2024届 高考英语 二轮复习： 阅读理解 专题练习（含解析）

Passage 1
Several years ago, when someone used camera covers to protect against possible monitoring, it was not popular to talk about it. Today, people use various types of tapes to cover the web cameras and microphones.
There are many types of spyware that can dive into our devices and secretly spy on them, recording everything they do. Such programmes may infect not only computers but also smartphones. Your data may be used by hackers who will try to request money for not exposing your private information or by companies like NSO Group who created a kind of spyware to “provide authorised governments with technology that helps struggle against terror and crime”.
In my opinion, the protection technique is highly overestimated. Users tape the cameras and microphones through lack of understanding of how their devices work and how the malware(恶意软件) works. Hackers and even secret services do not have enough resources to monitor all victims using the cameras or microphones. If they need to get any information, they get it by sending a targeted virus to your device, which will not be stopped by the tapes. Such a virus will find what to steal—from personal photos and videos to passwords from social networks, browser history, bank accounts and so on.
It is unwise to believe that attackers will not be able to find a way to spy on you, even if the device, discharged to zero, can still deliver data about your location, using the smartphones of the surrounding people as signal repeaters. Let us face it: we live in an era when it is extremely difficult to hide something and a piece of tape is clearly not the most useful tool in the struggle for your privacy.
Again, to be able to spy on you, attackers need to plant the malware in your device. To prevent the malware from entering your device, do not click suspected links and email attachments. Use strong passwords for email, social media and online bank accounts.
1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“them”inparagraph2referto
A.Cameras. 　　　　B.Types.
C.Programmes. D.Devices.
2.What is NSO Group
A.A group of hackers.
B.A company developing spyware.
C.A group of terrorists and criminals.
D.A company fighting against crime.
3.Why does the author think “the protection technique is highly overestimated”
A.People know little about their devices.
B.Hackers have no access to others.
C.It hardly prevents the malware from getting privacy.
D.It can’t cover the cameras completely.
Passage 2
Ever since she received a little toy airliner as a birthday gift, Kate has been attracted by flight. From flying remote-controlled airplanes to building her own model ones, Kate has always considered flying a plane one of her passions, but only until recently has she been able to take that to new heights.
When Kate heard about the Upwind Scholarship from her school counselor, she knew it was an extraordinary opportunity to realise her dream. The programme’s mission is to provide all the training necessary to obtain a private pilot’s license (PPL) for students in between their junior and senior year of high school free of charge.
After completing a lengthy application and her subsequent acceptance into the programme, Kate began her training last spring. Normally, recipients of the scholarship would attend ground school in person where they learn the fundamentals of flying. Due to the pandemic, however, Kate spent hours each weekend studying online lessons in her room whenever she got a break from homework. Once summer came around, Kate and three peers put in two straight weeks of ground school, reviewing flight training from nine to five every day.“It was the toughest part of the programme,” Kate said.
After completing that portion of ground school, Kate was finally able to begin flying at the San Carlos Airport with the other scholarship recipients from around the Bay Area. Flying, especially for first-timers like Kate, is a hands-on process involving lots of checklists to make sure the important tasks are being taken care of.
Now, having finished the programme and earned her PPL, Kate plans on training as a flight instructor and hopes to become an airline pilot in her future.
She credits the Upwind Scholarship to all she’s been able to accomplish so far and hopes that anyone who shares her passion will look into it.“It is a very hard scholarship to win, and you have to be truly interested in flight,” Kate said.“It can’t be something like ‘Oh, why don’t I try flying this summer ’ You have to be ready to do a lot of work and put effort into succeeding in the programme.”
4.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph1referto
A.Her skill of building model airplanes.
B.Her wish to travel around the world.
C.Her childhood dream of becoming a pilot.
D.Her desire to fly remote-controlled airplanes.
5.What is the goal of the Upwind Scholarship
A.To help students in need to achieve their dreams.
B.To provide necessary training for private pilots for free.
C.To give students expert advice on earning a scholarship.
D.To prepare high school students to become a private pilot.
6.What did Kate do in ground school
A.She took online lessons on flying.
B.She went over the fundamentals of flying.
C.She did some research into the pandemic.
D.She finished applying for the programme.
7.Which of the following best describes Kate
A.Confident and aggressive.
B.Strong-willed and patient.
C.Demanding and courageous.
D.Ambitious and hard-working.
Passage 3
Every four or five years, vast quantities of warm water build up along the west coast of South America. This phenomenon, El Ni o, creates storms that cause destructive floods. The result is costly.
