专题08 概要写作
编者按：上海十六区二模完整齐全，深度解析，排版整齐。
（一）
（2024年宝山区二模）
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Before you head out to a run event where there will be many people, you should be aware of the dangers of a crowd crush.
Though the risk of crowd crush is rare, it can be deadly when it happens. Crowd crush occurs when many people are packed together and begin to fall over one another. In the past, such instances have caused horrible injury and even death. To avoid such a fate, it’s best to escape the crush before it happens.
Before attending a crowded event, look up a map of the venue. This will give you an idea of the surroundings - pay special attention to any exits. Once you arrive, choosing the right spot can be crucial. Avoid the middle or front; instead, pick the back or edges of a crowd. It’s also important to trust your feelings. Stay aware to see if you feel packed in at any point. The more crowded the event becomes, the sooner you may need to retreat to a safe place.
If you do end up in a crush, here’s how you can stay safe. The most important thing you can do is stay on your feet. To do this, spread your feet apart and bend your knees a little. Also make sure to move with the flow of the crowd. Trying to move against a crowd of people will only end in disaster.
Helping others is another great way to keep everyone safe. Once one person falls down, more people tend to fall over them. So if your neighbor in the crowd falls to the ground, help them up.
A common cause of death in a crowd crush isn’t being crushed but rather losing air. It’s best to hold out your arms in front of your chest. This allows space between you and the person in front of you. It also protects your chest and lungs from being crushed on the ground should you fall.
There is usually fun where the crowds are, so enjoy yourself. But remember to stay alert!
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【答案】范文
It’s about how to keep safe in a crowd crush. Make a good preparation beforehand, remembering exits in case of retreat. Once in a crowd, avoid falling down, move with the crowd and help each other. Moreover, hold out your arms to breathe and protect your chest and lungs. Anyway, be alert in such events.
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，这是关于如何在拥挤的人群中保持安全。事先做好准备，记住撤退时的出口。一旦在人群中，避免摔倒，跟着人群移动，互相帮助。此外，伸出你的手臂呼吸，保护你的胸部和肺部。无论如何，在这种情况下要保持警惕。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①Before you head out to a run event where there will be many people, you should be aware of the dangers of a crowd crush.
②Crowd crush occurs when many people are packed together and begin to fall over one another. In the past, such instances have caused horrible injury and even death. To avoid such a fate, it’s best to escape the crush before it happens. This will give you an idea of the surroundings - pay special attention to any exits.
③It’s best to hold out your arms in front of your chest. This allows space between you and the person in front of you. It also protects your chest and lungs from being crushed on the ground should you fall.
④There is usually fun where the crowds are, so enjoy yourself. But remember to stay alert!
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
It’s about how to keep safe in a crowd crush.
Make a good preparation beforehand, remembering exits in case of retreat. Once in a crowd, avoid falling down, move with the crowd and help each other.
Moreover, hold out your arms to breathe and protect your chest and lungs.
Anyway, be alert in such events.
【点睛】[高分句型1] It’s about how to keep safe in a crowd crush.运用疑问词+不定式作宾语，对原文第一段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
[高分句型2] Make a good preparation beforehand, remembering exits in case of retreat.用现在分词作状语对第三
段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
（二）
（2024年崇明区二模）
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Microplastics: Out of Sight, Out of Mind
People joke that someone suffering from paranoia (妄想症) sees danger everywhere, thinking someone is out to get him. In the case of microplastics, you don’t need to have paranoia to be worried about them being everywhere, because they basically are!
What exactly are microplastics They are particles (颗粒) of any type of plastic that are less than 5 millimeters in diameter (直径). They have resulted from the plastic pollution widespread in the world today.
When plastic is exposed to environmental forces, it breaks down into these tiny particles, which, in turn, do not disappear but continue to exist for hundreds or even thousands of years. Every piece of plastic that has ever been made is still on Earth today, except for what has been burned. Often mistaken for food, plastics and microplastics in oceans and on beaches are often consumed by marine animals, which is harmful. Research has linked microplastics to cancer and other problems in animals.
Whatever you think about these particles, taking them in is easier than you think. When you heat food in a plastic dish in the microwave, microplastics get into your food. The water from a plastic water bottle contains the particles as well. After taking surveys of microplastics in air, water and seafood, scientists estimate that people may easily be eating 5 grams of plastic a week. Researchers don’t know yet if or how this will affect humans. Microplastics have been found in human tissue samples, and no one yet knows how long they stay in the human body or what problems may arise.
Not until the amount of plastic waste in the world is reduced will microplastics decrease. So, while the evidence is still missing of the effect microplastics have on people’s health, reusing and recycling plastic is a no-brainer.
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【答案】Microplastics, which are tiny particles of plastic and form when plastic breaks down, are everywhere. They hardly disappear and have caused many problems to marine animals. Humans also take them in unconsciously each day. Though we remain unsure about microplastics’ effect on our health, we’d better reuse and recycle plastic to reduce plastic waste. (54 words)
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了微塑料以及它给海洋动物造成了许多问题。人类每天也会无意识地吸收它们。虽然我们仍然不确定微塑料对我们健康的影响，但我们最好对塑料进行再利用和回收，以减少塑料废物。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①They are particles (颗粒) of any type of plastic that are less than 5 millimeters in diameter (直径). They have resulted from the plastic pollution widespread in the world today.
②When plastic is exposed to environmental forces, it breaks down into these tiny particles, which, in turn, do not disappear but continue to exist for hundreds or even thousands of years.
③Often mistaken for food, plastics and microplastics in oceans and on beaches are often consumed by marine animals, which is harmful.
④Researchers don’t know yet if or how this will affect humans. So, while the evidence is still missing of the effect microplastics have on people’s health, reusing and recycling plastic is a no-brainer.
2.缜密构思将第1、4两个要点进行重组，将第2、3两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Microplastics, tiny particles formed when plastic breaks down, are ubiquitous and cause many problems for Marine animals.
Humans unconsciously absorb them every day.
While we are still unsure of the impact of microplastics on our health, we are better off reusing and recycling plastics to reduce plastic waste.
【点睛】[高分句型1]：Microplastics, which are tiny particles of plastic and form when plastic breaks down, are everywhere.（运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句）
[高分句型2]：Though we remain unsure about microplastics’ effect on our health, we’d better reuse and recycle plastic to reduce plastic waste. （运用了Though引导的让步状语从句）
（三）
（2024年奉贤区二模）
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Complaining: The Happiness Killer
In 15th-century Germany, there was an expression: Greiner, Zanner, which can be translated as “a chronic (长期的) complainer.” Are you a bit of a Greiner, Zanner If so, you’re not alone. Survey data show that customers today are more than twice as likely to complain about a product or service as they were in 1976. A U. K.-based survey also observed a rise in job dissatisfaction over a two-year period before autumn 2022.
Complaints can be grouped into different categories. As is reported, 45 percent of complaints concern the behavior of others. For instance, parents repeatedly criticize their children for small issues like messy bedrooms or dirty clothes. Another 29 percent focus on personal discomfort. A common complaint in this category might be about feeling too hot in a room without air conditioner. The remaining 26 percent involve unpleasant obligations like unnecessary work meetings people are forced to attend.
The problem with all of these complaints is that it can feel helpful — but it typically isn’t . Although complaining might offer temporary relief, it’s bad for your happiness in the long run. Researchers who measured people’s mood before and after they complained found that those complainers’ mood was significantly worsening. Besides, complaining can also lower the happiness of the people around you. In some relationships, the negative effect can pass like a virus to those exposed. In other words, when people see others’ complaints expressing anger, disgust and sadness, they can, in turn, feel similar emotions.
As the 20th-century Bulgarian philosopher Archimandrite Seraphim Aleksiev observed, “Complaining is like the winter frost which, when it falls, destroys all the labors of the gardeners.”
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【答案】Complaining is increasingly common in our life. It falls into different categories, including complaints about others’ behaviors, one’s discomfort, and undesirable obligations. Actually, complaining isn’t really helpful because it is harmful to long-term happiness despite its temporary relief. Furthermore, the emotions of those around you will be negatively influenced due to its infectious nature.
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，抱怨在我们的生活中越来越普遍。它分为不同的类别，包括抱怨他人的行为，自己的不适，以及不受欢迎的义务。事实上，抱怨并没有真正的帮助，因为它对长期的幸福有害，尽管它能暂时缓解痛苦。此外，由于它的传染性，你周围的人的情绪也会受到负面影响。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①Survey data show that customers today are more than twice as likely to complain about a product or service as they were in 1976. A U. K.-based survey also observed a rise in job dissatisfaction over a two-year period before autumn 2022.
