新北师大选择性必修一Unit 3 Conservation Lesson 1 The Sixth Extinction精讲精练（含答案）

中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
【北师大版选择性必修一】Unit 3 conservation
类文赏读　话题导入
提示：加黑部分为高考重点词汇，需积累。画线部分为高考写作常用佳句，需背诵。
Every year more people recognize that it is wrong to kill wildlife for “sport”1.Progress in this direction is slow because shooting is not a sport for watching，and only those few who take part in it realize the cruelty and destruction2.The number of gunners，however，grows rapidly.
Wildlife is disappearing because of shooting and the loss of wild land habitat.Habitat loss will continue with our increasing population，but can we slow the loss of wildlife caused by shooting There doesn’t seem to be any chance if the serious condition of our birds is not improved.
Wildlife belongs to everyone and not to the gunners alone.Although most people do not shoot，they seem to forgive shooting for sport because they know little or nothing about it.The only answer，then，is to bring the truth about sport shooting to the great majority of people.
Now，it is time to realize that animals have the same right to live as we do and that there is nothing fair or right about a person with a gun shooting the harmless and beautiful creatures.
1.recognize vt. 认出；识别；承认 vt. 承认，确认；
2.habitat n. （动植物的）栖息地；生活环境
3.belong to 属于
4.forgive v. 原谅，宽恕；免除(债务)
5.the great majority of 绝大多数
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1．Every year more people recognize that it is wrong to kill wildlife for “sport”．
分析　画线部分为it作形式主语。
链接　It is the purpose of this race to inspire us students to pay more attention to physical exercise.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ，应用文写作)
2．...only those few who take part in it realize the cruelty and destruction.
分析　画线部分为who引导定语从句。
链接　As for me，my English teacher is the person who I respect most.(2020·全国Ⅰ，书面表达)
Section Ⅰ　：　Topic Talk INCLUDEPICTURE "E:\\马珊珊\\2021\\同步\\英语 北师 选择性必修第二册\\目标一话题交流场景模拟.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "E:\\马珊珊\\2021\\同步\\英语 北师 选择性必修第二册\\目标一话题交流场景模拟.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "E:\\马珊珊\\2021\\同步\\英语 北师 选择性必修第二册\\目标一话题交流场景模拟.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET
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Listen to John and Mei talking about the lecture yesterday.
Coco:
(J= John M= Mei)
J: Hey, Mel.
M: Hi. John.
J: So how was that lecture you went to yesterday It was by Professor Linda Wei, the environmental expert, wasn't it
M: Yes, 1.it was really informative(这是非常有用的)! I learnt a lot about the environmental challenges the world is facing now.
J: Tell me more about it.
M: Well, as you know, I really feel strongly that we need to change the way we live in order to protect our planet. The lecture talked a lot about this.
J: Of course. but how
M: Well, first, Professor Wei 2.was very passionate about using clean energy(非常热衷于使用清洁能源). After the lecture, I can see that the use of oil and coal is one of the biggest threats to our planet. 3.We definitely need to switch to different forms of power as soon as possible.(我们肯定需要尽快切换到不同形式的能源).
J: That's very true. Did she say anything about using plastic bags
M: Yes. She talked about how plastic waste is kiling our oceans. It's very clear we all need to recycle and reduce the amount of waste we produce.
J: I totally agree. 4.I think we should cut down the use of unrecyclable plastic to protect our planet(我认为我们应该减少使用不可回收的塑料来保护我们的星球)
M: That's a good idea. But of course, as the professor said，“We all have a role to play in protecting the environment. 5.If we all do our part we can live a healthier life on Earth.”(如果我们都尽了自己的一份力，我们就能在地球上过上更健康的生活).
