Unit 4 Body Language Section Ⅰ Reading and Thinking
核 心 单 词
1．vary vi.(根据情况)变化；改变
①(牛津高阶) Class numbers vary between 25 and 30.
班级的数目从25到30不等。
②(中国日报) The level and standard can vary from village to village, with the focus of ensuring basic needs and solving key problems, the official said.
这位官员说，每个村庄的水平和标准都不同，重点是确保基本需求和解决关键问题。
③(剑桥高阶) The samples varied in quality but were generally acceptable.
这些样品质量不一致，但大体可以接受。
④(牛津高阶) The menu varies with the season.
菜单随季节而变动。
⑤(2022·全国甲卷) Some of these cultural dining etiquette rules may seem random and strange, but they are important in various countries.
其中一些文化上的用餐礼仪规则可能看起来随意而奇怪，但它们在不同的国家都很重要。
⑥(2023·新课标全国Ⅰ卷)We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with foot brake (刹车), bikes with hand brake and gears (排挡), bikes with child seats, and children's bikes.
我们提供种类繁多的最新自行车，包括有脚刹的基本自行车、有手刹和带排挡的自行车、带儿童座椅的自行车和儿童自行车。
G 归纳拓展
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单句语法填空
①People's clothes usually vary with the season and taste.
②Generally, pulse rates vary slightly from person to person.
③These shoes vary in size and colour.
④In these open spaces are numerous plants in various stages of growth that attract a variety of other plant eaters. (vary)
一句多译
他们已经找到了各种各样的方法来满足客人的需求。
⑤They have found various/varied ways to meet the customers' needs.
⑥They have found varieties of ways to meet the customers' needs.
⑦They have found a variety of ways to meet the customers' needs.
2．appropriate adj.合适的；恰当的
①(朗文当代)It would not be appropriate for me to discuss that now.
我现在不适合讨论那件事。
②(朗文当代)It seemed somehow appropriate that we should begin our journey here.
从这里开始我们的旅程似乎很合适。
③(剑桥高阶) She didn't think we were appropriately dressed for a wedding.
她觉得我们的穿着不适合参加婚礼。
G 归纳拓展
T 图解助记
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单句语法填空
①The book was written in a style appropriate to/for the age of the children.
②Is it now an appropriate time to make (make) a speech
③She says dressing appropriately (appropriate) for interviews helps applicants feel confident.
完成句子
④Plain, simple clothes are appropriate for (适合) school wear.
⑤ It's appropriate that (……是合适的) you should adopt his suggestion.
3．approve vi.赞成；同意 vt.批准；通过
①(剑桥高阶)I thoroughly approve of what the government is doing.
我完全赞成政府的做法。
②(牛津高阶) He doesn't approve of my leaving school this year.
他不赞成我今年离校。
③(柯林斯词典) The city fathers have just given final approval to a new stadium.
市政府官员们刚才已对新体育场的承建工作做了最终批准。
G 归纳拓展
T 图解助记
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①Her mother doesn't approve of her going to study in the United States alone.
②Alan is someone who always needs the approval (approve) of other people.
③After a lot of hard work and efforts, the project was approved (approve) eventually by the government.
完成句子
④令我非常高兴的是，我的父母同意我出国旅游。
Much to my delight, my parents have approved of me/my going abroad for a trip.
4．employ vt.使用；应用；雇用
①(牛津高阶)For the past three years he has been employed as a firefighter.
三年来他一直受雇当消防员。
②(剑桥高阶) We've employed a market researcher to find out what people really want from a cable TV system.
我们雇佣了一位市场调查员来找出人们对有线电视系统的真正需求。
③(牛津高阶)She was employed in making a list of all the jobs to be done.
她正忙着把要做的所有工作列一个清单。
④(2022·浙江高考) This type of writing won't be rewarded by the school examiner, nor by a future employer or a potential client.
这种类型的写作不会得到学校考官、未来的雇主或潜在客户的奖励。
⑤(柯林斯词典) He regularly drove from his home to his place of employment.
他经常开车从家到工作地点。
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单句语法填空
①(2023·全国甲卷)Carson proves that a simple lyric form that has been passed down through the ages can still be employed (employ) today to draw attention to important truths.
②We employed an architect to design (design)our summer house.
③(2023·1月浙江高考卷)Yes, the employees (employ) dressed up as movie characters, and every customer received a discount card.
④Graduates are finding it more and more difficult to find employment (employ)．
⑤For the past three years he has been employed as a firefighter.
翻译句子
⑥It's reported that the employer employed thousands of employees and increased the employment rate of the city.
据报道，该雇主雇佣了数千名雇员，提高了该市的就业率。
5．differ vi.相异；不同于
①(剑桥高阶) The twins look alike, but they differ in temperament.
这对双胞胎长得很像，但他们的性格不同。
②(剑桥高阶) The story he told police differed from the one he told his mother.
他告诉警察的故事和他告诉母亲的不一样。
③(牛津高阶)I have to differ with you on that.
在那一点上我不得不同意你的看法。
④(2023·北京卷)And on slow burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices(牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow.
在气候变化等缓慢燃烧的问题上，这意味着不愿意今天做出小的牺牲，而这些牺牲可能会在明天产生重大影响。
G 归纳拓展
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单句语法填空
①(2023·全国甲卷) Different (differ) from traditional fables, Carson's story ends with an accusation instead of a moral.
②Since his retirement, Crowe has differed with the President on several issues.
③She believed that such an experience would make a big difference to her boy's life.
④That two nations differ in the culture and climate.
⑤That fashion in different countries differs from each other and reflects the cultural differences.
6．favour vt.较喜欢；选择；有利于n.帮助；恩惠；赞同
①(剑桥高阶) In the survey, a majority of people favoured higher taxes and better public services over tax cuts.
在调查中，大多数人支持更高的税收和更好的公共服务，而不是减税。
②(柯林斯词典)I've come to ask you to do me a favour.
我是来请你帮我一个忙的。
③(中国日报) So they're pretty clear, unless the science can absolutely reassure everybody that it's totally safe to come down to five days, they're not in favour of that.
