概要写作示例与写作训练8
【写作示例】
【原文呈现】
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
No one would be willing to pay one-third of the price for the packaging or wrapping of what he or she purchases. But over-packaging has become a disease that leads to a massive waste of resources and contributes to environmental pollution in China.
Behind this disease are some appalling figures. The wasted packaging materials are estimated to be worth about 280 billion yuan annually. And such packages and wrappings thrown away by customers make up half of the volume of solid waste in cities. And its percentage has been increasing. If the cost for treating the solid waste is included, the money that has been wasted on over-packaging should be much higher.
To produce paper packagings or wrappings, many more trees have to be cut down. But the packagings will then be thrown away by consumers. The same is true with plastic wrappings. Over-packaging also damage the interest of consumers when they have to spend quite a high percentage on something that they will have to throw into the dustbin.
Product packaging and wrapping used to be very simple 30 years ago. Moon cakes were wrapped just in papers with a piece of red paper on top as trademark. "Shabby" was the word many had used to criticize the way Chinese products were packaged. And shabby packaging was condemned for making Chinese products unattractive in the international market.
It is reasonable to pay enough attention to packaging or wrapping products in such a manner that they can be appealing to customers' eyes. But that does not definitely justify that packaging should even outshine what is inside.
In the Chinese proverb, maidu huanzhu, the buyer returns the pearl and just keeps the case because the latter is too fancy and luxurious. The message from the proverb is that over-packaging helps cultivate an unhealthy consuming mentality--- to buy fancy-looking stuff but not what they really need. This is also against the principle of frugality and sustainable development.
【思维路径】
[核心内容]
本文是一篇议论文，全文共有六段。第一段提出了一个问题，即在中国，过度包装(over-packaging)已经造成了消费者多余的开支以及给环境带来了大量的废物污染。第二段则用数字进行了说明过度包装造成的巨大的财力损失及固体污染。第三段告诉我们为了生产更多的包装纸，我们不得不砍伐更多的树木。第四段回顾了过度包装的历史缘由。第五段则表明了作者的态度，即包装不能掩盖货物本身的价值。第六段中，作者借“买椟还珠”这个成语告诉我们，过度包装助长了不健康的消费理念，即只重货物外表，不在乎货物本身的价值。
[写作思路]
(1)抓住文章论点，理清论证关系。原文为议论文，第一段就提出了文章的论点，然后第二、三两端是进一步通过数据等事实论证第一段中提出的要点。第四段引出历史事实，进一步深入分析问题的起源。第五、六两段又进一步通过辩证分析的方式，表明作者的立场和态度。
(2)研读文中信息，灵活处理论据。论据是让论点使人更易接受的支持性的事实材料。原文的第二、三两段就是通过数据进行摆事实、讲道理。而原文第四与第六段又引出历史与文化传统里面关于“包装”问题的看法。因而，在缩写的时候，我们就需要对论据进行适当的安排与处理：既要注重数据事实，又要照顾到“历史事件”在论证中所起的作用。
(3)确立文章主题，合理安排结构。原文第一段话首先表明了文章的中心论点,即“Over-packaging has become a disease that leads to a massive waste of resources and contributes to environmental pollution in China”(要点1)；第二段用数据证明事实证明了文章的中心，即“Over-packaging has waste too much money on the packages and on the treatment of the solid waste” (要点2)；第三段又进一步指出了过度包装的另一个危害，即“To produce paper packagings or wrappings, many more trees have to be cut down” (要点3)；第四段回顾了人们之所以要过度包装的历史原因，即“Shabby packaging was condemned for making Chinese products unattractive in the international market” (要点4)；第五段表达了作者对过度包装的态度，即“Packaging should not outshine what is inside” (要点5)；在第六段中，作者借“买椟还珠”这个成语故事，表明了文章的结论，即“Over-packaging helps cultivate an unhealthy consuming mentality” (要点6)。通过以上分析，我们可以发现原文的论述结构：提出论点(要点1)---论据论证(要点2、3)---回顾历史(要点4)---表明态度(要点5)---得出结论(要点6)。那么在缩写的时候，我们就必须首先确定采取何种表达顺序，完成对原文中心的表述。
[参考范文]
Shabby packaging was once criticized for making Chinese products unattractive in the international market(要点4), but now over-packaging has caused an increase of environmental pollution(要点1), let alone a huge waste of money on the packages and the treatment of the solid waste(要点2), and many more trees being cut down for the packages(要点3). Besides, over-packaging helps cultivate an unhealthy consuming mentality(要点6). So, please remember that packaging should not outshine what is inside(要点5).(75 words)
[范文解析]
范文把要点4放在缩写的开头，首先交代了过度包装的历史缘由，然后整合要点1，从而引出本文的中心论点。之后，范文的第一句又用一个衔接词let alone把作为分论点(论据)的要点2、3也整合在一个句子里面，这样就使得表述更加紧凑。然后，范文又把作为结论的要点6作为另一个论述的核心，并且用衔接词besides实现了与前文的连贯一致的表达。范文最后用so引出作者对过度包装的态度(要点5)，并结束了文章的缩写。这种安排显得自然而又流畅。
[提炼归纳]
1、关注对论述中心的提炼。议论文一般会在行文中表现出极强的观点或、态度或个人倾向，所以在通读全文的过程中，需要首先抓住文章的中心论点、论据以及各个部分之间的层次关系。同时，也必须关注作者的论述方法及写作特点。
2、强调论述的连贯一致性。由于议论文中有鲜明的观点或个人倾向性的表达，而且有时作者的写作又不一定是按照常规的方法进行，因而在缩写的时候，我们就需要分清事实、论据与论点，以及各个部分之间的逻辑关系，从而实现意义表达的连贯性。例如，范文对要点4与要点5的处理就是处于对表述时的意义连贯的考虑。
【写作演练】
1.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Diet Coke, diet Pepsi, diet pills, no-fat diet, vegetable dict...We are surrounded by the word" diet" everywhere we look and listen. We have so easily been attracted by the promise and potential of diet products that we have stopped thinking about what diet products are doing to us. We are paying for products that harm us psychologically and physically.
Diet products significantly weaken us psychologically. On one level, influenced by diet products, people tend to watch their weight rather than their diet. Diet products make us Jump over the thinking stage and go straight for the scale(秤)instead. All we have to do is to recognize the word" diet" in food labels in the supermarket. On another level, diet products make people believe that gain comes without pain, and that life can be without resistance and struggle. For example, every time we have a zero-calorie drink, we are telling ourselves without our awareness that we don't have to work to get results.
The danger of diet products lies not only in the psychological effects they have on us, but also in the physical harm that they cause. Diet foods can indirectly harm our bodies because consuming them instead of healthy foods means we are preventing our bodies from having basic nutrients. Diet foods and diet pills contain zero calorie only because the diet industry has created chemicals to produce these wonder products. Diet products may not be nutritional, and the chemical that go into diet products are potentially dangerous.
Now that we are aware of the effects that diet products have on us, it is time to seriously think about buying them. Losing weight lies in the power of minds, not in the power of chemicals. Once we realize this, we will be much better able to resist diet products, and therefore prevent the potential harm that comes from using them.
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2.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
These days, football is one of the most popular sports in the world. Given that Neil Armstrong wanted to take a football to the Moon, we could even say that it is also the most popular sport out of this world! The history of the game goes back over two thousand years to Ancient China. It was then known as cuju(kick ball), a game using a ball of animal skins with hair inside. Goals were hung in the air. Football as we know it today started in Great Britain, where the game was given new rules.
That football is such a simple game to play is perhaps the basis of its popularity. It is also a game that is very cheap to play. You don't need expensive equipment; even the ball doesn't have to cost much money. All over the world you can see kids playing to their hearts 'content with a ball made of plastic bags; just like Pele did when he was a boy.
Another factor behind football's global popularity is the creativity and excitement on the field. It is fun enough to attract millions of people. You do not have to be a fan to recognize the skill of professional player-how they use their bodies to pass, score and defend can be amazing to see-or to feel the excitement of a game ending with a surprising twist.
What's more, football has become one of the best ways for people to communicate: it does not require words, but everyone understands it. It breaks down walls and brings people together on and off the field. Take, for example, the famous football game on Christmas Day 1914. World War I had broken out months before, but British and German soldiers put down their guns and played football together-one moment of peace to remember during years of conflict.
“Some people believe football is a matter of life and death, ...... “said Bill Shankly, the famous footballer and manager. “I can assure you it is much, much more important than that.” This might sound funny, but one only has to think about the Earth to realize that our planet is shaped like a football.
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3.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。
Teenagers' fitness is now a major concern and physical exercise is very important. It reduces stress and improves fitness. Exercise makes your body strong and helps you to keep the right body weight. Sports scientists offer the following advice to teenagers: First, find out your present level of fitness. Then you can design a programme that will help you become healthier.
There are three levels of fitness that need a change of lifestyle. ''Overweight'' means that the person gets very little exercise and often has a serious weight problem. ''Inactive'' means that the person does not join in many physical activities, but is not seriously overweight. ''Active'' refers to people who take part in sports and other physical activities, but do not have a high fitness level.
According to experts, overweight teenagers should work out to keep healthy. Ride a bike, play volleyball or basketball for a while, and go for a twenty-minute walk each day. All these will help to burn calories. Inactive teenagers should do similar activities, but add some bending and stretching exercises, such as push-ups and sit-ups, starting with twenty of each a day. Inactive people can take a little more exercise than overweight people because their bodies are stronger. The same rule is also suitable for active teenagers.
Experts also suggest one hour a week or more on running and other forms of intensive exercise, together with fifteen minutes a day spent on stretching and bending activities. They are really important in order to prevent injuries. Some weight-training and other body-strengthening exercises could also be planned in the programme in order to increase the person's strength.
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4.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
The famous classical pianist, Kong Xiangdong, surprised his fans last week by giving a concert combining classical music with Chinese folk music. Kong explained that he tried this because he wanted to create something new." As a musician, playing the same music in different cities of the world is very boring, "says Kong. He also feels that playing Chinese folk music on the piano can help bring it to the rest of the world.
Music has always been part of Kong's world. As his mother was a great music lover, he lived with music from birth. But it wasn't always easy for the young Kong Xiangdong. His mother couldn't buy him a piano until he was seven. She had to draw piano keys on a piece of paper so that he could learn to play as early as possible. The 5-year-old Kong would practice on the paper piano as his mother clapped the rhythm. He was made to practice the piano so much that, at times, he thought about giving up. However, he didn't quit, and he became a great pianist. In 1986,at the age of 18,he became the youngest prize winner in Moscow's Tchaikovsky International Competition. He went on to win awards in competitions across the world.
Because of Kong's talent and hard work, he became famous worldwide. But after years of performing, he felt that in some ways he had lost his identity. This is why he went back to his roots and rediscovered the beauty in Chinese folk music. He began experimenting with different styles and his Dream Tour Concert is the result.
