关系代词which或that。
Do you remember the days which/that we spent together
你还记得我们一起度过的那些日子吗？(关系代词在从句中作spent的宾语)
The school which/that we visited yesterday is newly built.
我们昨天参观的那所学校是新建的。(关系代词which/that在从句中作宾语)
This is the reason which/that our teacher gave us for doing it.
这就是我们的老师给我们的做此事的理由。(关系代词在从句中作宾语)
He gave me a reason that/which was reasonable.
他给了我一个合情合理的理由。(关系代词在从句中作主语)
二、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
在“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中，关系代词可用which，whom或whose。
[观察例句]
1．This is the reason for which(＝why) he left in a hurry.
2．He is a scientist of whom everyone of us is proud.
3．This is the pilot with whom my father has worked for ten years.
[归纳用法]
1．在定语从句中充当时间、地点或原因状语的“介词＋关系代词”可以同关系副词when，where和why互换(如例句1)。
2．关系代词前的介词的选用：(1)介词与先行词构成习惯搭配(如例句1)；(2)介词是定语从句中谓语的组成部分(如例句2)；(3)根据句意(如例句3)。
[名师点津]
有些“动词＋介词”短语，如look for，look after，send for，call on，come across，long for等，不可拆开把介词置于关系代词之前。
The doctor that you sent for has not come.
你派人去请的那个医生还没有来。
3．关系代词的选择
在“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中，先行词指人时关系代词用whom(如例句2－3)，不可用who/that；先行词指事物时关系代词用which(如例句1)。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Is there a shop near here where I can buy some flowers
2．The valley where the town lies is very beautiful.
3．I will never forget the days when we stayed together in the countryside.
4．April Fool's Day is a day when people play jokes on friends.
5．The reason why he was late was that something was wrong with his bike on the way.
6．The film where he played the leading role was a great success.
7．The house for which he paid 200，000 yuan is now worth 350，000 yuan.
8．The man from whom I got the letter is my brother.
9．The reason why I didn't write to you was that I didn't know your address.
10．This is the factory that/which I visited last year.
Ⅱ.短文语法填空
There was a time 1.when I was tired of learning English and disliked to speak English.And this was the reason 2.why my father forced me to join in a 30 day training in an English club before I went to senior high school.When I first came to the club，3.where I met many strangers，I missed my parents very much.So I packed up my things and wanted to go home.Fortunately，the guide 4.whose teacher was Yu Minhong communicated with me face to face，5.from which I gained some useful instructions.He also showed me a good partner，and we got along well with each other.Gradually I adapted to the life there.Every day I would like to talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities 6.that/which we did.I should be grateful to my father and the guide，7.who encouraged me to fall in love with English.Now I feel it interesting to learn English，8.into which I put my entire energy.All in all，as long as you form the habit of 9.learning(learn) English every day，you will have 10.a good command of it sooner or later.句子成分和基本句型
一、句子成分
概述：句子是表达思想的基本单位。句子成分是指在句中起着不同语法作用的部分。英语的句子成分(sentence elements)主要有主语(S)、谓语(V)、宾语(O)、补语(C)、状语(A)、表语(P)、定语(Attr.)等。
[观察例句]
黑体部分在句中作什么成分？
1．The early bird catches the worm. 宾语
2．They are Chinese travelling abroad. 表语
3．In the morning we often hear the birds singing merrily.
宾语补语
4．She bought her child a storybook. 间接宾语；直接宾语
5．There is a picture on the wall. 主语
6．The manager asked the college student to come in. 谓语
7．Girls prefer to see women doctors. 定语
8．Light travels most quickly. 状语
[归纳用法]
1．主语(subject)：指句子所谈论的主体，通常是某人、某事或某物。
We work five days a week.
我们一周工作五天。
To persuade her to change her mind is really very hard.
说服她改变主意确实很难。
2．谓语(verb)：指谓语部分的主要动词，另外，主要动词前的情态动词和助动词也被视为谓语的组成部分，通常说明主语发出的动作或主语的特征和状态。
The child could dress himself at the age of three.
这个小孩三岁就会自己穿衣服了。
The flower is very beautiful.
这朵花很漂亮。
3．宾语(object)：通常指动作的对象。有的动词后面可以接两个宾语，通常把其中表示人的宾语称为间接宾语(indirect object)，把表示物的宾语称为直接宾语(direct object)。
The old man gave the child some nice books.
老人给了这个孩子一些好书。
I will buy a new coat for my mother.
我要给妈妈买一件外套。
4．补语(complement)：补语分为主语补语(subject complement)和宾语补语(object complement)，用来补充说明主语或宾语的特征或情况。
The young man was caught smoking in the kitchen.
有人撞见那个年轻人在厨房里吸烟。
Later I found that person very critical.