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【策略指导】
英语听力测试不只是考查学生的英语听力，同时还会考查学生的临场应变能力、猜测能力、记忆能力等。平时还要多积累一些常见的话题词汇和话题句式。本单元的话题是人与自然。
常见话题词汇：
1.工业固体废物 industrial solid wastes
2.白色污染 white pollution (by using and littering of non-degradable white plastics)
3.可降解一次性塑料袋 throwaway bio-degradable plastic bags
4.放射性废料积存 aumulation of radioactive waste
5.有机污染物organic pollutants
6.垃圾填埋场 refuse landfill
7.防止过度利用森林 protect forests from overexploitation
8.森林砍伐率rate of deforestation
9.水土流失 water and soil erosion
10.水土保持 conservation of water and soil
11.降低资源消耗率 slow down the rate of resource degradation
12.开发可再生资源 develop renewable resources
13.环保产品 environment-friendly products
14.自然保护区nature reserve
15.保护生存环境 conserve natural habitats
常见话题句式：
1、We should stop factories from producing harmfulgases.我们应该阻止工厂生产有害气体。
2、Save the earth, Our OnlyHome.保护地球，我们唯一的家。
3、As we know , water is very important to man.我们知道，水对人类来说是非常的重要。
4、Most environmental litigation involves disputes with governmental agencies.许多环保诉讼都涉及与政府机构的争端。
5、Do not throw rubbish onto the ground. Do not waste water. Use both sides of paper when you write. Stop usingplastic bags for shopping. Make classrooms less noisy.不要在地上扔垃圾。不要浪费水。当你写字时要在纸的两面都要写。停止使用塑料袋去购物。减少教室里的吵闹声。
6、Don’t litter on the floor.不随地扔垃圾
7、Governments of many countries have established lawsto protect the air, forests and sea resources and to stopenvironmental pollution.许多国家的政府制定法律保护空气、森林和海洋资源和防止环境污染。
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Ⅰ.Read the Text Builder carefully.Then listen to the dialogue and complete it by underlining the words or expressions you hear.(教材page 50)
(I= Interviewer B= Dr. Bradshaw)
I: I feel very lucky indeed to have Dr. Bradshaw with us today. He 1.works on(致力于) protecting animals 3.in danger（危险中）. At present, he is in a rhino protecting programme.
B: Yes, many animals are 4.illegally(非法地) hunted for something they have. In the rhino's case, it is their horns. Some people think it is useful in medicine.
I: How can we stop this from happening
B: Well, the first step is education we need to make everyone know hunting these animals is illegal and that these amazing animals are part of the world we live in.
I: How long do we have before rhinos become 5.extinct(灭绝的)
B: If we don't do something now, there will be no rhinos left in the world in 20 years.
I: That's 6.an incredibly urgent matter（一件非常紧急的事情).
Ⅱ.Listen to the dialogue again and answer the following questions.
1.Why is Dr. Bradshaw working on protecting rhinos
Rhinos are in danger.
2. What do people do to rhinos
Some people incorrectly think rhinos’ horns are useful in medicine and illegally hunt them.
3. What does Dr. Bradshaw suggest doing
We need to make everyone know that hunting these animals is illegal and that these amazing animals are part of the world we live in.
4. What may happen, if we don’t do something now
There will be no rhinos left in the world in 20 years.
Lesson 1
[语境识词·读前清障]
阅读下列课文原句并猜测加黑词汇的汉语意思
1．Extinctions，where entire species are wiped out，are not unusual in our Earth’s history.In fact，over 90 percent of all species that ever lived are now extinct.
　 　
2.The reasons for extinctions are varied⑤.According to scientists，they include volcanic eruptions，asteroids⑥ hitting the Earth from space，changes in sea levels，the decrease⑦ of the oxygen content of the sea and global warming.
　 　 　
Can a sixth extinction be avoided？Experts say that it is not yet too late，if we take action now.This would mean we have to significantly change the way we live.
　 　 　
答案：阅读下列课文原句并猜测加黑词汇的汉语意思
1．n.物种，种 彻底毁灭 adj.异常的；不平常的
2．adj.各种各样的，形形色色的 n.小行星 vi.& vt.减少 n．减少；减少的量
3．物种灭绝 还不算太晚 采取行动 显著地
[速读课文·理解信息]
Task 1　宏观架构　整体理解
Ⅰ.Read the passage quickly and fill in the following blanks with suitable words.
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Ⅱ.What’s the main idea of the passage
The main idea of the passage is the extinctions of species and the reasons and how to avoid the sixth extinction.
Task 2　微观剖析　细节把握
Choose the best answer.
1．All the following reasons caused the five extinctions except .
A．volcanic eruptions B．changes in sea levels
C．global warming D．human activities
2．What can we know from Paragraph 2
A．Human activity has done harm to nature.
B．It is unusual for species to die out naturally.
