07 阅读理解之议论文
议论文的特征及相关试题应对分析
一、议论文的文体分析
议论文说理性强，语言庄重，逻辑缜密，常用难词、长词和复杂句，给我们的阅读理解带来一定难度。
议论文是运用逻辑推理和证明来阐述某一观点、看法和主张的文体。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解，或驳斥别人的错误观点，以说服读者同意自己的观点为主要目的。
议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是议论文的核心，即中心思想，是论据和论证的服务对象。论据是作者所引用的用以支持和证明论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证或统计数据等。论证是作者组织、运用论据的手法。
议 论 文 文 章 类 型 演绎论证议论文 是从已知的一般原理，规律出发，推知个别事物本质的论证方法。该类文体一般先提出一个总论点，然后分别进行论述，分析各个分论点，最后得出结论。
归纳论证议论文 是一种由个别到一般的论证方法。它通过许多个别的事例或分论点，然后归纳出它们所共有的特性，从而得出一个一般性的结论。
比较论证议论文 是一种由个别到个别的论证方法。通常分为类比法和对比法两类。类比法是将性质或特点在某一方面相同或相近的不同事物加以比较而引出结论的方法。对比法是通过性质或特点在某一方面相反或对立的不同事物的比较来证明论点的方法。
命题 要点 由于议论的目的是表明自己对事物的看法和态度，因此，命题时常考察其观点态度以及根据文章内容归纳主旨大意等，有时也对文章的结构进行考察。
解 题 技 巧 1.演绎论证议论文：注意文章的开篇，因为文章的开篇是文章的主旨，抓住了主旨，也就抓住了作者的观点，从而把握了文章的中心思想。 2.归纳论证议论文：注意文章的尾段，因为尾段是对前面所举事例和分论点的归纳和概括。 3.比较论证议论文：注意事物的相同点以及不同点，并由此来把握文章的主旨。 做题时可使用以下三个步骤：重首尾，明方式，细推测。
【议论说理类文章】
议论说理类文章就是议论文，是高考阅读理解题中一种较难的题目。议论说理类文章具有以下特点：
1．一般按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的方法写作。作者一般从日常生活中的热点问题、社会上的重大问题、与读者息息相关的问题入手，即提出问题。然后，分析利弊，举例说明，推理判断，即分析问题。最后，阐述观点，提出办法，即解决问题。
2．以作者的观点或情感为核心，对细节推理等方面进行考查。
3．文章的主题一般是生活中的热点问题、重大问题或与生活息息相关的问题等。
【典例示例】
For some reason we were reminded that we primates(灵长目) need love. Kim Bard of the University of Portsmouth in England and her colleagues carried out a study on 46 baby chimpanzees orphans(黑猩猩孤儿), which had lost their mothers.The study showed that primate babies that have tight relationships with mother figures do much better on cognitive(认知的) tests than babies who only grew up with peers(同伴), but this is not breaking news. In fact, it's old news.
In the 1950s, Harry Harlow did a series of experiments with baby monkeys that showed, that lack of love and comfort makes for a crazy monkey.
Harlow made a cage that included a wire monkey “mother” with a plastic face.Then he equipped the “mother” with a milk bottle.The cage also had another wire “mother” who was covered with soft cloth.The baby monkeys spent all their time with the cloth “mother” and only went to the wire “mother” to feed.
Harlow's monkey experiment was important, because at the time, child care experts, and everybody's grandmother had a “no touch, no comfort” policy(方针) toward children. They advised parents not to respond to crying babies. They thought that babies should sleep alone to become independent, and put that kid down.
But Harlow's work changed that policy. Mothers were soon allowed to have their babies next to them in the hospital.
The current chimp research(研究) based on Harlow's work shows that mother's love doesn't just make for a psychologically(精神上地) healthy child, it also makes for a smart child.
The highly raised chimps do better than those that are not loved, and the well-raised chimps do even better than human kids on IQ tests.
We are primates, social animals which need love.We need to be held and talked to and made to feel that at least one person wants to be with us all the time.
1. The study Kim Bard and his colleagues did ________.
A. included 46 baby and mother monkeys
B. is nothing new to people about the findings
C. showed that many chimpanzees lack of love when they were young
D. showed many chimpanzees had good relationship with their mothers
2. The underlined part “makes for” in the third paragraph means ________.
A. do something for B. head for C. bring about D. connect to
3. Harlow built two “mothers” for baby monkeys to ________.
A. make them live comfortably B. let them have more choices
C. give them more love D. make comparison well
4. Which of the following can we infer from the passage
A. Well-raised chimps are better than people in IQ.
B. Sometimes it's not wrong to have no touch and no comfort to babies.
C. Chimps growing up in cages are less smarter than chimps growing up in wild.
D. Babies who sleep with mothers tend to be cleverer than babies sleep alone.
二、议论文的语体特征
由于与其他文体相比，英语议论文类似英语说明文，因此，它具有英语说明文的一些语言特点，比如：时态较为统一，多用现在时；强调语言表达的客观性；尽可能指明信息来源等等。但作为一种独立的文体，英语议论文在语言上也有一些自己特有的表达形式：
1.较多使用表达委婉语气的词语和句子
与英语说明文相比，英语议论文不仅需要说明自己的观点，而且还要让读者接受自己的观点，因此，在词语表达上除了客观之外，还必须注意委婉。在英语中，常用虚拟语气，让步状语从句和情态动词can，could，may，might，would，should等。请看下面两组有关“面试在招生过程中的重要性”的文字：
（1）No one should be admitted into（招收进）college without a personal interview（面试）.What can admissions people（招生人员）tell from a piece of paper？They can tell nothing.Only when they see a student face to face，can they decide what kind of a person he is.
（2）Though admissions people can learn some things from a piece of paper，such as how well a person writes and what he is interested in there may be many other things that an application （申请表）can not tell but can only be seen in a personal interview.The way a person talks，the way he thinks about and answers questions，the way he reacts（反应），are all important facts of a person which can not be found on a piece of paper.
两段文字都强调“大学生入学必须面试”，但相比之下，例（2）用了情态动词，though引导的让步状语从句等表达方式，语气较为委婉，更容易为读者所接受。
2.使用有辩论、推理等含义的连接词和过渡词等词语结构
英语议论文讲究辩论推理的条理性和逻辑性，因此，往往较多地使用这类性质的过渡词和连接词，常用的包括：since （既然），now that（既然）， therefore（因而），consequently（因此），accordingly（因此），hence（因而），in that case（在那种情况下），because（因为），so（所以）。另外，还有些句型也常出现在英语议论文中，比如： It follows that…（因而……），If…，we may conclude that…（如果……，我们可以这样下结论……）， Should it be the case（如果是这样的话……），Idon't want to…，but…（我并不想……，但是……）， If you admit…，then…（如果你承认……，那么……），It is true that…，but…（诚然……，但是……）， Even if…（即使……）等。
下面这篇学生作文较好地使用了上述这些英语议论文常用的连接词和过渡词等词语结构，从而使文章的辩论和推理条理清晰，富有说服力：
Some people say that they will not give up smoking because they have the right to do what they want to do since smoking is not against the law.Yes，it's true that smoking does not violate （违反）the law and therefore they can do as they like，but what is equally true is that they have to be responsible for what they do at the same time. Now I don't want to bring fears to anyone，but here are some statistics（统计数字）I've just got from newspaper：Over seventy percent of the people who died of lung cancer were heavy smokers. More than thirty-five percent deformed（畸形的）babies have smoking mothers. Even if those chain smokers are not afraid for themselves，shouldn't they be afraid for their family members if they have got any？
3.各种句型的使用
（1）如“很多人很快就会发现，他们在物质上是富裕了，精神上却很贫乏”，可以这样达：
Many people will soon find themselves rich in goods，but ragged in spirit.（注：句中rich in与ragged in，goods与spirit具有正反对比的关系和效果。）
（2）如“利远远大于弊”，可以这样表达：
The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.（注：句中the advantages与the disadvantages具有正反对比的关系和效果。）
（3）如“他们注意到了这些说法中的一些道理，但他们却忽视了一个重要的事实”，可以这样表达：
They have noticed a grain of truth in the statements，but have ignored a more important fact.（注：句中have noticed与have ignored，a grain of truth in the statements与a more important fact具有正反对比的关系和效果。）
（4）如“这样做既有积极效果也有消极效果”，可以这样表达：
It will have both negative and positive effects by so doing.（注：句中negative与positive具有正反对比的关系和效果）
（5）如“我们既有与我们很为相似的朋友，又有与我们很为不同的朋友”，可以这样表达：
We have friends similar to us and friends different from us.（注：句中similar to与different from具有正反对比的关系和效果）
（6）有时也使用排比句式，这种句式整齐而有气势，又不会使人感到单调。例如，如“读书使我们聪明，锻炼使我们强健”，可以这样表达：
Reading makes us wise while exercises make us strong.
4.英文一般讲求简洁，因此为表达强调偶尔使用重复可以使语句的强调内容得到突出。
（1）如“现在是忘掉过去一切的时候了。现在是言归正传的时候了。现在是为未来而奋斗的时候了”，可以这样表达：
Now is the time to forget everything in the past. Now is the time to get down to the business. Now is the time to work hard for the future.（注：此句为句首重复，重复部分为句首的now it the time to）
（2）如“我们渴望成功，而且正在为成功而努力工作”，可以这样表达：
We long for success and we are working hard for success.（注：此句为句尾重复，重复的部分为句尾的for success.）
（3）如“我相信我们能够成功，我相信我们也一定会成功”，可以这样表达：
I am convinced that we can succeed，and I am convinced that we must succeed.（注：and所连接的两个语句的句首与句尾部分同时重复，重复的部分为句首的I am convinced that与句尾的succeed）
（4）如“我们现在生活在一个新的时代，而一个改革充满着风险与机遇”，可以这样表达：
We are now living in a new era，and a new era of reform is always full of ventures and chances.（注：and之前的句尾与and之后的句首重复，重复部分为a new era.）
5.使用倒装
倒装这里说的倒装不同于前述非修辞性的语法结构倒装。非修辞性的语法结构倒装是语句的语法结构所限定的，没有自由选择的余地，只要运用需要倒装结构的句型就要采用倒装结构。这里所说的倒装是指修辞性语义结构倒装，是进行强调的一种手段，它利用了语句句首（或句尾）的特殊位置。例如，如“充满着风险与机遇的改革的新时代正向我们走来”，可以这样表达：
Now on coming to us is the new era of reform full of ventures and chances.
6.使用转义
转义是一种对词语灵活运用的修辞手段，主要有比喻、拟人、夸张、反语、婉转等，比喻又包括明喻、暗喻、换喻、提喻等。
（1）如要表达“过去的经历就像图片一样总是在脑海中萦绕”，英文可为：
What had been experienced in the past was always looming in memory like a picture.（注：此句采用明喻，明喻的特点是使用了like一词）
（2）如要表达“我们的英语老师就是我们最好的英语辞典”，英文可为：
Our English teacher is our best English dictionary.（注：此句采用暗喻，暗喻的特点是利用事物之间的相似之处进行比喻，与明喻不同之处在于不使用like一词）
（3）如要表达“我正在读莎土比亚的书呢”，英文可为：
I am reading Shakespeare.（注：此句采用换喻，换喻的特点是直接借用一事物的名称宋代替另一事物的名称，使用通过联想理解其含义，但不是所有的事物都是可以用换喻来表达的）
（4）如要表达“这里需要一个帮手”，英文可为：
A hand is needed here.（注：此句采用提喻，提喻的特点是用一个事物的部分来代表事物的整体或用一个事物的整体来代表事物的部分。这里用hand一词代表整个人）
（5）如要表达“巨大的不幸笼罩着整个城市”，英文可为：
（6）如要表达“这种想法可真是伟大的愚蠢”，英文可为：
This is really a great stupid idea.（注：此句采用反语。反语的特点是故意将话反说，具有讽刺意味）
（7）如要表达“我太渴望成功了。听到成功的消息我欣喜若狂”，英文可为：
I was mad for success and on the news of success I went mad with joy.（注：此句采用夸张。夸张的特点是为表现事物的特征故意夸大其词）
三、议论文的解读策略（以阅读理解为例）
解答议论类阅读理解试题，可以从以下几个方面着手考虑：
作者在开始叙述一个现象，然后对现象进行解释。这类文章的主题是文中最重要的解释或作者所强调的解释，阅读时要注意作者给出的原因，所以又被称为原因—结果(Cause & Effect)型。还有一种比较常见的是问题—答案型，作者在一开始或一段末以问句提出一个问题(相当于一个现象)，然后给出该问题的答案(相当于解释)。针对文中问题给出的主要答案就是这种文章的中心。
这里强调一点，答题时优先考虑正面答题(直接从文章内容得出答案)，然后从中心、态度或利用解答特征等其他角度对选项进行检验；如果从文章内容中直接无法解决，则从中心和态度方面考虑；次之，从解答特征方面考虑。
考生往往最怕此类体裁。山穷水尽时，记住：首先从整体上把握文章中心和作者所持的态度，靠近中心的就是答案。
解题方法：
1. 把握文章的论点、论据和论证。此外，还要把握文章的结构和语言。
2. 互推法：在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。考生在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。
3. 推理法：推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。
答题技巧：
历年全国高考英语阅读理解的题型无非基本都是考查主旨大意、词义猜测、推理判断和细节理解四大题型。其中，命题以细节理解题为主，推理判断题为辅，又兼顾词义猜测题和主旨大意题。细节理解题和推理判断题主要考查的是对原文具体细节的理解和把控能力，难度相对较小，广大考生除了平时必要的阅读量和词汇量的积累以外，掌握一定的解题技巧对解答阅读理解题来说也是至关重要的。具体说来：
1. 主旨大意型
干扰项 可能是文中某个具体事实或细节。
干扰项 可能是从文中某些(不完全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。
干扰项 可能是非文章事实的主观臆断。
正确答案 根据文章全面理解而归纳概括出来；不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。
主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。根据多年的备考及高考实践，这类题目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。
选择＂主题＂旨在考查考生是否掌握了所读文章的主要内容或主旨，通常用词、短语或句子来概括。常见的提问方式有：
1. What is the main / general idea of this text
2. What is mainly discussed in this passage
3. What is the text mainly about
4. This text mainly tells us _________.
5. This passage mainly deals with _________.
6. The main idea of this passage may be best expressed as_________.
7. The topic of this passage is _________.
标题选择题则是让考生给所读的文章选择一个合适的标题。通常标题由一个名词或名词短语充当，用词简短、精练。常见的提问方式有：
1. What would be the best title for the text
2. Which of the following is the best / most suitable title for this text
3. The best / most suitable title for this text would be __________.
不管是选择＂主题＂还是选择＂标题＂，实质上都是要求考生从整体上理解语篇内容，找出贯穿语篇的主线；不管是何种体裁的文章，都是围绕一个主题来展开的。在试题设计上，3个干扰项的内容一般在文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要内容，需要注意甄别。
【典例示例】
To err is human. To blame the other guy is even more human. …
These three popular misquotes（戏谑的引语）are meant to be jokes, and yet they tell us a lot about human nature. To err, or to make mistakes, is indeed a part of being human, but it seems that most people don’t want to accept the responsibility for having made a mistake. They naturally look for someone else who could be responsible for the problem. Perhaps it is the natural thing to do. The original quote about human nature went like this: “To err is human, to forgive, divine（神圣的）.” This saying mirrors an ideal: people should be forgiving of others’ mistakes. Instead, we tend to do the opposite—find someone else to pass the blame on to. However, taking responsibility for something that went wrong is a mark of great maturity.
