表语从句
[观察例句]
1．The question is when he can arrive at the hotel．
2．The book is not what I need．
3．That is why she failed to pass the exam．
4．The trouble is that we have no money．
5．The argument is whether it rains tomorrow．
[归纳用法]
一、概念
从句在整个主句中作表语，因此被称为表语从句。表语从句隶属于名词性从句。
放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋系动词＋表语从句”，可以接表语从句的连系动词有be，look，remain，seem等。
二、引导词
连词 that /whether/as if /as though/because
连接代词what / who /whom/which/whose/whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever
连接副词 when / where/ why /how
1．由连词that，whether引导的表语从句。主句的主语常常是抽象名词，如question(问题)，trouble(麻烦)，problem(问题)，result(结果)，chance(可能性)，suggestion(建议)，idea(想法)，reason(理由)等。表语从句对主句主语进行说明、解释，使主语的内容具体化。
The trouble is (that) he has lost his money．
麻烦的事是他丢了钱。
The question is whether we need more ice cream．
问题是我们是否还需要更多的冰激凌。
The problem was that it was too valuable for everyday use．
问题是它作为日常之用太贵重了。
2．由连词because，as if，as though引导的表语从句。(区别于主语从句)
It looked as if it was going to snow．
看起来好像要下雪了。
That's because we never thought of it．
那是因为我们从未想过此事。
It seems as if he didn't know the answer．
好像他不知道答案。
That's because he didn't understand me．
那是因为他没有理解我。
3．由连接代词who，whom，what，which，whose及whoever，whomever，whatever，whichever引导的表语从句。连接代词既保留原意，又在从句中担当句子成分。
The question is which of us should go．
问题是我们哪一个应该去。
The problem was who could do the work．
问题是谁能做这项工作。
That's what we should do．那是我们应该做的。
4．由连接副词when，where，why，how引导的表语从句。连接副词除在句中起连接作用外，还在从句中充当时间、地点、方式或原因状语，本身具有词义。
That's why he got angry with me．
那正是他对我生气的原因。
Go and get your coat．It's where you left it．
去把外套拿来。就在你原来放的地方。
I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella．That's why I got wet through．
我既没伞也没雨衣。这就是我淋湿的原因。
That is how mice ruin many stores of grain every year．那就是老鼠是怎样每年损害大量粮食的。
That is what he is worried about．那就是他所担心的。
Ⅰ．单句语法填空
1．The fact is that the the eqidemic has a great influence on our life．
2．I have been sleeping all day because of the present epidemic．That's why I don't know the latest news today．
3．Chongqing is where my grandpa and grandma were born and brought up．
4．The problem is whether your brother would go there with me．
5．I think that is how friendship begins．
6．When everyone quieted down，the speaker began to talk，saying that this is exactly what was happening in our lives．
7．Obeying the traffic rules is what all of us should pay attention to particularly．
8．The trouble is that I am anxious to telephone Mr．Smith but I have lost his number．
9．The most exciting moment was when I was given first prize．
10．It seems that we are the same age．
Ⅱ．短文语法填空
Danger is not 1．what you expect．But the truth is 2．that it often comes suddenly and unexpectedly．How can you get out of danger？The key is 3．whether you can face danger bravely．
What you must remember is 4．that you must believe in 5．yourselves/yourself(you)．Just remember that you can defeat danger．Tell yourself you can turn into a superman when you are 6．in danger．That is 7．why I am going to tell you the stories about Mrs．Pam．
It is reported 8．that her body was nearly run over by a car when she was trying to save her baby．She looks as if she 9．were(be) weak，but she lifted the car 10．to save(save) her baby．主语从句
INCLUDEPICTURE "大语法精讲.TIF"
[观察例句]
1．What he wants is a new bicycle.
2．That the earth moves around the sun is known to all.
3．Whether we will hold a party in the open air next week is uncertain.
4．Whoever wants to enter into this school must take the exam.
5．It was reported that no country was under the terrorist attack.
[归纳用法]
一、主语从句的构成：关联词＋简单句
二、引导主语从句的关联词有三类
1．从属连词
(1)that
That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.