C．Species die out quickly due to natural causes.
D．There are few reasons why so many species are dying out.
3．How can we avoid a sixth extinction
A．By changing the way we live.
B．By changing how we work and travel.
C．By improving our farming methods.
D．All of the above.
答案：1. D 2. A 3. D
Task 3　读后续写微技能
Activity 1 美句欣赏
Read the passage carefully and find out the following elements:facts; opinnions/predictions; reasons; solutions.
答案：
(1)Facts: over 90 percent of all species that ever lived are now extinct; the“Great Dying”,which killed 90% to 96% of all species; human activity is causing species to die out 1, 000 times faster than normal.
Reasons: air and water pollution, forests being destroyed, factory farming and overfishing;without forests, we would have no air to breathe, and without clean water we would be unable to survive.
Opinions/predictions: many scientists say we are now entering the Earth's sixth mass extinction; scientists believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out.
Solutions: we need to take steps to save endangered species, including setting up special areas where plants and animals can be protected;we need to change how we work and travel...; we also need to improve our farming methods...
Activity 2　文本讨论
Discuss with your partner and then answer the following questions.
1. What did scientists find out in 2015
2. Why does the writer think the sixth mass extinction will come
3. Why does the writer believe we’ll probably die out if 75% of the Earth’s species die out
答案：
1. The 2015 study examined how quickly species die out due to natural causes, that is, the “background extinction rate”. Scientists found that human activity is causing species to die out 1,000 times faster than normal.
2. ①“…human activity is causing species to die out 1,000 times faster than normal.”
②“…human activity has negatively affected all other species…”
③Because human activity has had a devastating (毁灭性的) effect on species diversity, and the rate of human-caused extinctions is accelerating.
3. ①Because our world and our lives depend on the balance in nature between animals and plants.
②Everything living on earth—each plant and animal—needs other living things. The loss of any species can threaten the survival of all life, including human beings.
Activity 3　长句突破　能力提升
1．Extinctions，where entire species are wiped out，are not unusual in our Earth’s history.
[句式分析]　本句是一个主从复合句。Extinctions are not unusual in our Earth’s history是主句；where entire species are wiped out是where引导的定语从句，where在句中作状语。
[自主翻译]　物种灭绝，即某个物种的完全消失，在地球的历史上并不罕见。
2．These include the third mass extinction，known as the “Great Dying”，which killed 90% to 96% of all species.
[句式分析]　本句为复合句。These include the third mass extinction是主句；known as the “Great Dying”是过去分词短语作定语；which killed 90% to 96% of all species是which引导的定语从句，which在句中作主语。
[自主翻译]　这其中包括称为“大灭绝”的第三次灭绝，那期间90%至96%的物种灭亡了。
3．Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally，the rate at which this is now happening is cause for concern.
[句式分析]　本句是复合句。 the rate is cause for concern是主句；Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally是although引导的让步状语从句；at which this is now happening是“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句。
[自主翻译]　虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见，但现在灭绝的速度让人担忧。
Task 4 课文语法填空
After reading the passage，please fill in the following blanks.
Extinctions，where entire species are wiped out，are not unusual in our Earth’s history.In fact，over 90 percent of all species 1.that ever lived are now extinct.In the last 500 million years，there 2.have been(be) five times when life on Earth has almost ended,3.including(include) the third mass extinction，known as the “Great Dying” and the fifth event.The 4.reasons(reason) for extinctions are 5.varied(vary)．Many scientists say we are now entering the Earth’s sixth mass extinction.This time，human activity will be 6.to blame(blame)．
A 2015 study by scientists found that human activity is causing species to die out 1,000 times 7.faster(fast) than normal.8.It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth，including animals and plants.
If a sixth mass extinction 9.occurs(occur)，scientists who have studied the issue believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out and we would also be 10.at risk of dying out.In short，if we want to survive，we need to stop destroying the planet that we live on and start to protect it.
语言学习
Topic Talk
核心考点 讲练互动
第一板块 单词短语
重点词汇
INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\临时用文件\\学习笔记 万冉冉 北师选修必修第一册\\方1.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "F:\\幻灯片\\北师大版 选择性必修第一册 万冉冉\\UNIT 3\\方1.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "F:\\幻灯片\\北师大版 选择性必修第一册 万冉冉\\UNIT 3\\方1.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2021\\同步\\英语\\北师大 选择性必修第一册\\word\\UNIT 3\\方1.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "\\\\王真\\i\\王真\\2021\\同步\\英语\\北师大 选择性必修第一册\\全书完整的Word版文档\\UNIT 3\\方1.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET We all have a role to play in protecting the environment.