1. What does the author want to tell us most （原创题）
A. to make as few mistakes as possible. B. to think seriously about our wrongdoings.
C. to bear responsibility for our mistakes. D. to pass the blame on to someone else.
2. 事实细节型
细节理解题主要考查考生对文章中某些细节或重要事实的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解题和语意理解题两种。直接理解题的答案与原文直接挂钩，从阅读材料中可以找到。这种题难度低，只要考生读懂文章，就能得分，属于低层次题。
做此类题时可以使用定位法与跳读法。定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应的句子(即定位)，然后进行比较和分析(尤其要注意一些同义转换)，从而选出正确答案。跳读法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息跳读原文，并找到相关的句子(有时可能是几个句子)或段落，然后进行简单分析、推理等，从而找出正确答案。
(1)解题原则：忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。
文章中心是论点，事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关细节问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。
提问的特殊疑问词常有：what, who, which, where, how, why 等。
在阅读理解中，要求查找主要事实和特定细节的问题常有以下几种命题方式：
①Which of the following statements is true
②Which of the following is not mentioned in the text
③The author (or the passage) states that __________.
④According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.) __________
(2)干扰项：范围过大、过小；偷换概念；正误并存，某个分句是正确的。
阅读理解中细节理解题的干扰项的设置有以下几个原则：
①包含项原则
在答案选项分析中，假如对A选项的理解概括了对其他三项 (或其中某一项)的理解，那么我们就说选项A与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A往往就是正确答案。如在＂花＂与＂玫瑰＂两选项中，正确答案肯定是＂花＂，花包含了玫瑰。
②正反项原则
所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。两个相互矛盾的陈述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般在A、B项当中。
③委婉项原则
所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：probably, possibly, may, usually, might, most of, more or less, relatively, be likely to, not necessary, although, yet, in addition, tend to等等，而含有绝对语气的表达往往不是正确答案，如：must, always, never, all, every, any, merely, only, completely, none, hardly, already等等。
④同形项原则
命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考查考生的理解能力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项中有正确答案的存在。
⑤常识项原则
议论文中，那些符合一般常识、意义深刻富有哲理、符合一般规律、属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。
⑥因果项原则
阅读理解的逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理题的选项中，有的选项会推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理过头(止于后果)，这就是所谓的干扰项。因果项原则启示我们：假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因果关系，那么正确答案就是两个因果项中的其中之一。如果因项可产生几个结果，那么答案就是因；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就是果。
解题方法：原文定位法。
查读法：(1)带着问题找答案，把注意力集中在与who, what, when, where问题有关的细节上。
(2)细心!
3. 词义猜测型
阅读理解的测试中经常有猜测词、短语、习语、句子意义的题目，近几年高考阅读中词义猜测题的考查方法呈多样化，其中根据上下文语境推测词义将会越来越多。有时短文中出现一个需猜测其意义的词或短语，后文接着会出现其定义、解释或例子，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。
除此之外，我们还可以根据转折或对比关系进行判断：根据上下句的连接词，如but，however，otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号(；)也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。还可以根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。当然了，这些词、短语、习语要么是生词，要么是熟词新义，单靠平时积累是不够的，还要掌握以下做题技巧。
(1)根据构词法(转化、合成、派生)进行判断。
(2)根据文中的定义、事例、解释猜生词。用事例或解释猜生词；用重复解释的信息猜生词。
(3)根据上下文的指代关系进行选择。文章中的代词it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。
(4)根据转折或对比关系进行判断。根据上下句的连接词如but，however，otherwise等可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。
(5)根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。
(6)根据同位关系进行判断。阅读中有时出现新词、难词，后面跟着一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释。
(7)利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义。分号还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义；破折号表示解释说明。
常见的问题形式有：
(1)The word ＂…＂ in Line … means/can be best replaced by …
(2)As used in the passage, the phrase ＂…＂ suggests…
(3)From the passage, we can infer that the word/phrase /the sentence ＂…＂ is/refers to /means…
(4)The word ＂…＂ is closest in meaning to …
常用应对方法：
同义法：常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此可以推测词义。
反义法：如hot and cold, give and receive等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定。总之，互为反义的词与词间都起着互为线索的作用。
释义法：对文章中的生词用定语(从句)、表语，甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。
此外，还有情景推断法、代词替代法等。
做题要领
(1)从文中找线索或信息词；
(2)根据熟悉的词及词义判断新词的意思；
(3)根据上下文判断新词在特定句中的确切意思。
(4)要特别注意熟词新意！
【典例示例】
For many parents, raising a teenager is like fighting a long war, but years go by without any clear winner. Like a border conflict between neighboring countries, the parent-teen war is about boundaries: Where is the line between what I control and what you do
Both sides want peace, but neither feels it has any power to stop the conflict. In part, this is because neither is willing to admit any responsibility for starting it. From the parents’ point of view, the only cause of their fight is their adolescents’ complete unreasonableness. And of course, the teens see it in exactly the same way, except oppositely. Both feel trapped.
56.What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 mean
A. The teens blame their parents for starting the conflict.
B. The teens agree with their parents on the cause of the conflict.
C. The teens accuse their parents of misleading them.
D. The teens tend to have a full understanding of their parents.
4. 推理判断型
做题要领：既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章的隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度考虑而不是固守自己的看法。常见的命题方式有：
(1)The passage implies (暗示) that _________.
(2)We can conclude (得出结论) from the passage that _________.
(3)Which of the following can be inferred (推论)
(4)What is the tone (语气) of the author
(5)What is the purpose (目的) of this passage
(6)The passage is intended to _________.
(7)Where would this passage most probably appear
【典例示例】
Ask someone what they have done to help the environment recently and they will almost certainly mention recycling. Recycling in the home is very important of course. However, being forced to recycle often means we already have more material than we need. We are dealing with the results of that over-consumption in the greenest way possible, but it would be far better if we did not need to bring so much material home in the first place.
The total amount of packaging increased by 12% between 1999 and 2020. It now makes up a third of a typical household’s waste in the UK. In many supermarkets nowadays food items are packaged twice with plastic and cardboard.
62. The author uses figures in Paragraph 2 to show ___________.
A. the tendency of cutting household waste B. the increase of packaging recycling
C. the rapid growth of super markets D. the fact of packaging overuse
【典例示例】
Why tell the truth when you can come up with a good excuse
And what is wrong with a society that thinks that making up a good excuse is like creating a work of art One of common problems with making excuses is that people, especially young people, get the idea that it’s okay not to be totally honest all the time. There is a corollary(直接推论)to that: if a good excuse is “good” even if it isn’t honest, then where is the place of the truth
54. What is the author’s opinion about a good excuse
A. Making a good excuse is sometimes a better policy.
B. Inventing a good excuse needs creative ideas.
C.A good excuse is as rewarding as honesty.
D. Bitter truth is better than a good excuse.
名校资源学练
1
（2023·重庆渝北·高三重庆市渝北中学校校考阶段练习）Any image taken from space confirms that we live on an ocean planet. How strange that we call our planet “Earth,” derived from a Germanic word meaning “the ground,” when more than 70 percent of its surface is covered by ocean.
We need more people to see the sea. Right now, less than 3 percent of the ocean is considered highly protected. Experts urge that at least 30 percent be protected to safeguard marine(海洋的) ecosystems, which in turn will help protect our health and well-being. The ocean supplies more than half our oxygen, absorbs carbon dioxide, regulates our climate, and supports much of the world’s economy. We need it a lot more than it needs us.
Take Florida, for example, one of the United States’ recreational hot spots. It’s bordered by the Florida Reef Tract, North America’s only living coral barrier reef and the third largest in the world. Home to more than 500 species of fish, the reef is also essential to the Sunshine State’s economy, generating an estimated $1.1 billion annually in tourism. The reef buffers(保护) the coastline, too, since health y coral reefs absorb 97 percent of a wave’s energy. Three-quarters of Florida’s 22 million people live along the coast, and the Florida Reef Tract provides more than $650 million in combined economic activity and flood protection.
A November 2022 study from the University of Miami has found that 70 percent of Florida’s coral reefs are experiencing a net loss of reef habitat. Directly facing these concerns is what I mean by seeing the sea—the good, the bad, the important. Knowledge is power, and we can use it to inform our choices, from traveling more mindfully, to examining how we run our businesses, to voting. “No one can do everything, but everyone can do something,” Sylvia Earle, oceanographer and National Geographic Explorer at Large, is fond of saying.
The ocean is a remarkable teacher, and it’s never too late to start learning.
1. What does the sea do for our human
A. The sea changes our climate.
B. The sea controls carbon dioxide for us.
C. The sea produces all the oxygen we need.
D. The sea provides economical benefits for us.
2. What does the writer suggest
A. Travelling more, learning more.
B. Running our business creatively.
C. Raising awareness of conservation.
D. Doing some voting before actions.
3. Where is the passage probably from
A. A scientific fiction. B. A news report.
C. A travel journal. D. A natural magazine.
4. What is a suitable title for the text
A. To Hug the Ocean Tightly.
B. To Learn the Ocean Devotedly.
C. To Clean the Ocean Carefully.
D. To Love the Ocean Permanently.
2
（2023·河北衡水·河北衡水中学校考模拟预测）Public health data signals a genuine crisis in adolescent mental health: rising rates of anxiety, depression, and hopelessness. But as we worry about tweens and teens who are struggling, we can’t ignore another mounting effect — the burdens that are shouldered by their friends and peers in an “always on” world.
We have studied teens and tech for over a decade. Their networks are ever-expanding, in no small part because there’s a sense that being nice means accepting fellow requests from acquaintances and friends-of-friends. And it’s not just staying connected — it’s keeping up with what others post, too.
Social media platforms thus make it technically possible to maintain more relationships than we are historically actually wired to track and manage. The result is an overwhelming wave of social information. It’s especially intense for adolescents whose developmental sensitivities drive them to care deeply about what their peers are doing and thinking.
Significant stress comes with trying to be a “good friend” in the age of social media. Friendship requires both public and behind-the-scenes support. Even before a social media post is made public, close friends can be pulled into photo selection, editing, and final examination. Besides, they need to respond in the right way and in the right amount of time, which differs from one relationship to another. Replying too quickly can be seen as over-eager, especially when the friendship is new or not close. But when it’s a close friend, too long a lag (延迟) can be hurtful.
The qualities that are key to building or breaking friendships are actually the same as they’ve always been: mutual (相互的) sharing of joys and sorrows, a give and take of acceptance and support, and an ability to weather and resolve conflicts. But technologies have transformed how friendships play out. Social media increases the burdens that come along with being a good friend. Too often, these dynamics hit teens hard in ways that are lost on adults. And that is what should be changed with the help of parents, schools and other parts of society.
5. What makes teenagers’ networks continue to expand
A. The pressure to be nice. B. The requests of their parents.
C. The need to meet more people. D. The burden of living independently.
6. What does the author think of being a good friend in the age of social media
A. Exciting. B. Challenging. C. Money-saving. D. Risk-taking.
7. What should be changed according to the last paragraph
A. The qualities of being a teen friend.
B. The conflicts between schools and parents.
C. The relations between parents and their teens.
D. The influences of social media on teen friendship.
8. What is the text mainly about
A. Why more teens are addicted to social media
B. How teens nowadays gain long-standing friendships
C. How social media has made teen friendships more stressful
D. What makes teens become more sensitive to their peers’ needs
3
（2023·天津南开·南开中学校考模拟预测）No business would welcome being compared to gambling. Yet that is what is happening to makers of video games. For years parents have complained that their children are “addicted” to their video games and smartphones. Today, however, even more doctors are using the term. On January 1 this year, “gaming disorder” — in which games are played uncontrollably, despite causing harm — gained recognition from the World Health Organization (WHO).