很明显，她们确实是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。
(2)whether
Whether he'll come here isn't clear.
他是否会来这里还不清楚。
2．连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever
Whoever comes is welcome.不论谁来都欢迎。
Wherever you are is my home—my only home.
你所在的任何地方就是我的家——我唯一的家。
What she did is not yet known.
她做了什么尚不清楚。
3．连接副词 where，when，how，why
How this happened is not clear to anyone.
这事是怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。
三、主语从句能用it作形式上的主语
常以it作形式主语的句型有：
1．It＋be＋形容词(obvious，true，natural，surprising，good，wonderful，funny，possible，likely，certain，probable，etc.)＋that从句。
It is certain that she will do well in her exam.
毫无疑问，她的考试成绩会很好。
It was probable that he told her everything.
很可能他把一切都告诉她了。
2．It＋be＋名词词组(no wonder，an honour，a good thing，a pity，no surprise，etc.)＋that从句。
It's a pity that we can't go.很遗憾我们不能去。
It's no surprise that our team should have won the game.
我们对于我们的队伍赢得了这场比赛并不感到惊讶。
3．It＋be＋过去分词(said，reported，thought，expected，decided，announced，arranged，etc.)＋that从句。
It is said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing.
据说，格林先生已经到了北京。
It is reported that China has sent another man made earth satellite into orbit.
据报道，中国又成功发射了一颗人造地球卫星。
4．It＋seem，happen等不及物动词及短语＋that从句。
It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.
Alice似乎不来参加晚会。
It happened that I was out that day.
碰巧我那天外出了。
5．It＋doesn't matter (makes no difference，etc.)＋连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。
It doesn't matter whether she will come or not.
她是否将会来这儿不重要。
It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.
我们在哪里开会无关紧要。
6．当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。
Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week
下周那位科学家将给我们做报告是真的吗？
Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow
他们明天不来很重要吗？
7．当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。
How strange it is that the children are so quiet!
孩子们这么安静真奇怪！
四、在主语从句中需注意
1．主语从句一般用it作形式主语，放在句首，而将主语从句放到句末。
It is possible that he has stolen the car.
很可能是他偷了汽车。
Isn't it strange that he should not have passed the test
他测试没有通过，难道不奇怪吗？
2．that引导主语从句放在句首时，that不可省，但在句末口语中可省。
That he was ill yesterday is known now.
现在大家都知道他昨天生病了。
3．连接代词引导主语从句只能放在句首。
Who has broken the glass is unknown.
谁打破了玻璃现在还不知道。
What he wants is all here.他所要的东西都在这里。
4．主语从句中主句的谓语动词一般用第三人称单数形式，但what引导主语从句的主句谓语动词的形式需根据句子的意思来判断。
How he worked it out is still a secret.
他是如何把它做出来的还是一个秘密。
What they make in this factory are TV sets.
他们在这家工厂里所制造的东西就是电视机。
Ⅰ．单句语法填空
1．Whose fault it is is quite clear now．
2．Whoever takes interest in the paper can ask for a copy．
3．When she will come back school depends(depend) on her mother．
4．It is uncertain whether his family was originally Britain or American．
5．What they want at present are(be) basic skills for survival in the wild．
6．It is desirable that we should read the instructions of the instruments in advance．
7．It is hard to imagine what life was like for her at that time．
8．It's important that children(should) have(have) their own hobbies and interests．
9．It is requested that all the members (should) be(be) present at the meeting tomorrow．
10．That theory must go hand in hand with practice is a principle we should always keep in mind．
Ⅱ．短文语法填空
No one knows 1．exactly(exact) how the earth began，as it happened so long ago．However，according to a widely accepted theory，the universe began with a “Big Bang” that threw matter in all 2．directions(direction)．After that，atoms began to form and combine to create stars and other bodies．
For several billion years after the “Big Bang”，the earth was still just a cloud of dust．3．What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe．The earth became so violent that 4．it was not clear whether the shape would last or not．It exploded loudly with fire and rock．They were in time to produce carbon，nitrogen，water vapor and other gases，5．which were to make the earth's atmosphere．6．What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down，water began to appear on its surface．
Water had also appeared on other planets like Mars but unlike the earth，it had disappeared later．7．It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life．8．What many scientists believe is that the continued 9．presence(present) of water allowed the earth to dissolve 10．harmful(harm) gases and acids into the oceans and seas．This produced a chain reaction，which made it possible for life to develop．同位语从句
[观察例句]
1．He made a proposal that the meeting be postpone．
2．There is no doubt that he will keep his promise．
3．The question who was to blame has never been settled．
4．Report has it that the princess is getting married this year．
[归纳用法]
同位语从句是一种名词性从句，用于对其前面的名词作进一步的说明。
1．由that 引导的同位语从句
There was little hope that he would survive．
他幸存的希望很小。
We came to the decision that we must act at once．
我们做出决定：我们必须立即行动。
The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.