我们都能在保护环境方面发挥作用。
?have a role 起某种作用
play a part in＝play a role in在……中扮演一个角色；在……中起作用play the part/role of 扮演……的角色take an active part in 积极参加……
(1)As we all know，computers have an important role in modern society.
众所周知，计算机在现代社会中起着重要的作用。
(2)In the film，he will play the part/role of a policeman.在这部电影里他将扮演一位警察的角色。
(3)She takes an active part in mass activities held by school.她积极参与学校举行的大量的活动。
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那是一件非常紧急的事……
?urgent adj.紧急的，急迫的
※urge vt.催促；极力主张；驱策 n．强烈的欲望；冲动urge sth.on sb.向某人强调某事urge sb.to do sth.催促某人做某事urge that...主张……(从句用虚拟语气，即从句谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略)It is urged that...(should) do sth.坚决要求……做某事have an urge to do sth.有做某事的冲动※urgently adv.急切地；迫切地※urgency n．紧急；压迫；迫切需要的事物；催促
(1)I’m sorry to interrupt you，but it’s really urgent.很抱歉打断您，但是事情确实很紧急。
(2)The central government urges the importance of safety in production on local mines.
中央政府向当地煤矿强调安全生产的重要性。
(3)There are a lot of old people waiting there for varied help urgently(urge)．
有很多老人正在那里焦急地等待着各种各样的帮助。
[一句多译]
(4)当地政府敦促这几家工厂试验这些机器人。
①The local government urged that these factories (should) test out the robots.
②The local government urged these factories to test out the robots.
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灭绝的原因多种多样。
?varied adj.各种各样的，形形色色的
※variety n．品种，种类；变化，多样化a variety of/varieties of各种各样的※vary v．改变；变化；不同vary from...to...由……到……不等；在……到……之间变动vary with随……而变化※various adj.各种各样的；不同的
(1)Visit the palace and its varied historic gardens，which include the famous maze(迷宫) where it is easy to get lost！(你可以)参观宫殿和各种历史上有名的(皇家)花园，花园中有著名的迷宫，在那里(游客)容易迷失方向！
(2)The hotel offers its guests a wide variety(vary) of amusements.
这家旅馆为客人提供各种各样的娱乐活动。
(3)Opinions on conservation vary from person to person.对于保护，每个人意见不一。
[语境串记]
This country is regarded as a melting pot，where there exist a variety of ethnic and cultural groups with various beliefs.Sometimes people’s beliefs can vary with time.
这个国家被称为一个熔炉，在那里存在着多种多样的有着不同信仰的民族和文化群体。有时人们的信仰会随时间而变化。
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这一次，人类活动将是罪魁祸首。
?blame vt.责备；谴责 n．过失；责备
be to blame for sth. 对某事负有责任，应受责备blame sb.for sth.因某事责备某人；把某事归咎于某人blame sth.on sb./sth.把某事归咎于某人/某事put/lay the blame for sth.on sb.将某事归咎于某人
(1)Some social app companies were to blame because they didn’t check their users’ registration seriously.
一些开发社交应用程序的公司应该负责任，因为他们对用户的注册信息审核不够严格。
(2)Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning，and put the blame on the alarm clock.
很多人发现早上起床很难，并把这归咎于闹钟。
(3)Many children are afraid of being blamed for making mistakes in speaking English.
许多孩子害怕讲英语时因犯错误而受责备。
(4)Blamed(blame) by his teacher，the boy was in incredibly low spirits.