Are games really addictive Psychologists have different opinions. Those who don’t think so say that this is just another moral panic. Similar warnings have been given about television, rock’n’roll, jazz, comic books, novels and even crossword puzzles, but it turns out that they are not as harmful as expected.
However, supporters argue that game developers have the motivation and the means to design their products to make them extremely attractive. For one thing, the business- model has changed: In the old days, games were bought once and for all. But these days, games are free and money is earned from purchases of in-game goods, which ties playtime directly to revenue (收益). For another, game-makers combine psychological theory and data, which helps them maximize the playtime. Smartphones and modern video game machines use their permanent Internet connections to send gameplay data back to developers. In this way products are constantly adjusted to encourage players’ spending. The biggest spenders are known as “whales”, a term that originated in casinos (赌场).
The gaming industry should realize that, in the real world, it has a problem, and that problem is growing. Now that gaming addiction comes with an official WHO recognition, diagnoses will become more common. Anyway, being put together with gambling in the public mind, fairly or not, will not do the industry any good.
9. What do we know from Paragraph 1
A. It is not suitable to compare video games to gambling.
B. Parents complain about their children’s addiction to gambling.
C. Gaming addiction was officially recognized as a disease.
D. More doctors are against the use of the term “addicted”.
10. What does the underlined words “moral panic” in Paragraph 2 mean
A. Unexpected addiction caused by science and technology.
B. Wrong judgment on how harmful something is.
C. Trouble caused by someone’s immoral behavior.
D. An astonishing claim of the unexpected panic.
11. What do games developers do to make games attractive
A. They don’t charge players for in-game goods.
B. They keep players’ video game machines updated.
C. They reward big spenders with a unique title.
D. They adjust products based on received data.
12. In the last paragraph, the author aims to _______.
A. offer a suggestion
B. make a prediction
C. give a warning
D. put forward a solution
13. What is the best title for the text
A. Addiction: A Warning to the Gaming Industry
B. Addiction: Not a Blame on Games
C. Games: A New Kind of Gambling
D. Games: The Cause of Mental Disorder
4
（2023·湖南长沙·长郡中学校考模拟预测）Ralph Emerson once said that the purpose of life is not to be happy, but to be useful, to be loving, to make some difference in the world. While we appreciate such words of wisdom, we rarely try to follow them in our lives.
Most people prefer to live a good life themselves, ignoring their responsibilities for the world. This narrow perception of a good life may provide short-term benefits, but is sure to lead to long-term harm and suffering. A good life based on comfort and luxury may eventually lead to more pain because we spoil our health and even our character, principles, ideals, and relationships.
What then, is the secret of a good life A good life is a process, not a state of being: a direction, not a destination. We have to earn a good life by first serving others without any expectation in return because their happiness is the very source of our own happiness. More importantly, we must know ourselves inside out. Only when we examine ourselves deeply can we discover our abilities and recognize our limitations, and then work accordingly to create a better world.
The first requirement for a good life is having a loving heart. When we do certain right things merely as a duty, we find our job so tiresome that we’ll soon burn out. However, when we do that same job out of love, we not only enjoy what we do, but also do it with an effortless feeling.
However, love alone is insufficient to lead a good life. Love sometimes blinds us to the reality. Consequently, our good intentions may not lead to good results. To achieve desired outcome, those who want to do good to others also need to equip themselves with accurate world knowledge. False knowledge is more dangerous than ignorance. If love is the engine of a car, knowledge is the steering wheel(方向盘). If the engine lacks power, the car can’t move; if the driver loses control of the steering, a road accident probably occurs. Only with love in heart and the right knowledge in mind can we lead a good life.
With love and knowledge, we go all out to create a better world by doing good to others. When we see the impact of our good work on the world we give meaning to our life and earn lasting joy and happiness.
14. What effect does the narrow perception of a good life have on us
A. Making us simple-minded. B. Making us short-sighted.
C. Leading us onto a busy road. D. Keeping us from comfort and luxury.
15. According to the author, how can one gain true happiness
A. Through maintaining good health.
B. By going through pain and suffering.
C. By recognizing one’s abilities and limitations.
D. Through offering help much needed by others.
16. According to Paragraph 4, doing certain right things with a loving heart makes one ________.
A. less selfish B. less annoying
C. more motivated D. more responsible
17. According to Paragraph 5, life can be made truly good when ________.
A. inspired by love and guided by knowledge
B. directed by love and pushed by knowledge
C. purified by love and enriched by knowledge
D. promoted by love and defined by knowledge
5
（2023·湖北·模拟预测）Online classes began to be popularized just a few decades ago. They are advertised as a way for adults to finish their education and students to learn the material at their own pace -- it is far more suitable for people with busy schedules.
But after being enrolled in an online course last fall semester, I came to realize online classes were merely a means to fulfil course requirements.
First of all, students lack the desire to learn and they simply complete their assignments to receive credit for a passing grade rather than genuinely engage with the course material.
As online courses tend to have more than 100 students, most of the assignments are short and simple. They are not designed for students to interact with the material in depth but designed to be graded easily to accommodate such a large number of students.
Perhaps the biggest disadvantage of taking an online class is the absence of face-to-face interaction between the teacher and their students. Live sessions are infrequent and are often scheduled during the middle of the day when students have to attend other classes or work. The office hours of the professor may also be during inconvenient times for many students as well. Most interaction with the professor has to be through email which is often impersonal. It is nearly impossible for students to build a relationship with their professor.
There is also little interaction among students. It can be harder to create study groups and form relationships with their peers.
Online classes also require either a computer or laptop and a reliable Internet connection. Not all students have access to these types of resources, whether it is for financial or other reasons, and some students can be put at a disadvantage.
Offering online classes certainly helps students who would otherwise not be able to attend classroom sessions. However, they fail to provide a genuine education with an emphasis on convenience rather than critical thinking. We need restructured online classes in which students can have a learning experience that will actually provide quality education.
18. What does the author say about students enrolled in online classes
A. They are unmotivated to learn. B. They can access course materials easily.
C. They can learn at their own pace. D. They rarely fulfil the course requirements.
19. What does the author think of online course assignments
A. They are based on easily accessible material.
B. They are meant to facilitate interaction.
C. They are made convenient to mark.
D. They are given to accommodate students’ needs.
20. What does the author say is one disadvantage of online classes
A. They are frequently scheduled at irregular times.
B. They provide little chance for students to build relationships with each other.
C. They tend to increase professors’ burden of responding to students’ emails.
D. They make professors offices much less accessible.
21. What does the author think makes up a key part of genuine education
A. Acquisition of useful knowledge.
B. Training of real-life skills on campus.
C. Development of students personalities.
D. Cultivation of analytical thinking ability.
6
（2023·重庆·重庆巴蜀中学校考模拟预测）“I know when to go out, and when to stay in.”, English rock star David Bowie once confidently sang in his hit single. When it comes to consuming food, the decisiveness claimed by the singer-songwriter is hard to achieve. I disagree with the statement and argue it’s better to eat out than to order home delivery.
To begin with, when setting foot in a restaurant, we’re immediately greeted not only by a server ready to seat us, but by a flood of physical feelings—the eyes take in the internal decoration of the place, the nose breathes in the pleasant smell of expertly plated food and the ears pick up on competing sounds of customer chatter and attractive in-store music. To eat out is to experience an atmosphere unique to each restaurant. Something as special as that simply can’t be reproduced by ordering home delivery. Eating out is, without doubt, the more exciting and thus better choice.
Eating out becomes even more appealing when staying home proves too painful. Whether it is because we need a temporary fight from our family or that we simply want to spend some quality time outside with loved ones, going out for a meal can be a break from the hard labour of domestic living.
We could take it as an opportunity for self-care—to treat ourselves by dressing up, arriving in style at a fancy restaurant and ordering a slightly more luxurious meal to refresh our weary soul. Ordering home delivery would only contribute to feelings of being penned in while; eating out is an escape for the trapped individual. Food delivery app users reason it’s a trouble and less convenient to dress up and eat out.
However, it’s worth noting we may not always get our food in the most satisfactory condition when opting for home delivery. There’s a risk of receiving food orders with missing items or even entirely wrong orders that can’t be sent back. What we sacrifice for convenience might just wind up being inconvenient. Consequently, it makes more sense to eat out rather than risk disappointment by ordering home delivery.
22. What does the author mainly talk about
A. Dining options. B. Cuisine culture.
C. Consumption level. D. Food categories.
23. What advantage of eating out is highlighted in paragraph 2
A. Quality service. B. Comfort and convenience.
C. Sensory enjoyment. D. A reasonable mix of nutrition.
24. What does the author think of ordering home delivery
A. It’s quite pricey. B. It may let consumers down.
C. It may cause food waste. D. It’s not environmental-friendly.
25. How is the text developed
A. By providing examples. B. By following space order.
C. By making comparisons. D. By analyzing mental processes.
7
（2023·山东淄博·统考三模）There is no universally accepted age that is considered old among or within societies. Often disagreements exist as to what age a society may consider old and what members in that society of that age and older may consider old. Moreover, biologists are not in agreement about the existence of an internal biological cause foraging.
In general the social status of an age group is related to its effective influence in its society, which is associated with that group’s function in productivity. In agricultural societies the elderly have a status of respectability. Their life experiences and knowledge are regarded as valuable, especially in preliterate (尚无文字的) societies where knowledge is orally transmitted. The range of activities in these societies allows the elderly to continue to be productive members of their communities.
In industrialized nations, although in certain fields old age is still considered significant, particularly in the political field, older people are increasingly being forced into retirement before their productive years are over, causing problems in their psychological adaptations to old age. Retirement is not regarded unfavorably in all instances, but its economic limitations tend to further remove older people from the range of influence and raise problems in the extended use of leisure time and housing. As a consequence, financial preparation for retirement has become an increased concern for individuals and society.
Familial relationships tend to be the focus of the elderly’s attention. However, the tendency for young people in industrialized countries to be highly mobile has forced older people to decide whether to move to keep up with their families or to remain in neighborhoods which also change, altering their familiar patterns of activity. Although most older people do live within an hour from their closest child, industrialized societies are faced with formulating programs to accommodate increasing numbers of older people who function independently of their families. Adult education programs are beginning to close the generation gap; however, as each successive generation reaches old age, bringing with it its particular tendencies and preferences, new problems arise requiring new social accommodations.
26. What counts for the elderly in agricultural societies
A. Their status of respectability. B. Their value in productivity.
C. Their rich knowledge in education. D. Their extraordinary ability to work.
27. What can we learn about the elderly’s retirement from Paragraph 3
A. It has faded the elderly worries.
B. It means the end of productive ability.
C. It is considered beneficial in all distances.
D. It influences the elderly psychologically and financially.
28. What does the underlined word “formulating” in Paragraph 4 mean
A. Planning. B. Changing.
C. Extending. D. Canceling.
29. Where is this text probably taken from
A. A personal journal. B. A science research.
C. A social issue review. D. A community brochure.
8
（2023·云南昆明·高三昆明一中校考专题练习）What is self-discipline It’s the ability to make yourself do something, especially something difficult or unpleasant. When some people hear self-discipline, they think it’s boring. Before I get into my thoughts on the topic, I want to tell you a story.
On a hot sunny day, a bee named Bertha is buzzing by her hive with some other bees. Suddenly a bear starts to approach her hive. In an attempt to save her hive, Bertha stings (蜇) the bear. But its skin is so thick that once she tries to pull her sting out, she hurts herself and dies. Bertha has no choice. Through years of evolution (进化), she is evolved to sting threats, which is her born ability. She lacks thinking consciousness.
Bees are prisoners of their own biology. Unlike bees, humans have the ability to override (推翻) their biology through self-discipline. Let’s say that someone has long-term desires to create a meaningful career and have a healthy body. Along each step of that journey they are attracted by short-term pleasures, such as junk food or video games. Deep down they really want the life that comes in the long term. Yet they keep submitting to short-term pleasures. The only difference between these two positions is self-discipline. It gives us the freedom to achieve what we truly want in life and allows us to break free of the cages around us.
Video games imitate the environments similar to the ones that our ancestors navigated in the past, but have supernormal versions of them. We can get greater feelings of accomplishment in video games with a lot less panies are aware that the constant achievements on the screen will motivate players to keep playing. So not only are we controlled by our own biology, but we are being targeted by corporation’s seeking to take advantage of us and make a profit.
On the plus side, you and I are not like the bee, because we are not eased by our own biology. With self-discipline, we can live the life we truly want.
30. Why does the bee die
A. The bee takes the bear too lightly.
B. The bee’s natural ability ruins it.
C. The bee doesn’t respond to the sudden attack of the bear.
D. The bee doesn’t make a correct judgment on the situation.
31. What’s the third paragraph mainly about
A. The factors affecting self-discipline.
B. Self-discipline makes our dreams come true.
C. The process of self-discipline coming into being.
D. Long-term desires play an important role in self-discipline.
32. Why video games are so attractive
A. Players can get something for nothing.
B. Profits motivate players to keep playing.
C. Players can get a great sense of achievement in video games.
D. The environment in the video games is more mysterious than that in real life.
33. What can be suitable title for the text
A. Stay away from Video Games B. How to Be a Self-disciplined Person
C. The More Disciplined, the More Freedom D. Animals: Prisoners of Their Own Biology
9
（2023·安徽合肥·合肥市第八中学校考模拟预测）As an education specialist, I believe the best way to prepare students for colleges and careers is to focus on providing instructional programs and opportunities that help them become good thinkers. To do this, teachers and actually everyone else in a community, should play a role as a “cognitive(认知)coach” to students, helping develop good thinkers among our youth.