Modern farmers come to terms with El Ni o. They use money saved in good years to rebuild in bad ones. But history suggests it need not be like that. In a paper published recently, Ari Caramanica, an archaeologist in Lima, shows how it used to be done. And the answer seems to be “better”.
Dr Caramanica and her colleagues have been studying the Pampa de Mocan, a coastal desert plain in northern Peru. It is not suitable for farming. Its soil contains little organic matter and the annual rainfall in non-Ni o years is usually less than two centimetres. Today’s farmers therefore depend on canals to carry water from local rivers to their fields.
It had been assumed that ancient farmers had a similar arrangement—and so they did. But Dr Caramanica also found eight canals that could carry water far beyond the range of modern farms. She thought that they were intended to guide the floodwaters arriving during Ni o years. Around a quarter of the ancient agricultural infrastructure of this area seemed to have been built only for managing Ni o-generated floodwaters.
Evidence from pollen supports this theory, revealing that the Pampa de Mocan produced lots of crops in some years, while remaining nearly barren in others. The team also uncovered two cisterns(蓄水箱) in the area serviced by the extended canals. These, probably, were used to store extra floodwaters.
These findings suggest that, rather than resisting El Ni o, early farmers in the Pampa de Mocan were ready to make use of it when it arrived. Modern farmers might do well to learn from them.
8.What does the recent study focus on
A.Living with El Ni o.
B.Effects of El Ni o.
C.Farming in the desert.
D.Water shortage in Peru.
9.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“they”inparagraph4referto
A.Ancient farmers. B.Rivers.
C.Farms. D.Canals.
10.What lesson can be learned from early farmers
A.Every advantage has its disadvantage.
B.In every difficulty lies an opportunity.
C.Sharp tools make good work.
D.It’s never too late to mend.
11.In which section of a website may this text appear
A.Education. B.Travel.
C.Business. D.Science.
Passage 4
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate.When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist(转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
12.What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A.The methods of estimation.
B.The underlying logic of the effect.
C.The causes of people’s errors.
D.The design of Galton’s experiment.
13.Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if 　　　.
A.the crowds were relatively small
B.there were occasional underestimates
C.individuals did not communicate
D.estimates were not fully independent
14.What did the follow-up study focus on
A.The size of the groups.
B.The dominant members.
C.The discussion process.
D.The individual estimates.
15.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies
A.Unclear.　　　 　B.Dismissive.
C.Doubtful. D.Approving.
Passage 5
Charvi Goyal is a high school student from Dallas, Texas, who helps out other classmates by tutoring them between classes. A tutor is someone who teaches one person or a very small group of students.
When Goyal’s high school moved online because of the pandemic, she decided to take her teaching online. The junior and three of her fellow students created TutorScope, a programme that offers free tutoring services to other children, including younger ones. It started with a small number of tutors who helped young people in their city. But it has grown into a group of 22 tutors from Texas, Arizona and Ohio. They have helped more than 300 students.
TutorScope aims to give the one-on-one help that teachers have traditionally given while walking around their classrooms. But now, many teachers cannot provide that one-on-one support because they lack time or have issues with technology.
Sarah Newman said her children, 7-year-old twins, had helpful TutorScope experiences.“With these tutors, I realise they have time,” she said, “I think they are very patient with these younger kids, which I do not even have as a mother. I have patience for other things, but I don’t have patience for teaching.”
What makes the TutorScope effort special is the connection between the teenage volunteers and the other students they are helping. Although the pandemic has forced many students to look inward, Goyal said that working with others on a big project had permitted her to look outward.“My confidence level has increased,” Goyal said. She added that she has made friends with other students from her school. She said one of the best things about running a growing non-profit programme is that it does help with the boredom of being stuck at home.
16.What did Goyal do because of the pandemic
A.She helped her classmates at school.
B.She got active in fighting a disease.
C.She offered online classes to students.
D.She went to another country for help.
17.What’s the purpose of TutorScope
A.To give online help.
B.To make profits.
C.To make friends.
D.To choose volunteers.
18.What’sSarahNewman’sattitudetowardstheprogramme
A.Favourable. B.Tolerant.
C.Skeptical. D.Critical.
19.What can we learn from Goyal’s success
A.Putting the cart before the horse.
B.A friend in need is a friend indeed.
C.No man can do two things at once.
D.Helping others will benefit oneself.
Passage 6
Online education has grown fast over the past ten years. The explosion of technology has made teaching outside the traditional classroom possible for teachers and has provided learners with easy access to course materials.