②Complaints can be grouped into different categories. As is reported, 45 percent of complaints concern the behavior of others. For instance, parents repeatedly criticize their children for small issues like messy bedrooms or dirty clothes. Another 29 percent focus on personal discomfort. A common complaint in this category might be about feeling too hot in a room without air conditioner. The remaining 26 percent involve unpleasant obligations like unnecessary work meetings people are forced to attend.
③Researchers who measured people’s mood before and after they complained found that those complainers’ mood was significantly worsening.
④Besides, complaining can also lower the happiness of the people around you. In some relationships, the negative effect can pass like a virus to those exposed. In other words, when people see others’ complaints expressing anger, disgust and sadness, they can, in turn, feel similar emotions.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Complaining is increasingly common in our life.
It falls into different categories, including complaints about others’ behaviors, one’s discomfort, and undesirable obligations.
Actually, complaining isn’t really helpful because it is harmful to long-term happiness despite its temporary relief.
Furthermore, the emotions of those around you will be negatively influenced due to its infectious nature.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Actually, complaining isn’t really helpful because it is harmful to long-term happiness despite its temporary relief.运用because引导原因状语从句对原文第三段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] Furthermore, the emotions of those around you will be negatively influenced due to its infectious nature.运用了省略关系词的定语从句对第三段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
（四）
（2024年虹口区二模）
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Why Ear-worms Get Stuck in Your Head
We all get a sensation when a song, for no apparent reason, refuses to leave your head — in fact we’re no strangers to the dreaded “ear-worm.” But a new study published in Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity and the Arts reveals a fascinating insight into ear-worms, and why some songs are better than others in sticking in our heads by investigating the actual elements of the song that make it catchy in the first place.
To do this, most frequent ear-worms of the participants were entered into a database and compared to songs that had never been reported as an ear-worm at all. The melodic features of the tunes were then analyzed, revealing that ear-worm tunes were typically those songs that have overall melodic shapes common in Western pop music. A classic example of a common contour (音调的升降曲线) pattern is heard in Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star, where the first phrase rises in pitch and the second falls. This makes the tune easy to remember and has been exploited in many other nursery rhymes, but also in pop music.
In addition to the melodic shape the other ingredient to the ear-worm formula is the unusual interval structure. The aim of this is to surpass the listener’s expectations of an average pop song, showing unexpected leaps or more repeated notes than usual. “Our findings show that you can, to some extent, predict which songs are going to get stuck in people’s heads based on the song’s melodic content,” says one of the researchers, “This could help song-writers or advertisers write a jingle (短歌) everyone will remember for days or months afterwards.”
The authors conclude that studies of ear-worms can help explain how the brain works, and improve our understanding in how perception, emotions, memory and spontaneous thoughts behave in different people.
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【答案】A study dives into the lingering effect of earworms. It finds that songs most likely to become earworms share recognizable melodic patterns prevalent in Western pop music. Besides, distinctive intervals also help form earworms, potentially aiding people in creating catchy tunes. Studying earworms may deepen the understanding of
brain activities and individual diferences in some respects.
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项研究深入研究了耳虫的挥之不去的影响。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①But a new study published in Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity and the Arts reveals a fascinating insight into ear-worms, and why some songs are better than others in sticking in our heads by investigating the actual elements of the song that make it catchy in the first place.
②The melodic features of the tunes were then analyzed, revealing that ear-worm tunes were typically those songs that have overall melodic shapes common in Western pop music.
③In addition to the melodic shape, the other ingredient to the ear-worm formula is the unusual interval structure. The aim of this is to surpass the listener’s expectations of an average pop song, showing unexpected leaps or more repeated notes than usual.
④The authors conclude that studies of ear-worms can help explain how the brain works, and improve our understanding in how perception, emotions, memory and spontaneous thoughts behave in different people.
2.缜密构思将第1、4两个要点进行重组，将第2、3两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句The study found that the songs most likely to reach listeners share the same melodic patterns common in Western pop music.
In addition, unique intervals also help to form earworms, potentially helping people create catchy tunes.
Studying earworms can in some ways deepen understanding of brain activity and individual differences.
【点睛】[高分句型1]It finds that songs most likely to become earworms share recognizable melodic patterns prevalent in Western pop music.（运用了that引导的宾语从句）
[高分句型2]Besides, distinctive intervals also help form earworms, potentially aiding people in creating catchy tunes.（运用了现在分词作状语）
（五）
（2024年黄浦区二模）
Many of us worry that we don’t put in enough time to maintain close friendships. But how much is enough Unfortunately, there’s no magic formula (公式) for how much time you need to spend on your friends to keep them. Each friendship and friend are unique and develops or ends depending on how we interact.
Forming a friendship in the first place takes a certain number of hours of being together. We need between 40
and 60 hours together for a person we know slightly to become a casual friend. In order to move from casual friends to close friends, we need to spend an additional 140 to 160 hours together for a total of about 200 hours.
However, deeper interactions can quicken that timeline. We can form a close bond in less than 200 hours with meaningful conversations. Contrarily, spending 200 hours together doesn’t necessarily mean a person will become a close friend. They have to want to be your friends. Some co-workers can spend 300 hours together and never become close friends.
When it comes to maintaining friendships, it’s not just the number of hours spent together, but what we do that matters. Engaging in passive activity with friends — like watching a TV series — is fun and enjoyable, but it doesn’t do as much to maintain friendship as having deep conversations, sharing feelings, and being a good listener. And routinely checking in with people we choose to connect with, through calls and texts or in person, helps maintain relationships and leads to higher scores of positive feelings, like happiness.
The key point is that sharing things about ourselves can lead to close friendships. Once that closeness is established, some ways to maintain closeness are supporting friends when things go wrong for them and celebrating their achievements.
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【答案】The amount of time needed to form and maintain friendships varies,with deeper interactions quickening the process.It’s not just the number of hours spent together,but the quality and frequency of interaction that matters.Sharing personal experiences and supporting friends through ups and downs are key to maintaining close bonds.(51 words)
【解析】
【导语】这篇文章讨论了建立和维护友谊所需的时间，指出需要至少200小时才能发展成为亲密的朋友。尽管没有固定的时间公式，但深入的对话和情感分享可以加快友谊的建立。维持友谊不仅取决于相处时间，还包括深入交流、支持朋友、庆祝成就等积极行为。关键在于分享并保持真诚的互动，这有助于建立和巩固亲密友谊。
【详解】1.要点摘录
① Each friendship and friend are unique and develops or ends depending on how we interact.
② Forming a friendship in the first place takes a certain number of hours of being together.
③ However, deeper interactions can quicken that timeline.
④ When it comes to maintaining friendships, it’s not just the number of hours spent together, but what we do that matters.
2.缜密构思。将要点②③总说，将①④分说
3，遣词造句
The amount of time needed to form and maintain friendships varies,with deeper interactions quickening the process.
It’s not just the number of hours spent together,but the quality and frequency of interaction that matters.
Sharing personal experiences and supporting friends through ups and downs are key to maintaining close bonds.
【点睛】【高分句型1】The amount of time needed to form and maintain friendships varies,with deeper interactions quickening the process.（运了用with复合结构做状语）
【高分句型2】Sharing personal experiences and supporting friends through ups and downs are key to maintaining close bonds.（运用了动名词做主语和宾语）
（六）
（2024年嘉定区二模）
England Prohibits Phones in Schools, But Will It Help
Recently, England’s Department of Education has confirmed plans to ban the use of mobile phones in English schools during the school day, including break times. The guidance offers schools a variety of ways to implement (实施) the ban, ranging from an order to leave all phones at home, to handing them in on arrival or keeping them in inaccessible lockers.
England’s response to the growing frustration with students’ cellphone use during school time is not unfounded. The United Nations this past summer published a report issuing a strong warning regarding technology use in schools around the globe. Some countries had already implemented strict “no-cellphone” policies. For example, France prohibited students in elementary and middle schools from using cellphones while on campus. Meanwhile, it is reported that most teens use their phones for an average of 43 minutes during school hours, with some students reaching six hours on the high end. These addictive devices often lead to distraction and social anxiety. Worse still, almost one-third of secondary school teachers said that their lessons were interrupted by students’ mobile phones.
However, some people don’t believe that banning mobile phones in England’s schools will fundamentally address the harm that mobile phones do to children. “We work with children daily. We understand that a phone is a
device to pay for a bus, contact your mum, and find information,” Kidron, a secondary school teacher, said. “So the device is not the issue; it is the persistent irresponsible content provided by online tech platforms that is to panies that engage with children, therefore, should offer content that is suitable for their age and development capacity.” Ghey, a concerned mother, also raised her voice on this matter, but with a different perspective. She argued for the phone manufacturers to make specific products for under-18s that prevent them from accessing harmful content.