Kong's new experiment in Chinese folk music is so important to him that he even changed his appearance. When he arrived at his concert last week, he had shaved off all his hair! Since his music style was new, he decided his hairstyle had to be new too!
Whether Kong is changing his appearance or transforming his music, he is a pioneer in music today. The concert last week was such a success that Kong's Dream Tour Concert is expected to run for the next two years in Beijing, Shanghai, and other main cities before going to Paris and New York.
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5.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Electric car sales around the world rose by 54 percent in 2017, taking global stock across the three-million threshold (门槛), the International Energy Agency (IEA) said in a report on Wednesday. In China, the world’s biggest market for electric vehicles, sales also grew by about half — but their market share remained small at 2.2 percent. In Norway, electric vehicles have by far the world’s highest market share, with 39.2 percent, according to the IEA.
“Supportive policies and cost reductions are likely to lead to significant growth in the market uptake of electric vehicles in the outlook period to 2030,” the report said, If policymakers honor their current commitments to the environment, “the number of electric light-duty vehicles on the road would reach 125 million by 2030,” it added. And if policy ambitions develop further, that number could become as high as 220 million by 2030, it said. But the IEA said that in order for the cars of the future to overtake their petrol and diesel-powered (柴油动力)competitors, governments will have to take the lead.
“The main markets by numbers (China) and sales share (Norway) have the strongest policy push,” the IEA said. “Looking ahead, the strongest current policy signals come from electric car policies in China and California, as well as the European Union’s recent proposal on CO2 emissions (排放)standards for 2030. ”
The EU has committed to cutting 40 percent of its greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 levels, and to improving its use of renewable energy by at least 27 percent. France, home to Europe’s second-biggest car industry after Germany, has gone further by announcing a plan to end sales of petrol and diesel vehicles by 2040, as part of an ambitious plan to meet its targets under the Paris climate accord (条约). Electric vehicles use batteries instead of petrol or diesel fuel, thereby massively reducing their damage to the environment. But they are not without controversy (争论).
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答案与解析
1.【参考范文】
Nowadays we are obsessed with diet products, which turn out both physically and psychologically harmful(要点1).First, we are tempted into paying more attention to our physical weight than eating habits(要点2).People also tend to believe losing weight is effortless, thus causing psychological harm(要点3).Second, diet products bring about physical harm, for what they contain are not nutrients but potentially dangerous chemicals(要点4).Accordingly, we should think twice before purchasing diet products and try to say goodbye to them(要点5).
【解析】
这是一篇概要写作。讲述了目前人们对节食产品依赖的现象并指出节食产品对人们的身心健康都有危害，应该抵制节食产品。
文章第一段为总起句，“Diet Coke, diet Pepsi, diet pills, no-fat diet, vegetable dict...We are surrounded by the word" diet" everywhere we look and listen. We have so easily been attracted by the promise and potential of diet products that we have stopped thinking about what diet products are doing to us.”讲述了现在人们对节食产品的依赖，“We are paying for products that harm us psychologically and physically.”点出节食产品对我们的身心都有伤害。所以第一段的概括为“现在我们对节食产品很依赖，这种产品对我们身心都有伤害。”，即“Nowadays we are obsessed with diet products, which turn out both physically and psychologically harmful”，第二段和第三段分别讲述节食产品对心理的坏处和对身体的坏处。
第二段从两方面论述节食产品对心理的坏处，第一方面是“On one level, influenced by diet products, people tend to watch their weight rather than their diet. Diet products make us Jump over the thinking stage and go straight for the scale(秤)instead. All we have to do is to recognize the word" diet" in food labels in the supermarket.”，讲述了人们更关注体重而不是自己的饮食习惯，第二方面是“On another level, diet products make people believe that gain comes without pain, and that life can be without resistance and struggle. For example, every time we have a zero-calorie drink, we are telling ourselves without our awareness that we don't have to work to get results.”，讲述了人们认为减肥不用付出努力，节食产品从这两方面对我们的心理造成伤害，所以第二段的主旨大意为“First, we are tempted into paying more attention to our physical weight than eating habits. People also tend to believe losing weight is effortless, thus causing psychological harm.”。
第三段“Diet products may not be nutritional, and the chemical that go into diet products are potentially dangerous.”讲述了是因为节食产品可能没有营养，并且其中的化学成分可能有害，所以会对我们的身体造成伤害，所以第三段主旨大意为“Second, diet products bring about physical harm, for what they contain are not nutrients but potentially dangerous chemicals.”。
最后一段号召我们戒掉节食产品，故主旨大意为“Accordingly, we should think twice before purchasing diet products and try to say goodbye to them.”
2.【参考范文】
Football enjoys universal popularity with a history tracing back to Ancient China and its modern rules originating from Great Britain. (要点1)Such popularity lies first in the simplicity and low cost of playing the game. (要点2)Creative football skills and exciting game atmosphere also contribute to its popularity. (要点3)Furthermore, football is a means of communication beyond words, powerful enough to dissolve barriers and promote peace. (要点4) Accordingly, football is more than just a sport. (要点5)(71 words)
【解析】
这是一篇概要写作。
写作步骤
1)细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章主要说明了足球的历史可以追溯到古代中国，它的现代规则起源于英国。这种流行首先在于游戏的简单和低成本。创造性的足球技巧和激动人心的比赛气氛也有助于它的流行。此外，足球是一种超越语言的交流手段，它足以消除障碍，促进和平。因此，足球不仅仅是一项运动。
2)弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。因此一定要弄清文章结构，归纳文章各段大意。
3)列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
3.【参考范文1】
Physical exercise plays a significant role in teenagers' fitness. Teenagers are advised to identify their fitness level to design a health programme.(要点1)''Overweight'', ''inactive'' and '''active'' are the three levels of fitness that urge one to change his lifestyle. (要点2) In addition to calorie-burning exercises that overweight teenagers should do, inactive and active teenagers are advised to exercise more due to their strong bodies.(要点3) Furthermore, intensive exercise is vital to injury-prevention while body-strengthening exercises help build up one's physical strength.(要点4) (79 words)
【参考范文2】
Physical exercise is beneficial to teenagers' health. Teenagers are advised to figure out their fitness level and make a plan to keep fit. (要点1) There are three levels of physical states, namely ''Overweight'', ''Inactive'' and ''Active'', which urge a change of lifestyle. (要点2) According to different fitness levels, experts suggest teenagers do calorie-burning exercises, bending and stretching exercises. (要点 3)Besides, intensive exercise and body-strengthening exercises are recommended to avoid injuries and build up one's strength. (要点 4) (73 words)
【解析】
这是一篇概要写作。文章主要讲述了青少年健康水平的三种分类，以及每种水平的青少年应该通过什么方式来保持健康。
通读全文，我们可以从以下四个方面对文章进行总结：体育锻炼对青少年的健康非常重要，所以青少年要了解自己的健康水平，并以此制定健康计划；超重、不活跃以及活跃是促使一个人改变生活方式的三个水平；除了超重的青少年要进行燃烧卡路里的运动外，不活跃和活跃的青少年也被建议做更多锻炼来增强体质；此外，为了避免受伤以及增强体力，密集型锻炼和增强体质的锻炼是必需的。
4.【参考范文】
Kong xiangdong, a classical pianist performed the classical music combined with Chinese folk music in his concert in order to bring Chinese folk music to the whole world. (para.1) Influenced by his mom, Kong xiangdong learned to play the piano from an early age but his way to success is not an easy one. Due to his talent and great efforts, he became renowned worldwide by winning many great awards in competitions.(para.2)Years of performing classical music make him lose his own root and identity, so he turned to Chinese folk music. (para.3&4) Kong xiangdong is regarded as the pioneer in music for his new experiments with different music styles.(para.5)
【解析】
这是一篇概要写作。
写作步骤
1)细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章主要介绍了古典钢琴家孔向东在他的音乐会上表演了古典音乐与中国民族音乐的结合，目的是把中国民族音乐带到全世界。在母亲的影响下，孔祥东从小就学会了弹钢琴，但他的成功之路并不容易。由于他的才华和努力，他在比赛中赢得了许多大奖，蜚声世界。多年的古典音乐表演让他失去了自己的根基和身份，于是他转向了中国的民族音乐。孔祥东尝试了不同的音乐风格，被认为是音乐的先驱。
2)弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。因此一定要弄清文章结构，归纳文章各段大意。
3)列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
5.【参考范文】
The year 2017 saw an improvement in sales of electric vehicles around the world. Supportive policies and cost reductions will cause significant growth of electric cars in 2030, according to a new report. To reduce pressure on the environment, many countries have taken various measures to improve CO2 emissions standards. Although they use batteries rather than petrol and diesel fuel, electric vehicles are still controversial.
【解析】
对于内容概要型的写作题目，可以逐段总结段落大意，从中梳理文章的整体架构和论述方式，继而整合出完整的内容概要。
第一段主要讲述了2017年世界范围内电动汽车市场取得了显著的发展，可以写为：The year 2017 saw an improvement in sales of electric vehicles around the world。
第二段主要讲述了国际能源署在报告中预测了电动汽车的前景非常乐观，相关的扶持政策和成本的降低可以使得电动汽车到2030年取得显著发展，可以写为：Supportive policies and cost reductions will cause significant growth of electric cars in 2030, according to a new report。
第三段和第四段主要讲述了包括欧盟在内的多个国家和地区，都制定了碳排放的标准以减少对环境的不利影响，而电动汽车尽管比较环保，仍然处于很大的争议之中。可以写为：To reduce pressure on the environment, many countries have taken various measures to improve CO2 emissions standards. Although they use batteries rather than petrol and diesel fuel, electric vehicles are still controversial.
综合来看，本文就是围绕着电动汽车的发展现状和前景展开的一篇新闻报道，根据国际能源署的报告，2017年电动汽车的发展迅猛，且未来的前景也非常乐观，节能减排是世界范围内的大势所趋，但尽管如此，电动汽车仍然备受争议。这样将文章大意梳理清楚后，就可以整合各段的大意写成最终的内容概要。概要写作示例与写作训练6
【写作示例】
【原文呈现】
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Much meaning can be conveyed, clearly, with our eyes, so it is often said that eyes can speak.
Do you have such kind of experience In a bus you may look at stranger, but not too long. And if he is sensing that he is being stared at, he may feel uncomfortable. The same in daily life. If you are looked at for more than necessary, you will look at yourself up and down, to see if there is anything wrong with you. If nothing goes wrong, you will feel angry toward others’ stare with you that way. Eyes do speak, right
Looking too long at someone may seem to be rude and aggressive. But things are different when it comes to stare at the opposite sex. If a man glances at a woman for more than 10 seconds and refuses to avert his gaze, his intentions are obvious, that is, he wishes to attract her attention, to make her understand that he is admiring her.