所以他们很清楚，除非科学能绝对保证每个人把时间缩短到5天是完全安全的，否则他们是不会赞成的。
④(2023·新课标全国Ⅰ卷)Xiao long bao (soup dumplings), those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling wrappers, encasing hot, tasty soup and sweet, fresh meat, are far and away my favorite Chinese street food.
小笼包(汤包)，那些精致的饺子皮，包裹着热腾腾的美味汤汗和甜甜的鲜肉，是我最喜欢的中国街头小吃。
⑤(牛津高阶)The terms of the agreement are favourable to both sides.
协议条款对双方都有利。
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单句语法填空
①I feel bit uneasy about asking her to do me such a big favour.
②My mother was against my idea while my father was in favour of it.
③(2023· 全国甲卷) Put off watching your favo(u)rite (favour) show until the weekend or wait 10 extra minutes before going for that cake.
④The young girl left a favo(u)rable (favour) impression on him.
7．reliable adj.可靠的，可信赖的
①Which is a more reliable guide for understanding someone's feelings, their body language or the words they speak
对于理解某人的感受，肢体语言或所说的话，哪种方法更可靠呢？
②When times were difficult, he relied on friends for financial assistance.
困难时期他生活靠朋友接济。
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单句语法填空
①We are looking for someone who is reliable (rely) and hard working.
②We had to rely on a compass and a lot of luck to get (get) here.
③As long as one doesn't come to rely on it, wishing for a few good things to happen never hurts anybody.
完成句子
④You can rely/depend on it that (相信) Peter would like to accept the suggestion.
必 备 短 语
1．by contrast相比之下
①(中国日报)By contrast, the highest income families faced a significantly reduced inflation rate of 6.6 percent.
相比之下，收入最高的家庭面临的通货膨胀率明显降低了6.6%。
②(牛津高阶)The company lost $7 million this quarter in contrast to a profit of $6.2 million a year earlier.
该公司本季度亏损700万美元，而去年同期的利润为620万美元。
③(中国日报)Contrast this with China where more than 850 million people have been lifted out of extreme poverty.
与此形成对比的是，中国已经有8.5亿多人摆脱了极端贫困。
④(剑桥高阶) The sharpness of the lemons contrasts with the sweetness of the honey.
柠檬的涩味与蜂蜜的甜味形成鲜明对比。
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单句语法填空
①(2023·新课标全国Ⅱ卷)And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off line” activity.
②In another passage, Melville again contrasts the land with the sea.
翻译句子
③The snow was icy and white, contrasting with the brilliant blue sky.
雪是冰冷的，白色的，与灿烂的蓝天形成对比。
④相比之下，她姐姐比她勤奋的多。
By contrast, her sister is more diligent than her.
2．break down消除；分解；打破
①(2022·浙江高考)The feeling of being able to see it and to form my opinion is like breaking down another wall as a blind person.
能够看到它并形成我的观点的感觉就像一个盲人打破了另一面墙。
②(牛津高阶)She broke off a piece of chocolate and gave it to me.
她掰了一块巧克力给我。
③(朗文当代)He's a very talented young actor who's just ready to break through.
他是个很有才华的年轻演员，正准备有所突破。
④(柯林斯词典)I broke away from him and rushed out into the hall.
我挣脱了他，冲进了大厅。
G 归纳拓展
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判断下列句子中break down的含义
①If George keeps on working so hard, he'll break down sooner or later. (健康或精神等方面)垮掉
②What is known to us all is that the bacteria that live in the soil help to break down our wastes. 使分解
③One night in the pouring rain, Tawny Nelson's car broke down on the road. 出故障
④Attempts must be made to break down the barrier between the two communities. 消除
用break 的相关短语填空
⑤They had escaped to Europe shortly before the war broke out in 1939.
⑥They hope to break through soon in their fight against the disease.
⑦There was no one nearby who might see him trying to break into the house.
重 点 句 型
1．Words are important, but the way people stand, hold their arms, and move their hands can also give us information about their feelings.
言语固然重要，但是人们站立、双手抱臂、移动双手的方式也能帮助我们了解他们的情绪。
J 句型剖析
本句中 people stand, hold their arms, and move their hands 是一个定语从句， the way作先行词。
①Science and technology have made major changes to the way(that/in which)we live.
科技极大地改变了我们的生活方式。
②It's quite easy to make quite small changes to the way that you work.
对你的工作方式做一些小的改变会相当容易。
G 归纳拓展
way“方式；方法”(在定语从句中作状语时) 接in which或that引导的定语从句
也可以将关系词in which或that省略掉
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单句语法填空
①(2023·新课标全国Ⅰ卷)With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way that nature did.
完成句子
②孩子和成年人的思维方式不同。
There are some differences in the way children and adults think .
③在会议上提出的方法不切实际。
The way that/which came up at the meeting was unpractical.
2．In Japan, it may demonstrate respect to look down when talking to an older person.
在日本，和年长的人讲话时，目光向下以表示尊敬。
Placing your hands together and resting them on the side of your head while closing your eyes means“sleep”．
双手并拢放在头的一侧，同时闭上眼睛表示“睡觉”。
J 句型剖析
在以上两个句子中， when talking和while closing都是状语从句的省略。其完整形式为when you are talking和while you are closing。
①When(it is) looked at from a distance, the painting seems much more beautiful.
当从远处看时，这幅画似乎更美了。
②When(you are) crossing the street, you must be careful.
过马路时你必须要小心。
③Whenever(it is) possible, you should come and help.
只要有可能你就应该来帮忙。
G 归纳拓展
状语从句的省略
省略条件 状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致，且从句中含有be动词时，可将从句的主语和be动词一起省略
当从句中含有it＋be时，可将it和be省略
省略形式 当状语从句是主动句时 用doing
当状语从句是被动句时 用done
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①Even if invited (invite) to, I won't go to such a bad lecture.
②If treated (treat) in a proper way, the patient was likely to be saved.
③(2020·天津) You should remain modest when approaching (approach) perfection.
④Though feeling (feel) tired out，William continued working in the office.
⑤(2023·北京卷)When seen (see) from afar, the mangrove forests appear more splendid.