The best way for you to become a cognitive coach is to seek out and engage school children and adolescents in meaningful conversations. The objective here is to get kids talking about what they think, how they feel, and what they believe whenever and wherever you may find them. It may be in a classroom. It may be at the grocery store. It may be at a basketball game. It doesn’t matter where as long as you engage students in a topical conversation and, hopefully, even a debate. Mainly, you want to encourage students to voice their opinion about things. Get them to take a position on “this thing, or that thing,” and ask them to support their position with evidence. Curiously enough, the simple process of engaging students in real life conversations and debates will serve to strengthen what they have learned in the classroom, and help them create their own knowledge about a subject or a topic.
Learning indicates that a student has been exposed to material, understands the material, and can recall the information. Knowledge, on the other hand, goes beyond recall and includes information processing, application to other situations, consideration of meaning, and contrasting with other concepts. Naturally, the topic of conversation you engage in with one of your learners will differ from student to student, and in the level of complexity based on child’s age and developmental level. Even a kindergartener has an opinion about things that are going on in his or her life. Engaging in conversation with any members of your learning community in ways that get at what they have learned and what they know will help them develop higher order reasoning skills.
A student’s synthetic thinking(综合思维)process occurs when a respected adult asks a question, particularly a question that requires reflection. I think all adults in a community have a responsibility to help children with this process, with the goal of producing independent thinkers.
34. What contributes most to developing good young thinkers
A. Debating with classmates. B. Learning from respected adults.
C. Engaging in challenging activities. D. Putting forward a sensible argument.
35. Which is the best question raised by a cognitive coach
A. What have you learnt recently B. What nationality is Elbert Einstein
C. Why do you like playing football D. Where are you going this weekend
36. What does the author want to show by mentioning a kindergartener
A. Being a good young thinker is important.
B. Choosing conversation topics accordingly is essential.
C. Cultivating good young thinkers should start as early as possible.
D. Even children have their unique and independent ways of thinking.
37. What is the main purpose of the passage
A. To state an education idea. B. To assess a teaching strategy.
C. To introduce a learning method. D. To compare different education methods.
10
（2023·辽宁大连·大连二十四中校考模拟预测）Being perfect is something many of us want and try to achieve. It makes us feel we’re correct and that our hard work has paid off. However, as much as perfection and being perfect is not all a perfect thing.
Perfection is all about being without mistakes and criticism. Wanting or trying to be perfect can make it hard to admit a mistake. Nevertheless, it is important to admit mistakes and work to fix them. Not being able to take criticism and fix mistakes is being proud, not perfection.
Perfection is a double-edged sword. In our lives, we want perfection. Perfection holds us responsible; it’s the mistakes and imperfection that keeps pushing us harder and further at what we do. It’s the perfect motivator. But it’s also the perfect killer. For example, the movie “Black Swan” showcased how perfection can kill us. Working and training and stress hurt our body, mind, and so much more that we can’t do it any more.
But perfection can also have the opposite effect. The movie “High Strung” showed that perfection doesn’t exist, but practicing and pushing ourselves can bring us great rewards. In “Black Swan,” the main character tried to be perfect but he also compared himself to someone else who he thought was better than him. This added more pressure and self-doubt, which can cause unhealthy ways of achieving perfection. The main character of “Black Swan” didn’t know when to stop, whereas the main character of “High Strung” did, or at least didn’t focus so much on the comparison, and instead focused on the competition and the ones she cared about.
Perfection is something we can’t live without and can’t live with. The only way to keep the sword from cutting us is if we know when to stop. Some days are going to be good days and others will be bad. We have to take whatever day it is — perfect or imperfect — and hope that’s enough.
38. What is the common belief about perfection according to Paragraph 1
A. Being perfect makes us feel fulfilled.
B. Being perfect is what all of us long for.
C. Being perfect is not good at all.
D. Being perfect is out of reach.
39. Why does the author mention the character in “Black Swan”
A. To tell us “Black Swan ” is worth seeing. B. To advise us to stop trying hard.
C. To show the benefits of perfection. D. To warn us of the harm of perfection.
40. What does the author advise us to do while trying to be perfect
A. Try not to make mistakes. B. Stop before going too far.
C. Push ourselves harder. D. Prove our ability to others.
41. What is the attitude of the author to perfection
A. Indifferent. B. Supportive.
C. Objective. D. Disapproving.
11
（2023·四川成都·成都七中校考模拟预测）Thanks to in-depth reporting by The Wall Street Journal, we now know that Facebook has long been aware its product Instagram has harmful effects on the mental health of many adolescent users. Young girls, in particular, struggle with their body image thanks to a constant stream of photos and videos showing beautiful bodies that users don’t think they can attain.
While the information the journal covered is essential and instructive, it does not tell the whole story. Deep down, this is not an Instagram problem; it’s a people problem. Understanding that distinction can make the difference between a failed attempt to contain a teen’s interest in an addictive app and successfully addressing the underlying problem leading to mental distress caused by Instagram.
Critics were quick to shame Facebook for sitting on the data and not releasing it to researchers or academics who asked for it. Others criticize the social media giant for not using the research to create a safer experience for its teen users. The anger, while understandable, is misplaced.
While I’m reluctant to defend Facebook, I’m not sure it’s reasonable to blame the company for refusing to give data that would hurt its business. Have you ever binge-watched a Netflix series I assure you it wasn’t a healthy endeavor. You were inactive, likely did nothing productive, mindlessly snacked and didn’t go outside for fresh air. It is an objectively harmful use of time to stare at a TV or laptop for a full weekend. Should we respond by shaming Netflix for not alerting us to how damaging an addictive product can be
While it’s reasonable to say Instagram makes esteem issues worse, it is almost impossible to believe it causes them in the first place. You create your own experiences on social media. For the most part, you choose which accounts to follow and engage. If you’re already vulnerable to insecurities and self-sabotage (自损) — as many teens are — you will find accounts to obsess over. And this isn’t a new phenomenon.
Before social media, there were similar issues fueling self-esteem issues. Whether the target be magazines, movies or television shows depicting difficult-to-attain bodies, there has been a relatively steady chorus of experts noting the damage new media could cause young viewers.
Self-esteem issues have an underlying cause — one that’s independent of social media use. Instagram merely enhances those feelings because it provides infinitely more access to triggers than older forms of media. It’s more worthwhile to address those underlying factors rather than to attack Facebook.
42. What does the author think of the criticisms against Instagram
A. They address the mental pain caused by Instagram.
B. They are not directed at the fundamental problem.
C. They are only based on the data released by Facebook.
D. They are effective in changing teens’ interest in addictive apps.
43. Why is Netflix mentioned
A. To defend why Facebook is to blame.
B. To show Netflix does more harm to teens.
C. To suggest the critics’ remarks are not to the point.
D. To compare the criticisms against it and Facebook.
44. Why is the Instagram problem essentially a “people problem”
A. People have a tendency to feel insecure online.
B. People are keen on making up their self-profile.
C. It is human nature to get addicted to social media.
D. Users decide on their experiences on social media.
45. What is the passage mainly about
A. The fierce criticism faced by Facebook.
B. The harmful impact of Instagram on teenagers.
C. The alarming online habits of teenagers worldwide.
D. The root of mental sufferings caused by Instagram.
12
（2023·湖北·校联考模拟预测）Science fiction has always been the source of all sorts of wonderful ideas about what life might be like in years to come. Writers, film-makers and video game designers have all turned their imaginations to the effects technology might have on our future. Now it seems like we’re finally catching up with some of these futuristic ideas thanks to nanotechnology.
Nanoscience focuses on the study of tiny molecules – only one billionth of a meter in size. For years, nanoscience has explored ways of applying this research to different types of technology, and recently it has begun to engender more and more diverse and fascinating developments.
Imagine a substance with the ability to heal any wound almost immediately. This is a common feature in video games; when characters suffer injuries, a gel (凝胶) is applied which heals them and prolongs (延长) their lives. Not long ago, it seemed impossible to recreate this in real life. But now, by extracting polysaccharide polymers (多糖聚合物) from the cell walls of plants, scientists have created a gel which will hold a wound together and rapidly stop any bleeding without the need for pressure to be applied. Although not yet available in hospitals, this gel is likely to help medical professionals treat patients with serious injuries more effectively.
While some advances in nanotechnology might improve our health and safety, others could have the opposite effect. In the food industry, nanoparticles (纳米粒子) are already in use to improve the appearance of products. The problem is, nanoparticles are more reactive in the body, and no tests have been done to check their safety. In effect, we are all part of a real-life experiment. Will they help or hurt Nobody knows.
What is clear is that nanotechnology has huge potential for shaping our lives in the coming decades. Even if we can’t see it with our eyes, we will surely see the impact on our surroundings, and perhaps our bodies. In the future, the lines between reality and science fiction are likely to become even more blurred.
46. What does the underlined word “engender” in paragraph 2 mean
A. Focus on. B. Bring about. C. Slow down. D. Deal with.
47. What do we know about the gel mentioned in paragraph 3
A. It can make people live longer.
B. It can replace the need for surgery.
C. It is designed for high-pressure situations.
D. It is expected to be used in emergency treatment.
48. What does the author think about the effects of nanotechnology on food
A. They are long-lasting. B. They are overestimated.
C. They are currently unclear. D. They are surprisingly beneficial.
49. What is the author’s attitude to nanotechnology
A. Objective. B. Indifferent. C. Conservative. D. Disapproving.
13
（2023·福建南平·统考三模）A recent paper describes bees rolling tiny wooden balls, not for a reward, but apparently just for fun. This discovery emphasizes a long-standing conflict in our view of animals. On the one hand, we want to find the features that distinguish humans from other animals: tools, language and a theory of mind. On the other hand, we delight in finding animals that break those boundaries: chimps, crows and now bees that use tools, dolphins with signature whistles. But what do those boundaries mean
As a biologist who studies animal behaviour, I am puzzled by this effort to rank animals by their capabilities. I applaud the desire to show that animals are like us, but we can recognize animals for what they are, and be amazed at their abilities, without having to make their behaviour mirror that of humans.
Once we get out from the assumption that animals have to be like people with human motivations and feelings, we are freed up to consider the mechanisms (机理) behind the behaviours. For example, the same serotonin (血清素) influences anxiety in humans and maze (迷宫) exploration in crayfish. In a tank divided into well-lit and shadowy areas, crayfish explore both, but prefer the darker areas, consistent with their night lifestyle.
Does this mean crayfish experience anxiety No. In the bees’ case, they might be exhibiting some very interesting behaviour that has nothing to do with wanting to “have fun”—but we will never examine it if we simply assume they are playing just like people. I am not disparaging the bee researchers’ conclusions, and I am not trying to be a killjoy, but there is something about all this humanizing that prevent exploration, instead of encouraging it.
50. What’s the purpose of paragraph 1
A. To list out facts. B. To raise an argument.
C. To arouse readers’ interest. D. To explain a concept.
51. What can we learn from paragraph 3
A. Behaviour mechanisms work. B. Crayfish prefer the light sections.
C. The assumption proves reasonable. D. Animals are similar to human in mind.
52. What does the underlined word “disparaging” mean in paragraph 4
A. Criticizing. B. Explaining.
C. Confirming. D. Acknowledging.
53. Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. Feelings: Guiding Human Being B. Boundaries: Making No Sense
C. Humanizing: Covering the Truth D. Animals: Mirroring Human Behaviours
14
（2023春·安徽·高三校联考阶段练习）One of the best ways to increase happiness in your life, and therefore maintain and lift your passion, is to stay in the present.
This can be challenging for most of us, if not all of us, when things are stressful. Most of the time we are worried about the past or the future and not really paying attention to what is happening right now, so we miss life as it is happening. That can make it tough to live passionately in that “right now” time and place.
Living this way takes practice. You have to train your brain to live in the moment. It’s something I’ve worked to achieve all my life. It is easier-now than-when I started, but it still takes a concerted effort. It is, however, more than worth it. As you learn how to redirect your thoughts and focus on the present, it’s important not to be hard on yourself. Just keep working at it and when you get cut off, when your mind wanders, take the time to steer your thoughts and yourself back to the present.
Yoga and meditation are ways that we all can practice keeping our focus on the present moment, making us happier and more content. Yoga and meditation are ways underrated in this country. They can be such great tools and you don’t need to go to a gym or studio to do either. For instance, you can do yoga at home with tools such as the Yoga for Beginners with Patricia Walden DVD or through videos found on webites such as Yoga with Adriene. There are also many websites designed to help coach you and Ion the best ways to meditate, such as Mindful. org. Even just 10 minutes a day on either of these can make an enormous difference in your life.
Keep practicing and you will life your life and get better at it more you do it. You’ll be amazed at how much spending even just 10 minutes a day focusing on the present can increase your land happiness factor. It’s the real deal!