However, the normal eye contact for two people engaged in conversation is that the speaker will only look at the listener from time to time, in order to make sure that the listener does pay attention to what the former is speaking, to tell him that he is attentive. If a speaker looks at you continuously when speaking, as if he tries to dominate you, you will feel disconcerted. A poor liar usually exposes himself by looking too long at the victim, since he believes in the false idea that to look straight in the eye is a sign of honest communication. Quite the contrary. In fact, continuous eye contact is confined to lovers only, who will enjoy looking at each other tenderly for a long time, to show affection that words cannot express.
Evidently, eye contact should be done according to the relationship between two people and the specific situation.
【思维路径】
[核心内容]
本文是一篇说明文，全文共分五段。第一段是此篇文章的总起段，引出”eyes can speak”这个话题。第二段以在公共汽车上和日常生活中的两个例子来验证第一段眼神能够说话这个话题，并给出一种观点是不恰当的注视会引起被注视人的尴尬和误解。第三段介绍了一种人们都默许并认可的长久的注视，即男女之间感情的传达的眼神交流。第四段则转折出谈话时人们之间该有的正常的眼神交流方法方式，并再次论证了长久的注视只应存在在彼此有好感的男女之间。第五段为本文的总结收尾段落，眼神交流的方式应随两个人之间的不同关系和不同场景而做出相应的调整。
[写作思路]
(1)理清文章脉络、概括段落大意。理清文章脉络、概括段落大意是写摘要的基础，同学们可以通过找主题句、分析段落的逻辑关系来梳理文章的脉络，概括大意。该文第一段的主题句是eyes can speak,同时也是整篇文章的中心句；第二，三，四段都是对第一段主题句的解释和说明。其中第二段主要内容为两个例子，因此没有明显的主题句。第三段主题句可以归纳为”look too long at the opposite sex is normal and acceptable”.第四段的中心句为”the normal eye contact for two people engaged in conversation is that the speaker will only look at the listener from time to time”。第五段为本文总结段落，简洁明了，故主题句即为该整个段落中的唯一一句话，”eye contact should be done according to the relationship between two people and the specific situation”.
(2)确定表达要点、灵活准确表达。每段的段落大意都是我们要表达的要点，这可以确保不漏点。本文的摘要要把全文第一句作为一个要点，因为它是全文的逻辑起点。在确定表达要点后要思考如何准确灵活表达，这是难点。因为评分标准要求完全使用自己的语言。灵活表达的重要技巧是对原来的语言进行同义替换(paraphrase)，同时要对相关内容进行整合。第一段是总起段，内容相对简单，包含一个要点(要点1)，即“eyes can speak”。第二段的要点即为两个例子：”being stare at in a bus”和”being looked at for more than necessary”.但是在写摘要时没有必要把例子也写清楚，所以就可以直接说”two examples point out that”(要点2)。第三段中用”but”引出了要点3，注视相同性别的人太久被认为是粗鲁和不礼貌的，那么看异性就可以表达为”normal and acceptable”.第四段用however来承接出要点4，即在谈话时正常的眼神交流应该是怎么样的，文章中表达为” look at the listener from time to time”,可以paraphrase为”it is also uncomfortable for people to give unnecessary eye contact to the listener continuously”. 最后一段中要点5为文章的总结性话语，在摘要中体现关键字”relationship”和”situation”即可。
[参考范文]
People can convey meanings by eyes(要点1)，but they will feel strange if they were stared at too long(要点2). In fact, only when it happens to the opposite sex, it would be considered as a normal phenomenon(要点3). Besides, in a conversation, it is also uncomfortable for people to give unnecessary eye contact to the listener continuously(要点4). Therefore, the meeting of eyes depends on the situation and the relationship between two people(要点5). (70words)
[范文解析]
范文把原文中的被动句要点1替换成主动句式以避免重复利用原文，并将要点1与要点2用连词but进行连接。要点3是将原文第三段中的第一句话和第二句话的意思用“only when...”的句式合并成了一个句子。要点4是对另一个特殊场合，即对话时，进行介绍，因此与前几个要点成并列关系，故用”besides”来承接。并且在要点4中，用”continuously”替换”from time to time”。要点5是范文的总结部分，所以用”therefore”连接，并用”it all depends on”替换”eye contact should be done”。
[提炼归纳]
1. 巧用句型
巧用句型不仅是原有作文题型中要求的一项提分技能，更是新题型概要写作中的一项增分且实用的技能。将字数较多的原文缩写成60字左右的概要，一个重要的技巧就是学会运用各种学过的句型，尤其是从句的使用。范文中的第一句是将原来的两个简单句”People can convey meanings by eyes”和”people will feel strange if they were stared at too long”合并为一个复合句”People can convey meanings by eyes，but they will feel strange if they were stared at too long”,并且在这个复合句中又巧用了if引导的条件状语从句，将原文中原本复杂的例子体现在一个简短的从句中。因此多使用不同句型的句子不仅能减少字数的使用，而且能使整个文章更加精致和有内容。
2. 语义转换
语义转换(paraphrase)是新题型概要写作中很重要的一项基本技能，因为评价标准对“使用自己的语言进行观点的独立表达”有较高的要求。此外，这也是整个英语学习过程中比须掌握的一项交际技能。本范文中我们将“eye contact眼神交流”表达为“the meeting of eyes”。同时，本文中一直出现的”too long”和”from time to time”可以转换为”continuously”,三者实际上表达的是一个意思，都说明眼神交流的时间过长或过频繁。这可以避免重复原文内容，使用不同的语言进行准确的表达。
【写作演练】
1.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Not all education can and should happen within the classroom. Sometimes, traveling is the best form of education, as students can get a number of personal and educational benefits from travel. From learning about other cultures first-hand to seeing where historical events took place with their own eyes, educational travel gives students the opportunity to deepen their understanding of art, science, history, and culture in many ways.
Educational becomes a whole new experience when students can see lots of tools and equipment for themselves by traveling to different places. The tools and equipment could be used by scientists decades or even centuries ago to make discoveries that make our modern world possible. Educational travel brings the materials off the pages and into reality, allowing students to connect themselves with them in a more meaningful way.
No matter where students go, it’s almost guaranteed that they’ll find some kind of food that is unique to that place or done better than anywhere else. If someone gets Chicago-style pizza in Chicago, they’re going to have a different tasting experience than they would if they were getting the same type of thing in, say, Texas. At the same time, getting chili in Texas would be a whole different experience from getting chili in New York or Chicago. Students can learn a lot about a culture by what they eat on a daily basis and what they consider a special meal, so it’s good to take a taste of the local food and learn through all of the senses.
Being away from family, home, and familiar ground is a courageous and independent adventure in its own right. Educational travel provides that opportunity to allow students to open their minds regarding how they choose to live life, which can be extraordinarily helpful in preparing students for college and adulthood. Traveling – with the combined social skills and perspectives(视角) it teaches – really allows students to better understand how they can operate on their own.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.阅读短文,根据短文内容写出一篇60词左右的内容摘要.
Some people think only school children do not agree with their parents. However, it is not munication is a problem for parents and children of all ages. If it’s hard for you to communicate with your parents, don’t worry about it. Here is some advice for you to bridge the generation gap.
Don’t argue with your parents. Don’t talk with your parents when you are angry. Your parents probably won’t consider your ideas if you are shouting at them. And you can’t express yourself well if you are angry. Go to some place to cool off. Make sure you understand why you are unhappy. Then think about what you want to say to your parents. If you don’t think you can speak to them at the moment, try writing a letter.
Try to reach a compromise. Perhaps you and your parents disagree on something. You can keep your disagreement and try your best to accept each other. Michael’s mother didn’t agree with him about buying a motorcycle. They argued over it. But they finally came to a compromise. Michael bought the motorcycle, but only drove it on certain days.
Of course, your parents might refuse to compromise on something. In these situations, it is especially important to show love and respect to them. Showing respect will keep your relationship strong.
Talk about your values. The values of your parents are probably different from those of your own. Tell your parents what you care about, and why. Understanding your values might help them see your purposes in life.
A good relationship with your parents can make you a belter and happier person. It is worth having a try.
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3.阅读短文,根据短文内容写出一篇60词左右的内容摘要.
e-learning: Hazy past—better future
How much of an effect does technology have on students’ learning A significant one, it seems, according to experts. Currently available technologies, the most important of which are computers and the Internet, apparently provide a learning environment in which problem-solving and intellectual enquiry can flourish. The process of learning in the classroom may become significantly more effective as students can deal with information on the computer. Or so the theory goes. My own viewpoint is rather different, I’m afraid.
Computers have been around for two decades as part of school equipment. There are, of course, obstacles like costs to overcome, but it’s just a matter of time and effort. This is because schools have done what every organisation does when it sees an innovation—it applies the innovation to its existing model, which adds cost but doesn’t transform the standard classroom. We have, during that period, spent over $60 billion on them, but in my view they seem to have had little or no effect on learning in schools. Content is king and the mode of delivery is irrelevant. If a teacher makes the subject matter interesting, it does not matter what, if any, equipment is used.
However, change is on the horizon. I think student-centred learning will become the norm and transform education. Computers will pave the way for far more independent learning. Students who currently don’t have access to schools or teachers are now able to get online. They can study from home thanks to the fact that more learning programmes are being written for learners who are forced by their circumstances to be self-sufficient. This would prove especially beneficial in those areas of the world where quality education is limited or extremely expensive. Therefore, in a few years’ time we could have a completely different conversation about technology and its impact on learning.
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4.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
How to Deal with Pressures at School
As a high school student, if you are feeling stressed out or frustrated by teachers, classmates,or schoolwork，it is important to know that you aren't the only one. Believe it or not，everyone has these feelings at some point， and everyone should learn how to deal with them properly.
First of all， you need to keep a positive attitude and not take things to heart. That someone got a better grade than you doesn't mean that they are smarter—perhaps they studied longer or knew the material more. It's easy to become frustrated if you are not doing as well as your friends， but being optimistic will help you deal with future similar situations.
Secondly， if students at school are bullying you， know when to stand up for yourself. Don't let other classmates make you feel that you are not good enough. They are simply insecure and do not know how to deal with the pressures of school. They are just trying to make others feel bad， so they can feel better about themselves.
Lastly， it is necessary to keep things correctly. For any situation that is stressful， take a second look from a different point of view. When I look back to the frustrations of my high school days， I notice that many of them seem very unimportant to me now.
It's not easy to be confident when there are so many students who seem like they "have it all"，but try to realize that you, too, are good enough. It’s not a competition about who is smarter, more beautiful—everyone is different—so believe your individuality.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5.阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要.