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【答案】England has decided to ban mobile phone use in schools. The ban is necessary since it is a trend worldwide and the overuse of phones causes mental problems in teens and disturbs teachers’ lessons. However, some argue the real issue is the irresponsible content from tech platforms and ask phone makers to produce phones tailored to minors. (57 words)
【解析】
【导语】本文的体裁是议论文。文章讨论了英格兰教育部确认计划在校园内禁止学生在上课时间内使用手机的措施，包括课间休息时间。文中提到了不同学校执行禁令的方式，例如要求学生将手机留在家中，或者到校后上交手机，或者将手机锁在无法接触的储物柜中。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Recently, England’s Department of Education has confirmed plans to ban the use of mobile phones in English schools during the school day.
②England’s response to the growing frustration with students’ cellphone use during school time is not unfounded.
③These addictive devices often lead to distraction and social anxiety. Worse still, almost one-third of secondary school teachers said that their lessons were interrupted by students’ mobile phones.
④However, some people don’t believe that banning mobile phones in England’s schools will fundamentally address the harm that mobile phones do to children. She argued for the phone manufacturers to make specific products for under-18s that prevent them from accessing harmful content.
2.缜密构思
将第1、4两个要点进行重组，将第2、3两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
England has decided to ban mobile phone use in schools, which is necessary since it is a trend worldwide and the overuse of phones causes mental problems in teens and disturbs teachers’ lessons.
However, some argue that the real issue is the irresponsible content from tech platforms and ask phone makers to produce phones tailored to minors.
【点睛】[高分句型1] England has decided to ban mobile phone use in schools.使用了动词不定式作宾语。
[高分句型2]：The ban is necessary since it is a trend worldwide and the overuse of phones causes mental problems in teens and disturbs teachers’ lessons. 使用了since连接的原因状语从句。
（七）
（2024年金山区二模）
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
The ingredients of love
In modern times, finding love seems more central to people’s lives. Then, researchers wonder, can love, a highly valued emotional state, be created
To help determine the ingredients of attraction, one research paired 164 college classmates and had them talk for 3, 6 or 10 minutes to get a sense of each other’s individuality. Then students were asked to predict what kind of relationship they might build with their partners. After nine weeks, they reported what happened. Reports showed their initial judgments often held true. All these students seemed to distinguish at an early stage who would best fit into their lives.
Scientists have also turned to nonhumans to increase understanding of attraction. Many animals give off pheromones — natural chemicals that can be detected by, and then can produce a response in, other animals of the same species. Pheromones can signal that an animal is either ready to fight or is feeling open to partnerships. In contrast, humans do not seem to be as gifted as other animals at detecting such chemicals. Smell, however, does seem to play a part in human attraction. Although we may not be aware of chemicals like pheromones consciously, we give and receive loads of information through smell in every interaction with other people.
Being fond of someone seems to have a number of factors, including seeing something we find attractive. Researchers had people judge faces for attractiveness. The participants had 0.013 seconds to view each face, yet
somehow they generally considered the images the same as people who had more time to study the same faces. The way we assess attractiveness seems to be somewhat automatic. When shown an attractive face and then words with good or bad associations, people responded to positive words faster after viewing an attractive face. Seeing something attractive seems to cause happy thinking.
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【答案】Researchers are studying what may create love. One possible factor is the first impressions when people meet and talk to each other, no matter how long the talk lasts. The second key is the smell, through which people get information about others, just like what animals do with pheromones. Last, good appearance also matters and can cause positive thinking.
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究人员正在研究是什么产生了爱情，以及重点介绍了可能产生爱情的三个因素。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Then, researchers wonder, can love, a highly valued emotional state, be created
②To help determine the ingredients of attraction, one research paired 164 college classmates and had them talk for 3, 6 or 10 minutes to get a sense of each other’s individuality.
③In contrast, humans do not seem to be as gifted as other animals at detecting such chemicals. Smell, however, does seem to play a part in human attraction.
④When shown an attractive face and then words with good or bad associations, people responded to positive words faster after viewing an attractive face.
2.缜密构思将第1、4两个要点进行重组，将第2、3两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句One possible factor is the first impression people make when they meet and talk, no matter how long the conversation lasts.
The second key is smell, through which people get information about others, just as animals get information through pheromones.
Finally, a good appearance is also important and can cause positive thinking.
【点睛】[高分句型1]One possible factor is the first impressions when people meet and talk to each other, no matter how long the talk lasts.（运用了when引导的时间状语从句以及no matter how引导的让步状语从句）
[高分句型2]The second key is the smell, through which people get information about others, just like what animals do with pheromones.（运用了介词through+关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句）
（八）
（2024年静安区二模）
Exploring the Appeal of Vintage
Today, the term “vintage” applies to almost everything. Vintage is more recent than an antique (古董) which is defined as 100 years old or more. It basically means reviving something old-fashioned or filled with memories. For an object to be considered vintage, it must be unique and genuine enough to retain at least some of its original charm.
We buy vintage because it creates a sense of personal connection for us: it speaks to our childhood memories and that feels good. We also buy vintage because we’re rebels. Vintage is a protest against modern mainstream culture. In an age of technology, buying vintage is a refuge from our fast-paced, high-tech world. We want our children to make the most of their creativity and know how to entertain themselves without electronic gadgets. Ironically, early video games are now considered vintage.
Of all the vintage objects, vintage toys are forever attractive for both adults and children. Although some toys have emotional value, others have high market value and are expensive to collect. Vintage toys that were made in small quantities often bring a higher value than those that were mass produced. That means, if you own one of the 2,000 “Peanuts” royal blue beanie baby elephants that were manufactured with a darker blue coat than originally intended, you might have something valuable on your hands. In fact, due to a manufacturer error, this is the most collectible beanie baby around — and worth about 3,000.
If you’re motivated and feeling lucky, you can find deals on vintage toys by browsing charity shops, secondhand stores, community centers, flea markets and garage sales. You never know what kind of treasures are hiding at the bottom of a mixed box in someone’s basement, garage or attic.
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【答案】One possible version:
Vintage items, newer than antiques, rejuvenate old-fashioned or nostalgic items, necessitating uniqueness and genuine charm. Buying vintage can foster personal connections and reflect rebellion against mainstream culture. Vintage toys hold enduring appeal for both adults and children due to their emotional and market value. Vintage toys can be discovered in various loacations, offering opportunities for treasure hunting.
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。它详细地解释了“复古（vintage）”这个概念，包括其定义、人们为什么喜欢复古物品，以及复古玩具的价值和收藏方式。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①Vintage is more recent than an antique (古董) which is defined as 100 years old or more.
②For an object to be considered vintage, it must be unique and genuine enough to retain at least some of its original charm.
③We buy vintage because it creates a sense of personal connection for us: it speaks to our childhood memories and that feels good.
④We also buy vintage because we’re rebels.
⑤Of all the vintage objects, vintage toys are forever attractive for both adults and children.
⑥If you’re motivated and feeling lucky, you can find deals on vintage toys by browsing charity shops, secondhand stores, community centers, flea markets and garage sales. You never know what kind of treasures are hiding at the bottom of a mixed box in someone’s basement, garage or attic.
2. 缜密构思
将第1、2两个要点进行整合，3、4两个要点进行整合，将5、6两个要点进行重组。
3. 遣词造句
Vintage items, newer than antiques, rejuvenate old-fashioned or nostalgic items, necessitating uniqueness and genuine charm.
Vintage toys hold enduring appeal for both adults and children due to their emotional and market value.
Vintage toys can be discovered in various loacations, offering opportunities for treasure hunting.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Buying vintage can foster personal connections and reflect rebellion against mainstream culture. (动名词作主语)
[高分句型2] Vintage toys can be discovered in various loacations, offering opportunities for treasure hunting. (现在
分词作结果状语)
（九）
（2024年浦东新区二模）
Paying Allowances for Completing Chores
The practice of paying children an allowance became popular in America about 100 years ago. Nowadays, American kids on average receive about $800 per year in allowance. But the vast majority of American parents who pay allowance tie it to the completion of housework. Although many parents believe that paying an allowance for completing chores benefits their children, a range of experts expressed concern that tying allowance very closely to chores may not be ideal. In fact, the way chores work in many households worldwide points to another way.
Suniya Luthar, a psychologist, is against paying kids for chores. Luthar is not opposed to giving allowances, but she thinks it’s important to establish that chores are done not because they will lead to payment, but because they keep the household running. Luthar’s suggested approach to allowance is compatible with that of writer Ron Lieber, who advises that allowances be used as a means of showing children how to save, give, and spend on things they care about. “Kids should do chores,” he writes, “for the same reason adults do, because the chores need to be done, and not with the expectation of compensation.”