3. And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than seeing the smiling face of a good friend.
而且如果我们感到沮丧或孤独，没有什么比看到好朋友的笑脸更好的了。
J 句型剖析
本句使用了“否定词＋比较级”结构，否定词nothing与比较级better连用，表示最高级含义。
①I've never seen a nicer bird than this one.
＝This bird is the nicest bird I've ever seen.
这是我所见过的最好的鸟。
②How beautifully she sings! I have never heard a better voice.
她唱得多好啊！我从来没有听过比这更动听的声音。
G 归纳拓展
最高级含义的几种表达
a．否定词(no, not, never, nothing, hardly 等)＋比较级(＋than)
b．can't be too＋形容词/can't be＋形容词＋enough
c．形容词比较级＋than＋the other/any of the other＋名词复数＝形容词比较级＋than＋any other＋名词单数
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①(2023· 全国甲卷) Nothing kills the love for philosophy faster (fast) than people who think they understand Foucault, Baudrillard, or Confucius better than you—and then try to explain them.
②Mr. Stevenson is great to work for—I really couldn't ask for a better (good) boss.
完成句子
③When talking with the elderly, you can't be too polite/ can't be polite enough (再怎么礼貌也不为过)．
句型转换
China is the largest country in Asia.
④→China is larger than the other countries in Asia.
⑤→China is larger than any other country in Asia.Unit 4 Body Language Section Ⅰ Reading and Thinking
Ⅰ.重点单词
1． interaction n.交流；相互影响→ interact vi.交流；相互影响
2． vary vi.(根据情况)变化；改变→ various adj.多样的，各种各样的→ variety n.变化；多样化
3． appropriate adj.合适的；恰当的→ inappropriate adj.不合适的；不恰当的
4． approve vi.赞成；同意 vt.批准；通过→ approval n.赞成；批准
5． demonstrate vt.表现；表达；说明；证明→ demonstration n.集会示威；游行示威；示范；演示；证明；说明
6． gesture n.手势；姿势；姿态
7． witness vt.当场看到；目击；见证 n．目击者；证人
8． employ vt.使用；应用；雇用→ employer n.雇主→ employee n.雇工
9． identical adj.相同的
10． interpret vt.把……理解(解释)为 vt.& vi.口译→ interpretation n.理解；解释；演绎；演奏方式；表演方式→ interpreter n.口译工作者；口译译员
11． differ vi.相异；不同于→ different adj.相异的；不同的→ difference n.不同；相异
12． cheek n.面颊；脸颊
13． favour vt.较喜欢；选择；有利于 n．帮助；恩惠；赞同→ favourable adj.给人好印象的；肯定的；赞同的；支持的；有利的
14． bow vi.鞠躬；点头 vt.低(头) n．弓；蝴蝶结
15． waist n.腰；腰部
16． barrier n.隔阂；障碍
17． fake adj.假装的；假的；冒充的
18． anger n.愤怒；怒气 vt.使生气；激怒→ angry adj.生气的
19． reliable adj.可靠的；可信赖的→ rely vi.信赖；依靠
Ⅱ.重点短语
1． body language 身势语；肢体语言
2．vary from ... to ...从……到……变化
3．look into someone's eyes 直视某人
4． by contrast相比之下
5．look down 俯视；向下看
6． by comparison(与……)相比较
7．make inferences 推理；推断
8．figure out 想出；理解；弄清
9．get through 完成，干完(尤指难做的任务或工作)；度过，熬过(困难或不快的时期)；通过电话联系上；接通……的电话；通过(考试)
10．break down 消除；分解；打破
Ⅲ.重点句型
1．Words are important, but the way people stand, hold their arms, and move their hands can also give us information about their feelings.
言语固然重要，但是人们站立、双手抱臂、移动双手的方式也能帮助我们了解他们的情绪。
2．①In Japan, it may demonstrate respect to look down when talking to an older person.
在日本，和年长的人说话时目光向下以表示尊敬。
②Placing your hands together and resting them on the side of your head while closing your eyes means “sleep”．
双手并拢放在头的一侧，同时闭上眼睛表示“睡觉”。
3．And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than seeing the smiling face of a good friend.
而且如果我们感到沮丧或孤独，没有什么比看到好朋友的笑脸更好的了。
Ⅳ.课文预读
(Ⅰ)Reading for the main idea.
1．What does the passage mainly talk about？ C
A．Communication.
B．Spoken language.
C．Body language.
D．Different cultures.
2．Match each part with its main idea.
Para.1 A．The same gesture may have different meanings in different countries.
Para.2 B．Smiling has many different uses.
Paras.3—4 C．Body language varies from culture to culture.
Para.5 D．Both words and body language are of importance in interactions
with others.
Para.6 E．Some gestures seem to have the same meaning everywhere.
答案：Para.1 D Para.2 C Para.3－4 A Para.5 E Para.6 B
(Ⅱ)Reading for the details.
1．In which countries are men and women not permitted to make eye contact？ B
A．China and Japan.
B．Middle Eastern countries.
C．Brazil and Germany.
D．Bulgaria and southern Albania.
2．How does the passage develop (展开)？ A
A．By giving examples.
B．By giving data.
C．By giving definition (定义)．
D．By analysing facts.
3．What can we learn from the passage？ D
A．In all countries, shaking the head means “No”．
B．A smile can get a person into difficult situations.
C．In Russia, people favour bowing from the waist when they meet someone else.
D．If a person moves his hand in circles over his stomach after a meal, that means he is full.
4．Which proverb can best describe the main idea of the passage？ B
A．Never too old to learn.
B．When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
C．Four eyes see more than two.
D．Every country has its own customs.
5．Which of the following can NOT be conveyed (传达) through the gesture of “smiling”？ C
A．Apology. B．Greeting.
C．Anger. D．Asking for help.Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
Grammar——动词 ing形式作宾语和表语
语法导图
语法讲练
动词 ing形式作宾语和表语
一、动词 ing形式作宾语
1．常接动名词作宾语的情况
接动词 ing 形式作宾语的动词的记忆口诀
避免错过少延期 avoid, miss, postpone
建议完成多练习 suggest, finish, practise
喜欢想象禁不住 enjoy, imagine, can't help
承认否定与嫉妒 admit, deny, envy
逃避冒险莫原谅 escape, risk, excuse
忍受保持不介意 stand, keep, mind
D 典例呈现
①I suggest having a balanced diet to keep healthy.