我们明天放假的那个消息是不真实的。
They expressed the wish that she accept the award．
他们表示希望她接受这笔奖金。
There is no evidence that he committed crime．
没有他犯罪的证据。
2．由连接副词引导的同位语从句
I have no idea when he will be back．
我不知道他什么时候会回来。
He had no idea why she left．
他不知道她为什么离开。
3．由whether 引导的同位语从句
He hasn't made the decision whether he will go there．他还没有做出决定是否去那里。
We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy．
我们不是在调查他是否可以信任的问题。
I have small doubt whether he is suitable for the job．他是否适合这份工作我有点怀疑。
4．由连接代词引导的同位语从句
I have no idea what he is doing now．
我不知道他现在在干什么。
Next comes the question what you want it for．
其次就是这个问题， 你为什么要它。
5．同位语从句有时和前面的名词分开
The news got about that the firm was closing down．
消息传开说那家公司将要倒闭。
The rumour spread that they had been arrested．
谣传他们被逮捕了。
Word came that he had been abroad．
据说他已经在国外了。
6．同位语从句与定语从句的区别
(1)从意义上讲，同位语从句是名词性从句，用于对其前面的名词作进一步的说明和解释，与该名词是同位的关系；而定语从句是用来修饰先行词，是从属的关系。
(2)从结构上讲，that在同位语从句中为连词，不充当句子成分；而在定语从句中that代替先行词在从句中充当主语、宾语等句子成分。
(3)有些引导词如whether，what，how等可以用来引导同位语从句，但它们不能用来引导定语从句。
(4)后接同位语从句的名词比较有限，常见的有doubt，fact，message，proof，opinion，hope，impression，evidence，idea，belief，feeling，conclusion，rumour，report，possibility，guarantee，thought，assurance等。而后接定语从句的名词(即先行词)则比较广泛，包括大部分名词及代词。
Ⅰ．单句语法填空
1．His suggestion that we should hold another meeting to discuss the problem was adopted．
2．Word came that a new master would come to teach you German．
3．Do you have any idea why he was late for class
4．He didn't answer the question where/why he had left the key．
5．The question whether he has passed the test isn't clear．
Ⅱ．短文语法填空
The news came 1．that our team had won．2．As we all know，Brown was dropped from the team for the reason 3．that he had have a car accident a few days ago．However，the fact 4．that he was not badly hurt and the eagerness of everybody made him make up his mind 5．to join(join) the competition．But he said he had no idea 6．when he could return to the match．Finally，he made a decision 7．that he would not leave before the match! Now，we are so delighted to see our wish 8．that we can win the game came into 9．reality(real) and we sincerely hope he will 10．totally(total) recover soon!非限制性定语从句
[观察例句]
1．Our guide，who was a French Canadian，was an excellent cook．
2．Peter，whom you met in London，is now back in Paris．
3．The boy，whose hat is red，studies very hard．
4．He will come here yesterday，when he will be free．
5．They went back to London，where was their hometown．
[归纳用法]
1．who引导的非限制性定语从句
My gardener，who is very pessimistic，says that there will be no apples this year．
我家的园丁非常悲观，他说今年将不结苹果了。
2．whom引导的非限制性定语从句
Mr．Smith，from whom I have learned a lot，is a famous scientist．
史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家，我从他那儿学了许多东西。
3．whose引导的非限制性定语从句
whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，在从句中作定语。whose通常指人，也可指动物或无生命的事物。
The boy，whose father is an engineer，studies very hard．
那个小男孩学习很努力，他的父亲是位工程师。
The house，whose windows face north，belongs to him．
窗子朝北的那个房子是他的。
4．which引导的非限制性定语从句
关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中所指代和修饰的可以是主句中的名词、形容词、短语、其他从句或整个主句，在从句中作主语、动词宾语、介词宾语或表语。
(1) which指代主句中的名词，被指代的名词包括表示物、婴儿或动物的名词、表示单数意义的集体名词以及表示职业、品格等的名词。
These trees，which were planted by my father three years ago，have grown up.