54. What do we know about the author from the passage
A. She finds it easy to train her brain to live in the moment.
B. She is always strict with herself.
C. She used to be a yoga coach.
D. She places stress on yoga and meditation.
55. Which of the following is the closest in the meaning of the underlined word “steer”
A. Introduce. B. Disturb. C. Guide. D. Lift.
56. What’s the purpose of the second paragraph
A. To introduce the topic.
B. To solve the problem.
C. To present the problem.
D. To analyze the problem.
57. What is the most probable title of the text
A. Lift Your Passion
B. Focus on the Present
C. Practice Yoga and Meditation Every Day
D. Pay More Attention to the Future
15
（2023·安徽黄山·统考三模）Standing outside my hospital the other day, I was struck by a sight. In fact, it’s a sight we’ve all seen countless times: obese (肥胖的) nurses standing around 07 阅读理解之议论文
议论文的特征及相关试题应对分析
一、议论文的文体分析
议论文说理性强，语言庄重，逻辑缜密，常用难词、长词和复杂句，给我们的阅读理解带来一定难度。
议论文是运用逻辑推理和证明来阐述某一观点、看法和主张的文体。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解，或驳斥别人的错误观点，以说服读者同意自己的观点为主要目的。
议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是议论文的核心，即中心思想，是论据和论证的服务对象。论据是作者所引用的用以支持和证明论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证或统计数据等。论证是作者组织、运用论据的手法。
议 论 文 文 章 类 型 演绎论证议论文 是从已知的一般原理，规律出发，推知个别事物本质的论证方法。该类文体一般先提出一个总论点，然后分别进行论述，分析各个分论点，最后得出结论。
归纳论证议论文 是一种由个别到一般的论证方法。它通过许多个别的事例或分论点，然后归纳出它们所共有的特性，从而得出一个一般性的结论。
比较论证议论文 是一种由个别到个别的论证方法。通常分为类比法和对比法两类。类比法是将性质或特点在某一方面相同或相近的不同事物加以比较而引出结论的方法。对比法是通过性质或特点在某一方面相反或对立的不同事物的比较来证明论点的方法。
命题 要点 由于议论的目的是表明自己对事物的看法和态度，因此，命题时常考察其观点态度以及根据文章内容归纳主旨大意等，有时也对文章的结构进行考察。
解 题 技 巧 1.演绎论证议论文：注意文章的开篇，因为文章的开篇是文章的主旨，抓住了主旨，也就抓住了作者的观点，从而把握了文章的中心思想。 2.归纳论证议论文：注意文章的尾段，因为尾段是对前面所举事例和分论点的归纳和概括。 3.比较论证议论文：注意事物的相同点以及不同点，并由此来把握文章的主旨。 做题时可使用以下三个步骤：重首尾，明方式，细推测。
【议论说理类文章】
议论说理类文章就是议论文，是高考阅读理解题中一种较难的题目。议论说理类文章具有以下特点：
1．一般按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的方法写作。作者一般从日常生活中的热点问题、社会上的重大问题、与读者息息相关的问题入手，即提出问题。然后，分析利弊，举例说明，推理判断，即分析问题。最后，阐述观点，提出办法，即解决问题。
2．以作者的观点或情感为核心，对细节推理等方面进行考查。
3．文章的主题一般是生活中的热点问题、重大问题或与生活息息相关的问题等。
【典例示例】
For some reason we were reminded that we primates(灵长目) need love. Kim Bard of the University of Portsmouth in England and her colleagues carried out a study on 46 baby chimpanzees orphans(黑猩猩孤儿), which had lost their mothers.The study showed that primate babies that have tight relationships with mother figures do much better on cognitive(认知的) tests than babies who only grew up with peers(同伴), but this is not breaking news. In fact, it's old news.
In the 1950s, Harry Harlow did a series of experiments with baby monkeys that showed, that lack of love and comfort makes for a crazy monkey.
Harlow made a cage that included a wire monkey “mother” with a plastic face.Then he equipped the “mother” with a milk bottle.The cage also had another wire “mother” who was covered with soft cloth.The baby monkeys spent all their time with the cloth “mother” and only went to the wire “mother” to feed.
Harlow's monkey experiment was important, because at the time, child care experts, and everybody's grandmother had a “no touch, no comfort” policy(方针) toward children. They advised parents not to respond to crying babies. They thought that babies should sleep alone to become independent, and put that kid down.
But Harlow's work changed that policy. Mothers were soon allowed to have their babies next to them in the hospital.
The current chimp research(研究) based on Harlow's work shows that mother's love doesn't just make for a psychologically(精神上地) healthy child, it also makes for a smart child.
The highly raised chimps do better than those that are not loved, and the well-raised chimps do even better than human kids on IQ tests.
We are primates, social animals which need love.We need to be held and talked to and made to feel that at least one person wants to be with us all the time.
1. The study Kim Bard and his colleagues did ________.
A. included 46 baby and mother monkeys
B. is nothing new to people about the findings
C. showed that many chimpanzees lack of love when they were young
D. showed many chimpanzees had good relationship with their mothers
2. The underlined part “makes for” in the third paragraph means ________.
A. do something for B. head for C. bring about D. connect to
3. Harlow built two “mothers” for baby monkeys to ________.
A. make them live comfortably B. let them have more choices
C. give them more love D. make comparison well
4. Which of the following can we infer from the passage
A. Well-raised chimps are better than people in IQ.
B. Sometimes it's not wrong to have no touch and no comfort to babies.
C. Chimps growing up in cages are less smarter than chimps growing up in wild.
D. Babies who sleep with mothers tend to be cleverer than babies sleep alone.
语篇解读：这是一篇议论文。文章主要是通过对灵长目动物的两个实验说明，母爱对于小孩的成长有着非常重要的作用。因此父母亲应该多给孩子们一些爱，以让小孩们健康地成长。
解析：
1.B 细节理解题。第二段第一句提到是46只小猴，因此A项错误；根据文章第二段最后一句可知B项正确；C项没有事实依据；文章第二段第二句提到和母亲关系好的小猴认知水平比其他小猴要好些，但是这不能说明D项。
2.C 猜测词义题。缺少母爱的小猴和成为疯狂的猴子是一种因果关系，因此答案选C。
3.D 推理判断题。根据文章第四段可知制造两个假母猴的目的是更好地比较缺乏母爱与否与小猴后来发展的关系。因此D是正确答案。
4.D 推理判断题。文章第四、五段提到自从Harlow做了那个实验后，人们就认为母亲和婴儿睡在一起对
婴儿的成长好一些，因此可知D项正确。
二、议论文的语体特征
由于与其他文体相比，英语议论文类似英语说明文，因此，它具有英语说明文的一些语言特点，比如：时态较为统一，多用现在时；强调语言表达的客观性；尽可能指明信息来源等等。但作为一种独立的文体，英语议论文在语言上也有一些自己特有的表达形式：
1.较多使用表达委婉语气的词语和句子
与英语说明文相比，英语议论文不仅需要说明自己的观点，而且还要让读者接受自己的观点，因此，在词语表达上除了客观之外，还必须注意委婉。在英语中，常用虚拟语气，让步状语从句和情态动词can，could，may，might，would，should等。请看下面两组有关“面试在招生过程中的重要性”的文字：
（1）No one should be admitted into（招收进）college without a personal interview（面试）.What can admissions people（招生人员）tell from a piece of paper？They can tell nothing.Only when they see a student face to face，can they decide what kind of a person he is.
（2）Though admissions people can learn some things from a piece of paper，such as how well a person writes and what he is interested in there may be many other things that an application （申请表）can not tell but can only be seen in a personal interview.The way a person talks，the way he thinks about and answers questions，the way he reacts（反应），are all important facts of a person which can not be found on a piece of paper.
两段文字都强调“大学生入学必须面试”，但相比之下，例（2）用了情态动词，though引导的让步状语从句等表达方式，语气较为委婉，更容易为读者所接受。
2.使用有辩论、推理等含义的连接词和过渡词等词语结构
英语议论文讲究辩论推理的条理性和逻辑性，因此，往往较多地使用这类性质的过渡词和连接词，常用的包括：since （既然），now that（既然）， therefore（因而），consequently（因此），accordingly（因此），hence（因而），in that case（在那种情况下），because（因为），so（所以）。另外，还有些句型也常出现在英语议论文中，比如： It follows that…（因而……），If…，we may conclude that…（如果……，我们可以这样下结论……）， Should it be the case（如果是这样的话……），Idon't want to…，but…（我并不想……，但是……）， If you admit…，then…（如果你承认……，那么……），It is true that…，but…（诚然……，但是……）， Even if…（即使……）等。
下面这篇学生作文较好地使用了上述这些英语议论文常用的连接词和过渡词等词语结构，从而使文章的辩论和推理条理清晰，富有说服力：
Some people say that they will not give up smoking because they have the right to do what they want to do since smoking is not against the law.Yes，it's true that smoking does not violate （违反）the law and therefore they can do as they like，but what is equally true is that they have to be responsible for what they do at the same time. Now I don't want to bring fears to anyone，but here are some statistics（统计数字）I've just got from newspaper：Over seventy percent of the people who died of lung cancer were heavy smokers. More than thirty-five percent deformed（畸形的）babies have smoking mothers. Even if those chain smokers are not afraid for themselves，shouldn't they be afraid for their family members if they have got any？
3.各种句型的使用
（1）如“很多人很快就会发现，他们在物质上是富裕了，精神上却很贫乏”，可以这样达：
Many people will soon find themselves rich in goods，but ragged in spirit.（注：句中rich in与ragged in，goods与spirit具有正反对比的关系和效果。）
（2）如“利远远大于弊”，可以这样表达：
The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.（注：句中the advantages与the disadvantages具有正反对比的关系和效果。）
（3）如“他们注意到了这些说法中的一些道理，但他们却忽视了一个重要的事实”，可以这样表达：
They have noticed a grain of truth in the statements，but have ignored a more important fact.（注：句中have noticed与have ignored，a grain of truth in the statements与a more important fact具有正反对比的关系和效果。）
（4）如“这样做既有积极效果也有消极效果”，可以这样表达：
It will have both negative and positive effects by so doing.（注：句中negative与positive具有正反对比的关系和效果）
（5）如“我们既有与我们很为相似的朋友，又有与我们很为不同的朋友”，可以这样表达：
We have friends similar to us and friends different from us.（注：句中similar to与different from具有正反对比的关系和效果）
（6）有时也使用排比句式，这种句式整齐而有气势，又不会使人感到单调。例如，如“读书使我们聪明，锻炼使我们强健”，可以这样表达：
Reading makes us wise while exercises make us strong.
4.英文一般讲求简洁，因此为表达强调偶尔使用重复可以使语句的强调内容得到突出。
（1）如“现在是忘掉过去一切的时候了。现在是言归正传的时候了。现在是为未来而奋斗的时候了”，可以这样表达：
Now is the time to forget everything in the past. Now is the time to get down to the business. Now is the time to work hard for the future.（注：此句为句首重复，重复部分为句首的now it the time to）
（2）如“我们渴望成功，而且正在为成功而努力工作”，可以这样表达：
We long for success and we are working hard for success.（注：此句为句尾重复，重复的部分为句尾的for success.）
（3）如“我相信我们能够成功，我相信我们也一定会成功”，可以这样表达：
I am convinced that we can succeed，and I am convinced that we must succeed.（注：and所连接的两个语句的句首与句尾部分同时重复，重复的部分为句首的I am convinced that与句尾的succeed）
（4）如“我们现在生活在一个新的时代，而一个改革充满着风险与机遇”，可以这样表达：
We are now living in a new era，and a new era of reform is always full of ventures and chances.（注：and之前的句尾与and之后的句首重复，重复部分为a new era.）
5.使用倒装
倒装这里说的倒装不同于前述非修辞性的语法结构倒装。非修辞性的语法结构倒装是语句的语法结构所限定的，没有自由选择的余地，只要运用需要倒装结构的句型就要采用倒装结构。这里所说的倒装是指修辞性语义结构倒装，是进行强调的一种手段，它利用了语句句首（或句尾）的特殊位置。例如，如“充满着风险与机遇的改革的新时代正向我们走来”，可以这样表达：
Now on coming to us is the new era of reform full of ventures and chances.
6.使用转义
转义是一种对词语灵活运用的修辞手段，主要有比喻、拟人、夸张、反语、婉转等，比喻又包括明喻、暗喻、换喻、提喻等。
（1）如要表达“过去的经历就像图片一样总是在脑海中萦绕”，英文可为：
What had been experienced in the past was always looming in memory like a picture.（注：此句采用明喻，明喻的特点是使用了like一词）
（2）如要表达“我们的英语老师就是我们最好的英语辞典”，英文可为：
Our English teacher is our best English dictionary.（注：此句采用暗喻，暗喻的特点是利用事物之间的相似之处进行比喻，与明喻不同之处在于不使用like一词）
（3）如要表达“我正在读莎土比亚的书呢”，英文可为：
I am reading Shakespeare.（注：此句采用换喻，换喻的特点是直接借用一事物的名称宋代替另一事物的名称，使用通过联想理解其含义，但不是所有的事物都是可以用换喻来表达的）
（4）如要表达“这里需要一个帮手”，英文可为：
A hand is needed here.（注：此句采用提喻，提喻的特点是用一个事物的部分来代表事物的整体或用一个事物的整体来代表事物的部分。这里用hand一词代表整个人）
（5）如要表达“巨大的不幸笼罩着整个城市”，英文可为：
（6）如要表达“这种想法可真是伟大的愚蠢”，英文可为：
This is really a great stupid idea.（注：此句采用反语。反语的特点是故意将话反说，具有讽刺意味）
（7）如要表达“我太渴望成功了。听到成功的消息我欣喜若狂”，英文可为：
I was mad for success and on the news of success I went mad with joy.（注：此句采用夸张。夸张的特点是为表现事物的特征故意夸大其词）
三、议论文的解读策略（以阅读理解为例）
解答议论类阅读理解试题，可以从以下几个方面着手考虑：
作者在开始叙述一个现象，然后对现象进行解释。这类文章的主题是文中最重要的解释或作者所强调的解释，阅读时要注意作者给出的原因，所以又被称为原因—结果(Cause & Effect)型。还有一种比较常见的是问题—答案型，作者在一开始或一段末以问句提出一个问题(相当于一个现象)，然后给出该问题的答案(相当于解释)。针对文中问题给出的主要答案就是这种文章的中心。
这里强调一点，答题时优先考虑正面答题(直接从文章内容得出答案)，然后从中心、态度或利用解答特征等其他角度对选项进行检验；如果从文章内容中直接无法解决，则从中心和态度方面考虑；次之，从解答特征方面考虑。
考生往往最怕此类体裁。山穷水尽时，记住：首先从整体上把握文章中心和作者所持的态度，靠近中心的就是答案。
解题方法：
1. 把握文章的论点、论据和论证。此外，还要把握文章的结构和语言。
2. 互推法：在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。考生在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。
3. 推理法：推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。
答题技巧：
历年全国高考英语阅读理解的题型无非基本都是考查主旨大意、词义猜测、推理判断和细节理解四大题型。其中，命题以细节理解题为主，推理判断题为辅，又兼顾词义猜测题和主旨大意题。细节理解题和推理判断题主要考查的是对原文具体细节的理解和把控能力，难度相对较小，广大考生除了平时必要的阅读量和词汇量的积累以外，掌握一定的解题技巧对解答阅读理解题来说也是至关重要的。具体说来：
1. 主旨大意型
干扰项 可能是文中某个具体事实或细节。
干扰项 可能是从文中某些(不完全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。
干扰项 可能是非文章事实的主观臆断。
正确答案 根据文章全面理解而归纳概括出来；不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。
主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。根据多年的备考及高考实践，这类题目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。