This argument has its critics, but considering the way chores are undertaken around the world may change people’s thinking. Professor David Lancy of Utah State University has studied how families around the world handle chores. At about 18 months of age, Lancy says, most children become eager to help their parents, and in many cultures, they begin helping with housework at that age. They begin with very simple tasks, but their responsibilities gradually increase. And they do these tasks without payment. Lancy contrasts this with what happens in America. “We deny our children’s attempts to help until they are 6 or 7 years old,” Lancy says, “when many have lost the desire to help and then try to motivate them with payment. The solution to this problem is not to try to use money as a stimulus to do housework, but to get children involved in housework much earlier, when they actually want to do it.”
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【答案】Paying children allowances for chores is quite common in America. However, critics hold that chores are
necessary for the maintenance of household and that they shouldn’t be tied to payment. In contrast with many other cultures, where children are involved in housework at early ages without payment, critics propose Americans shifting from financial incentives to intrinsic motivation for household contributions.
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。许多家长认为支付家务活的津贴对孩子有好处，但许多专家表示担心，将津贴与家务活紧密联系起来可能并不理想。文章主要介绍了一些专家的观点。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①The practice of paying children an allowance became popular in America about 100 years ago.
②But the vast majority of American parents who pay allowance tie it to the completion of housework.
③In fact, the way chores work in many households worldwide points to another way.
④Luthar is not opposed to giving allowances, but she thinks it’s important to establish that chores are done not because they will lead to payment, but because they keep the household running.
⑤The solution to this problem is not to try to use money as a stimulus to do housework, but to get children involved in housework much earlier, when they actually want to do it.
2. 缜密构思
将1、2要点进行整合，3、4、5要点进行重组
3. 遣词造句
It is common that children are paid allowances for chores in America.
However, critics reckon that chores are necessary for the maintenance of household, which shouldn’t be tied to payment.
In contrast with many other cultures, in which children are engaged in housework at early ages without payment, critics propose that Americans should shift from financial incentives to intrinsic motivation for household contributions.
【点睛】【高分句型1】However, critics hold that chores are necessary for the maintenance of household and that they shouldn’t be tied to payment. （that引导宾语从句）
【高分句型2】 In contrast with many other cultures, where children are involved in housework at early ages without payment, critics propose Americans shifting from financial incentives to intrinsic motivation for household contributions.（where引导的非限制性定语从句）
（十）
（2024年普陀区二模）
How to Stay on Task
“In many activities, it is difficult to maintain a high level of focus over time. Our research asks why this is the case,” said Matthew K. Robison, assistant professor of psychology at the University of Texas at Arlington. Although humans generally perform fine in situations that require sustained attention, they are often distracted, which can lead to inattention. Common distractions can be anything from thinking about a new romantic interest to reacting to a car honking. Most inattention has minor consequences like forgetting to forward an email or pick up an item at the grocery store. However, other inattention can lead to serious consequences, such as a train operator not reacting to an incident, a surgeon forgetting a step in an operation or an individual forgetting to turn off an oven.
“Sustaining attention can be easier said than done, as attention fluctuates(波动) across short and long intervals,” Robison said. One of the most common approaches to studying inattention has been to examine response time to a variety of tasks. For this study, Robison and colleagues employed more than 100 participants to complete reaction time tasks for about 25 minutes. In a standard control condition, participants were simply told to respond as quickly as possible on each trial. “In this condition, reaction times systematically increased across time, consistent with the idea that task focus was decreasing,” Robison said. “However, when we gave them specific goals to pursue and made those goals harder over time, they did not show that effect.”
The drop in concentration goes some way to explaining why we remember or forget the moment and why some people remember better than others. Robison and colleagues at the University of Oregon have also published a new study on maintaining attention. The results provide evidence that a simple and easily implementable change in behavior — setting specific goals for oneself — can significantly improve our ability to maintain task focus over time. “Setting a specific goal will increase sustained attention and reduce inattention,” said Robison based on his studies.
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【答案】Research shows that setting a specific goal increases sustained attention. It is hard to maintain a high level
of concentration in many activities. People are often distracted, resulting in poor concentration, with minor or serious consequences. Attention fluctuates between short and long intervals, and the shorter the reaction time is, the greater the concentration will be.
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，研究表明，设定一个具体的目标可以提高持续的注意力。在许多活动中很难保持高度集中。人们经常分心，导致注意力不集中，造成轻微或严重的后果。注意力在短间隔和长间隔之间波动，反应时间越短，注意力集中程度越高。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①Although humans generally perform fine in situations that require sustained attention, they are often distracted, which can lead to inattention. “Setting a specific goal will increase sustained attention and reduce inattention,” said Robison based on his studies.
②“Sustaining attention can be easier said than done, as attention fluctuates(波动) across short and long intervals,” Robison said.
③However, other inattention can lead to serious consequences, such as a train operator not reacting to an incident, a surgeon forgetting a step in an operation or an individual forgetting to turn off an oven.
④In this condition, reaction times systematically increased across time, consistent with the idea that task focus was decreasing
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Research shows that setting a specific goal increases sustained attention.
It is hard to maintain a high level of concentration in many activities.
People are often distracted, resulting in poor concentration, with minor or serious consequences.
Attention fluctuates between short and long intervals, and the shorter the reaction time is, the greater the concentration will be.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Research shows that setting a specific goal increases sustained attention.运用that引导宾语从句对原文第一段和最后一段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] Attention fluctuates between short and long intervals, and the shorter the reaction time is, the greater the concentration will be.用“the+比较级，the+比较级”句型对第二段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
（十一）
（2024年青浦区二模）
Less Snowy Winters
Winter might mean snowball fights in many places. But this might not be the case for much longer. While many people around the world are currently experiencing heavy snowfall, Earth is getting less snowy — a trend that isn’t temporary. That’s because the planet is heating up and winter is warming faster than any other season in America. The water falling to earth in winter is more commonly falling as raindrops than snow.
With water falling as rain instead of snow, and then freezing, some animals may struggle to feed on grass on frozen ground. Species with white coats could be at higher risk of being eaten as food, while polar bears may have fewer options to build their snowy habitations. Not every species can adapt or move to snowier climates, which may cause the extinction of some animals.
As air temperatures warm, trees release water into the atmosphere through a process called evapotranspiration, loss of water from the soil. When there hasn’t been much snow, the soil can’t replace lost moisture, and forests experience more heat stress, making severe wildfires more likely. “When a fire does spark, it runs away as fast as possible and burns as much area as it can,” says Andrew Schwartz, lead scientist at UC Berkeley’s Central Sierra Snow Laboratory.
For humans, less snowfall is “problematic because snow supplies so much of our water,” says Schwartz. About 1.9 billion people rely on snowpacks and big mass of ice for drinking water. Snow on the mountains acts like a natural lake used to store water. As it slowly melts into streams, snow supplies water through spring and summer, while rain flows immediately downstream and can be wasted. “It becomes more difficult to manage our water when we have these wild swings from year to year,” says Schwartz.
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【答案】范文
Winter is becoming less snowy due to global warming. This threatens the survival of various animal species as they cannot find food or adapt to this change. Less snow also increases the risk of severe wildfires, with less moisture in the soil. Additionally, it affects humans, as managing water becomes more difficult with unpredictable changes in snowfall.
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，由于全球变暖，冬天的雪越来越少。这威胁到各种动物的生存，因为它们无法找到食物或适应这种变化。由于土壤湿度降低，降雪减少也增加了发生严重野火的风险。此外，它还会影响人类，因为随着降雪的不可预测变化，管理水资源变得更加困难。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①While many people around the world are currently experiencing heavy snowfall, Earth is getting less snowy — a trend that isn’t temporary. That’s because the planet is heating up and winter is warming faster than any other season in America.
②With water falling as rain instead of snow, and then freezing, some animals may struggle to feed on grass on frozen ground. Not every species can adapt or move to snowier climates, which may cause the extinction of some animals.
③When there hasn’t been much snow, the soil can’t replace lost moisture, and forests experience more heat stress, making severe wildfires more likely.
④For humans, less snowfall is “problematic because snow supplies so much of our water,” says Schwartz. As it slowly melts into streams, snow supplies water through spring and summer, while rain flows immediately downstream and can be wasted. “It becomes more difficult to manage our water when we have these wild swings from year to year,” says Schwartz.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Winter is becoming less snowy due to global warming.
This threatens the survival of various animal species as they cannot find food or adapt to this change.
Less snow also increases the risk of severe wildfires with less moisture in the soil.
Additionally, it affects humans, as managing water becomes more difficult with unpredictable changes in snowfall.