我建议均衡饮食以保持健康。
②I can't imagine working under such conditions.
我想象不出在这样的环境下工作是什么情形。
W 温馨提示
feel like 后跟动词 ing作宾语的词组，其中带有to的词组中to均为介词
insist on
give up
look forward to
be used to
lead to
devote...to
stick to
get down to
object to
pay attention to
①My father took our advice and gave up smoking in the end.
我父亲听了我们的建议终于戒烟了。
②There's not much time left.Let's get down to repairing the machine.
时间所剩不多了，让我们开始修理这台机器吧。
2．不定式和动名词作宾语意义差别不大的情况
常见的有：continue, prefer, begin, hate, like, start, love等。
D 典例呈现
The company continued to lower/lowering the price of its production.
这个公司继续降低公司产品的价格。
3．不定式和动名词作宾语意义不同的情况
regret to do 对要做的事感到遗憾(未做)
doing 对做过的事感到后悔(已做)
remember/forget to do 记着/忘记要做某事(未做)
doing 记得/忘记做过某事(已做)
mean to do 打算要做某事
doing 意味着做某事
stop to do 停下来去做另一件事
doing 停下做某事
try to do 努力做某事
doing 尝试着做某事
can't help doing 情不自禁做某事
(to) do 不能帮着做某事
D 典例呈现
①I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.
我很遗憾必须这样做，但我没有选择。(未做)
②I don't regret telling her what I thought.
我不后悔告诉她我的想法。(已做)
J 即学即练1
单句语法填空
①I like what they are to people, and I enjoy bringing (bring)things back.
②The thief drove as fast as he could to escape being caught (catch) by the police.
③People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living (live) at high altitudes.
④Eventually, the boy admitted breaking/having broken (break) the window of the classroom.
⑤In order to relax ourselves, I suggested climbing (climb) Mount Tai next Sunday.
⑥(2020·新高考Ⅰ卷) So, don't stop speaking (speak)when you make a mistake unless it's a truly serious one.
二、动词 ing形式作表语
1．动名词作表语
动名词(短语)作表语 用来说明主语的内容
表示抽象的一般性行为
与主语通常是同一概念
D 典例呈现
Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible.
＝Keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible is her job.
她的工作是尽量使报告厅保持干净。
2．现在分词作表语
往往具有形容词的性质，说明主语的性质、特征等。
D 典例呈现
①Your speech is very interesting and encouraging.
你的演讲很有趣而且很鼓舞人。
②His speech was inspiring and touched my heart.
他的发言鼓舞人心，感人肺腑。
W 温馨提示
作表语的现在分词 moving, interesting “令人……的”，常修饰物
inspiring, boring
puzzling, amusing
encouraging, exciting
astonishing, surprising
J 即学即练2
单句语法填空
①(2020·浙江) Taking pictures of polar bears is amazing (amaze) but also dangerous.
②It was shocking (shock) that he approved of the plan without hesitation.
③It was inspiring (inspire) that Chinese volleyball team won the first prize.
④He was deeply affected because the story was very moving (move)．
专项练习
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1． Knowing (know) basic first aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.
2．Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and being reduced (reduce) to ruins, the city took on a new look.
3．It's no use complaining (complain) without taking action.
4．(2023·新课标全国Ⅰ卷) How much do you pay for renting (rent) a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days
5．We found it no good making (make) fun of others.
6． Learning (learn) new words is very useful to me.
7．We have to prevent the air from being polluted (pollute)．
8．He remained standing (stand) beside the table.
9．The flowers need watering/to be watered (water)．
10．In some parts of London, missing a bus means waiting (wait) for another hour.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．It's a good habit to practise reading English aloud in the morning every day.
每天早晨大声练习朗读英语是一个好习惯。(practise)
2．We are looking forward to being given another chance to try it again.
我们一直盼望着再有一次试验的机会。
3．I think the windows in our living room need cleaning/to be cleaned once again.
我认为我们客厅的窗户需要再擦一次了。(need)
4．The bird was lucky enough to miss being caught .
这只小鸟非常幸运没有被抓住。(miss)
5．Everyone was looking forward to returning home .
大家都盼望着回家。
6．It can be embarrassing for children to tell complete strangers about such incidents.
让孩子们向素不相识的人讲述这样的事情可能是难为他们了。
7． It was shocking that Tom had a conflict with his best friend.
令人震惊的是，汤姆竟然和他最好的朋友发生了冲突。
8．Doing one thing well doesn't mean doing exactly one thing .
做好一件事并不意味着仅仅做一件事。Unit 4 Body Language Section Ⅲ Using Language
核 心 单 词
1．incident n．发生的事情；严重事件；冲突
①(2023·1月浙江高考卷) During the cookout, I told my hosts about the hummingbird incident.
在野炊期间，我告诉我的主人关于蜂鸟事件。
②(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷) On the day of the accident, Mrs.Brown was at work and Eric was at home with his father.
事故发生那天，布朗太太在上班，埃里克和他父亲在家里。
③(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷) What was wrong He had worked so hard for this event!
怎么了？他为这次活动付出了那么多努力！
G 归纳拓展
T 图解助记
J 即学即练
选词填空(incident/accident/event)
①Over 70,000 people are killed or seriously injured every year in road accidents .
②(2023·1月浙江高考卷)Thanks to Beijing's long history as capital of China, almost every hutong has its stories, and some are even associated with historic events .
③The incident brought the problem of violence in schools into sharp focus.
翻译句子
④It's not clear whether the incident was an accident or deliberate.
还不清楚这起事件是意外还是蓄意所为。
2．assessment n．评价；评定
①(柯林斯词典)There is little assessment of the damage to the natural environment.
几乎没有有关自然环境破坏的评估。
②(剑桥高阶)They assessed the cost of the flood damage at ￡1,500.
他们估计洪水造成的损失为1 500 英镑。
③(牛津高阶)The young men were assessed as either safe or unsafe drivers.
这些年轻人被评定为谨慎驾驶员和不谨慎驾驶员两类。
G 归纳拓展
T 图解助记
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①Many of the adults were assessed as having learning difficulties.