选择＂主题＂旨在考查考生是否掌握了所读文章的主要内容或主旨，通常用词、短语或句子来概括。常见的提问方式有：
1. What is the main / general idea of this text
2. What is mainly discussed in this passage
3. What is the text mainly about
4. This text mainly tells us _________.
5. This passage mainly deals with _________.
6. The main idea of this passage may be best expressed as_________.
7. The topic of this passage is _________.
标题选择题则是让考生给所读的文章选择一个合适的标题。通常标题由一个名词或名词短语充当，用词简短、精练。常见的提问方式有：
1. What would be the best title for the text
2. Which of the following is the best / most suitable title for this text
3. The best / most suitable title for this text would be __________.
不管是选择＂主题＂还是选择＂标题＂，实质上都是要求考生从整体上理解语篇内容，找出贯穿语篇的主线；不管是何种体裁的文章，都是围绕一个主题来展开的。在试题设计上，3个干扰项的内容一般在文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要内容，需要注意甄别。
【典例示例】
To err is human. To blame the other guy is even more human. …
These three popular misquotes（戏谑的引语）are meant to be jokes, and yet they tell us a lot about human nature. To err, or to make mistakes, is indeed a part of being human, but it seems that most people don’t want to accept the responsibility for having made a mistake. They naturally look for someone else who could be responsible for the problem. Perhaps it is the natural thing to do. The original quote about human nature went like this: “To err is human, to forgive, divine（神圣的）.” This saying mirrors an ideal: people should be forgiving of others’ mistakes. Instead, we tend to do the opposite—find someone else to pass the blame on to. However, taking responsibility for something that went wrong is a mark of great maturity.
1. What does the author want to tell us most （原创题）
A. to make as few mistakes as possible. B. to think seriously about our wrongdoings.
C. to bear responsibility for our mistakes. D. to pass the blame on to someone else.
解析：这是一篇典型的驳论文。作者先列出一个错误观点，即To blame the other guy is even more human，然后进行反驳。最后，通过关键词however一转折，说出了作者的观点，即为自己的错误承担责任是成熟的标志。因此，选择C项。
2. 事实细节型
细节理解题主要考查考生对文章中某些细节或重要事实的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解题和语意理解题两种。直接理解题的答案与原文直接挂钩，从阅读材料中可以找到。这种题难度低，只要考生读懂文章，就能得分，属于低层次题。
做此类题时可以使用定位法与跳读法。定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应的句子(即定位)，然后进行比较和分析(尤其要注意一些同义转换)，从而选出正确答案。跳读法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息跳读原文，并找到相关的句子(有时可能是几个句子)或段落，然后进行简单分析、推理等，从而找出正确答案。
(1)解题原则：忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。
文章中心是论点，事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关细节问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。
提问的特殊疑问词常有：what, who, which, where, how, why 等。
在阅读理解中，要求查找主要事实和特定细节的问题常有以下几种命题方式：
①Which of the following statements is true
②Which of the following is not mentioned in the text
③The author (or the passage) states that __________.
④According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.) __________
(2)干扰项：范围过大、过小；偷换概念；正误并存，某个分句是正确的。
阅读理解中细节理解题的干扰项的设置有以下几个原则：
①包含项原则
在答案选项分析中，假如对A选项的理解概括了对其他三项 (或其中某一项)的理解，那么我们就说选项A与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A往往就是正确答案。如在＂花＂与＂玫瑰＂两选项中，正确答案肯定是＂花＂，花包含了玫瑰。
②正反项原则
所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。两个相互矛盾的陈述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般在A、B项当中。
③委婉项原则
所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：probably, possibly, may, usually, might, most of, more or less, relatively, be likely to, not necessary, although, yet, in addition, tend to等等，而含有绝对语气的表达往往不是正确答案，如：must, always, never, all, every, any, merely, only, completely, none, hardly, already等等。
④同形项原则
命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考查考生的理解能力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项中有正确答案的存在。
⑤常识项原则
议论文中，那些符合一般常识、意义深刻富有哲理、符合一般规律、属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。
⑥因果项原则
阅读理解的逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理题的选项中，有的选项会推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理过头(止于后果)，这就是所谓的干扰项。因果项原则启示我们：假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因果关系，那么正确答案就是两个因果项中的其中之一。如果因项可产生几个结果，那么答案就是因；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就是果。
解题方法：原文定位法。
查读法：(1)带着问题找答案，把注意力集中在与who, what, when, where问题有关的细节上。
(2)细心!
3. 词义猜测型
阅读理解的测试中经常有猜测词、短语、习语、句子意义的题目，近几年高考阅读中词义猜测题的考查方法呈多样化，其中根据上下文语境推测词义将会越来越多。有时短文中出现一个需猜测其意义的词或短语，后文接着会出现其定义、解释或例子，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。
除此之外，我们还可以根据转折或对比关系进行判断：根据上下句的连接词，如but，however，otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号(；)也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。还可以根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。当然了，这些词、短语、习语要么是生词，要么是熟词新义，单靠平时积累是不够的，还要掌握以下做题技巧。
(1)根据构词法(转化、合成、派生)进行判断。
(2)根据文中的定义、事例、解释猜生词。用事例或解释猜生词；用重复解释的信息猜生词。
(3)根据上下文的指代关系进行选择。文章中的代词it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。
(4)根据转折或对比关系进行判断。根据上下句的连接词如but，however，otherwise等可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。
(5)根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。
(6)根据同位关系进行判断。阅读中有时出现新词、难词，后面跟着一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释。
(7)利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义。分号还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义；破折号表示解释说明。
常见的问题形式有：
(1)The word ＂…＂ in Line … means/can be best replaced by …
(2)As used in the passage, the phrase ＂…＂ suggests…
(3)From the passage, we can infer that the word/phrase /the sentence ＂…＂ is/refers to /means…
(4)The word ＂…＂ is closest in meaning to …
常用应对方法：
同义法：常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此可以推测词义。
反义法：如hot and cold, give and receive等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定。总之，互为反义的词与词间都起着互为线索的作用。
释义法：对文章中的生词用定语(从句)、表语，甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。
此外，还有情景推断法、代词替代法等。
做题要领
(1)从文中找线索或信息词；
(2)根据熟悉的词及词义判断新词的意思；
(3)根据上下文判断新词在特定句中的确切意思。
(4)要特别注意熟词新意！
【典例示例】
For many parents, raising a teenager is like fighting a long war, but years go by without any clear winner. Like a border conflict between neighboring countries, the parent-teen war is about boundaries: Where is the line between what I control and what you do
Both sides want peace, but neither feels it has any power to stop the conflict. In part, this is because neither is willing to admit any responsibility for starting it. From the parents’ point of view, the only cause of their fight is their adolescents’ complete unreasonableness. And of course, the teens see it in exactly the same way, except oppositely. Both feel trapped.
56.What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 mean
A. The teens blame their parents for starting the conflict.
B. The teens agree with their parents on the cause of the conflict.
C. The teens accuse their parents of misleading them.
D. The teens tend to have a full understanding of their parents.
解析：本文首先提出论点：对很多家长来说，抚养孩子就像打一场长期战争一样，没有赢家。第二段提到“战争”之长的原因：互不服气。抓住关键词：from the parent’s point of view; and of course, the teens, the same way。再结合题支的表述，答案为A。
4. 推理判断型
做题要领：既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章的隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度考虑而不是固守自己的看法。常见的命题方式有：
(1)The passage implies (暗示) that _________.
(2)We can conclude (得出结论) from the passage that _________.
(3)Which of the following can be inferred (推论)
(4)What is the tone (语气) of the author
(5)What is the purpose (目的) of this passage
(6)The passage is intended to _________.
(7)Where would this passage most probably appear
【典例示例】
Ask someone what they have done to help the environment recently and they will almost certainly mention recycling. Recycling in the home is very important of course. However, being forced to recycle often means we already have more material than we need. We are dealing with the results of that over-consumption in the greenest way possible, but it would be far better if we did not need to bring so much material home in the first place.
The total amount of packaging increased by 12% between 1999 and 2020. It now makes up a third of a typical household’s waste in the UK. In many supermarkets nowadays food items are packaged twice with plastic and cardboard.
62. The author uses figures in Paragraph 2 to show ___________.
A. the tendency of cutting household waste B. the increase of packaging recycling
C. the rapid growth of super markets D. the fact of packaging overuse
解析：作者在第一段分析论证之后用了一个关键句式 “ …, but it would be far better if we …” 引出了论点：我们与其回收利用废品，倒不如先不要过度包装。第二段用统计数字作为论据来证明上述论点。因此选择D项。
【典例示例】
Why tell the truth when you can come up with a good excuse
And what is wrong with a society that thinks that making up a good excuse is like creating a work of art One of common problems with making excuses is that people, especially young people, get the idea that it’s okay not to be totally honest all the time. There is a corollary(直接推论)to that: if a good excuse is “good” even if it isn’t honest, then where is the place of the truth
54. What is the author’s opinion about a good excuse
A. Making a good excuse is sometimes a better policy.
B. Inventing a good excuse needs creative ideas.
C.A good excuse is as rewarding as honesty.
D. Bitter truth is better than a good excuse.
解析：这是一篇驳论文。在第二段中作者用了两个疑问句和一个否定句，对 “a good excuse” 的怀疑态度体现地淋漓尽致。因此选择D项。
名校资源学练
1
（2023·重庆渝北·高三重庆市渝北中学校校考阶段练习）Any image taken from space confirms that we live on an ocean planet. How strange that we call our planet “Earth,” derived from a Germanic word meaning “the ground,” when more than 70 percent of its surface is covered by ocean.
We need more people to see the sea. Right now, less than 3 percent of the ocean is considered highly protected. Experts urge that at least 30 percent be protected to safeguard marine(海洋的) ecosystems, which in turn will help protect our health and well-being. The ocean supplies more than half our oxygen, absorbs carbon dioxide, regulates our climate, and supports much of the world’s economy. We need it a lot more than it needs us.
Take Florida, for example, one of the United States’ recreational hot spots. It’s bordered by the Florida Reef Tract, North America’s only living coral barrier reef and the third largest in the world. Home to more than 500 species of fish, the reef is also essential to the Sunshine State’s economy, generating an estimated $1.1 billion annually in tourism. The reef buffers(保护) the coastline, too, since health y coral reefs absorb 97 percent of a wave’s energy. Three-quarters of Florida’s 22 million people live along the coast, and the Florida Reef Tract provides more than $650 million in combined economic activity and flood protection.
A November 2022 study from the University of Miami has found that 70 percent of Florida’s coral reefs are experiencing a net loss of reef habitat. Directly facing these concerns is what I mean by seeing the sea—the good, the bad, the important. Knowledge is power, and we can use it to inform our choices, from traveling more mindfully, to examining how we run our businesses, to voting. “No one can do everything, but everyone can do something,” Sylvia Earle, oceanographer and National Geographic Explorer at Large, is fond of saying.
The ocean is a remarkable teacher, and it’s never too late to start learning.
1. What does the sea do for our human
A. The sea changes our climate.
B. The sea controls carbon dioxide for us.
C. The sea produces all the oxygen we need.
D. The sea provides economical benefits for us.
2. What does the writer suggest
A. Travelling more, learning more.
B. Running our business creatively.
C. Raising awareness of conservation.
D. Doing some voting before actions.
3. Where is the passage probably from
A. A scientific fiction. B. A news report.
C. A travel journal. D. A natural magazine.
4. What is a suitable title for the text
A. To Hug the Ocean Tightly.
B. To Learn the Ocean Devotedly.
C. To Clean the Ocean Carefully.
D. To Love the Ocean Permanently.
2
（2023·河北衡水·河北衡水中学校考模拟预测）Public health data signals a genuine crisis in adolescent mental health: rising rates of anxiety, depression, and hopelessness. But as we worry about tweens and teens who are struggling, we can’t ignore another mounting effect — the burdens that are shouldered by their friends and peers in an “always on” world.
We have studied teens and tech for over a decade. Their networks are ever-expanding, in no small part because there’s a sense that being nice means accepting fellow requests from acquaintances and friends-of-friends. And it’s not just staying connected — it’s keeping up with what others post, too.
Social media platforms thus make it technically possible to maintain more relationships than we are historically actually wired to track and manage. The result is an overwhelming wave of social information. It’s especially intense for adolescents whose developmental sensitivities drive them to care deeply about what their peers are doing and thinking.
Significant stress comes with trying to be a “good friend” in the age of social media. Friendship requires both public and behind-the-scenes support. Even before a social media post is made public, close friends can be pulled into photo selection, editing, and final examination. Besides, they need to respond in the right way and in the right amount of time, which differs from one relationship to another. Replying too quickly can be seen as over-eager, especially when the friendship is new or not close. But when it’s a close friend, too long a lag (延迟) can be hurtful.