Speed-reading is a necessary skill in the Internet age. We read articles, e-mails and We Chat quickly, trying to understand key words and the most important meaning of a certain text. Faced with so much information from our smart phones, it would be impossible to deal if we read word by word, line by line. However, more and more people enjoy reading slowly.
There is a book club in Wellington, New Zealand, where members meet in a cafe and turn off their smart phones. They sink into comfortable chairs and read in silence for an hour. Unlike other book clubs, the point of the slow reading club isn’t exchanging ideas about a certain book, but to get away from smart phones and read in a quiet, relaxing environment. Actually, the Wellington book club is just one example of slow-reading book clubs.
Nowadays, technology has made us unable to focus on reading. “Screens have changed our reading patterns from the straight and information left-to-right order to a wild skimming(略读) and skipping pattern as we hunt for important words and information. Reading a text with links leads to weaker understanding than reading an ordinary text,” says Patrick Kingsley from a newspaper. However, slow reading is good for readers in many ways. It sharpens the mind, improves concentration, reduces stress levels and deepens the ability to sympathize (共鸣).Another study last year showed that reading novels slowly helps people understand others’ mental states and beliefs, a fundamental skill in building relationships.
Aim for 30 minutes a day, advises Kelly, a slow reader. “You can put in half an hour pretty easily during your free moments. You pick up a meaningful book rather than start your computer to look for your favorite site for something to pass the time,” Kelly said.
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答案与解析
1.【参考范文】
Educational travel can provide students with a number of benefits.(要点1)First, educational travel makes the materials on the book real, which helps students deepen their learning.(要点2)Second, students can taste various foods in their educational travel, thus helping them know about different cultures.(要点3)Third, educational travel encourages students to be more independent and braver, which does good to their future.(要点4)(60 words)
【解析】
本篇考查的作文类型是概要写作。文章的主要结构为总-分-总。主要讲教育旅游可以为学生提供许多好处，并具体说明了这些好处是什么。符合概要写作常规出题思路。
第一段讲述教育旅游可以为学生提供许多好处。可以用到的词汇或句型有：provide sb. with sth., a number of, benefits等。第二段讲述教育旅行使书本上的材料真实，帮助学生加深他们的学习。可以用到的词汇或句式有：materials, deepen, help sb. do sth.等。第三段主要讲学生可以在他们的教育旅行中品尝各种食物，从而帮助他们了解不同的文化。可以用到的词汇或句式有：taste, various, know about, different cultures等。第四段讲了教育旅游鼓励学生更加独立和勇敢，这对他们的未来有好处。可以用到的词汇或句式有：encourage sb. to do sth., independent, do good to 等。
【高分句型一】
First, educational travel makes the materials on the book real because educational travel helps students deepen their learning. 首先，教育性旅行使书中的材料变得真实，因为教育性旅行帮助学生加深了他们的学习。运用because引导原因状语从句。
【高分句型二】
Second, students can taste various foods in their educational travel so that educational travel can help them know about different cultures. 第二，学生可以在他们的教育旅游中品尝各种食物，这样教育旅游可以帮助他们了解不同的文化。运用so that引导目的状语从句。
2.【参考范文】
Problems between parents and children always exist, Here are some suggestions. First avoid talking to your parents when you are angry. Besides, try your best to accept your parent. And also importantly, tell your parents what's in your mind and what you value. In this way you can narrow the gap between you and your parents and be a happy person.
【解析】
这是一篇议论文，文章描述了父母和孩子之间存在的问题，并给出了3点建议。
第一步：概括每个段落的大意
第一段主要说明了父母和孩子之间的问题在各个年龄都会有，并开始给出几点关于代沟沟通的建议。可以用Problems between parents and children always exist, Here are some suggestions.表示。第二段给出第一个建议，第一句就给出了主旨句子Don’t argue with your parents. Don’t talk with your parents when you are angry.当你生气的时候不要和父母争吵，可以用避免和父母争吵表达，即avoid talking to your parents when you are angry。第三段和第四段给出第二个建议：和父母达成妥协，即try your best to accept your parent.第五段给出第三个建议：告诉父母你的价值观和心中所想，即tell your parents what's in your mind and what you value.最后给出总结：和父母之间友好的关系才能让你变得开心，即In this way you can narrow the gap between you and your parents and be a happy person.
第二步：连句成篇(衔接词)
1.表文章结构顺序：First of all, Firstly/First, Secondly/Second… And then, Finally, In the end, At last
2.表并列补充关系：What is more, Besides, Moreover, Furthermore, In addition As well as, not only…but (also), including,
3.表转折对比关系：However, On the contrary, but, Although+clause(从句), In spite of+n/doing,On the one hand…,On the other hand… Some…,while others…,as for, so…that…
4.表因果关系：Because, As, So, Thus, Therefore, As a result
连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰
3.【参考范文】
Although experts say modern technology has a significant effect on classroom learning, the writer holds a different view. Schools have invested much to apply computers in their classroom teaching, but it hasn’t changed the classroom teaching because what teachers teach is more important. But computers make it possible for those with no access to school to study on their own.
【解析】
这是一篇概要写作。
写作步骤
1)细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章说明了尽管专家说现代技术对课堂学习有显著的影响，作者却持有不同的观点。学校投入了大量资金将计算机应用到课堂教学中，但这并没有改变课堂教学，因为老师教什么更重要。但是计算机使那些不能上学的人能够自学。
2)弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。因此一定要弄清文章结构，归纳文章各段大意。
3)列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4.【参考范文】
Every high school student feels frustrated at school sometimes and it’s necessary to learn how to handle it. Optimistic attitudes cheer you up when you are not doing well in studies. Be brave when others bully you due to their own lack of confidence. Looking at stressful situations differently relieves you. After all, you are unique and equally good.
【解析】
本篇书面表达是概要写作，要求概括每个高中生在学校有时都会感到沮丧，所以有必要学会如何处理。当你学习不好时，乐观的态度会使你振作起来；当别人因为自己缺乏自信而欺负你时要勇敢；以不同的方式看待压力会减轻你的压力。毕竟，你是独一无二的，同样优秀。注意词数要求和使用自己的语言。
1、写之前，需要认真仔细地读几遍原文材料，让理解更深刻。
2、遵循原文的逻辑顺序，对重要部分的主题、标题、细节进行概括，全面清晰地表明原文信息。
3、给摘要起一个好标题，比如：可以采用文中的主题句。
4、尽量使用自己的话完成，不要引用原文的句子，篇幅控制在原文的三分之一或四分之一长。
【范文点评】
范文语言地道，语篇连贯，词数适当。作者在范文中使用了较多高级词汇和句式，高级词汇有cheer sb up(使某人振作起来)，be necessary to do(有必要做某事)，do well in (在某方面做得好)，due to(由于)以及after all(毕竟)，而且还使用了状语从句“Optimistic attitudes cheer you up when you are not doing well in studies.”及“Be brave when others bully you due to their own lack of confidence.”，形式主语“Every high school student feels frustrated at school sometimes and it’s necessary to learn how to handle it.”，非谓语动词“Looking at stressful situations differently relieves you.”，全文没有语法错误，上下句转换自然流畅。
5.【参考范文】
Though speed-reading plays an important role in the modern age, an increasing number of people prefer to read slowly. (要点1) Actually, there are many slow reading clubs where people put aside their smart phones and read quietly and slowly. (要点2) Currently, technology makes people less concentrated, but slow reading brings many benefits. (要点3) It is suggested that people should spend 30 minutes every day in reading slowly. (要点4)
【解析】
本篇书面表达是概要写作，要求概括文章要点，通读全文可知，本文主要讲述虽然现代社会阅读速度很重要，但是人们更愿意选择慢慢地阅读，如今也有很多慢阅读俱乐部，慢阅读有很多好处，最后文章建议每天花30分钟的时间慢慢地阅读。注意篇幅控制在60词左右。
1、写之前，需要认真仔细地读几遍原文材料，掌握文章主旨。本文主要讲述现代社会人们更愿意选择慢阅读，有很多慢阅读俱乐部，人们可以放下手机享受安静缓慢的阅读，这有很多好处，最后建议人们每天花30分钟时间享受慢阅读。
2、遵循原文的逻辑顺序，弄清结构，对重要部分的主题、标题、细节进行概括，全面清晰地表明原文信息。
3、注意要点之间的衔接，要使用适当的关联词语贯通全文。切忌只写一些简单的互不相干的句子。
4、不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话表述，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换或者结构上的转换。
【范文点评】
范文内容完整，要点全面，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系。作者在范文中使用了较多主从复合句，如：Actually, there are many slow reading clubs where people put aside their smart phones and read quietly and slowly.这句话运用了where引导的定语从句；也使用了一些固定词组，如play an important role; an increasing number of ; put aside等。全文中没有中国式英语的句式，显示了很高的驾驭英语的能力。另外，文章思路清晰、层次分明，上下句转换自然，为文章增色添彩。概要写作示例与写作训练5
【写作示例】
【原文呈现】
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60 词左右的内容概要。
In New York City public schools, 176 different languages are spoken among the more than 1 million students. For 160,000 children, English is not their first language. New York’s Department of Education makes learning better for these students by providing dual-language programs. Students are taught in two languages, English and another one, like Chinese or Russian. Math, social studies, science and all other regular courses are taught in both languages. And they learn about the culture of the other country.
Milady Baez is Deputy Chancellor(副局长) of English Language Learners and Student Support. She says these dual-language programs will help children succeed in the future. “The jobs of the future require that our students know more than one language. They are going to be traveling abroad, they are going to be communicating with people from all over the world. This will open doors for them.”
Shuya Zhang teaches a dual language class. She says the program helps children get ready to work with people in other countries. “Look at now-a-days, America started economic relationships with China. Lots of companies have been moved to China. They need people with the skills with both language skills.”
Middle school students might not have jobs on their minds yet. For Kequing Jaing, she likes keeping up her first language, Mandarin. “It makes me, feel that I am home because I can speak in Chinese, learn in Chinese, while learning in English. So it makes me feel better and makes me understand more about the task I’m learning.” Another student, Anastasia Hudikova, came to the United States when she was 2 years old. She says the Russian-English program keeps her connected to her heritage(传统) and her parents happy. “They’re really happy about the program that it exists. They are really happy that I can preserve my culture and my language, that I can speak it fluently in school.”