被老师责备后，这个男孩心情非常低落。
INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\临时用文件\\学习笔记 万冉冉 北师选修必修第一册\\方5.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "F:\\幻灯片\\北师大版 选择性必修第一册 万冉冉\\UNIT 3\\方5.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "F:\\幻灯片\\北师大版 选择性必修第一册 万冉冉\\UNIT 3\\方5.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2021\\同步\\英语\\北师大 选择性必修第一册\\word\\UNIT 3\\方5.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "\\\\王真\\i\\王真\\2021\\同步\\英语\\北师大 选择性必修第一册\\全书完整的Word版文档\\UNIT 3\\方5.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally，the rate at which this is now happening is cause for concern.虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见，但现在灭绝的速度让人担忧。
?die out灭亡；逐渐消失；逐渐熄灭
die away 声音、光等 逐渐减弱；消失die of/from因……而死die down逐渐平息；逐渐暗淡die off相继死去
(1)This species has nearly died out because its habitat is being destroyed.
因栖息地正受到破坏，这一物种已濒临灭绝。
(2)The sound of the car died away in the distance.
汽车的声音渐渐消失在远方。
(3)After the talk the man’s anger died down a bit.
谈话之后，这名男子的怒气消了一点。
(4)If the snowstorm doesn’t blow over，the cattle will die off.
如果暴风雪不停息，牛就会相继死去。
INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\临时用文件\\学习笔记 万冉冉 北师选修必修第一册\\方6.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "F:\\幻灯片\\北师大版 选择性必修第一册 万冉冉\\UNIT 3\\方6.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "F:\\幻灯片\\北师大版 选择性必修第一册 万冉冉\\UNIT 3\\方6.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2021\\同步\\英语\\北师大 选择性必修第一册\\word\\UNIT 3\\方6.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "\\\\王真\\i\\王真\\2021\\同步\\英语\\北师大 选择性必修第一册\\全书完整的Word版文档\\UNIT 3\\方6.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth，including animals and plants.很明显，人类活动对地球上所有其他物种，包括动物和植物都产生了负面影响。
?affect vt.影响；感动；(疾病)侵袭
※affect sb./sth.影响某人/某事be deeply affected by...被……深深打动了※effect n．效应；影响；结果have an effect on...对……有影响
(1)The noise from the coming and going cars of the road affected our study.
马路上来往车辆的噪音影响了我们的学习。
(2)Most people present at the meeting were deeply affected by his informative speech.出席会议的大多数人被他的有教育意义的演讲感动了。
(3)My parents’ divorce had a great effect on me.
我父母的离婚给我带来了很大的影响。
INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\临时用文件\\学习笔记 万冉冉 北师选修必修第一册\\方7.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "F:\\幻灯片\\北师大版 选择性必修第一册 万冉冉\\UNIT 3\\方7.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "F:\\幻灯片\\北师大版 选择性必修第一册 万冉冉\\UNIT 3\\方7.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2021\\同步\\英语\\北师大 选择性必修第一册\\word\\UNIT 3\\方7.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "\\\\王真\\i\\王真\\2021\\同步\\英语\\北师大 选择性必修第一册\\全书完整的Word版文档\\UNIT 3\\方7.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET Of course，as we humans depend on so many species for our survival，we would also be at risk of dying out.当然，由于我们人类依赖如此多的物种生存，我们也将面临灭绝的危险。
?be at risk处境危险，受到威胁
※take risks/a risk冒险take/run the risk of doing sth.冒险做某事at the risk of...冒着……风险※risk doing sth.冒险做某事
(1)Your health might be at risk due to much smoking.由于吸烟太多，你的健康可能受到威胁。
(2)It is not worthwhile to take the risk of offending your boss just to get such a small sum of money.
仅仅为了拿到那一点钱就去冒险触怒老板，不值得。
(3)Men who had been stressed tended to take more risks while women responded in the opposite way.男性在压力下更容易冒险，然而女性却完全相反。
(4)He got well prepared for the job interview，for he couldn’t risk losing(lose) the good opportunity.
他为面试做了充分的准备，因为他不想冒失去这一次好机会的危险。
INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\临时用文件\\学习笔记 万冉冉 北师选修必修第一册\\方8.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "F:\\幻灯片\\北师大版 选择性必修第一册 万冉冉\\UNIT 3\\方8.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "F:\\幻灯片\\北师大版 选择性必修第一册 万冉冉\\UNIT 3\\方8.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2021\\同步\\英语\\北师大 选择性必修第一册\\word\\UNIT 3\\方8.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "\\\\王真\\i\\王真\\2021\\同步\\英语\\北师大 选择性必修第一册\\全书完整的Word版文档\\UNIT 3\\方8.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET For example，we need to take steps to save endangered species，including setting up special areas where plants and animals can be protected.例如，我们需要采取措施拯救濒临灭绝的物种，包括建立保护动植物的特殊区域。
?endangered adj.濒危的
※endanger v．使遭危险；危及；危害※in danger有危险的；在危险中out of danger脱离危险a danger to对……有危险；对……是危险的人或物in danger of处于……危险之中※dangerous adj.危险的
(1)As we all know，pandas are an endangered species.