②Damage to the building was assessed at $200,000.
③What's your assessment of her chances of winning
④(2023·新课标全国Ⅰ卷) Once there, Lenoue was assessed (assess) and later taken to a hospital, where she learned that she had serious injuries in one of her knees.
翻译句子
⑤First, we must make an assessment of their achievements that they have made.
首先，我们必须评估他们所取得的成就。
3．bend vt.& vi.(使)弯曲；倾斜；偏向
①(柯林斯词典) They walked in a crouch, each bent over close to the ground.
他们蹲伏着行走，一个个弯着腰快要贴着地面了。
②(朗文当代)I bent down to lift the box off the floor.
我弯下腰把箱子抬离地板。
③(剑桥高阶) The road bends to the left after the first set of traffic lights.
道路在第一组红绿灯后向左转弯。
G 归纳拓展
T 图解助记
bend一词多义：
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①(2023·新课标全国Ⅰ卷)Bailey then bent down to let Lenoue climb onto her back and carried her all the way to the finish line, then another 300 feet to where Lenoue could get medical attention.
②The road bent slightly to the east.
翻译句子
③He bent over and picked up a sliver coin.
他弯腰拾起一枚银币。
4．reveal vt.揭示；显示；露出
①(牛津高阶)The doctors did not reveal the truth to him.
医生没有向他透露真相。
②(中国日报)They reveal that many college students are interested in environmental protection activities.
他们揭示了许多大学生对环境保护活动感兴趣。
③(牛津高阶)It was revealed that important evidence had been suppressed.
据透露，重要的证据被隐瞒了。
④(朗文当代)The violinist revealed himself as a talented interpreter of classical music.
这位小提琴家显示出自己是一位有才华的古典音乐诠释者。
G 归纳拓展
T 图解助记
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①It was revealed (reveal)that he had been in prison twice before.
②The document revealed her to be (be)a faithful employee.
③He didn't reveal any information of the affair to his friend.
翻译句子
④The report reveals (that)the company made a loss of ￡20 million last year.
报告显示，公司去年亏损2 000万英镑。
5．occupy vt.占据；占用
①(剑桥高阶)On long car journeys I occupy myself with solving maths puzzles.
在长途汽车旅行中，我忙于解数学题。
②(朗文当代)Only six percent of police time is occupied with criminal incidents.
只有6%的警察时间被犯罪事件占用。
③(2021·天津高考)This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research.
这需要对特定的职业、研究领域的投入。
G 归纳拓展
T 图解助记
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①The rest of the time was occupied in/with writing a report.
②Please state your name, age and occupation (occupy)below.
③He hurried to take the suitcases and occupy himself (he)with packing the car.
翻译句子
④During the war their lands were occupied by the enemy.
战争期间他们的土地被敌人占据了。
⑤他整天忙于各种社会活动。
He occupies himself in/with various social activities all day.
6．distract vt.分散(注意力)；使分心
①(柯林斯词典)Tom admits that playing video games sometimes distracts him from his homework.
汤姆承认玩电子游戏有时让他做家庭作业时分心。
②(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
他们想把分心驾驶当作酒后驾驶。
③(牛津高阶)I find it hard to work at home because there are too many distractions.
我发觉在家里工作很难，因为使人分心的事情太多。
④(柯林斯词典)It's distracting to have someone watching me while I work.
有人在我工作的时候看着我，会分散我的注意力。
G 归纳拓展
T 图解助记
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①But don't use them too much or it might become distracting (distract)．
②Noise outside distracted her mind from her studies.
③Total concentration is required with no distractions (distract)．
翻译句子
④The noise out of window makes me distract from my reading.
窗外的喧闹声使我不能专心看书。
7．distinguish vi.& vt.区分；辨别
①(2021·天津高考)Dogs may indeed be able to distinguish between happy and angry human faces, according to a new study.
根据一项新的研究，狗狗可能确实能够区分人类高兴和生气的脸。
②(柯林斯词典)There is something about music that distinguishes it from all other art forms.
音乐中一些因素使之有别于其他艺术形式。
③(剑桥高阶)He distinguished himself in British theatre at a very early age.
他很小的时候就在英国戏剧界崭露头角。
④(2021·浙江高考)Nielsen always felt he should be doing comedy but his good looks and distinguished voice kept him busy in dramatic roles.
尼尔森一直觉得他应该演喜剧，但他英俊的外表和出众的声音让他忙于戏剧角色。
G 归纳拓展
T 图解助记
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①Do not try to distinguish yourself (you)by your appearance.
②He was the most distinguished (distinguish)scholar in his field.
③(2023·1月浙江高考卷) It is this that distinguishes humans from machines.
句型转换
④He distinguished himself by winning four prizes.
→He was distinguished for winning four prizes.
8．anxiety n．焦虑；担心；害怕；渴望
①Some hospital patients experience high levels of anxiety.
有些住院病人十分焦虑不安。
②Parents are naturally anxious for their children.
父母自然为儿女担心。
③They were anxious to bring the washing in before it rained.
他们急于在下雨前把洗好的衣服收进屋子。
④She looked up anxiously as he came in.
他进来的时候，她焦虑不安地抬起头来。
G 归纳拓展
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①Watching him climb up the precipice, everybody was breathless with anxiety (anxious)．
②She was very anxious to get (get)away from cities and back to nature.
③As graduation day drew near, the students were all anxiously (anxious) preparing for their final exams.
④—Jack still can't help being anxious about his job interview.
—Lack of self confidence is his Achilles' heel, I am afraid.
⑤Parents are naturally anxious for their children.
9．embarrassed adj.难堪的；尴尬的
①(牛津高阶)He felt embarrassed at being the centre of attention.
他因自己成为众人注目的中心而感到很尴尬。
②(牛津高阶)It embarrassed her to meet strange men in the corridor at night.
夜里在走廊上遇到陌生人使她感到很尴尬。
③(朗文当代)She suffered extreme embarrassment at not knowing how to read.
她因不识字而感到极度尴尬。
④(2022·全国甲卷)Don't get caught making an embarrassing mistake at a restaurant.