The New York schools also offer dual-language programs in seven other languages: Arabic, French, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Korean, Polish and Spanish. There are plans to add even more languages in the future. (344 words)
【思维路径】
[核心内容]
本文是一篇说明文，全文共分五段。第一段主要讲了纽约教育部为了母语非英语的学生能受到更好的教育而提供了双语项目。第二段讲了Milady Baez的观点——双语教学有助于学生在未来取得成功。第三段讲了一位双语教学的老师Shuya Zhang的观点——双语教学能够让学生们准备好未来与其他国家的人一起合作。第四段讲述了两个学生对双语教学的看法。第五段关于双语教学在纽约的一些学校的现状以及未来的发展。
[写作思路]
(1)理清文章脉络、概括段落大意。理清文章脉络、概括段落大意是写摘要的基础，同学们可以通过找主题句、分析段落的逻辑关系来梳理文章的脉络，概括大意。本文采用“呈现现象(Para.1)—讲述不同人的看法(Para.2-4)—总结(Para.5)”的形式，文章结构比较清晰，相对而言对于文章脉络的梳理比较容易。该文第一段的主题句是“New York’s Department of Education makes learning better for these students by providing dual-language programs”。第二段的主题句是“She says the program helps children get ready to work with people in other countries”。第三段的主题句是“She says the program helps children get ready to work with people in other countries”。第四段没有现成的主题句，需要对两位学生的话语的内容进行概括。第五段是对纽约市双语教学现状的总结以及学校对双语教学未来发展的计划。
(2)确定表达要点、灵活准确表达。每段的段落大意都是我们要表达的要点，这可以确保不漏点。本文的主要内容是“dual-language programs”，因此可以将第一段的现象描述概括后作为概要的首句。在确定表达要点后要思考如何准确灵活表达，这是难点。因为评分标准要求完全使用自己的语言。灵活表达的重要技巧是对原来的语言进行同义替换(paraphrase)，同时要对相关内容进行整合。第一段包括一个要点，要点1是纽约教育部门为学生提供双语项目来促进他们学习。根据原文所表达的意思，我们可以将原文的主题句换另一种说法来表达，可以使用非谓语“to improve their learning language”，并将“provide”替换成“offer”。要点2,3分别位于文章第二段和第三段，可以抓住“succeed in the future”和“get ready to work with people in other countries”的主题句，将其结合起来一起概括，可以用“become successful”替换原文中的动词“succeed”，用“people around the world”替换原文中的“people in other countries”。要点4要根据第四段进行概括。主要是从学习者的角度出发，表达双语学习的好处，可以将两个学生所说的话找共同点一起归纳，如用“guarantee the continuous learning …”。要点7可以用被动“be added”来替换原文中的主动“add”。
[参考范文]
To improve their learning, New York’s Department of Education offers dual-language programs for those students whose first language is not English.(要点1) Dual-language programs will help children work with people around the world and become successful in the future.(要点2,3) In addition, it can guarantee the continuous learning of their native culture and the practice of their native language, which is beneficial to their development.(要点4)Considering all the benefits, More dual-language programs will be added in the future.(要点5)(76words)
[范文解析]
范文把要点1用“to improve their learning”替代原文中的“makes learning better”，并将“provide”用“offer”替代，表达上将对象以定语从句的形式融入到一个句子。要点2,3中用“around the world”替换原文的“in other countries”，用“become successful”替换原文的“succeed”，并且将两者结合起来表达。要点4用“guarantee the continuous learning of their native culture and the practice of their native language”对两个不同国籍和语言的学生的例子和体会概括了。要点5用了被动语态替换了原文中的主动语态，并且根据对全文的理解，用“more dual-language programs”替换了原文的“even more languages”。然后对各要点进行了适当的整合和衔接。要点2,3和4之间用衔接语“in addition”连接，让文本更通顺。要点5是未来的发展，为了让概写更加紧凑，范文中加了个原因状语“considering all the benefits”。
[提炼归纳]
1. 语义转换
语义转换是新题型概要写作中很重要的一项基本技能，因为评价标准对“使用自己的语言进行观点的独立表达”有较高的要求。本范文中主要通过同义词替换达到这一要求，比如“offer”，“around the world”，“become success”等词的使用都是为了替换原文中的表达。
2. 结构转换
除了同义词和同义词组的替换外，我们也可以从从句、非谓、主动被动语态的转换等语法角度进行改写。比如本文中的第一句话，是将原文的句子结构进行了改写，从而同时达到paraphrase和内容整合的要求。
【写作演练】
1.阅读下面短文, 根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Is Fast Fashion Taking Over
The fashion industry has changed significantly in recent years. Traditionally, fashion retailers(零售商) created two clothing collections per year, called seasons. Nowadays, in contrast, they can design and manufacture(生产) clothes in as little as four weeks. Fast Fashion means that the latest designs shown at the fashion shows in Paris, London, New York, and Milan can be coped and sold in shopping malls within a month.
The advantages of rapidly changing fashions are clear. Shortening the life cycle of a product means that if a design doesn’t sell well within a week, it is taken out of the stores and replaced with a new one. This is good for manufacturers, as it means a greater volume of sales. It is also good for customers, who can keep up with fast-moving trends cheaply and who can enjoy finding something new every time they visit the store.
However, there are also a number of disadvantages to the fast-fashion approach. Perhaps the biggest concern is the impact of wasted clothes on the environment. The low cost of most fast fashion enables shoppers to buy several new sets of clothes each season. This means that huge amounts of clothing are thrown away. Furthermore, with fashions changing so quickly, cotton growers need to produce more cotton more cheaply, and that means using more pesticides and chemicals. A third problem is the theft of ideas. Fashion houses invest a lot of time and money in new designs, only to see these ideas stolen and copied by fast-fashion companies.
In short, these days it seems that the fashion industry is changing almost as fast as the fashion it produces. What do you think of this
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2.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Environmental problems are becoming more and more serious all over the world. For example, cars have made the air unhealthy for people to breathe and poisonous gas is given off by factories. Trees on the hills have been cut down and waste water is being poured continuously into rivers. Furthermore, wherever we go today, we can find rubbish carelessly disposed(处理).
There are different kinds of pollutants, each of which comes from different sources. It is necessary to identify the source of pollution, in order to make a policy to get rid of them. Different products, processes and activities of our industrialized world together form the major source of pollution.
The forms of pollution can be mainly divided into three kinds—solids，liquid and gas. These pollutants have greatly damaged our planet and continue to do so. In fact，pollution is threatening our existence. The whole ecological balance of the earth is changing. Massive destruction of environment has brought about negative effects and even posed a great threat to man’s existence.
We must face the situation that exists and take action to solve our environmental problems. For instance, new laws must be passed to place strict control over industrial pollution; the public must receive the education about the danger of pollution and raise their awareness of protecting the environment and so on.
The earth is our home and we have the duty to take care of it for ourselves and our later generations. Fortunately, more and more people have realized these problems. Measures have been taken to deal with these situations by the government. And laws have been passed to stop pollution, I hope the problems will be solved in the near future and our home will become better and better.
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3.概要写作：阅读下文，根据其内容写一篇50-60词胡内容概要。
For decades, doctors have warned patients that too much salt can be bad for the heart. Heart attack has long beenconsidered a grown-up problem, but new research suggests that salt is starting to affect children. Eating too much salty food when you’re young can lead to health problems later.
Salt is made up of two elements: sodium andchlorine. Dietary guidelines recommend that adults and kids aged 9-13 shouldn’t consume more than about a teaspoon of sodium daily. The average American eats twice this amount.This worries doctors because too much sodium results in the body producing more blood. To pump the extra blood, the heart has to work harder. This causes a rise in blood pressure---a measurement of how stressed the heart is. High blood pressure often leads to heart disease.
A kid with high blood pressure is more likely to become a grown-up with high blood pressure. Reducing salt might also help stop childhood obesity. British researchers recently found that kids who eat less salt also drink fewer sugary soft drinks. Drinking fewer fizzy drinks makes kids less likely to gain weight, become obese and develop high bloodpressure.
Salt can affect more than just your heart and weight. A recent study found that a growing number of kids in theUSaresuffering from kidney stones. This painful condition usually affects people aged over 40. Now, kids as young as five are getting it.
Cutting down on salt can be hard, but you can retrain yourself to prefer less salty food. The best way to reduce the amount of sodium you eat is to make changes gradually. Start by adding half as much salt to your dinner as you normally do. Switch to fresh foods instead of canned and bottled versions. And go easy on the condiments. You might also want to start reading nutrition labels. You may be surprised to learn that there are1,150 mg of sodium in a double cheeseburger, and over 2,000 mg in many frozen meals.
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4.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Choosing the right college can be a difficult task. There are thousands of colleges and universities for you to choose from and many are worthy of being considered. For each potential college, find out the success rate of students' getting their jobs, especially those related to your majors. Here are some strategies(策略)for you to make the right choice.
Colleges which offer practice in some of the fields are worthy of your attention. It can provide you with a large amount of information on job panies often prefer employees that perform well. Practice gives you the valuable experience and necessary opportunities. Some practical skills that you learn will really prepare yourself for the certain jobs. Besides, choosing a college that has teacher members with good reputations in their fields can also be very useful since these teacher members can provide you with steps into the working world by practice.
School rankings and a national reputation of academic success are often the important factors(因素)for your potential employers. This type of information can be found easily on the Internet and in magazines. To the employers, graduates from high ranking colleges are often considered more reliable. They have a stronger ability to learn and are more likely to create wealth for the company. Sometimes it can even be a more important factor in looking for a job than the actual quality of education the college provides.
After narrowing down your choices to a few colleges, it's time to visit them. Taking a look at the campus(校园)can change your attitude to a particular school. Plan your tour and then do some research on your own. It is also important to talk to as many students as you can and find out if earning a degree from the school is helpful in getting a job. Meanwhile, you can speak to the students in the majors you're considering to know what the courses are like, what you'll learn, and what your expected outcome will be.
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5.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Artificial intelligence(AI)teachers can provide customized teaching for students to meet their unique requirements through analyzing data and deep learning.In the future, they may replace human teachers for basic teaching tasks.Since some students may find it and put new power into traditional teaching patterns.An educational system providing customized teaching centered on students represents the future trend of AI education.
China's AI education has developed rapidly in recent years with the rise of several thousand relevant companies.Currently,AI teachers are able to help students leamn pronunciation,analyze their condition,guide them to learn independently,and even grade writing assignments. Some foreign AI educational systems have been introduced into several domestic schools and have worked well on trial.
However,the promotion of AI education is still facing several difficulties in practice such as low technological levels,inadequacy of data and lack of funds.AI education still depends largely on human teachers' work.Most importantly,it conflicts with current educational patterns because the courses developed by foreign countries are not suitable for Chinese exam-oriented education.Teachers may also find it hard to change their original roles in classrooms since easing control on classes may make them seem irresponsible.These problems need to be handled before the mass promotion of Al education.