【点睛】[高分句型1] This threatens the survival of various animal species as they cannot find food or adapt to this change.运用as引导原因状语从句对原第二段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] Additionally, it affects humans, as managing water becomes more difficult with unpredictable changes in snowfall.用动名词作主语对最后一段进行了概括，表达非常高级
（十二）
（2024年闵行区二模）
Have You Got Success Amnesia
Have you heard yourself say “it was nothing really” when someone congratulates you on a job well done Or have you drawn a blank when you are asked to make a list of what you have achieved If so, you have suffered success amnesia. Failing to acknowledge your hard work is often a sign of success amnesia. It signals that there might be a gap between how others view your achievements and how you see them.
People who have success amnesia often have a strong track record at work or get it sorted for family members. They are people who others would describe as successful and yet they find it difficult to acknowledge and own their results. They don’t hold their achievements in their memory bank.
This particular type of memory loss robs them of the satisfaction and pleasure that can follow in achieving a goal. And, perhaps more importantly, it robs them of confidence. Confidence does not guarantee success, but it does increase the chance of success. Why not try some practical methods
Ask for feedback about the impact you’ve had and then listen carefully. Watch out for anything that you begin to tell yourself “It wasn’t that big a deal.” Try to absorb what you hear. You can also look back over the past 6 or12 months, capture every success you can think of, whether large or small, and write them down clearly. Purposefully acknowledging and admitting your achievements can help to bring them into more realistic focus. Besides, be mindful that you have a tendency to forget or minimize your achievements. A sticky note on your laptop screen might help: my strengths and achievements are bigger than they appear to me.
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【答案】Success amnesia refers to a phenomenon that those who play a vital role in job and life often fail to acknowledge their effort and accomplishments. People suffering success amnesia will witness a decline in their fulfillment and confidence. There are three ways to tackle success amnesia. Accept other people’s views toward the impact you’ve made. Note down all the success you’ve made. Make sure you can notice your advantages and achievements.
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文介绍了“成功遗忘症”的概念，指的是人们不愿意承认和认可自己的成就，导致自信心的缺失。文章提到了一些实际的方法；同时，文章提醒读者要注意自己往往会忽视或低估自己
的成就，可以在电脑屏幕上贴上便条提醒自己：“我的优点和成就比我自己认为的要大”。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Failing to acknowledge your hard work is often a sign of success amnesia. It signals that there might be a gap between how others view your achievements and how you see them.
②They are people who others would describe as successful and yet they find it difficult to acknowledge and own their results. They don’t hold their achievements in their memory bank.
③This particular type of memory loss robs them of the satisfaction and pleasure that can follow in achieving a goal. And, perhaps more importantly, it robs them of confidence.
④Ask for feedback about the impact you’ve had and then listen carefully. You can also look back over the past 6 or 12 months, capture every success you can think of, whether large or small, and write them down clearly. Besides, be mindful that you have a tendency to forget or minimize your achievements.
2.缜密构思
将第3、4两个要点进行重组，将第1、2两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Success amnesia refers to the phenomenon where individuals who play significant roles in work and life often fail to acknowledge their own efforts and achievements.
People suffering from success amnesia experience a decline in their sense of accomplishment and self-confidence.
There are three methods to address success amnesia: accepting others’ perception of your influence, documenting all your accomplishments, and ensuring you take notice of your strengths and achievements.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Success amnesia refers to a phenomenon that those who play a vital role in job and life often fail to acknowledge their effort and accomplishments. 运用that引导的同位语从句，表达高级。
[高分句型2] People suffering success amnesia will witness a decline in their fulfillment and confidence.运用了现在分词作后置定语的结构，表达高级。
（十三）
（2024年松江区二模）
Why Willing to Wait
First it was the fried chicken. Then a variety of fancy milkshakes. No matter what time it is or how bad the streets smell, there are plenty of people waiting in line for hours to get their hands on the food that everyone’s talking about. If you are not the type of person crazy for trendy foods, you probably wonder why someone would like to wait in a
long line just to get a taste of a popular cream tea. There is a bit of psychology behind the craze of waiting before getting one’s chopsticks on a trendy food.
People are born curiosity hunters, especially for fresh ideas, according to some experts. At the sight of a long waiting line, they just can’t help having a try. And when the trendy foods are novel in looks and favors, even innovative in their sales environment, the desire for them is upgraded. All those stimulate people to investigate more—to deal with their curiosity.
In addition, having access to something that is sought out but hard to possess equips people with a feeling that improves their self-definitions. When someone is envied due to something he gained with efforts, his self-worth gets enhanced. Although it is yet to be determined whether the number of likes he receives on the photos of foods he’s posted online is connected with the level of envy from on-lookers, that feeling automatically becomes stronger.
Even more, “mob psychology” comes into play: when many people are doing something—waiting in line for the sought-after milkshakes, for instance —others are eager to be part of the group and share such a type of social familiarity, kind of like the natural pursuit of a sense of belonging. Tasting the same wait-worthy food has something in common.
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【答案】范文：
Many people are keen on lining up for popular foods for some psychological reasons. First, people have the tendency to satisfy their curiosity, especially for something new. Additionally, people find themselves more valued when owning something hard to get. Last, people naturally want to be part of a community.
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，出于一些心理原因，许多人热衷于排队购买受欢迎的食物。首先，人们倾向于满足自己的好奇心，尤其是对新事物。此外，当人们拥有难以得到的东西时，他们会发现自己更有价值。最后，人们自然希望成为团体的一部分。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①There is a bit of psychology behind the craze of waiting before getting one’s chopsticks on a trendy food.
②People are born curiosity hunters, especially for fresh ideas, according to some experts. All those stimulate people
to investigate more—to deal with their curiosity.
③In addition, having access to something that is sought out but hard to possess equips people with a feeling that improves their self-definitions.
④Even more, “mob psychology” comes into play: when many people are doing something—waiting in line for the sought-after milkshakes, for instance —others are eager to be part of the group and share such a type of social familiarity, kind of like the natural pursuit of a sense of belonging.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Many people are keen on lining up for popular foods for some psychological reasons.
First, people have the tendency to satisfy their curiosity, especially for something new.
Additionally, people find themselves more valued when owning something hard to get.
Last, people naturally want to be part of a community.
【点睛】[高分句型1] First, people have the tendency to satisfy their curiosity, especially for something new.运用不定式作后置定语对原文第一段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] Additionally, people find themselves more valued when owning something hard to get.用状语从句的省略对第三段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
（十四）
（2024年徐汇区二模）
The Evolution of Robotics: A Journey from Imagination to Reality
The development of robots represents a fascinating journey from mere imagination to practical reality. Over the years, advancements in technology and engineering have pushed the evolution of robots, transforming them from simple mechanical devices to complicated machines capable of copying human behavior and performing complex tasks.
The history of robotics dates back centuries, with early concepts of mechanical beings found in ancient stories and legends. However, it was not until the 20th century that significant progress was made in the field of robotics. The appearance of industrial robots in the mid-20th century revolutionized manufacturing processes, leading to increased efficiency and productivity in factories around the world.
One of the most significant milestones in the development of robots was the invention of the programmable robot arm by George Devol and Joseph Engelberger in the 1950s. This innovation paved the way for the widespread
adoption of robots in industrial settings, where they could perform repetitive tasks with correctness and accuracy.
Another milestone was the introduction of the first autonomous mobile robot, Shakey, developed by researchers at Stanford Research Institute in the 1960s. Shakey demonstrated the potential of robots to navigate and interact with their environment autonomously, laying the foundation for future advancements in robotics.
The development of artificial intelligence (AI) has been instrumental in pushing the boundaries of robotics. AI-powered robots are capable of learning from their experiences, making decisions, and adapting to new situations. This has enabled the creation of social robots, such as Pepper and Sophia, which can interact with humans in meaningful ways.
In recent years, there have been significant advancements in robotics, particularly in areas such as medical robotics, autonomous vehicles, and humanoid robots. Medical robots, for example, are being used for minimally invasive surgeries, precision medication delivery, and patient care. Autonomous vehicles are revolutionizing transportation, with companies like Tesla and Waymo developing self-driving cars. Meanwhile, humanoid robots like Boston Dynamics’ Atlas are pushing the boundaries of what robots can achieve, with capabilities such as dynamic movement and dexterity.
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【答案】Robotics development has been driven by technology and engineering advancements. Robotics has made significant progress from industrial robots to programmable robot arms and autonomous mobile robots, thus increasing efficiency, productivity, correctness, accuracy, and laying foundation for future. AI has enabled the creation of social robots to interact with humans. Recent advancements include medical robotics, self-driving cars, and humanoid robots.