The qualities that are key to building or breaking friendships are actually the same as they’ve always been: mutual (相互的) sharing of joys and sorrows, a give and take of acceptance and support, and an ability to weather and resolve conflicts. But technologies have transformed how friendships play out. Social media increases the burdens that come along with being a good friend. Too often, these dynamics hit teens hard in ways that are lost on adults. And that is what should be changed with the help of parents, schools and other parts of society.
5. What makes teenagers’ networks continue to expand
A. The pressure to be nice. B. The requests of their parents.
C. The need to meet more people. D. The burden of living independently.
6. What does the author think of being a good friend in the age of social media
A. Exciting. B. Challenging. C. Money-saving. D. Risk-taking.
7. What should be changed according to the last paragraph
A. The qualities of being a teen friend.
B. The conflicts between schools and parents.
C. The relations between parents and their teens.
D. The influences of social media on teen friendship.
8. What is the text mainly about
A. Why more teens are addicted to social media
B. How teens nowadays gain long-standing friendships
C. How social media has made teen friendships more stressful
D. What makes teens become more sensitive to their peers’ needs
3
（2023·天津南开·南开中学校考模拟预测）No business would welcome being compared to gambling. Yet that is what is happening to makers of video games. For years parents have complained that their children are “addicted” to their video games and smartphones. Today, however, even more doctors are using the term. On January 1 this year, “gaming disorder” — in which games are played uncontrollably, despite causing harm — gained recognition from the World Health Organization (WHO).
Are games really addictive Psychologists have different opinions. Those who don’t think so say that this is just another moral panic. Similar warnings have been given about television, rock’n’roll, jazz, comic books, novels and even crossword puzzles, but it turns out that they are not as harmful as expected.
However, supporters argue that game developers have the motivation and the means to design their products to make them extremely attractive. For one thing, the business- model has changed: In the old days, games were bought once and for all. But these days, games are free and money is earned from purchases of in-game goods, which ties playtime directly to revenue (收益). For another, game-makers combine psychological theory and data, which helps them maximize the playtime. Smartphones and modern video game machines use their permanent Internet connections to send gameplay data back to developers. In this way products are constantly adjusted to encourage players’ spending. The biggest spenders are known as “whales”, a term that originated in casinos (赌场).
The gaming industry should realize that, in the real world, it has a problem, and that problem is growing. Now that gaming addiction comes with an official WHO recognition, diagnoses will become more common. Anyway, being put together with gambling in the public mind, fairly or not, will not do the industry any good.
9. What do we know from Paragraph 1
A. It is not suitable to compare video games to gambling.
B. Parents complain about their children’s addiction to gambling.
C. Gaming addiction was officially recognized as a disease.
D. More doctors are against the use of the term “addicted”.
10. What does the underlined words “moral panic” in Paragraph 2 mean
A. Unexpected addiction caused by science and technology.
B. Wrong judgment on how harmful something is.
C. Trouble caused by someone’s immoral behavior.
D. An astonishing claim of the unexpected panic.
11. What do games developers do to make games attractive
A. They don’t charge players for in-game goods.
B. They keep players’ video game machines updated.
C. They reward big spenders with a unique title.
D. They adjust products based on received data.
12. In the last paragraph, the author aims to _______.
A. offer a suggestion
B. make a prediction
C. give a warning
D. put forward a solution
13. What is the best title for the text
A. Addiction: A Warning to the Gaming Industry
B. Addiction: Not a Blame on Games
C. Games: A New Kind of Gambling
D. Games: The Cause of Mental Disorder
4
（2023·湖南长沙·长郡中学校考模拟预测）Ralph Emerson once said that the purpose of life is not to be happy, but to be useful, to be loving, to make some difference in the world. While we appreciate such words of wisdom, we rarely try to follow them in our lives.
Most people prefer to live a good life themselves, ignoring their responsibilities for the world. This narrow perception of a good life may provide short-term benefits, but is sure to lead to long-term harm and suffering. A good life based on comfort and luxury may eventually lead to more pain because we spoil our health and even our character, principles, ideals, and relationships.
What then, is the secret of a good life A good life is a process, not a state of being: a direction, not a destination. We have to earn a good life by first serving others without any expectation in return because their happiness is the very source of our own happiness. More importantly, we must know ourselves inside out. Only when we examine ourselves deeply can we discover our abilities and recognize our limitations, and then work accordingly to create a better world.
The first requirement for a good life is having a loving heart. When we do certain right things merely as a duty, we find our job so tiresome that we’ll soon burn out. However, when we do that same job out of love, we not only enjoy what we do, but also do it with an effortless feeling.
However, love alone is insufficient to lead a good life. Love sometimes blinds us to the reality. Consequently, our good intentions may not lead to good results. To achieve desired outcome, those who want to do good to others also need to equip themselves with accurate world knowledge. False knowledge is more dangerous than ignorance. If love is the engine of a car, knowledge is the steering wheel(方向盘). If the engine lacks power, the car can’t move; if the driver loses control of the steering, a road accident probably occurs. Only with love in heart and the right knowledge in mind can we lead a good life.
With love and knowledge, we go all out to create a better world by doing good to others. When we see the impact of our good work on the world we give meaning to our life and earn lasting joy and happiness.
14. What effect does the narrow perception of a good life have on us
A. Making us simple-minded. B. Making us short-sighted.
C. Leading us onto a busy road. D. Keeping us from comfort and luxury.
15. According to the author, how can one gain true happiness
A. Through maintaining good health.
B. By going through pain and suffering.
C. By recognizing one’s abilities and limitations.
D. Through offering help much needed by others.
16. According to Paragraph 4, doing certain right things with a loving heart makes one ________.
A. less selfish B. less annoying
C. more motivated D. more responsible
17. According to Paragraph 5, life can be made truly good when ________.
A. inspired by love and guided by knowledge
B. directed by love and pushed by knowledge
C. purified by love and enriched by knowledge
D. promoted by love and defined by knowledge
5
（2023·湖北·模拟预测）Online classes began to be popularized just a few decades ago. They are advertised as a way for adults to finish their education and students to learn the material at their own pace -- it is far more suitable for people with busy schedules.
But after being enrolled in an online course last fall semester, I came to realize online classes were merely a means to fulfil course requirements.
First of all, students lack the desire to learn and they simply complete their assignments to receive credit for a passing grade rather than genuinely engage with the course material.
As online courses tend to have more than 100 students, most of the assignments are short and simple. They are not designed for students to interact with the material in depth but designed to be graded easily to accommodate such a large number of students.
Perhaps the biggest disadvantage of taking an online class is the absence of face-to-face interaction between the teacher and their students. Live sessions are infrequent and are often scheduled during the middle of the day when students have to attend other classes or work. The office hours of the professor may also be during inconvenient times for many students as well. Most interaction with the professor has to be through email which is often impersonal. It is nearly impossible for students to build a relationship with their professor.
There is also little interaction among students. It can be harder to create study groups and form relationships with their peers.
Online classes also require either a computer or laptop and a reliable Internet connection. Not all students have access to these types of resources, whether it is for financial or other reasons, and some students can be put at a disadvantage.
Offering online classes certainly helps students who would otherwise not be able to attend classroom sessions. However, they fail to provide a genuine education with an emphasis on convenience rather than critical thinking. We need restructured online classes in which students can have a learning experience that will actually provide quality education.
18. What does the author say about students enrolled in online classes
A. They are unmotivated to learn. B. They can access course materials easily.
C. They can learn at their own pace. D. They rarely fulfil the course requirements.
19. What does the author think of online course assignments
A. They are based on easily accessible material.
B. They are meant to facilitate interaction.
C. They are made convenient to mark.
D. They are given to accommodate students’ needs.
20. What does the author say is one disadvantage of online classes
A. They are frequently scheduled at irregular times.
B. They provide little chance for students to build relationships with each other.
C. They tend to increase professors’ burden of responding to students’ emails.
D. They make professors offices much less accessible.
21. What does the author think makes up a key part of genuine education
A. Acquisition of useful knowledge.
B. Training of real-life skills on campus.
C. Development of students personalities.
D. Cultivation of analytical thinking ability.
6
（2023·重庆·重庆巴蜀中学校考模拟预测）“I know when to go out, and when to stay in.”, English rock star David Bowie once confidently sang in his hit single. When it comes to consuming food, the decisiveness claimed by the singer-songwriter is hard to achieve. I disagree with the statement and argue it’s better to eat out than to order home delivery.
To begin with, when setting foot in a restaurant, we’re immediately greeted not only by a server ready to seat us, but by a flood of physical feelings—the eyes take in the internal decoration of the place, the nose breathes in the pleasant smell of expertly plated food and the ears pick up on competing sounds of customer chatter and attractive in-store music. To eat out is to experience an atmosphere unique to each restaurant. Something as special as that simply can’t be reproduced by ordering home delivery. Eating out is, without doubt, the more exciting and thus better choice.
Eating out becomes even more appealing when staying home proves too painful. Whether it is because we need a temporary fight from our family or that we simply want to spend some quality time outside with loved ones, going out for a meal can be a break from the hard labour of domestic living.
We could take it as an opportunity for self-care—to treat ourselves by dressing up, arriving in style at a fancy restaurant and ordering a slightly more luxurious meal to refresh our weary soul. Ordering home delivery would only contribute to feelings of being penned in while; eating out is an escape for the trapped individual. Food delivery app users reason it’s a trouble and less convenient to dress up and eat out.
However, it’s worth noting we may not always get our food in the most satisfactory condition when opting for home delivery. There’s a risk of receiving food orders with missing items or even entirely wrong orders that can’t be sent back. What we sacrifice for convenience might just wind up being inconvenient. Consequently, it makes more sense to eat out rather than risk disappointment by ordering home delivery.
22. What does the author mainly talk about
A. Dining options. B. Cuisine culture.
C. Consumption level. D. Food categories.
23. What advantage of eating out is highlighted in paragraph 2
A. Quality service. B. Comfort and convenience.
C. Sensory enjoyment. D. A reasonable mix of nutrition.
24. What does the author think of ordering home delivery
A. It’s quite pricey. B. It may let consumers down.
C. It may cause food waste. D. It’s not environmental-friendly.
25. How is the text developed
A. By providing examples. B. By following space order.
C. By making comparisons. D. By analyzing mental processes.
7
（2023·山东淄博·统考三模）There is no universally accepted age that is considered old among or within societies. Often disagreements exist as to what age a society may consider old and what members in that society of that age and older may consider old. Moreover, biologists are not in agreement about the existence of an internal biological cause foraging.
In general the social status of an age group is related to its effective influence in its society, which is associated with that group’s function in productivity. In agricultural societies the elderly have a status of respectability. Their life experiences and knowledge are regarded as valuable, especially in preliterate (尚无文字的) societies where knowledge is orally transmitted. The range of activities in these societies allows the elderly to continue to be productive members of their communities.
In industrialized nations, although in certain fields old age is still considered significant, particularly in the political field, older people are increasingly being forced into retirement before their productive years are over, causing problems in their psychological adaptations to old age. Retirement is not regarded unfavorably in all instances, but its economic limitations tend to further remove older people from the range of influence and raise problems in the extended use of leisure time and housing. As a consequence, financial preparation for retirement has become an increased concern for individuals and society.
Familial relationships tend to be the focus of the elderly’s attention. However, the tendency for young people in industrialized countries to be highly mobile has forced older people to decide whether to move to keep up with their families or to remain in neighborhoods which also change, altering their familiar patterns of activity. Although most older people do live within an hour from their closest child, industrialized societies are faced with formulating programs to accommodate increasing numbers of older people who function independently of their families. Adult education programs are beginning to close the generation gap; however, as each successive generation reaches old age, bringing with it its particular tendencies and preferences, new problems arise requiring new social accommodations.
26. What counts for the elderly in agricultural societies
A. Their status of respectability. B. Their value in productivity.
C. Their rich knowledge in education. D. Their extraordinary ability to work.
27. What can we learn about the elderly’s retirement from Paragraph 3
A. It has faded the elderly worries.
B. It means the end of productive ability.
C. It is considered beneficial in all distances.
D. It influences the elderly psychologically and financially.
28. What does the underlined word “formulating” in Paragraph 4 mean
A. Planning. B. Changing.
C. Extending. D. Canceling.
29. Where is this text probably taken from
A. A personal journal. B. A science research.
C. A social issue review. D. A community brochure.
8
（2023·云南昆明·高三昆明一中校考专题练习）What is self-discipline It’s the ability to make yourself do something, especially something difficult or unpleasant. When some people hear self-discipline, they think it’s boring. Before I get into my thoughts on the topic, I want to tell you a story.
On a hot sunny day, a bee named Bertha is buzzing by her hive with some other bees. Suddenly a bear starts to approach her hive. In an attempt to save her hive, Bertha stings (蜇) the bear. But its skin is so thick that once she tries to pull her sting out, she hurts herself and dies. Bertha has no choice. Through years of evolution (进化), she is evolved to sting threats, which is her born ability. She lacks thinking consciousness.
Bees are prisoners of their own biology. Unlike bees, humans have the ability to override (推翻) their biology through self-discipline. Let’s say that someone has long-term desires to create a meaningful career and have a healthy body. Along each step of that journey they are attracted by short-term pleasures, such as junk food or video games. Deep down they really want the life that comes in the long term. Yet they keep submitting to short-term pleasures. The only difference between these two positions is self-discipline. It gives us the freedom to achieve what we truly want in life and allows us to break free of the cages around us.
Video games imitate the environments similar to the ones that our ancestors navigated in the past, but have supernormal versions of them. We can get greater feelings of accomplishment in video games with a lot less panies are aware that the constant achievements on the screen will motivate players to keep playing. So not only are we controlled by our own biology, but we are being targeted by corporation’s seeking to take advantage of us and make a profit.