With AI teachers,the original teacher-centered classes will be transformed into student-centered ones where teachers only organize the class and provide guidance.Since teachers are supposed to not only equip students with knowledge but also shape their values and help them develop creative abilities,AI teachers will not replace human teachers but will only pose higher requirements of teaching.A combination of AI teachers and human ones can create the best future for Al education.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________答案与解析
1.【参考范文】
Nowadays, fast fashion has shortened the life cycle of clothes to four weeks, which means a greater volume of sales for manufacturers and cheaper and more fashionable clothes for customers. However, the wasted clothes due to the low cost and more usage of chemicals can do great harm to the environment. Besides, the theft of designs is also a serious problem caused by fast fashion. (65)
【解析】
写作步骤
1)细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章说明了如今，快时尚已经将服装的生命周期缩短到四周，这对于制造商来说意味着更大的销售量，对于消费者来说意味着更便宜更时尚的衣服。然而，由于低成本和更多的化学品的使用，浪费的衣服可以对环境造成很大的危害。此外，设计被盗也是快速时尚带来的一个严重问题。
2)弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。因此一定要弄清文章结构，归纳文章各段大意。
3)列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
【范文点评】
本文描写详略得当，使用了高级词汇和高级句子。如：shorten，life cycle，a greater volume of等高级词汇；Nowadays, fast fashion has shortened the life cycle of clothes to four weeks, which means a greater volume of sales for manufacturers and cheaper and more fashionable clothes for customers.非限制性定语从句；Besides, the theft of designs is also a serious problem caused by fast fashion.非谓语动词的运用等高级句式。
2.【参考范文】
The global environment is becoming worse because of various pollutants related to the industrial world.(要点1) In the forms of gas, solids and liquid, these pollutants are becoming a major threat to the earth and human survival.(要点2)Therefore, we have to face it directly and spare no effort to handle it.(要点3) Luckily, people have been aware of the urgency of environmental protection and the government has taken action to solve these problems, which surely will help make our earth better.(要点4)
【解析】
本篇书面表达是内容概要。通过阅读所给文章可知，本文是一篇环保主题的文章，内容完整，要点全面，语言规范，语篇连贯，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系。
“Environmental problems are becoming more and more serious all over the world.”第一段第一句开篇点题，点出世界各地的环境问题越来越严重。“There are different kinds of pollutants, each of which comes from different sources.”“The forms of pollution can be mainly divided into three kinds—solids，liquid and gas.”第二、三段将污染形式进行分类，分为固体、液体和气体三种。“The earth is our home and we have the duty to take care of it for ourselves and our later generations.”“Measures have been taken to deal with these situations by the government.”最后点出地球是我们的家园，我们有责任为我们自己和我们的后代去照顾它。并且人们已经在不断地努力。
即总结可根据此结构分为四点来总结：由于与工业世界有关的各种污染物，全球环境正变得越来越恶劣。(要点1)在气体、固体和液体的形式中，这些污染物正成为对地球和人类生存的主要威胁。(要点2)因此，我们必须直接面对它，(要点3)很幸运，人们已经意识到环境保护的紧迫性，政府已经采取行动来解决这些问题，这必将有助于改善我们的地球。(要点4)
【范文点评】
英文文章一般在每一段的首句和尾句会点明段落主旨大意。进行文章总结的时候，应重点关注各段落的首位句的大意，并进行总结提要，按照逻辑关系进行总结。
3.【参考范文】
Eating too much salt has health risks for children such as causing high blood pressure, heart problems, obesity and kidney stones.But there are several ways to cut down on salt. Children can reduce the amount of salt they usually use by half. They should eat fresh foods and reduce the condiments they add to food. Finally, they should check the amount of salt in food by reading nutrition labels.
【解析】
概要写作首先要通读全文内容，通晓文章大意；然后提炼语言；最后用高度概括性的句子表达出全文内容。本文主要写出三点：一、太多的盐(主要是钠)摄入会导致三个方面的健康问题：高血压、肥胖、心脏病和肾结石，二、主要讲到对孩子的危害。三、提出了解决办法，主要是逐步减少摄入、多吃新鲜食品、多看食品营养标签。结合三个要点即可写出本概要。
【范文点评】
本文要点齐全，语言概括性强，文中使用了Eating too much salt 动名词短语作主语；They should eat fresh foods and reduce the condiments they add to food. 本句是and连接的并列句，they add to food 是定语从句，that引导(作宾语可省略)。
4.【参考范文】
Challenging as it is to choose an ideal college, they're some tips that may help. (要点1) First, colleges that provide practice and have distinguished teachers in certain fields are worth considering. (要点2) Second, it’s advisable to search for academic rankings and reputation, which your future employers may care about. (要点3) After you have candidates, visit them and enquire more of related students. (要点4)
【解析】
这是一篇议论文，文章就如何选择一个好的大学给出几点建议。
第一步：概括每个段落的大意
第一段主要说明了选择一个理想的大学是一个挑战，会影响到未来的工作，所以作者给出几点选择大学的建议。可以用Challenging as it is to choose an ideal college, there’re some tips that may help.表示。
第二段给出第一个建议，第一句就给出了主旨句子Colleges which offer practice in some of the fields are worthy of your attention提供实践经验的大学值得考虑，后文又说到choosing a college that has teacher members with good reputations in their fields can also be very useful，选择一个有好的老师，老师的名声不错的学校也是有用的。即colleges that provide practice and have distinguished teachers in certain fields are worth considering.。
第三段给出第二个建议：School rankings and a national reputation of academic success are often the important factors(因素)for your potential employers. 学校的等级和学术成功通常也是潜在雇主考虑的重要因素。即Second, it’s advisable to search for academic rankings and reputation, which your future employers may care about.
第四段给出第三个建议：After narrowing down your choices to a few colleges, it's time to visit them. 在缩小大学的选择时，是时候去参观大学了，后文接着说It is also important to talk to as many students as you can and find out if earning a degree from the school is helpful in getting a job. 和尽可能多的学生交流，弄清楚在学校获得学位是否有助于找工作，这也是很重要的。
即After you have candidates, visit them and enquire more of related students.
第二步：连句成篇(衔接词)
1.表文章结构顺序：First of all, Firstly/First, Secondly/Second… And then, Finally, In the end, At last
2.表并列补充关系：What is more, Besides, Moreover, Furthermore, In addition As well as, not only…but (also), including,
3.表转折对比关系：However, On the contrary, but, Although+clause(从句), In spite of+n/doing,On the one hand…,On the other hand… Some…,while others…,as for, so…that…
4.表因果关系：Because, As, So, Thus, Therefore, As a result
连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰
5.【参考范文】
AI teachers catering for students’ personalities can provide students with personalized teaching to meet their needs. China has seen rapid development in AI education in the past years. But many practical problems should be solved before its wide application. Despite the advantages of AI teachers, human ones will never be replaced; instead, both will play their joint roles in the future teaching. The function of AI teachers – the development of AI teachers – the problems of AI teachers before wide application – the role of human teachers with the application of AI teachers
【解析】
本篇书面表达是概要写作。要求概括针对学生个性的人工智能教师能够为学生提供个性化的教学，来满足学生的需求。中国在过去几年，人工智能教育发展迅速。但是很多实际问题在其广泛应用之前需要解决。尽管人工智能教师有其优点，但是人类教师永远不会被取代。相反，二者将会在未来的教学中共同发挥作用。
写作之前要认真阅读原材料，加深理解。遵循原文的逻辑顺序，对重要的主题、标题、细节进行概括，全面清晰的表明原文信息。给摘要起一个好标题，如：可以采用文中的主题句。写作过程中，注意词数在60词左右，同时使用自己的语言，不要照抄原文语句。概要写作示例与写作训练7
【写作示例】
【原文呈现】
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Dear daughter，
As we drove off from Columbia, I wanted to write a letter to you to tell you all that is on my mind.
You have been an excellent elder sister. Even though you two had your share of fights, the last few years you have become best friends. Your sister loves you so much, and she loves to make you laugh. She looks up to you, and sees you as her role model.
College will be the most important years in your life. It is in college that you will truly discover what learning is about. I encourage you to be inquisitive, but I also want to tell you: "Education is what you have left after all that is taught is forgotten." What I mean by that is the ability to analyze a new problem. That is really what learning in college is about – this will be the period where you go from teacher-taught to master-inspired, after which you must become self-learner. So do take each subject seriously, and even if what you learn isn't critical for your life, the skills of learning will be something you cherish forever.
Do your best in classes, but don't let pressure get to you. Your mother and I have no expectations for your grades. If you graduate and learn something in your four years, we would feel happy. Your Columbia degree will take you far, even if you don't graduate with honors. So please don't give yourself pressure. During your last few months in high school, you were so happy because there was little pressure and college applications are finished. But in the past few weeks, we saw you are beginning to worry (did you know you bite your nails when you are nervous ). Please don't be worried. The only metric you should use is that you tried. Grades are just silly letters that give the vain people something to brag, and the lazy people something to fear. You are too good to be either.
Love,
Dad (& Mom)
【思维路径】
[核心内容]
本文是李开复写给即将上大学的女儿的信中的节选部分，全文共分四段。第一段主要讲写信的背景和目的。第二段描写了她是个很好的姐姐及她与妹妹的关系。第三段是李开复给女儿关于大学的第一条建议，即他认为大学学习的真正意义是从被动学习转向自主学习的阶段，会使个人转变成一个很好的自学者。第四段是他给女儿的第二条建议，他以女儿两个不同阶段的表现来建议女儿不要给自己太大的压力，不用太在意成绩，而是应该侧重与个人的努力程度。
[写作思路]
(1)理清文章脉络、概括段落大意。理清文章脉络、概括段落大意是写摘要的基础，同学们可以通过找主题句、分析段落的逻辑关系来梳理文章的脉络，概括大意。该文第一段内容简单，主要介绍了地点及写信原因，因此没有明显的主题句；第二段是介绍人物关系，主题句为第一句话，”You have been an excellent elder sister”。第三段的第一句话强调了大学的重要性，但是主题句需要自己稍微总结一下，应为what learning in college is about is the ability to analyze a new problem。第四段的主题句则比较明显，为该段第一句话，”Do your best in classes, but don't let pressure get to you.”