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了机器人是如何从想象演变为现实的。
【详解】1 要点摘录①Over the years, advancements in technology and engineering have pushed the evolution of robots.②The appearance of industrial robots in the mid-20th century revolutionized manufacturing processes, leading to increased efficiency and productivity in factories around the world.③One of the most significant milestones in the development of robots was the invention of the programmable robot.④Another milestone was the
introduction of the first autonomous mobile robot.
⑤AI-powered robots are capable of learning from their experiences, making decisions, and adapting to new situations. This has enabled the creation of social robots.
⑥In recent years, there have been significant advancements in robotics, particularly in areas such as medical robotics, autonomous vehicles, and humanoid robots.
2.缜密构思将第1、6两个要点进行整合，将第2、3、4、5的要点进行重组。3.遣词造句Technological and engineering development has contributed to the evolution of robots, which are widely used as medical robotics, autonomous vehicles, and humanoid robots. Robotics has made significant progress from industrial robots to programmable robot arms and autonomous mobile robots, thus increasing efficiency, productivity, correctness, accuracy, and laying foundation for future.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] Over the years, advancements in technology and engineering have pushed the evolution of robots, transforming them from simple mechanical devices to complicated machines capable of copying human behavior and performing complex tasks.（运用了现在分词短语作状语，说明机器人的进化历程）
[高分句型2] However, it was not until the 20th century that significant progress was made in the field of robotics.（运用了not until的强调句型，说明机器人取得重大进展的时间）
[高分句型3] Meanwhile, humanoid robots like Boston Dynamics’ Atlas are pushing the boundaries of what robots can achieve, with capabilities such as dynamic movement and dexterity.（运用了what引导的宾语从句）
（十五）
（2024年长宁区二模）
The question of whether our government should promote science and technology or the liberal arts in higher education isn’t an either/or proposition, although the current emphasis on preparing young Americans for STEM (science, technology, engineering, maths)-related fields can make it seem that way.
The latest congressional report acknowledges the critical importance of technical training, but also claims that the study of the humanities (人文学科) and social sciences must remain central components of America’s educational system at all levels. Both are critical to producing citizens who can participate effectively in our democratic society, become innovative leaders, and benefit from the spiritual enrichment that the reflection on the great ideas of mankind over time provides.
Parents and students who have invested heavily in higher education worry about graduates’ job prospects as technological advances and changes in domestic and global markets transform professions in ways that reduce wages and cut jobs. Under these circumstances, it’s natural to look for what may appear to be the most “practical” way out of the problem “Major in a 专题08 概要写作
编者按：上海十六区二模完整齐全，深度解析，排版整齐。
（一）
（2024年宝山区二模）
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Before you head out to a run event where there will be many people, you should be aware of the dangers of a crowd crush.
Though the risk of crowd crush is rare, it can be deadly when it happens. Crowd crush occurs when many people are packed together and begin to fall over one another. In the past, such instances have caused horrible injury and even death. To avoid such a fate, it’s best to escape the crush before it happens.
Before attending a crowded event, look up a map of the venue. This will give you an idea of the surroundings - pay special attention to any exits. Once you arrive, choosing the right spot can be crucial. Avoid the middle or front; instead, pick the back or edges of a crowd. It’s also important to trust your feelings. Stay aware to see if you feel packed in at any point. The more crowded the event becomes, the sooner you may need to retreat to a safe place.
If you do end up in a crush, here’s how you can stay safe. The most important thing you can do is stay on your feet. To do this, spread your feet apart and bend your knees a little. Also make sure to move with the flow of the crowd. Trying to move against a crowd of people will only end in disaster.
Helping others is another great way to keep everyone safe. Once one person falls down, more people tend to fall over them. So if your neighbor in the crowd falls to the ground, help them up.
A common cause of death in a crowd crush isn’t being crushed but rather losing air. It’s best to hold out your arms in front of your chest. This allows space between you and the person in front of you. It also protects your chest and lungs from being crushed on the ground should you fall.
There is usually fun where the crowds are, so enjoy yourself. But remember to stay alert!
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（二）
（2024年崇明区二模）
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Microplastics: Out of Sight, Out of Mind
People joke that someone suffering from paranoia (妄想症) sees danger everywhere, thinking someone is out to get him. In the case of microplastics, you don’t need to have paranoia to be worried about them being everywhere, because they basically are!
What exactly are microplastics They are particles (颗粒) of any type of plastic that are less than 5 millimeters in diameter (直径). They have resulted from the plastic pollution widespread in the world today.
When plastic is exposed to environmental forces, it breaks down into these tiny particles, which, in turn, do not disappear but continue to exist for hundreds or even thousands of years. Every piece of plastic that has ever been made is still on Earth today, except for what has been burned. Often mistaken for food, plastics and microplastics in oceans and on beaches are often consumed by marine animals, which is harmful. Research has linked microplastics to cancer and other problems in animals.
Whatever you think about these particles, taking them in is easier than you think. When you heat food in a plastic dish in the microwave, microplastics get into your food. The water from a plastic water bottle contains the particles as well. After taking surveys of microplastics in air, water and seafood, scientists estimate that people may easily be eating 5 grams of plastic a week. Researchers don’t know yet if or how this will affect humans. Microplastics have been found in human tissue samples, and no one yet knows how long they stay in the human body or what problems may arise.
Not until the amount of plastic waste in the world is reduced will microplastics decrease. So, while the evidence is still missing of the effect microplastics have on people’s health, reusing and recycling plastic is a no-brainer.
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（三）
（2024年奉贤区二模）
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Complaining: The Happiness Killer
In 15th-century Germany, there was an expression: Greiner, Zanner, which can be translated as “a chronic (长期的) complainer.” Are you a bit of a Greiner, Zanner If so, you’re not alone. Survey data show that customers today are more than twice as likely to complain about a product or service as they were in 1976. A U. K.-based survey also observed a rise in job dissatisfaction over a two-year period before autumn 2022.
Complaints can be grouped into different categories. As is reported, 45 percent of complaints concern the behavior of others. For instance, parents repeatedly criticize their children for small issues like messy bedrooms or dirty clothes. Another 29 percent focus on personal discomfort. A common complaint in this category might be about feeling too hot in a room without air conditioner. The remaining 26 percent involve unpleasant obligations like unnecessary work meetings people are forced to attend.
The problem with all of these complaints is that it can feel helpful — but it typically isn’t . Although complaining might offer temporary relief, it’s bad for your happiness in the long run. Researchers who measured people’s mood before and after they complained found that those complainers’ mood was significantly worsening. Besides, complaining can also lower the happiness of the people around you. In some relationships, the negative effect can pass like a virus to those exposed. In other words, when people see others’ complaints expressing anger, disgust and sadness, they can, in turn, feel similar emotions.
As the 20th-century Bulgarian philosopher Archimandrite Seraphim Aleksiev observed, “Complaining is like the winter frost which, when it falls, destroys all the labors of the gardeners.”
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（四）
（2024年虹口区二模）
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Why Ear-worms Get Stuck in Your Head
We all get a sensation when a song, for no apparent reason, refuses to leave your head — in fact we’re no strangers to the dreaded “ear-worm.” But a new study published in Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity and the Arts reveals a fascinating insight into ear-worms, and why some songs are better than others in sticking in our heads by investigating the actual elements of the song that make it catchy in the first place.
To do this, most frequent ear-worms of the participants were entered into a database and compared to songs that had never been reported as an ear-worm at all. The melodic features of the tunes were then analyzed, revealing that ear-worm tunes were typically those songs that have overall melodic shapes common in Western pop music. A classic example of a common contour (音调的升降曲线) pattern is heard in Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star, where the first phrase rises in pitch and the second falls. This makes the tune easy to remember and has been exploited in many other nursery rhymes, but also in pop music.
In addition to the melodic shape the other ingredient to the ear-worm formula is the unusual interval structure. The aim of this is to surpass the listener’s expectations of an average pop song, showing unexpected leaps or more repeated notes than usual. “Our findings show that you can, to some extent, predict which songs are going to get stuck in people’s heads based on the song’s melodic content,” says one of the researchers, “This could help song-writers or advertisers write a jingle (短歌) everyone will remember for days or months afterwards.”
The authors conclude that studies of ear-worms can help explain how the brain works, and improve our understanding in how perception, emotions, memory and spontaneous thoughts behave in different people.
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（五）
（2024年黄浦区二模）
Many of us worry that we don’t put in enough time to maintain close friendships. But how much is enough Unfortunately, there’s no magic formula (公式) for how much time you need to spend on your friends to keep them. Each friendship and friend are unique and develops or ends depending on how we interact.
Forming a friendship in the first place takes a certain number of hours of being together. We need between 40 and 60 hours together for a person we know slightly to become a casual friend. In order to move from casual friends to close friends, we need to spend an additional 140 to 160 hours together for a total of about 200 hours.