众所周知，熊猫是濒危物种。
(2)Police said the man was a danger to the public.
警方说该男子对公众是个危险人物。
(3)With the help of the man，the little girl is out of danger.
在这个男人的帮助下，这个小女孩脱离了危险。
(4)The boy is at risk because a dangerous(danger) tiger is running after him.
男孩处在危险中，因为一只危险的老虎在追赶他。
(5)If he carries on like this，he’s in danger of being removed by the company.
要是他继续这样下去，他就有被公司开除的危险。
经典句式
They found that human activity is causing species to die out 1，000 times faster than normal.
他们发现人类活动导致物种灭绝的速度比正常情况快1 000倍。
※1,000 times faster than...是一种倍数的表示方法，意为“比……快1 000倍”。※倍数的表示法：①倍数＋as＋adj./adv.(原级)＋as...②倍数＋比较级＋than...③倍数＋the size/height/length/width...＋of...④倍数＋what从句
(1)This table is three times as long as that one.
＝This table is three times the length of that one.
＝This table is three times longer than that one.
这张桌子是那张桌子的三倍长。
(2)The price of the house this year is twice what it was last year.
今年的房价是去年的两倍。
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Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．An unhappy home environment can (effect) a child’s behaviour.
2．The shop sells (vary) of toys that attract lots of children.
3．The number of the workers in that factory is the decrease.
4．The government has been playing important role in improving people’s life.
5．That style of music is dying out because few young people are willing to learn it.
6．When passing by，we saw some hunters (hunt) wild animals without mercy.
7．The managing director was blamed the accident，although it was not really his fault.
8．The young man risked (knock) down to take the child on the road to safety.
9．What should be done to punish people who do harm to the (endanger) animals
10．She was about to cry out when she heard her father (urgent) telling her to keep quiet.
Ⅱ.完成句子
11．The media influencing people’s opinions.
媒体在影响舆论方面发挥着重要作用。
12．There were why he decided to leave school.
他决定离开学校有各种各样的原因。
13．It is Lucy rather than you who .
是露西而不是你应该为这次事故负责。
，I am determined to be a volunteer worker.
受他的故事影响很大，我决心做一名志愿者。
15．I felt the bear is me.
我感觉这头熊是我的两倍重。
达标检测
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.affect 2. varieties 3. on 4. an 5. out 6. hunting 7.for 8.being knocked 9.endangered 10.urgently
Ⅱ.完成句子
11.play a major role in
12.varied reasons
13. is to blame for the accident
14.Much affected by the story of him
15.twice heavier than/twice as heavy as
第二板块 语法句式
Part Ⅱ　Grammar—Relative Clauses—Defining
and Non defining Clauses
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语法感知
感知以下课文原句，完成方框下的小题
1．Extinctions，where entire species are wiped out，are not unusual in our Earth’s history.2．In fact，over 90 percent of all species that ever lived are now extinct.3．In the last 500 million years，there have been five times when life on Earth has almost ended.4．These include the third mass extinction，known as the “Great Dying”，which killed 90% to 96% of all species.5．Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally，the rate at which this is now happening is cause for concern.6．A 2015 study by scientists who were based at Brown University and Duke University in the US，looked at how quickly species die out due to natural causes，that is，the “background extinction rate”．7．There is a long list of reasons why so many species are dying out: air and water pollution，forests being destroyed，factory farming and overfishing.8．If a sixth mass extinction occurs，scientists who have studied the issue believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out.9．This would mean we have to significantly change the way we live.10．For example，we need to take steps to save endangered species，including setting up special areas where plants and animals can be protected.