(2)确定表达要点、灵活准确表达。因本文是一封信，所以要把本文的题材类型首先表达出来。其次，每段的段落大意都是我们要表达的要点，这可以确保不漏点。在确定表达要点后要思考如何准确灵活表达，这是难点。因为评分标准要求完全使用自己的语言。灵活表达的重要技巧是对原来的语言进行同义替换(paraphrase)，同时要对相关内容进行整合。第一第二段内容不多，可适当表达出要点即可。本文重点在于第三第四段。每段都可归纳一个要点。第三段要点为强调大学学习的主动性，要侧重能力的培养，故在概括的时候可用到该段的部分关键字，如”ability”,”self-learner”,”skills of learning”。第四段要点为不要给自己太大压力，要轻松的学习，不要太在乎成绩。同样也利用巧妙使用关键字的方法来进行概括。句子不能与原文一样，但是我们可以用含有关键字的其他句子来表达。而这段的关键字则为”pressure”,”try”,”happy”等。
[参考范文]
This is a letter a father wrote to the daughter who will enter college soon(要点1). In the letter, father praised daughter as an excellent sister(要点2). Besides, he emphasized the importance of college and encourage the daughter to cultivate the ability of self-learning(要点3).What’s more, he persuaded the daughter not to put too much pressure on herself(要点4)，instead, happiness is much more important than the grade.(66words)
[范文解析]
范文中主要包含四个要点，分别为每个段落的要点。要点1中介绍了题材和两位主人公。因要点2与要点3，4关联不大，所以把它与要点1用in the letter连接在一起,使文章看上去更连贯一些。因要点3开始是另外一方面的内容，故可理解为转向另一个话题，用besides来进行过渡，并且要点3中有两个小点，这两个小点就可以用and简单连接一下，清晰明了。要点4与要点3是并列关系，故用what's more来承接第二条建议。范文中最后一句话也是要点4的一部分，与前一句话是转折关系，故用instead来导出。综上，范文包含了所有要点，意思全面但又不累赘，措辞简单易懂，结构上也比较清晰。
[提炼归纳]
1. 语义转换
语义转换是新题型概要写作中很重要的一项基本技能，因为评价标准对“使用自己的语言进行观点的独立表达”有较高的要求。本范文中我们将”become a self-learner”改写成”the ability of self-learning”,意思一样，但却从不同角度着手，避免了重复运用原文句子的情况。再例如范文中第四段中心句”don't let pressure get to you”,该句已完全表达了第四段的重要内容，如何用另外的句子表达相同的意思是此类作文题的难点之一，我们可以通过改变主语的方式来进行转换，如”persuaded the daughter not to put too much pressure on herself”。
巧用句型
巧用句型不仅是原有作文题型中要求的一项提分技能，更是新题型概要写作中的一项增分且实用的技能。将字数较多的原文缩写成60字左右的概要，一个重要的技巧就是学会运用各种学过的句型，尤其是从句的使用。从句能将原来的两个句子的意思表达在一个句子内，意思不变但是字数明显减少。如范文中的第一句“This is a letter a father wrote to the daughter who will enter college soon”，该句为定语从句，整个句子表达了两个意思，一为这是父亲写给女儿的信，二为这个女儿将要上大学了。多使用不同句型的句子不仅能减少字数的使用，而且能使整个文章更加精致和有内容。
【写作演练】
1.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。
Why do some people live to be older than others You know the standard explanations: keeping a moderate diet, engaging in regular exercise, etc. But what effect does your personality have on your longevity Do some kinds of personalities lead to longer lives A new study in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society looked at this question by examining the personality characteristics of 246 children of people who had lived to be at least 100.
The study shows that those living the longest are more outgoing, more active and less neurotic (神经质的) than other people. Long-living women are also more likely to be sympathetic and cooperative than women with a normal life span. These findings are in agreement with what you would expect from the evolutionary theory: those who like to make friends and help others can gather enough resources to make it through tough times.
Interestingly, however, other characteristics that you might consider advantageous had no impact on whether study participants were likely to live longer. Those who were more self-disciplined, for instance, were no more likely to live to be very old. Also, being open to new ideas had no relationship to long life, which might explain all those bad-tempered old people who are fixed in their ways.
Whether you can successfully change your personality as an adult is the subject of a longstanding psychological debate. But the new paper suggests that if you want long life, you should strive to be as outgoing as possible.
Unfortunately, another recent study shows that your mother’s personality may also help determine your longevity. That study looked at nearly 28,000 Norwegian mothers and found that those moms who were more anxious, depressed and angry were more likely to feed their kids unhealthy diets. Patterns of childhood eating can be hard to break when we’re adults, which may mean that kids of depressed moms end up dying younger.
Personality isn’t destiny, and everyone knows that individuals can learn to change. But both studies show that long life isn’t just a matter of your physical health but of your mental health.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。
Being a high school student is probably one of the hardest things in the world. From the countless classes to the endless homework, your school may seem stressful some days. So, it’s understandable if you feel under pressure sometimes.
However, by making a few changes, your high school life could become easier. First, as starters, try to build a better relationship with the most important people in your life: your parents. “To succeed, teens need love, acceptance and support from their parents,” psychologist Sara Villanueva wrote on Psychology Today website. With this in mind, try to explain your difficulties to your parents. That way, they’ll understand you better. To do this, simply talk to your parents and share your feelings with them and they may be able to help you. Having a good relationship with your teachers is important too. If you’re finding a certain class too hard, talk to your teachers and ask them for help. It’s teachers’ job to make sure their students understand what they teach, so they’ll be more than happy to help you.
And then, you also should start by helping yourself to become more successful at anything you do. To start with, set yourself some realistic goals, like “I’ll improve my math grade by next semester,” or “I’ll join one more after-school club.” And rather than just tell yourself these goals, plan them out carefully－and stick to them. You can get yourself a calendar, and mark every piece of school work you have on there, for example. That way, you can see exactly what you need to do and when you need to finish it by.
Another thing to remember, however, is that relaxation is just as important as working hard. “It is good to take time to relax during heavy periods of work to stay energized (精力充沛的) and focused,” US student Anna Pohoryles wrote on university website Odyssey. So, if things get too difficult, taking a break may be the best solution of all.
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3.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Eighty-five percent of the jobs that today's students will do in 2030 don't exist yet,the Institute for the Future has predicted.That might seem like a high number to reach in only 10 years.But think about the non-mainstream careers that did not exist just a handful of years ago: social media manager,app developer and cloud computing engineer,etc.What role should colleges and universities play in preparing students for a workplace that is constantly changing Educational institutions are trying to answer that question."We hope they will not only be prepared for whatever the job market looks like in 10,20 or 50 years but be the ones shaping it," said Jenn Stringer,professor at the University of Californian,Berkeley.Here are some of the approaches they're taking.
Some experts argue that the four-year learning model needs to be rethought in a big way. They say education can no longer be seen as something that stops when a person graduates from college.If students could take a year or two off school,get a job,and then return to school a few years later,the education system would offer true life-long learning and better adapt to changing technology.
Fewer employers are willing to train people on the job than the employers 50 years ago, largely as part of an effort to cut costs.To fill the job skills gap,some courses are offered as an add-on to a student's main degree.For example,the courses may include data analysis,web design and digital marketing.The goal is to offer students,a degree aside,some advantages when they seek jobs or promotions in the future.
Other institutions are trying to imitate the workplace within the traditional classroom. Several colleges have partnered with private companies,such as the software company Adobe, to integrate their products into the classroom.Professors at schools who partner with the company are encouraged to use the product for assignments.The idea is that students learn how to create a project that can be used in the real world and the"soft skills"such as teamwork and creativity.
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4.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Cultures can be different from each other in many aspects. People can eat different foods and live in different types of houses. People probably speak different languages and have beliefs and customs very different from yours. However, they can be similar in ways of connecting with each other. We sometimes call these means of communication universal languages.
Some legends hold that (据说) thousands of years ago there was a single language spoken by everyone. It is fun to think about a time when everyone may have been able to communicate in the same language though historical evidence does not support this, of course.
Today, there are thousands of languages spoken around the world. Yet, there are some means of communication that go beyond words and allow people of wildly different backgrounds to communicate and share emotions and feelings. For example, some people believe music is a universal language. There may be some scientific support for this idea, too. Experts have learned that across cultures people can recognize three common emotions in music: happiness, sadness and fear.
Another universal language that you might not have thought of is math! If you think about it now, it just makes sense. The value of “pi” is roughly 3.14159 no matter where you are. Similarly, we judge the value of something by the same mathematical calculations, no matter whether you’re counting in dollars, pounds or RMB.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。
In today’s world where we have various translation apps that allow us to talk to almost anyone “in his own language”, why do we still need to make an effort to learn a foreign language ourselves There are practical reasons, of course. For example, those who are bilingual (具备双语能力的) have a better chance in the job market. And science has proved that learning to speak more than one language can train one’s brain to be stronger.
But there’s more to it than that. US author Rita Mae Brown once wrote: “Language is the road map of a culture.” By taking a look at the vocabulary and idioms of a language system, we get a glimpse (一瞥) at what’s held important in a certain culture. Take the Swedish word “lagom” for example. It means “just the right amount”, which doesn’t have a matching word either in English or in Chinese. From “lagom”, we can see how much the concepts of “moderation (适度)” and “balance” are valued in Swedish culture. By learning a foreign language, you also gain a better understanding of your own culture. Irish language expert Benny Lewis explained this idea in his blog with an interesting metaphor: “Trying to understand your own culture merely from within it is like trying to understand what a bus is like if you’ve only ever ridden inside it. If you want the bigger picture, you need to get off that bus and examine it from the outside.” And by opening our eyes to different cultures, we’re able to understand better how people grow up to be different from one another. We also learn to be more tolerant and respectful to the diversity of the world.
As Trinity University professor Leonardo De Valoes wrote on the school’s website: “Foreign language study is simply part of a very basic liberal education: to ‘educate’ is to lead out, to lead out of narrowness and darkness.”
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答案与解析
1.【参考范文】
Two recent studies have researched the relationship between personality characteristics and longevity. More outgoing, more active and less anxious people and sympathetic and cooperative females live longer, for these personalities may bring them more social resources. However, seemingly advantageous personalities like self-discipline and open-mindedness do not necessarily lead to longevity. Surprisingly, a mother’s personality may affect her children’s life span.
【解析】
本文为一篇说明文的概要写作。文章讲述了性格和寿命之间的关系，更外向、更活跃、更不焦虑的人以及富有同情心和合作精神的女性寿命更长，因为这些性格可能会给她们带来更多的社会资源。然而，表面上有利的性格，如自律和开放的心态，并不一定会导致长寿。令人惊讶的是，母亲的性格可能会影响孩子的寿命。注意词数要求和使用自己的语言。
写之前，需要认真仔细地读几遍原文材料，让理解更深刻，抓住几大要点去写题。本篇概要写作，需从以下几个要点着手；
要点1：该段最近有研究探讨了人性格特征与寿命的关系，主题句为A new study in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society looked at this question by examining the personality characteristics of 246 children of people who had lived to be at least 100.
要点2：该段主要讲述更外向、更活跃、更不焦虑的人以及富有同情心和合作精神的女性寿命更长，因为这些性格可能会给她们带来更多的社会资源。内容可以从Long-living women are also more likely to be sympathetic and cooperative than women with a normal life span中提炼。
要点3：该段主要讲述表面上有利的性格，如自律和开放的心态，并不一定会导致长寿，内容可以从Those who were more self-disciplined, for instance, were no more likely to live to be very old.及后面句子中提炼。
要点4：该段主要讲述母亲的性格可能会影响孩子的寿命，主题句为another recent study shows that your mother’s personality may also help determine your longevity.