However, deeper interactions can quicken that timeline. We can form a close bond in less than 200 hours with meaningful conversations. Contrarily, spending 200 hours together doesn’t necessarily mean a person will become a close friend. They have to want to be your friends. Some co-workers can spend 300 hours together and never become close friends.
When it comes to maintaining friendships, it’s not just the number of hours spent together, but what we do that matters. Engaging in passive activity with friends — like watching a TV series — is fun and enjoyable, but it doesn’t do as much to maintain friendship as having deep conversations, sharing feelings, and being a good listener. And routinely checking in with people we choose to connect with, through calls and texts or in person, helps maintain relationships and leads to higher scores of positive feelings, like happiness.
The key point is that sharing things about ourselves can lead to close friendships. Once that closeness is established, some ways to maintain closeness are supporting friends when things go wrong for them and celebrating their achievements.
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（六）
（2024年嘉定区二模）
England Prohibits Phones in Schools, But Will It Help
Recently, England’s Department of Education has confirmed plans to ban the use of mobile phones in English schools during the school day, including break times. The guidance offers schools a variety of ways to implement (实
施) the ban, ranging from an order to leave all phones at home, to handing them in on arrival or keeping them in inaccessible lockers.
England’s response to the growing frustration with students’ cellphone use during school time is not unfounded. The United Nations this past summer published a report issuing a strong warning regarding technology use in schools around the globe. Some countries had already implemented strict “no-cellphone” policies. For example, France prohibited students in elementary and middle schools from using cellphones while on campus. Meanwhile, it is reported that most teens use their phones for an average of 43 minutes during school hours, with some students reaching six hours on the high end. These addictive devices often lead to distraction and social anxiety. Worse still, almost one-third of secondary school teachers said that their lessons were interrupted by students’ mobile phones.
However, some people don’t believe that banning mobile phones in England’s schools will fundamentally address the harm that mobile phones do to children. “We work with children daily. We understand that a phone is a device to pay for a bus, contact your mum, and find information,” Kidron, a secondary school teacher, said. “So the device is not the issue; it is the persistent irresponsible content provided by online tech platforms that is to panies that engage with children, therefore, should offer content that is suitable for their age and development capacity.” Ghey, a concerned mother, also raised her voice on this matter, but with a different perspective. She argued for the phone manufacturers to make specific products for under-18s that prevent them from accessing harmful content.
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（七）
（2024年金山区二模）
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
The ingredients of love
In modern times, finding love seems more central to people’s lives. Then, researchers wonder, can love, a highly
valued emotional state, be created
To help determine the ingredients of attraction, one research paired 164 college classmates and had them talk for 3, 6 or 10 minutes to get a sense of each other’s individuality. Then students were asked to predict what kind of relationship they might build with their partners. After nine weeks, they reported what happened. Reports showed their initial judgments often held true. All these students seemed to distinguish at an early stage who would best fit into their lives.
Scientists have also turned to nonhumans to increase understanding of attraction. Many animals give off pheromones — natural chemicals that can be detected by, and then can produce a response in, other animals of the same species. Pheromones can signal that an animal is either ready to fight or is feeling open to partnerships. In contrast, humans do not seem to be as gifted as other animals at detecting such chemicals. Smell, however, does seem to play a part in human attraction. Although we may not be aware of chemicals like pheromones consciously, we give and receive loads of information through smell in every interaction with other people.
Being fond of someone seems to have a number of factors, including seeing something we find attractive. Researchers had people judge faces for attractiveness. The participants had 0.013 seconds to view each face, yet somehow they generally considered the images the same as people who had more time to study the same faces. The way we assess attractiveness seems to be somewhat automatic. When shown an attractive face and then words with good or bad associations, people responded to positive words faster after viewing an attractive face. Seeing something attractive seems to cause happy thinking.
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（八）
（2024年静安区二模）
Exploring the Appeal of Vintage
Today, the term “vintage” applies to almost everything. Vintage is more recent than an antique (古董) which is defined as 100 years old or more. It basically means reviving something old-fashioned or filled with memories. For
an object to be considered vintage, it must be unique and genuine enough to retain at least some of its original charm.
We buy vintage because it creates a sense of personal connection for us: it speaks to our childhood memories and that feels good. We also buy vintage because we’re rebels. Vintage is a protest against modern mainstream culture. In an age of technology, buying vintage is a refuge from our fast-paced, high-tech world. We want our children to make the most of their creativity and know how to entertain themselves without electronic gadgets. Ironically, early video games are now considered vintage.
Of all the vintage objects, vintage toys are forever attractive for both adults and children. Although some toys have emotional value, others have high market value and are expensive to collect. Vintage toys that were made in small quantities often bring a higher value than those that were mass produced. That means, if you own one of the 2,000 “Peanuts” royal blue beanie baby elephants that were manufactured with a darker blue coat than originally intended, you might have something valuable on your hands. In fact, due to a manufacturer error, this is the most collectible beanie baby around — and worth about 3,000.
If you’re motivated and feeling lucky, you can find deals on vintage toys by browsing charity shops, secondhand stores, community centers, flea markets and garage sales. You never know what kind of treasures are hiding at the bottom of a mixed box in someone’s basement, garage or attic.
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（九）
（2024年浦东新区二模）
Paying Allowances for Completing Chores
The practice of paying children an allowance became popular in America about 100 years ago. Nowadays, American kids on average receive about $800 per year in allowance. But the vast majority of American parents who pay allowance tie it to the completion of housework. Although many parents believe that paying an allowance for completing chores benefits their children, a range of experts expressed concern that tying allowance very closely to chores may not be ideal. In fact, the way chores work in many households worldwide points to another way.
Suniya Luthar, a psychologist, is against paying kids for chores. Luthar is not opposed to giving allowances, but
she thinks it’s important to establish that chores are done not because they will lead to payment, but because they keep the household running. Luthar’s suggested approach to allowance is compatible with that of writer Ron Lieber, who advises that allowances be used as a means of showing children how to save, give, and spend on things they care about. “Kids should do chores,” he writes, “for the same reason adults do, because the chores need to be done, and not with the expectation of compensation.”
This argument has its critics, but considering the way chores are undertaken around the world may change people’s thinking. Professor David Lancy of Utah State University has studied how families around the world handle chores. At about 18 months of age, Lancy says, most children become eager to help their parents, and in many cultures, they begin helping with housework at that age. They begin with very simple tasks, but their responsibilities gradually increase. And they do these tasks without payment. Lancy contrasts this with what happens in America. “We deny our children’s attempts to help until they are 6 or 7 years old,” Lancy says, “when many have lost the desire to help and then try to motivate them with payment. The solution to this problem is not to try to use money as a stimulus to do housework, but to get children involved in housework much earlier, when they actually want to do it.”
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（十）
（2024年普陀区二模）
How to Stay on Task
“In many activities, it is difficult to maintain a high level of focus over time. Our research asks why this is the case,” said Matthew K. Robison, assistant professor of psychology at the University of Texas at Arlington. Although humans generally perform fine in situations that require sustained attention, they are often distracted, which can lead to inattention. Common distractions can be anything from thinking about a new romantic interest to reacting to a car honking. Most inattention has minor consequences like forgetting to forward an email or pick up an item at the grocery store. However, other inattention can lead to serious consequences, such as a train operator not reacting to an
incident, a surgeon forgetting a step in an operation or an individual forgetting to turn off an oven.
“Sustaining attention can be easier said than done, as attention fluctuates(波动) across short and long intervals,” Robison said. One of the most common approaches to studying inattention has been to examine response time to a variety of tasks. For this study, Robison and colleagues employed more than 100 participants to complete reaction time tasks for about 25 minutes. In a standard control condition, participants were simply told to respond as quickly as possible on each trial. “In this condition, reaction times systematically increased across time, consistent with the idea that task focus was decreasing,” Robison said. “However, when we gave them specific goals to pursue and made those goals harder over time, they did not show that effect.”
The drop in concentration goes some way to explaining why we remember or forget the moment and why some people remember better than others. Robison and colleagues at the University of Oregon have also published a new study on maintaining attention. The results provide evidence that a simple and easily implementable change in behavior — setting specific goals for oneself — can significantly improve our ability to maintain task focus over time. “Setting a specific goal will increase sustained attention and reduce inattention,” said Robison based on his studies.
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（十一）
（2024年青浦区二模）
Less Snowy Winters
Winter might mean snowball fights in many places. But this might not be the case for much longer. While many people around the world are currently experiencing heavy snowfall, Earth is getting less snowy — a trend that isn’t temporary. That’s because the planet is heating up and winter is warming faster than any other season in America. The water falling to earth in winter is more commonly falling as raindrops than snow.