不要在餐馆犯尴尬的错误。
G 归纳拓展
T 图解助记
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①I nearly died of embarrassment (embarrass)when he said that.
②It was so embarrassing (embarrass)having to sing in public.
③Her remark was followed by an embarrassed (embarrass)silence.
翻译句子
④It embarrassed him that he had no idea of what was going on.
对所发生的事情一无所知，这让他很难堪。
⑤不要因举止像小孩而使自己尴尬。
Don't embarrass yourself by acting like a small child.
10．bother vi.& vt.费心；麻烦；因……操心 n．麻烦；不便
①(剑桥高阶)I didn't want to bother her with work matters on her day off.
我不想在她休息日用工作上的事打扰她。
②(牛津高阶)I don't know why you bother with that crowd.
我不知道你为什么要和那群人打交道。
③(剑桥高阶)I had a bit of bother getting hold of his phone number.
我费了好大劲才搞到他的电话号码。
G 归纳拓展
T 图解助记
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①Why bother asking (ask)if you're not really interested
②Don't bother about the letter; it's not urgent.
完成句子
③He didn't even bother to let me know (费心让我知道) he was coming.
④I don't want to bother her with (因为……而麻烦她) my children at the moment.
⑤—I'm afraid you have the wrong number.
—Sorry! I hope I didn't bother you (我没有打扰到你)．
11．conflict n．矛盾；冲突 vi.冲突；抵触
①(2022·全国甲卷)It's a conflict that we aren't getting any better at resolving(解决)．
这是一场我们无法更好地解决的冲突。
②(柯林斯词典)Try to keep any conflict between you and your ex partner to a minimum.
尽量把你和前合伙人之间的争执控制到最少。
③(牛津高阶)She found herself in conflict with her parents over her future career.
她发现自己和父母在未来的事业上发生了冲突。
④(朗文当代) There is a growing conflict of interest between her position as a politician and her business activities.
她的政治地位和她的商业活动之间的利益冲突越来越大。
⑤(柯林斯词典) He held firm opinions which usually conflicted with my own.
他的意见总是与我的意见相冲突。
G 归纳拓展
T 图解助记
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①These results conflict with their earlier findings.
②(2023·全国乙卷)The clearest example of this between literate and non literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook's voyage and the Australian Aboriginals.
③Two banks with different rates have a conflict of interest.
翻译句子
④I'm in conflict with my parents on which major to choose.
我在选什么专业上和我的父母存在分歧。
12．adjust vt.调整；调节vi.& vt. 适应；(使)习惯
①Adjust your language to the age of your audience.
要根据听众的年龄调整你使用的语言。
②It took her a while to adjust to living alone.
她过了一段时间才适应独自生活。
③You'll quickly adjust yourself to student life.
你将很快适应学生生活。
G 归纳拓展
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①When a child is studying abroad, he must learn to adjust to living (live) on his own.
②Some animals adjust themselves (they) to their environment by instinct.
③I've made a few adjustments (adjust) to the design to satisfy the need of manager.
④You can adjust the seat to the height of the child.
⑤The height of these seats is adjustable (adjust)．
必 备 短 语
1．in other words 换句话说；也就是说
①In other words, this activity occupied too much time.
换句话说，这个活动占用了太多的时间。
②In a word, educators shouldn't assess a student only by his grades.
总之，教师不能仅仅凭借一个学生的成绩来评价他。
③You should keep your word once you make it.
你一旦许诺就要遵守诺言。
G 归纳拓展
word的短语
J 即学即练
用 word相关短语填空
①He has achieved his goal. In other words , his ambition has come true.
② In a word , a balanced diet and regular exercise are beneficial to your heath.
③I was very angry and had words with him over money.
④He promised that he would keep his word , and so he did.
2．call on(短暂地)访问；要求(某人讲话等)；正式邀请；呼吁
①I intend to call on him and discuss this question again.
我打算去拜访他并和他再次谈谈这个问题。
②We call on people to use cloth bags and baskets instead of plastic bags.
我们号召人们使用布袋子和篮子代替塑料袋。
③I had no time to call at the place where he was working.
我没时间去他工作的地方探望他。
G 归纳拓展
call的短语
J 即学即练
用适当的介词或副词填空
①It is also important to call on people to learn from those heroes.
②They decided to call in a doctor, because the child was not any better.
③(2023· 全国甲卷) The flowers are beautiful but calling for rain though.
④The sound of happy laughter calls up memories of his childhood.
⑤We called off the race because it was raining.
3．at work有某种影响；在工作
①The teacher saw that her conversation with Bob was at work and he was more confident.
那位老师看到她与鲍勃之间的谈话起作用了，他更加自信了。
②The computer has been repaired and now is at work normally.
电脑已经修好了，现在正常工作了。
G 归纳拓展
“at＋n.”型短语
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①The report suggested that the same trend was at work in politics.
用at的相关短语完成句子
②那两个国家过去处于交战状态，但现在它们已经和平共处了。
The two countries used to be at war , but now they are at peace .
③他开始新工作时，茫然不知所措。
He was all at sea when he began his new job.
④我在工作的时候接到一个电话，说有人要来我办公室。
I was at work when I got a phone call saying someone was coming to my office.
重 点 句 型
1．People have a tendency to lean towards whatever they are interested in.
人们往往倾向于自己感兴趣的东西。
Whatever it is, I know I need to inquire and assess what is going on.
不管是什么，我知道我需要调查和评估所发生的事情。
J 句型剖析
第一句是一个复合句。主语是 People。whatever they are interested in是宾语从句。第二句是一个复合句。Whatever it is是让步状语从句。
①(2022·全国甲卷)Knowing some tips will help ensure that you have an enjoyable meal with friends or family—no matter where you are in the world.
知道一些建议将有助于确保你与朋友或家人有一顿愉快的晚餐——无论你在世界的哪里。
②(牛津高阶)He hired himself out to whoever needed his services.
他以前从事临时服务业。
③(朗文当代)Whenever (＝ No matter when) I hear that tune, it makes me think of you.
每当我听到那首曲子，就会想起你。
④(剑桥高阶)I eat whatever (anything that) I want and I still don't seem to put on weight.