定语从句的关系词分为关系代词和关系副词，关系代词引导的定语从句有句2、4、6、8；“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句有句5；关系副词引导的定语从句有句1、3、7、10；the way作先行词，定语从句缺状语用that或者in which 或者省略关系词，如句9。
语法精析
一、定语从句的种类
根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度，我们将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。
1．限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，用于修饰和限定先行词。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，两者之间不用逗号分开；关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which，as；关系副词有where，when，why。
This is the computer (that/which) he bought for his son yesterday.
这是他昨天为儿子买的电脑。
The woman who/that survived the earthquake is Amy’s English teacher.
在地震中幸存的那个女人是埃米的英语老师。
2．非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不是十分密切，只是对先行词或主句做些附加说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然完整。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开。引导非限制性定语从句的关系词与引导限制性定语从句的关系词略有不同。除that和why不能引导非限制性定语从句外，其他都可以。
He is English，which I know from his accent.
他是英国人，那是我通过他的口音知道的。
I heard a terrible noise，which brought my heart into my mouth.
我听到了一个可怕的声音，这使我非常害怕。
二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的用法比较
1．形式不同
限制性定语从句和主句之间没有逗号；非限制性定语从句必须用逗号与主句隔开。
Here is the man who has been punished by the boss.
这就是那个被老板惩罚的人。(限制性定语从句)
The project，which lasted three years，cost no less than $1 billion.
这个工程历时三年，耗资多达十亿美元。(非限制性定语从句)
2．先行词不同
限制性定语从句的先行词只能是一个名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词，也可以是整个主句。试比较：
This is the best novel that I have ever read.
这是我曾经看过的最好的小说。(限制性定语从句，先行词是novel)
The novel，which I read last night，is very interesting.
我昨天晚上看过那部小说了，它非常有意思。(非限制性定语从句，先行词为novel)
The novel is very interesting，which makes me very excited.
那部小说很有意思，这让我很兴奋。(非限制性定语从句，which指代前面整句话的内容)
3．关系词的使用情况不同
(1)that，why不可用于引导非限制性定语从句，指物时要用which代替that，for which代替why。
Most people didn’t vote for him，which disappointed him.
大多数人没有投票支持他，这使他感到失望。
I have told them the reason，for which I changed my mind.
我已经告诉了他们我改变主意的原因。
(2)关系代词替代情况不同
①关系代词whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用who代替，但在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用who代替。
This is the man (whom/who/that) we are talking about.
这就是我们正在谈论的那个人。(限制性定语从句)
The young man had a new girlfriend，whom he wanted to impress.
这位年轻人新交了一个女朋友，他想给她留下深刻的印象。(非限制性定语从句)
②在限制性定语从句中，先行词指人时可以用that引导，但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时，关系代词只能用who或whom。
She has a younger brother，who is an English teacher.
她有一个弟弟，他是一名英语老师。
(3)关系代词省略情况不同
关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可省略，而非限制性定语从句的所有关系代词均不可省略。
This is a good film(which/that) I saw a few days ago.
这是我几天前看过的一部好影片。(限制性定语从句)
The summer holiday，which we’re looking forward to，is drawing near.
我们盼望的暑假就要来了。(非限制性定语从句)
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Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．This is the room my grandma used to live.
2．This is the room my grandma used to live in.
3．Mr Green said that Suzhou was the first city he had visited in China.
4． is known to us all，the rare vase dates back to the Ming Dynasty.
5．The boy I thought to be honest lied to me.
6．I， is your good friend，will of course try my best to help you out.
7．This was the reason he took apart the machine.
8．This is the farm we picked apples last year.
9．Do you still remember the summer holiday we made a journey to Beijing
10．The famous singer， is from Britain，has a number of devoted fans in China.
Ⅱ.完成句子
11．They went to the British Museum， .
他们去了大英博物馆，在那里他们看到了许多著名艺术家的画作。
，books are the source of knowledge.
众所周知，书籍是知识的源泉。
13．I don’t know the reason .
我不知道他为什么没有照常来学校。
14．He failed in the exam again， .
他又没通过考试，这让他的父母很吃惊。
15．Do you know the number of people in the traffic accident
你知道在交通事故中丧生的人数吗？
达标检测
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
where 2. that/which 3. that 4. As 5. who 6. who 7. why 8. where 9. when 10. who
Ⅱ.完成句子
where they saw many famous artists’ paintings
As is known to us all
why he didn’t come to school as usual
which surprised his parents
who lost their lives
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