On the plus side, you and I are not like the bee, because we are not eased by our own biology. With self-discipline, we can live the life we truly want.
30. Why does the bee die
A. The bee takes the bear too lightly.
B. The bee’s natural ability ruins it.
C. The bee doesn’t respond to the sudden attack of the bear.
D. The bee doesn’t make a correct judgment on the situation.
31. What’s the third paragraph mainly about
A. The factors affecting self-discipline.
B. Self-discipline makes our dreams come true.
C. The process of self-discipline coming into being.
D. Long-term desires play an important role in self-discipline.
32. Why video games are so attractive
A. Players can get something for nothing.
B. Profits motivate players to keep playing.
C. Players can get a great sense of achievement in video games.
D. The environment in the video games is more mysterious than that in real life.
33. What can be suitable title for the text
A. Stay away from Video Games B. How to Be a Self-disciplined Person
C. The More Disciplined, the More Freedom D. Animals: Prisoners of Their Own Biology
9
（2023·安徽合肥·合肥市第八中学校考模拟预测）As an education specialist, I believe the best way to prepare students for colleges and careers is to focus on providing instructional programs and opportunities that help them become good thinkers. To do this, teachers and actually everyone else in a community, should play a role as a “cognitive(认知)coach” to students, helping develop good thinkers among our youth.
The best way for you to become a cognitive coach is to seek out and engage school children and adolescents in meaningful conversations. The objective here is to get kids talking about what they think, how they feel, and what they believe whenever and wherever you may find them. It may be in a classroom. It may be at the grocery store. It may be at a basketball game. It doesn’t matter where as long as you engage students in a topical conversation and, hopefully, even a debate. Mainly, you want to encourage students to voice their opinion about things. Get them to take a position on “this thing, or that thing,” and ask them to support their position with evidence. Curiously enough, the simple process of engaging students in real life conversations and debates will serve to strengthen what they have learned in the classroom, and help them create their own knowledge about a subject or a topic.
Learning indicates that a student has been exposed to material, understands the material, and can recall the information. Knowledge, on the other hand, goes beyond recall and includes information processing, application to other situations, consideration of meaning, and contrasting with other concepts. Naturally, the topic of conversation you engage in with one of your learners will differ from student to student, and in the level of complexity based on child’s age and developmental level. Even a kindergartener has an opinion about things that are going on in his or her life. Engaging in conversation with any members of your learning community in ways that get at what they have learned and what they know will help them develop higher order reasoning skills.
A student’s synthetic thinking(综合思维)process occurs when a respected adult asks a question, particularly a question that requires reflection. I think all adults in a community have a responsibility to help children with this process, with the goal of producing independent thinkers.
34. What contributes most to developing good young thinkers
A. Debating with classmates. B. Learning from respected adults.
C. Engaging in challenging activities. D. Putting forward a sensible argument.
35. Which is the best question raised by a cognitive coach
A. What have you learnt recently B. What nationality is Elbert Einstein
C. Why do you like playing football D. Where are you going this weekend
36. What does the author want to show by mentioning a kindergartener
A. Being a good young thinker is important.
B. Choosing conversation topics accordingly is essential.
C. Cultivating good young thinkers should start as early as possible.
D. Even children have their unique and independent ways of thinking.
37. What is the main purpose of the passage
A. To state an education idea. B. To assess a teaching strategy.
C. To introduce a learning method. D. To compare different education methods.
10
（2023·辽宁大连·大连二十四中校考模拟预测）Being perfect is something many of us want and try to achieve. It makes us feel we’re correct and that our hard work has paid off. However, as much as perfection and being perfect is not all a perfect thing.
Perfection is all about being without mistakes and criticism. Wanting or trying to be perfect can make it hard to admit a mistake. Nevertheless, it is important to admit mistakes and work to fix them. Not being able to take criticism and fix mistakes is being proud, not perfection.
Perfection is a double-edged sword. In our lives, we want perfection. Perfection holds us responsible; it’s the mistakes and imperfection that keeps pushing us harder and further at what we do. It’s the perfect motivator. But it’s also the perfect killer. For example, the movie “Black Swan” showcased how perfection can kill us. Working and training and stress hurt our body, mind, and so much more that we can’t do it any more.
But perfection can also have the opposite effect. The movie “High Strung” showed that perfection doesn’t exist, but practicing and pushing ourselves can bring us great rewards. In “Black Swan,” the main character tried to be perfect but he also compared himself to someone else who he thought was better than him. This added more pressure and self-doubt, which can cause unhealthy ways of achieving perfection. The main character of “Black Swan” didn’t know when to stop, whereas the main character of “High Strung” did, or at least didn’t focus so much on the comparison, and instead focused on the competition and the ones she cared about.
Perfection is something we can’t live without and can’t live with. The only way to keep the sword from cutting us is if we know when to stop. Some days are going to be good days and others will be bad. We have to take whatever day it is — perfect or imperfect — and hope that’s enough.
38. What is the common belief about perfection according to Paragraph 1
A. Being perfect makes us feel fulfilled.
B. Being perfect is what all of us long for.
C. Being perfect is not good at all.
D. Being perfect is out of reach.
39. Why does the author mention the character in “Black Swan”
A. To tell us “Black Swan ” is worth seeing. B. To advise us to stop trying hard.
C. To show the benefits of perfection. D. To warn us of the harm of perfection.
40. What does the author advise us to do while trying to be perfect
A. Try not to make mistakes. B. Stop before going too far.
C. Push ourselves harder. D. Prove our ability to others.
41. What is the attitude of the author to perfection
A. Indifferent. B. Supportive.
C. Objective. D. Disapproving.
11
（2023·四川成都·成都七中校考模拟预测）Thanks to in-depth reporting by The Wall Street Journal, we now know that Facebook has long been aware its product Instagram has harmful effects on the mental health of many adolescent users. Young girls, in particular, struggle with their body image thanks to a constant stream of photos and videos showing beautiful bodies that users don’t think they can attain.
While the information the journal covered is essential and instructive, it does not tell the whole story. Deep down, this is not an Instagram problem; it’s a people problem. Understanding that distinction can make the difference between a failed attempt to contain a teen’s interest in an addictive app and successfully addressing the underlying problem leading to mental distress caused by Instagram.
Critics were quick to shame Facebook for sitting on the data and not releasing it to researchers or academics who asked for it. Others criticize the social media giant for not using the research to create a safer experience for its teen users. The anger, while understandable, is misplaced.
While I’m reluctant to defend Facebook, I’m not sure it’s reasonable to blame the company for refusing to give data that would hurt its business. Have you ever binge-watched a Netflix series I assure you it wasn’t a healthy endeavor. You were inactive, likely did nothing productive, mindlessly snacked and didn’t go outside for fresh air. It is an objectively harmful use of time to stare at a TV or laptop for a full weekend. Should we respond by shaming Netflix for not alerting us to how damaging an addictive product can be
While it’s reasonable to say Instagram makes esteem issues worse, it is almost impossible to believe it causes them in the first place. You create your own experiences on social media. For the most part, you choose which accounts to follow and engage. If you’re already vulnerable to insecurities and self-sabotage (自损) — as many teens are — you will find accounts to obsess over. And this isn’t a new phenomenon.
Before social media, there were similar issues fueling self-esteem issues. Whether the target be magazines, movies or television shows depicting difficult-to-attain bodies, there has been a relatively steady chorus of experts noting the damage new media could cause young viewers.
Self-esteem issues have an underlying cause — one that’s independent of social media use. Instagram merely enhances those feelings because it provides infinitely more access to triggers than older forms of media. It’s more worthwhile to address those underlying factors rather than to attack Facebook.
42. What does the author think of the criticisms against Instagram
A. They address the mental pain caused by Instagram.
B. They are not directed at the fundamental problem.
C. They are only based on the data released by Facebook.
D. They are effective in changing teens’ interest in addictive apps.
43. Why is Netflix mentioned
A. To defend why Facebook is to blame.
B. To show Netflix does more harm to teens.
C. To suggest the critics’ remarks are not to the point.
D. To compare the criticisms against it and Facebook.
44. Why is the Instagram problem essentially a “people problem”
A. People have a tendency to feel insecure online.
B. People are keen on making up their self-profile.
C. It is human nature to get addicted to social media.
D. Users decide on their experiences on social media.
45. What is the passage mainly about
A. The fierce criticism faced by Facebook.
B. The harmful impact of Instagram on teenagers.
C. The alarming online habits of teenagers worldwide.
D. The root of mental sufferings caused by Instagram.
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（2023·湖北·校联考模拟预测）Science fiction has always been the source of all sorts of wonderful ideas about what life might be like in years to come. Writers, film-makers and video game designers have all turned their imaginations to the effects technology might have on our future. Now it seems like we’re finally catching up with some of these futuristic ideas thanks to nanotechnology.
Nanoscience focuses on the study of tiny molecules – only one billionth of a meter in size. For years, nanoscience has explored ways of applying this research to different types of technology, and recently it has begun to engender more and more diverse and fascinating developments.
Imagine a substance with the ability to heal any wound almost immediately. This is a common feature in video games; when characters suffer injuries, a gel (凝胶) is applied which heals them and prolongs (延长) their lives. Not long ago, it seemed impossible to recreate this in real life. But now, by extracting polysaccharide polymers (多糖聚合物) from the cell walls of plants, scientists have created a gel which will hold a wound together and rapidly stop any bleeding without the need for pressure to be applied. Although not yet available in hospitals, this gel is likely to help medical professionals treat patients with serious injuries more effectively.
While some advances in nanotechnology might improve our health and safety, others could have the opposite effect. In the food industry, nanoparticles (纳米粒子) are already in use to improve the appearance of products. The problem is, nanoparticles are more reactive in the body, and no tests have been done to check their safety. In effect, we are all part of a real-life experiment. Will they help or hurt Nobody knows.
What is clear is that nanotechnology has huge potential for shaping our lives in the coming decades. Even if we can’t see it with our eyes, we will surely see the impact on our surroundings, and perhaps our bodies. In the future, the lines between reality and science fiction are likely to become even more blurred.
46. What does the underlined word “engender” in paragraph 2 mean
A. Focus on. B. Bring about. C. Slow down. D. Deal with.
47. What do we know about the gel mentioned in paragraph 3
A. It can make people live longer.
B. It can replace the need for surgery.
C. It is designed for high-pressure situations.
D. It is expected to be used in emergency treatment.
48. What does the author think about the effects of nanotechnology on food
A. They are long-lasting. B. They are overestimated.
C. They are currently unclear. D. They are surprisingly beneficial.
49. What is the author’s attitude to nanotechnology
A. Objective. B. Indifferent. C. Conservative. D. Disapproving.
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（2023·福建南平·统考三模）A recent paper describes bees rolling tiny wooden balls, not for a reward, but apparently just for fun. This discovery emphasizes a long-standing conflict in our view of animals. On the one hand, we want to find the features that distinguish humans from other animals: tools, language and a theory of mind. On the other hand, we delight in finding animals that break those boundaries: chimps, crows and now bees that use tools, dolphins with signature whistles. But what do those boundaries mean
As a biologist who studies animal behaviour, I am puzzled by this effort to rank animals by their capabilities. I applaud the desire to show that animals are like us, but we can recognize animals for what they are, and be amazed at their abilities, without having to make their behaviour mirror that of humans.
Once we get out from the assumption that animals have to be like people with human motivations and feelings, we are freed up to consider the mechanisms (机理) behind the behaviours. For example, the same serotonin (血清素) influences anxiety in humans and maze (迷宫) exploration in crayfish. In a tank divided into well-lit and shadowy areas, crayfish explore both, but prefer the darker areas, consistent with their night lifestyle.
Does this mean crayfish experience anxiety No. In the bees’ case, they might be exhibiting some very interesting behaviour that has nothing to do with wanting to “have fun”—but we will never examine it if we simply assume they are playing just like people. I am not disparaging the bee researchers’ conclusions, and I am not trying to be a killjoy, but there is something about all this humanizing that prevent exploration, instead of encouraging it.
50. What’s the purpose of paragraph 1
A. To list out facts. B. To raise an argument.
C. To arouse readers’ interest. D. To explain a concept.
51. What can we learn from paragraph 3
A. Behaviour mechanisms work. B. Crayfish prefer the light sections.
C. The assumption proves reasonable. D. Animals are similar to human in mind.
52. What does the underlined word “disparaging” mean in paragraph 4
A. Criticizing. B. Explaining.
C. Confirming. D. Acknowledging.
53. Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. Feelings: Guiding Human Being B. Boundaries: Making No Sense
C. Humanizing: Covering the Truth D. Animals: Mirroring Human Behaviours
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（2023春·安徽·高三校联考阶段练习）One of the best ways to increase happiness in your life, and therefore maintain and lift your passion, is to stay in the present.
This can be challenging for most of us, if not all of us, when things are stressful. Most of the time we are worried about the past or the future and not really paying attention to what is happening right now, so we miss life as it is happening. That can make it tough to live passionately in that “right now” time and place.
Living this way takes practice. You have to train your brain to live in the moment. It’s something I’ve worked to achieve all my life. It is easier-now than-when I started, but it still takes a concerted effort. It is, however, more than worth it. As you learn how to redirect your thoughts and focus on the present, it’s important not to be hard on yourself. Just keep working at it and when you get cut off, when your mind wanders, take the time to steer your thoughts and yourself back to the present.
Yoga and meditation are ways that we all can practice keeping our focus on the present moment, making us happier and more content. Yoga and meditation are ways underrated in this country. They can be such great tools and you don’t need to go to a gym or studio to do either. For instance, you can do yoga at h