In April, 2005, I was approached by a student who was interested in our doctoral programme. However, the first question out of her mouth was,“Do you offer any online courses ” Later that day, as I was reading the conference programme guide and trying for interesting presentations, I noticed many workshops on web-based learning and online education. I later attended two of those workshops and met several professors from different universities who had either taught online courses for quite some time or who were discovering the best practice for teaching online. These experiences helped me realise at least to some extent the degree of growth in online education.
I made several attempts to enrich my knowledge of distance learning and online teaching. I consulted with my colleagues who were teaching online courses. This helped me recognise the importance of getting materials prepared even before the start of a term. I also learned that online courses may consume more time than regular classroom teaching. And I attended several workshops regarding online education and established a network with those who were involved in online programmes at other universities. I will consider these people as my consultants as I begin to design my own online course. Also, I conducted a brief survey with 15 students and two staff members who had taken or taught an online course before to understand their experience. Eventually I completed a literature review which gave me the foundation and the background of understanding the need for online education.
20.Why did the author take a student for example
A.To show students’ love for the doctoral programme.
B.To persuade learners of traditional education.
C.To explain the growing trend of online education.
D.To predict the future of the teaching career.
21.What caused the author to know more about online education
A.The appetite for knowledge.
B.The professional responsibilities.
C.The requirement of research.
D.The colleagues’ encouragement.
22.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetoonlineeducation
A.Carefree. B.Doubtful.
C.Supportive. D.Unwilling.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述的是如何保护我们设备上的隐私。
1.D　解析 代词指代题。根据第二段的 “Therearemanytypesofspywarethatcandiveintoourdevicesandsecretlyspyonthem,recordingeverythingtheydo.” 可知, 有许多类型的间谍软件可以潜入我们的设备并秘密监视它们, 记录它们所做的一切。由此推知, 画线词them指代的是前面提到的devices。故选D项。
2.B　解析 推理判断题。根据第二段的 “...bycompanieslikeNSOGroupwhocreatedakindofspywareto ‘provideauthorisedgovernmentswithtechnologythathelpsstruggleagainstterrorandcrime’.” 可知, 这些公司研发某种间谍软件, 为所授权的政府提供有助于打击恐怖行动和犯罪的科技。故选B项。
3.C　解析 推理判断题。由题干信息可定位到文章第三段的首句, 且根据第三段的 “Iftheyneedtogetanyinformation,theygetitbysendingatargetedvirustoyourdevice,whichwillnotbestoppedbythetapes.Suchaviruswillfindwhattosteal—frompersonalphotosandvideostopasswordsfromsocialnetworks,browserhistory,bankaccountsandsoon.” 可知, 这种保护技术很难阻止恶意软件获取隐私。故选C项。
【语篇导读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了凯特从小就爱好飞行, 以及她为了实现成为一名飞行员的梦想所做出的努力。
4.C　解析 代词指代题。根据画线词前一句提到的“Katehasalwaysconsideredflyingaplaneoneofherpassions”和第二段开头提到的“...itwasanextraordinaryopportunitytorealiseherdream.”可知, 凯特从小就爱好飞行, 驾驶飞机是她的梦想。由此推测,that指代 “她想成为一名飞行员的梦想”。故选C项。
5.D　解析 细节理解题。根据第二段的 “Theprogramme’smissionistoprovideallthetrainingnecessarytoobtainaprivatepilot’slicense(PPL)forstudentsinbetweentheirjuniorandsenioryearofhighschoolfreeofcharge.” 可知, 它的目标是让想成为私人飞行员的高中生做好相应的准备。故选D项。
6.B　解析 细节理解题。根据第三段的 “...recipientsofthescholarshipwouldattendgroundschoolinpersonwheretheylearnthefundamentalsofflying.” 和 “...Kateandthreepeersputintwostraightweeksofgroundschool,reviewingflighttraining...” 可知, 凯特在地面学校回顾飞行的基础知识。故选B项。