With water falling as rain instead of snow, and then freezing, some animals may struggle to feed on grass on frozen ground. Species with white coats could be at higher risk of being eaten as food, while polar bears may have
fewer options to build their snowy habitations. Not every species can adapt or move to snowier climates, which may cause the extinction of some animals.
As air temperatures warm, trees release water into the atmosphere through a process called evapotranspiration, loss of water from the soil. When there hasn’t been much snow, the soil can’t replace lost moisture, and forests experience more heat stress, making severe wildfires more likely. “When a fire does spark, it runs away as fast as possible and burns as much area as it can,” says Andrew Schwartz, lead scientist at UC Berkeley’s Central Sierra Snow Laboratory.
For humans, less snowfall is “problematic because snow supplies so much of our water,” says Schwartz. About 1.9 billion people rely on snowpacks and big mass of ice for drinking water. Snow on the mountains acts like a natural lake used to store water. As it slowly melts into streams, snow supplies water through spring and summer, while rain flows immediately downstream and can be wasted. “It becomes more difficult to manage our water when we have these wild swings from year to year,” says Schwartz.
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（十二）
（2024年闵行区二模）
Have You Got Success Amnesia
Have you heard yourself say “it was nothing really” when someone congratulates you on a job well done Or have you drawn a blank when you are asked to make a list of what you have achieved If so, you have suffered success amnesia. Failing to acknowledge your hard work is often a sign of success amnesia. It signals that there might be a gap between how others view your achievements and how you see them.
People who have success amnesia often have a strong track record at work or get it sorted for family members. They are people who others would describe as successful and yet they find it difficult to acknowledge and own their results. They don’t hold their achievements in their memory bank.
This particular type of memory loss robs them of the satisfaction and pleasure that can follow in achieving a goal. And, perhaps more importantly, it robs them of confidence. Confidence does not guarantee success, but it does increase the chance of success. Why not try some practical methods
Ask for feedback about the impact you’ve had and then listen carefully. Watch out for anything that you begin to tell yourself “It wasn’t that big a deal.” Try to absorb what you hear. You can also look back over the past 6 or12 months, capture every success you can think of, whether large or small, and write them down clearly. Purposefully acknowledging and admitting your achievements can help to bring them into more realistic focus. Besides, be mindful that you have a tendency to forget or minimize your achievements. A sticky note on your laptop screen might help: my strengths and achievements are bigger than they appear to me.
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（十三）
（2024年松江区二模）
Why Willing to Wait
First it was the fried chicken. Then a variety of fancy milkshakes. No matter what time it is or how bad the streets smell, there are plenty of people waiting in line for hours to get their hands on the food that everyone’s talking about. If you are not the type of person crazy for trendy foods, you probably wonder why someone would like to wait in a long line just to get a taste of a popular cream tea. There is a bit of psychology behind the craze of waiting before getting one’s chopsticks on a trendy food.
People are born curiosity hunters, especially for fresh ideas, according to some experts. At the sight of a long waiting line, they just can’t help having a try. And when the trendy foods are novel in looks and favors, even innovative in their sales environment, the desire for them is upgraded. All those stimulate people to investigate more—to deal with their curiosity.
In addition, having access to something that is sought out but hard to possess equips people with a feeling that improves their self-definitions. When someone is envied due to something he gained with efforts, his self-worth gets enhanced. Although it is yet to be determined whether the number of likes he receives on the photos of foods he’s posted online is connected with the level of envy from on-lookers, that feeling automatically becomes stronger.
Even more, “mob psychology” comes into play: when many people are doing something—waiting in line for the sought-after milkshakes, for instance —others are eager to be part of the group and share such a type of social
familiarity, kind of like the natural pursuit of a sense of belonging. Tasting the same wait-worthy food has something in common.
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（十四）
（2024年徐汇区二模）
The Evolution of Robotics: A Journey from Imagination to Reality
The development of robots represents a fascinating journey from mere imagination to practical reality. Over the years, advancements in technology and engineering have pushed the evolution of robots, transforming them from simple mechanical devices to complicated machines capable of copying human behavior and performing complex tasks.
The history of robotics dates back centuries, with early concepts of mechanical beings found in ancient stories and legends. However, it was not until the 20th century that significant progress was made in the field of robotics. The appearance of industrial robots in the mid-20th century revolutionized manufacturing processes, leading to increased efficiency and productivity in factories around the world.
One of the most significant milestones in the development of robots was the invention of the programmable robot arm by George Devol and Joseph Engelberger in the 1950s. This innovation paved the way for the widespread adoption of robots in industrial settings, where they could perform repetitive tasks with correctness and accuracy.
Another milestone was the introduction of the first autonomous mobile robot, Shakey, developed by researchers at Stanford Research Institute in the 1960s. Shakey demonstrated the potential of robots to navigate and interact with their environment autonomously, laying the foundation for future advancements in robotics.
The development of artificial intelligence (AI) has been instrumental in pushing the boundaries of robotics. AI-powered robots are capable of learning from their experiences, making decisions, and adapting to new situations. This has enabled the creation of social robots, such as Pepper and Sophia, which can interact with humans in meaningful ways.
In recent years, there have been significant advancements in robotics, particularly in areas such as medical
robotics, autonomous vehicles, and humanoid robots. Medical robots, for example, are being used for minimally invasive surgeries, precision medication delivery, and patient care. Autonomous vehicles are revolutionizing transportation, with companies like Tesla and Waymo developing self-driving cars. Meanwhile, humanoid robots like Boston Dynamics’ Atlas are pushing the boundaries of what robots can achieve, with capabilities such as dynamic movement and dexterity.
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（十五）
（2024年长宁区二模）
The question of whether our government should promote science and technology or the liberal arts in higher education isn’t an either/or proposition, although the current emphasis on preparing young Americans for STEM (science, technology, engineering, maths)-related fields can make it seem that way.
The latest congressional report acknowledges the critical importance of technical training, but also claims that the study of the humanities (人文学科) and social sciences must remain central components of America’s educational system at all levels. Both are critical to producing citizens who can participate effectively in our democratic society, become innovative leaders, and benefit from the spiritual enrichment that the reflection on the great ideas of mankind over time provides.
Parents and students who have invested heavily in higher education worry about graduates’ job prospects as technological advances and changes in domestic and global markets transform professions in ways that reduce wages and cut jobs. Under these circumstances, it’s natural to look for what may appear to be the most “practical” way out of the problem “Major in a subject designed to get you a job” seems the obvious answer to some, though this ignores the fact that many disciplines in the humanities characterized as “soft” often, in fact, lead to employment and success in the long run. Indeed, according to surveys, employers have expressed a preference for students who have received a broadly-based education that has taught them to write well, think critically, research creatively, and communicate easily.
Moreover, students should be prepared not just for their first job, but for their 4th and 5th jobs, as there’s little reason to doubt that people entering the workforce today will be called upon to play many different roles over the course of their careers. The ones who will do the best in this new environment will be those whose educations have prepared them to be flexible. The ability to draw upon every available tool and insight－picked up from science, arts, and technology－to solve the problems of the future, and take advantage of the opportunities that present themselves, will be helpful to them and the United States.
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（十六）
（2024年杨浦区二模）
Digital Nomads (游牧人)
How would you like to answer your work emails from a beachfront café in Thailand or a coffee shop in Portugal If that appeals to you, being a digital nomad might be for you. Digital nomads can literally work from anywhere as their jobs are online. Digital nomads rely on portable devices with wireless Internet capabilities such as laptops, tablets and smartphones. Typically, they work from coffee shops, restaurants, co-working spaces, apartments or internet cafés — places with an Internet connection.
Worldwide, statistics show the number of digital nomads hit 35 million in 2021. So what is it that makes the lifestyle of digital nomads so fascinating First and foremost, digital nomads get to live in different countries and cultures while they work, providing them with opportunities to have adventures and experience new things. These folks have also found the most flexible means of online incomes, allowing them to head out at a moment’ notice and go where they please. “I’m free,” says Nimisha Walji, “I can go where the wind takes me and live any place I choose! If I feel like a change, I can pursue that in a matter of days, sometimes hours.”
You may think that being a digital nomad is all sunshine and rainbows. It is not necessarily so. Job finding is one of the hardest tasks for the digital nomad, given that they have no permanent home, no office address, and no one knows them. To apply for a job, they need to find the employer and persuade him to hire them. Most of the employers
hire from their own city, and that’s why it’s so hard for a nomad to find a job. Access to stable Wi-Fi and adequate workspace can be difficult. If someone struggles to stay focused at home, there can’t be a worse place than a fascinating holiday location. Few people can manage to be productive faced with the temptations and distractions. It seems that living the life of a digital nomad isn’t for everyone.
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