我父亲三年前种的树，已经长大了。
(2)which指代主句中的形容词。
She was patient，which her husband seldom was．
她有耐心，她丈夫却很少这样。
(3)which指代主句中的某个从句。
He said that he had never seen her before，which was not true．
他说以前从没见过她，这不是真的。
(4)which指代整个主句。
In the presence of so many people he was a little tense，which was understandable．
在那么多人面前他有点紧张，这是可以理解的。
5．as引导的非限制性定语从句
as引导非限制性定语从句时，代替整个主句，对其进行说明。as在非限制性定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，且引导的从句位置比较灵活，可位于句首或句末，也可置于主句中间。通常均由逗号将其与主句隔开。as有“正如……， 就像……”之意。
As is known to the United States，Mark Twain is a great American writer．
美国人都知道，马克·吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。(as在从句中作主语)
He forgot to bring his pen with him，as was often the case．
他忘了带笔，这是常事。(as在从句中作主语)
6．“介词＋关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句
“介词＋关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句，即在介词后引导的非限制性定语从句。关系代词主要有which，whom，whose。介词的选择取决于它与先行词的搭配或与从句中谓语动词的搭配。
They were short of sticks to make frames for the climbing vines，without which the yield would be halved．
他们缺搭葡萄架的杆儿，没有它们产量会减少一半。
7．“名词/代词＋of＋which/whom”引导的非限制性定语从句
It now has 20，000 hectares of land，more than two thirds of which are under cultivation．
现在它拥有两万公顷土地，其中多于三分之二的土地已经耕种。
8．关系副词when在非限制性定语从句中作时间状语，when指代主句中表示时间的词语
He will put off the picnic until May 1st，when he will be free．
他将把郊游推迟到5月1号，那时他将有空。
9．关系副词where在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语，where指代主句中表示地点的词语
They went to London，where they lived for six months．
他们去了伦敦，在那儿待了六个月的时间。
Ⅰ．单句语法填空
1．He finished college at fifteen，which I found hard to believe．
2．It is a truly delightful place，which looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages．
3．As is supposed，he succeeds in the end．
4．The old woman，who lives on her own，has a cat for company．
5．As is often the case，we have worked out the production plan．
6．The professor gave us a lecture yesterday，the meaning of which I couldn't understand completely．
7．She lived in Nagoya for a couple of years，where she taught Chinese．
8．Yang Liwei，whose parents are both teachers，is the first man in China who has travelled into space．
9．The castle is the place，where I most like to be in the summer．
10．The tigers in the zoo are heavy，the biggest of which is more than 200 pounds．
Ⅱ．短文语法填空
I have a family which is not big，but warm．In my family there are three people，1．who are my father，my mother and I．
My father is a young man，2．who works very hard in a hospital．He likes playing football，3．which is his hobby．He also likes to read novels which were written by famous writers．My mother teaches maths in a school，4．where I am studying．She likes watching TV plays 5．which are acted by famous stars．I am very clever．I like playing basketball，6．which is my hobby．And I like watching basketball Games 7．which are played by famous players．
This is my family，8．which is a warm and happy one．