7.D　解析 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的内容可推断, 凯特很有志向; 再根据最后一段中凯特所说的话 “Itisaveryhardscholarshiptowin,andyouhavetobetrulyinterestedinflight...Youhavetobereadytodoalotofworkandputeffortintosucceedingintheprogramme.” 可知, 凯特为了获得奖学金很努力。由此推断, 凯特很有雄心壮志, 而且为了梦想非常努力。故选D项。
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。在最近发表的一篇论文中, 一位考古学家展示了过去的农民是如何利用厄尔尼诺现象来帮助农业生产的, 文章介绍了这一研究开展的过程以及发现。
8.A　解析 细节理解题。根据第二段的 “ModernfarmerscometotermswithElNi o...Inapaperpublishedrecently...showshowitusedtobedone.Andtheanswerseemstobe ‘better’.” 可知, 最近的研究重点与厄尔尼诺现象共存。故选A项。
9.D　解析 代词指代题。根据画线词前一句 “ButDrCaramanicaalsofoundeightcanalsthatcouldcarrywaterfarbeyondtherangeofmodernfarms.” 以及后面的“...wereintendedtoguidethefloodwatersarrivingduringNi oyears.”可知,Caramanica博士认为上文提到的八条运河是为了引洪。由此推知,they指代的是 “运河”。故选D项。
10.B　解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段的 “Thesefindingssuggestthat,ratherthanresistingElNi o,earlyfarmersinthePampadeMocanwerereadytomakeuseofitwhenitarrived.” 可知, 当厄尔尼诺现象到来时, 早期农民并没有进行抵制, 而是做好了利用它的准备。由此推知, 我们可以从早期农民那里学到 “每一个困难中都蕴藏着机会” 这一道理。故选B项。
11.D　解析 推理判断题。通读文章可知, 在最近发表的一篇论文中, 一位考古学家展示了过去的农民是如何利用厄尔尼诺现象来帮助农业生产的, 而文章正是介绍了这一研究开展的过程以及发现。由此推知, 文章可能选自网站的 “科学” 版面。故选D项。
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。 文章介绍了一项新研究, 该研究阐述了“群体智慧”效应的基本原理。
12.B　解析 段落大意题。 根据第二段中的“Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors...resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.”可知, 当足够多的误差被平均在一起时, 它们就会相互抵消, 从而得到更准确的估计。 由此可知, 本段解释了“群体智慧”效应的基础逻辑。 故选B项。
13.D　解析 推理判断题。 根据第三段中的“Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthat...thanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.”可知,Navajas的研究表明, 即使在个体估计不是完全独立的情况下, 其准确率的提高也是可以做到的。 故选D项。
14.C　解析 推理判断题。 根据最后一段中的“...theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.”可知, 后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。 故选C项。
15.D　解析 观点态度题。 根据文章最后一段内容可知, 尽管Navajas的研究有局限性, 仍存在许多问题, 但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。 由此可推知, 作者对Navajas的研究是持赞成态度的。 故选D项。
【语篇导读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了高中生CharviGoyal在疫情期间通过网络教学帮助了学生, 同时也增强了自己的自信心。
16.C　解析 细节理解题。根据第二段的 “WhenGoyal’shighschoolmovedonlinebecauseofthepandemic,shedecidedtotakeherteachingonline.” 可知, 疫情期间她为学生提供了在线课程。故选C项。
17.A　解析 推理判断题。根据第二段的 “ThejuniorandthreeofherfellowstudentscreatedTutorScope,aprogrammethatoffersfreetutoringservicestootherchildren,includingyoungerones.” 可知,TutorScope的目的是提供在线帮助。故选A项。
18.A　解析 观点态度题。根据第四段的 “‘Withthesetutors,Irealisetheyhavetime,’shesaid, ‘Ithinktheyareverypatientwiththeseyoungerkids,whichIdonotevenhaveasamother.Ihavepatienceforotherthings,butIdon’thavepatienceforteaching.’” 可推断,SarahNewman对这个项目持赞同和支持的态度。故选A项。
19.D　解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段的 “‘Myconfidencelevelhasincreased,’ Goyalsaid.Sheaddedthatshehasmadefriendswithotherstudentsfromherschool.Shesaidoneofthebestthingsaboutrunningagrowingnon-profitprogrammeisthatitdoeshelpwiththeboredomofbeingstuckathome.” 可知, 她做这个项目既帮助了别人, 也帮助了自己。故选D项。
【语篇导读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者接触、研究、学习及实施在线教育的故事。
20.D　解析 推理判断题。根据第二段内容可知, 作者以一个学生为例是想表明自己开始接触在线教育, 而这些经历帮助作者认识到在线教育已成为一种教育趋势。由此推知, 举这个例子是为了预测教学事业的未来。故选D项。
21.A　解析 推理判断题。根据第三段的 “Imadeseveralattemptstoenrichmyknowledgeofdistancelearningandonlineteaching.” 可推知, 作者尝试远程学习和在线教育是因为对知识的渴望。故选A项。
22.C　解析 观点态度题。根据第三段的 “IwillconsiderthesepeopleasmyconsultantsasIbegintodesignmyownonlinecourse...EventuallyIcompletedaliteraturereviewwhichgavemethefoundationandthebackgroundofunderstandingtheneedforonlineeducation.” 可推知, 作者对在线教育的态度是支持的。故选C项。