我想吃什么就吃什么，但我似乎还是没有发胖。
G 归纳拓展
J 即学即练
选词填空(whatever/whoever/wherever)
① Wherever he goes, he always takes pictures.
②(2023·新课标全国Ⅰ卷) Whatever it is, no matter how small it might seem, write it down.
③ Whoever wants to speak to me on the phone, tell them I'm busy.
完成句子
④She has the window open, however/no matter how cold it is outside.
不管外面多冷她都开着窗户。
⑤(2023·新课标全国Ⅰ卷) No matter where/Wherever I buy them , one steamer is rarely enough, yet two seems greedy, so I am always left wanting more next time.
无论我在哪里买，一蒸笼都不够，而两蒸笼又显得太贪心了，所以我总是想下次再买。
⑥Franklin was free to do pretty much whatever he pleased .
富兰克林几乎可以做自己喜欢做的任何事情。
2．Of course, not everyone who looks up is paying attention in class.
当然，不是每个抬头的人都在课堂上专心听讲。
J 句型剖析
本句是一个复合句， who引导的是定语从句。not 和 everyone 连用表示部分否定的意义。
①Not all birds can fly.＝All birds cannot fly.
并不是所有的鸟都会飞。
②I can't catch everything in the book.
我没有完全掌握书中的内容。
③I don't want both the books.
我不是两本书都想要。
④Both (the) windows are not open.
两扇窗子并不都开着。
⑤He is not always so sad.
他并不是一直都这样悲伤。
G 归纳拓展
not all.../all...not 并非都……不是所有的都……
not...both/both...not 并非两个……都……
not every.../every...not 不是每个……都……
not always 并非总是/并非一直……
not entirely/altogether/completely/quite 不完全……，并非完全……
J 即学即练
句型转换
①Not every book is interesting.
→Every book is not interesting .
翻译句子
②They don't both play basketball very well.
他们两个并不是篮球都打得很好。
③并不是每一个学生都通过了期末考试。
Not every student passed the final exams./Every student didn't pass the final exams.
3.It is as though they are asleep with their eyes open.
他们好像睁着眼睛在睡觉。
J 句型剖析
这是一个主从复合句。句中的 as though 引导表语从句。本句中， with their eyes open 属于 with 复合结构。
①(牛津高阶)What a difference! You look great with your hair like that.
真是判若两人！ 你梳这种发型显得太帅了。
②(2022·全国乙卷)With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast moving trains would be able to react in time.
凭借其预见能力，他们可以发出任何问题的信号，以便快速移动的列车能够及时作出反应。
③(2022·全国甲卷)People in France expect you to eat with a utensil in each hand.
法国人希望你每只手都拿着一个餐具吃饭。
④(2021·天津高考)Seconds later, our lizard emerged from its tank with its old skin flowing behind it.
几秒钟后，我们的蜥蜴从水箱里出来，后面拖着它的旧皮。
G 归纳拓展
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①(2023· 全国甲卷) The western half of the U．S. was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a rough number of 50,000 or more living (live) alongside Native Americans.
②(2023·新课标全国Ⅰ卷)With over 2,500 bikes stored (store) in our five rental shops at strategic locations, we make sure there is always a bike available for you.
③With so much homework to do (do), he had to stay at home.
④He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on .
句型转换
⑤Because our lessons were over, we went to play football.
→ With our lessons over , we went to play football.
⑥As time goes on, computers become smaller and smaller.
→ With time going on , computers become smaller and smaller.
4．Students who are angry, afraid, or experiencing anxiety may have their arms crossed in front of their chests and their legs closed or crossed, like they are guarding their bodies.
生气、害怕或焦虑的学生可能会双臂交叉放在胸前，双腿合拢或交叉，就像在保护自己的身体一样。
J 句型剖析
这是一个主从复合句。who are angry, afraid, or experiencing anxiety是who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词students。句中的“have their arms crossed”以及“(have)their legs closed or crossed”均使用了“have sth. done”结构。
①(牛津高阶)He had his audience listening attentively.
他抓住了听众的注意力。
②(朗文当代)I'll have Hudson show you to your room.
我会让哈德逊带你去看你的房间。
③(柯林斯词典)We had our money stolen.
我们的钱被偷掉了。
G 归纳拓展
M 名师点津
(1)have sth. to do有某事要做(to do作定语，修饰前面的名词，不定式的动作由主语发出，不定式虽为主动形式，但表示被动意义)。
(牛津高阶)I have a hundred and one things to do.
我有一大堆事情要做。
(2)have sth. to be done 有某事要做(do所表示的动作不是主语发出的)。
(牛津高阶)She's had her hair waved.
她烫发了。
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①(2023·北京卷)In the end, I had a new scientific interest to pursue (pursue)．
②He had us laughing (laugh)during the lunch time.
③I won't have my house turned (turn)into a hotel.
④I won't have you say/saying (say)such things about her.