后来我发现那个人非常挑剔。
5．状语(adverbial)：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句。
The boss tried to treat all the employees equally.
这位老板尽量对所有员工一视同仁。
Fortunately，the children were found near the village.
幸运的是，这些孩子在村子附近被找到了。
6．表语(predicative)：指连系动词be，become，feel，get，look，seem等后面的成分，通常说明主语的身份、特征或状态。
The days are getting longer and longer.
白天变得越来越长。
It is amazing that the little child can speak four languages.
这个小孩会说四种语言，真令人惊讶。
7．定语(attributive)：指修饰名词或代词的词语，有前置(在被修饰的名/代词前)和后置(在被修饰的名/代词后)两种位置。
There are various goods in this supermarket.
这个超市里有各种各样的货物。
The programme is something to do with the environment.
这是一个环境类节目。
二、基本句型
概述：按照结构，英语的句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)的句子叫作简单句。简单句有八种基本句型。
[观察例句]
下列句子属于什么句型？
1．Everyone breathes，drinks and eats.主谓
2．Tom can speak Chinese.主谓宾
3．My brothers are all college students.主系表
4．My sister told me a story.主谓宾宾
5．We find the book interesting.主谓宾补
6．My parents live in Beijing.主谓状
7．I looked at them in panic.主谓宾状
8．There are many trees around our school.存现句
[归纳用法]
1．主谓：主语＋谓语(SV)
在该句型中，谓语是不及物动词，能表达完整的意思，后面不能接宾语。
The rain stopped.
雨停了。
The moon rose.
月亮升起来了。
2．主系表：主语＋连系动词＋表语(SVP)
在该句型中，主语后必须是连系动词；表语多为形容词，也可为名词、代词、副词、数词、介词短语、不定式、分词及表语从句等。
The water feels hot.
这水摸着热。
The girl's favorite subject is biology.
这个女孩最喜欢的科目是生物学。
3．主谓宾：主语＋谓语＋宾语(SVO)
在该句型中，谓语是及物动词或及物短语动词(不及物动词＋介词)，后面必须接宾语才能表达完整的意思。充当宾语的通常是名词、代词、数词、动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)及宾语从句等。
A small boy opened the door.
一个小男孩把门打开了。
He has been looking for you.
他一直在找你。
4．主谓宾宾：主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语(SVOO)
在该句型中，谓语是及物动词，后接两个宾语，通常间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后。当把直接宾语放到间接宾语之前时，间接宾语前应加适当的介词。
We decided to teach him a lesson.
我们决定给他一个教训。
He bought a new coat for me.
他给我买了一件新外套。
5．主谓宾补：主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补语(SVOC)
在该句型中，谓语是及物动词，后面接宾语和宾语补语。充当补语的可以是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词(短语)等。
The news made us very sad.
那个消息令我们非常难过。
I saw him standing there.
我看见他正站在那里。
6．主谓状：主语＋谓语＋状语(SVA)
在该句型中，谓语是不及物动词，充当状语的是副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
John and Jane are arguing again.
约翰和简又争论起来了。
We have to wait until the rain stops.
我们不得不等到雨停。
7．主谓宾状：主语＋谓语＋宾语＋状语(SVOA)
在该句型中，谓语可以是及物动词或及物动词短语，后接宾语，充当状语的是副词、介词短语等。
She looked after her sister patiently while she was ill.
妹妹生病时，她耐心照料。
The young man solved the problem so properly.
那个年轻人妥善地解决了这个问题。
8．存现句：常见的是引导词there引导的句子。
There are a lot of nice flowers in front of the building.
楼前有很多好看的花。
Ⅰ.指出下列句子画线部分是什么句子成分
1．The students got on the school bus.
2．He handed me the newspaper.
3．I shall answer your question after class．
4．What a beautiful Chinese painting!
5．They went hunting together early in the morning．
6．His job is to train swimmers．
7．He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing．
8．There is going to be an American film tonight．
9．He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.
10．His wish is to become a scientist．
[答案] 1.主语；定语 2.间接宾语 3.谓语；状语 4.定语 5.状语；状语 6.定语；表语 7.宾语；状语 8.谓语；主语 9.谓语 10.主语；表语
Ⅱ.短文语法填空
This morning I went to 1. the English corner in the park near my home.It has been three years since it 2. was founded (found)．Many middle school 3. students(student) as well as foreigners took part in the activity.People there practiced 4. speaking (speak) English by talking about something 5. interesting (interest)．People also exchanged the experience 6. in English learning.I thought it was a good chance for me to use 7. what I had learned in my English class.I 8.felt (feel) very cool after I got back home.In the future I'll try my best 9.to learn(learn) English better，for it is so 10. widely (wide) used in the world.