翻译句子
⑤Do you have any clothes to be washed today
你今天有没有衣服要洗？Unit 4 Body Language Section Ⅲ Using Language
Ⅰ.重点单词
1． incident n.发生的事情；严重事件；冲突
2． trial n.& v．审讯；审判；试验；试用
3． slight adj.轻微的；略微的；细小的→ slightly adv.略微；稍微
4． twin adj.双胞胎之一的；孪生之一的 n．孪生之一；双胞胎之一
5． assessment n.评价；评定→ assess vt.评估；评价
6． internal adj.内部的；里面的
7． pose n.故作姿态；(为画像、拍照等摆的)姿势 vi.摆好姿势 vt.造成(威胁、问题等)
8． bend vt.& vi.(使)弯曲；倾斜；偏向→ bent (过去式)→ bent (过去分词)
9． reveal vt.揭示；显示；露出
10． clarify vt.使更清晰易懂；阐明；澄清
11． educator n.教师；教育工作者；教育家→ education n.教育→ educate vt.教育
12． tick vt.给(试卷、问题等)打钩号 vi.(钟表)发出嘀嗒声 n．钩号
13． tendency n.趋势；倾向
14． lower vt.把……放低；降低；减少 adj.下面的；下方的；较小的
15． imply vt.意味着；暗示
16． barely adv.几乎不；勉强才能；刚刚
17． chin n.下巴
18． occupy vt.占据；占用→ occupation n.职业；占据
19． stare vi.盯着看；凝视 n．凝视
20． ceiling n.天花板；上限
21． distract vt.分散(注意力)；使分心
22． perceive vt.察觉；看待；理解
23． distinguish vi.& vt.区分；辨别
24． anxiety n.焦虑；担心；害怕→ anxious adj.焦虑的；担心的
25． chest n.胸部；胸膛
26． embarrassed adj.难堪的；尴尬的
27． ashamed adj.羞愧的；惭愧的
28． merely adv.只是；仅仅；只不过
29． bother vi.& vt.费心；麻烦；因……操心 n．麻烦；不便
30． weep vi.& vt.哭泣；流泪
31． conflict n.& vi.矛盾；冲突
32． inquire vi.& vt.询问；打听
33． ultimately adv.最终；最后
34． adjust vt.调整；调节 vi.& vt.适应；(使)习惯→ adjustment n.适应；调整
35． intervene vi.干预；介入
36． react vi.(对……)起反应；回应；(对食物等)有不良反应→ reaction n.反应；回应
37． component n.组成部分；零件
38． tone n.语气；腔调；口吻
Ⅱ.重点短语
1．feel down 感到沮丧；情绪消沉
2．in favour of支持
3．tend to do sth.易于；往往；倾向于
4．straighten up 直起来；整理；收拾整齐
5．end up (通常指意外地)最终到达；最终；结果
6．make sense 有道理；讲得通
7．go on 进行；发生
8． at the same time同时；然而
9． in other words换句话说；也就是说
10．call on (短暂地)访问；要求(某人讲话等)；正式邀请
11． at work有某种影响；在工作
Ⅲ.重点句型
1．①People have a tendency to lean towards whatever they are interested in.
人们往往倾向于自己感兴趣的东西。
② Whatever it is, I know I need to inquire and assess what is going on.
不管是什么，我知道我需要调查和评估所发生的事情。
2．Of course, not everyone who looks up is paying attention in class.
当然，并不是每个抬头的学生都在专心听讲。
3．It is as though they are asleep with their eyes open .
他们好像睁着眼睛在睡觉。
4．Students who are angry, afraid, or experiencing anxiety may have their arms crossed in front of their chests and their legs closed or crossed, like they are guarding their bodies.
(那些)生气、害怕或正处于焦虑的学生可能会双臂交叉放在胸前，双腿并拢或交叉，好像是在保护他们的身体一样。
Ⅳ.课文预读
阅读Reading for writing中的材料，选择最佳答案
1．How does a teacher know his students may have a problem？ C
A．By talking to them individually.
B．By telephoning their parents.
C．By watching their behaviors.
D．By analysing their facial expressions.
2．What will students do if they are interested in a lesson？ D
A．Look out of the window.
B．Hide their faces in their hands.
C．Lower to look at the books.
D．Lean forward and look at the teacher.
3．If a student has serious conflicts with other students, what should a teacher do？ B
A．Remind him/her to forget the conflicts.
B．Inquire and assess what is going on.
C．Adjust class activities.
D．Punish all of them for the conflicts.
4．Knowing the students' body language helps a teacher know the following EXCEPT A .
A．when to start his class
B．when to talk to them face to face
C．when to intervene
D．when to adjust class activitiesSection Ⅳ 写作指导
描述身势语
【题目呈现】
假设你是李华，你的英国朋友 Robert准备来中国学习，因此想了解一些中国的身势语。请你用英语给他写封邮件，介绍一些日常的身势语。
注意：写作词数应为80左右(开头和结尾已经给出，不计入总词数)。
Dear Robert，
Yours，
Li Hua
【步骤分解】
步骤1 精准审题
本文是应用文；主要时态是 一般现在时 ；人称是 第一、三人称 。
步骤2 构建框架
第一部分： 引入话题 ；
第二部分： 介绍一些身势语 ；
第三部分： 总结 。
步骤3 要点翻译
(1)挥手 wave one's hand
(2)与……握手 shake hands with
(3)点头和微笑 nod and smile
(4)鼓掌 clap one's hands
(5)点头 nod one's head
(6)摇头 shake one's head
(7)竖起大拇指 hold one's thumb up
(8)我们通常通过握手来欢迎我们的客人。(画线部分用 by＋doing)
We usually greet our guests by shaking hands with them.
(9)当你被介绍到一个中国团体时，他们可能会鼓掌欢迎你。(画线部分用时间状语从句)
When you are introduced to a Chinese group, they may greet you by clapping their hands.
(10)如果一个人做了一些好事，人们会竖起大拇指来表扬他。(画线部分用不定式表目的)
People will hold their thumbs up to praise a person, if he does something great.
步骤4 连句成文
Dear Robert，
Yours，
Li Hua
参考范文：
Dear Robert，
I'm glad to receive your email.Now I will tell you something about Chinese body language.
In China, we wave our hands to say“hello”or “goodbye”．We usually greet our guests by shaking hands with them.Some people may nod and smile instead of shaking hands.When you are introduced to a Chinese group, they may greet you by clapping their hands.Like in many other countries, we nod our heads to say“yes”and shake our heads to say “no”．People will hold their thumbs up to praise a person, if he does something great.Sometimes, we bow to show great respect and thanks to others.
I hope this information will be helpful to you.
Yours，
Li Hua
J 即学即练
假如你是李华，你的英国朋友Tom将来中国旅游，发邮件向你询问中英日常生活中肢体语言的异同。请你回复邮件，内容包括：
1．表示欢迎；
2．不同点：在中国，与长辈交谈时，低头避免直视等；
3．相似点：见面握手、微笑等。
注意：1.写作词数应为80左右；
2．开头与结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Tom，
Hearing that you will come to China，
Yours，
Li Hua
参考范文：
Dear Tom，
Hearing that you will come to China, I'd like to express my warmest welcome.
Body language varies from culture to culture. For instance, when talking to the elderly in China, we usually look down to avoid eye contact as a sign of respect. At the same time, some gestures have the same meaning—we favour shaking hands, smiling or nodding the head to greet someone—just as you do.
I hope my introduction can be helpful to you. Wish you a good journey.
Yours，
Li Hua