【范文点评】
审题时要认真分析每段要点，不能 遗漏要点。答题时要注意准确地使用了相应的语法结构和词汇来改 写要点句，并有效地使用了合适的衔接词使上下文意思连贯，文章结构紧凑清晰。
2.【参考范文】
As a high school student, you may feel stressed sometimes. (要点 1) To get rid of pressure, you can first communicate with you parents, sharing feelings with them. (要点 2) And your teachers’ help is also very important especially when you are stressed in study. (要点 3) Besides, you should try to become a successful student by setting suitable goals and carrying them out. (要点 4) At last, try to relax when necessary. (要点 5) (65words)
【解析】)
这是一篇概要写作。
写作步骤
1)细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章主要说明了作为一名高中生，你有时会感到压力。为了摆脱压力，你可以首先与你的父母沟通，与他们分享感受。老师的帮助也很重要，尤其是当你在学习上有压力的时候。此外，你应该努力成为一个成功的学生，设定合适的目标，并实施他们。最后，在必要的时候尽量放松。
2)弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。因此一定要弄清文章结构，归纳文章各段大意。
3)列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
3.【参考范文】
To help students better suit and reshape the ever-shifting work landscape, colleges are taking various measures. (要点1) Firstly, life-long and adaptive learning model is expected to replace the present 4-year one. (要点2) Besides, additional training programs beneficial to acquiring practical job skills are provided for college students. (要点3) Moreover, some colleges cooperate with enterprises to make classrooms more like workplaces and enhance students’ all round capabilities. (要点4)
【解析】
这是一篇概要写作。
第1步:根据文章内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。文章第一段用提问的方式引出主题：大学在帮助学生们适应不断变化的职场起到什么角色？所以本文的内容概要是为了帮助学生更好适应职场，大学采取了各种各样的措施。要点1要先写出文章目的。要点2第二段讲到第一点措施offer true life-long learning and better adapt to changing technology.终身和适应型学习模式预计会替换现在4年教育。要点3在第三段some courses are offered as an add-on to a student's main degree.有益于获得工作技能的格外的培训项目被提供给大学生。要点4.在最后一段：大学和公司合作把课堂营造成职场并加强学生全面能力。
第2步:根据写作要求,确定关键词(组) , 如: beneficial to 有益的； are provided for 被提供 Moreover 而且, some colleges cooperate with 合作；enhance students’ all round capabilities增强全面的技能. 等。
第3步:根据提示及关键词(组)进行遣词造句,注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第4步:连句成文,注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰，保持整洁美观的卷面是非常重要的。
【范文点评】
本文内容完整,语言规范,语篇连贯,词数适当。作者在范文中使用了较多高级表达方式,如To help students better suit and reshape the ever-shifting work landscape, 和Moreover, some colleges cooperate with enterprises to make classrooms more like workplaces and enhance students’ all round capabilities.中都出现非谓语动词的运用，全文中没有中国式英语的句式,显示了很高的驾驭英语的能力。另外, 文章思路清晰、层次分明，上下句转换自然,为文章增色添彩。
4.【参考范文1】
Although there exist some differences in people’s diets, housing, languages, beliefs and customs globally, people can still communicate with each other in universal languages.(要点1) It’s even interesting to think that people used to speak the same language in the ancient world. (要点2) Music is believed to be a universal language that can make people share common emotions.(要点3) The same is also true for math, because the value of something remains unchanged (fixed) wherever you are and whichever way you are calculating.(要点4)
【参考范文2】
Though cultures may be different in diets, housing, languages and beliefs, people can communicate with each other through universal languages. (要点1) It is said that people used to speak only one language but there are no convincing facts of it. (要点2)However, music is considered a universal language as it conveys the basic feelings like happiness, sadness and fear. (要点3) Maths is another universal language because people value things with the same criteria no matter what measurements they use. (要点4)
【参考范文3】
Though cultures may be different in many ways, people can communicate with each other through universal languages. (要点1)It is said that people used to speak only one language but there are no convincing facts of it. (要点2)Music is considered a universal language because people can find some common feelings in it. (要点3) Maths is also a universal language since some mathematical calculations are fixed among people. (要点4)
【参考范文4】
Although cultures vary/ differ worldwide in food, living, languages and beliefs, they shares similarities in what we called universal languages. (要点一)Interestingly, legendary beliefs claim that a single language was spoken in ancient times, which lacks convincing facts.(要点二)Nowadays,some forms of languages can be recognized universally. For instance, people enjoy a mutual understanding of music regardless of their backgrounds.(要点三)Math is another example because the same calculation methods can be adopted to judge the value wherever we are.(要点四)
【解析】
本篇书面表达是概要写作，要求概括文章内容，通读全文可知，本文主要讲述虽然人们在饮食，住宿，语言和信仰等很多方面有所不同，但是人们可以使用通用语言进行沟通，文章还列举了两种通用语言。注意篇幅控制在60词左右。
5.【参考范文】
Why should we master a foreign language despite diverse translation apps (要1) It brings us some practical benefits. However, its value is more than that.(要点2)Language is an important aspect of culture. Foreign language study helps us understand further the cultures abroad and at home. Thus, we can learn to accept human uniqueness and respect the diversity of the world.(要点3)
【解析】
这是一篇概要写作。
本篇书面表达是概要写作。要求概括尽管，现在有不同种类的翻译软件，但是我们还要掌握一门外语的原因。从三个方面进行分析，第一： 外语带给我们一些实际的好处。但是它的价值也不只如此。第二：语言是文化的一个重要方面。外语的学习帮助我们对国内外文化有更深一步的了解。第三：我们能够学会接受人类的独特性，并且尊重世界的多样性。写作过程中，注意词数在60词左右，同时使用自己的语言，不要照抄原文语句。写作之前要认真阅读原材料，加深理解。遵循原文的逻辑顺序，对重要的主题、标题、细节进行概括，全面清晰的表明原文信息。尽量使用自己的语言，不要照抄原文原句，篇幅控制在60词左右。概要写作示例与写作训练10
【写作示例】
【原文呈现】
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
It was once common to regard Britain as a society with class distinction. Each class had unique characteristics.
In recent years, many writers have begun to speak the 'decline of class' and 'classless society' in Britain. And in modern day consumer society everyone is considered to be middle class.
But pronouncing the death of class is too early. A recent wide-ranging society of public opinion found 90 percent of people still placing themselves in particular class; 73 percent agreed that class was still a vital part of British society; and 52 percent thought there were still sharp class differences. Thus, class may not be culturally and politically obvious, yet it remains an important part of British society. Britain seems to have a love of stratification.
One unchanging aspect of a British person's class position is accent. The words a person speaks tell her or his class. A study of British accents during 1970s found that a voice sounding like a BBC newsreader was viewed as the most attractive voice, Most people said this accent sounded 'educated' and 'soft'. The accents placed at the bottom in this study, on the other hand, were regional(地区的)city accents. These accents were seen as 'common' and 'ugly'. However, a similar study of British accents in the US turned these results upside down and placed some regional accents as the most attractive and BBC English as the least. This suggests that British attitudes towards accent have deep roots and are based on class prejudice.
In recent years, however, young upper middle-class people in London, have begun to adopt some regional accents, in order to hide their class origins. This is an indication of class becoming unnoticed. However, the 1995 pop song 'Common People' puts forward the view that though a middle-class person may 'want to live like common people' they can never appreciate the reality of a working-class life.
【思维路径】
[核心内容]
本文是一篇议论文，全文共分五段。第一段主要讲在英国社会中，阶级划分是重要的一部分，每一阶级都有其独立的特征；第二段讲近几年来，许多作家认为英国已经渐渐转变成一个“阶级消亡”的社会；第三段主要讲英国对大众进行了一个调查，结果发现90％的人们任然把自己划分在一定的阶层中，73％的人认为阶级是英国社会一个必不可少的部分，因此说英国已面临“阶级消亡”还为时过早；第四段主要讲另一项调查，该调查时关于人们认为的好的口音，英国和美国的调查结果正好相反，也说明了英国阶级划分的根源非常深；第五段承接第四段进一步说明现在英国人对待口音的态度开始改变。
[写作思路]
(1)理清文章脉络、概括段落大意。这篇短文给我们讲述了在英国社会中，阶级划分是重要的一部分。作者在短文中给我们介绍了两项调查，通过调查的结果我们可以看到，英国社会里的阶级划分没有消失，它是英国社会重要的一部分。该文章第一段的主题句为It was once common to regard Britain as a society with class distinction；第二段的主题句也是段落首句；第三段主题句为该段的首句But pronouncing the death of class is too early和结尾句Britain seems to have a love of stratification；第四段的主题句是One unchanging aspect of a Britain person’s class position is accent；第五段的主题句是This is an indication of class becoming unnoticed.
(2)审视文章布局，总结文章结构。这篇文章的主要构成是“两个观点，两个调查”，“两个观点”指的是一个旧观点，即文章所指人们普遍认同的观点Britain as a society with class distinction(要点1)，第二个观点是新观点，是指近年来许多作家所提出的“decline of class”或者说“classless society”的观点(要点2)，作者为反驳这一个观点提出了英国社会所做的“两个调查”，分别是“a recent wide-ranging study”(要点3)的“A study of British accents”(要点4)，这两个调查的结果都证明了class remains an important part of British society(要点5)，读时理清文章结构，有助于写时理清概要思路。
[参考范文]
British was commonly regarded as a class society. (要点1)However, some writers commented that class seemed to disappear in Britain nowadays. (要点2)This conclusion was made too early because two studies of public carried out among British people proving that class was still a vital part in British society. (要点5) Class was rooted in British people’s minds though not that deep as old days (要点3)and it could be seen from people’s attitudes toward accent.(要点4) (75 words)
[范文解析]
范文把要点1和要点2放在开头，用however进行衔接，与原文结构相同，然后把要点3和要点4总结成two studies of public先在第三句提出，并且引出调查结果即英国社会仍然是一个等级社会，等级观念仍旧深入人心class was still a vital part in Britain society要点5，这样安排使得行文更加流畅自然，最后再具体提出两个调查的内容要点3和要点4，其中要点3是对文章第四第五段的高度概括。
[提炼归纳]
1. 重构主题句
概要既要表达文章中各段主题句的含义又不能原文照抄，因此学生需要在原文主题句的基础上对其进行重构，如范文中的第一句British was commonly regarded as a class society即是对原文中It was once common to regard Britain as a society with class distinction的重构，在重构过程中需要用到词性转换，句式转换，同义词替换等技巧。
2. 重建支撑句
文章中的支撑句是对主题句的补充，同时也为主题句论点提供论证，概要当中应当点到支撑句或者支撑部分的内容，同时，信息要做到高度浓缩。如范文中Class was rooted in British people’s minds though not that deep as old days这一句既概括了第一个调查中的内容同时也点到了最后一段人们的等级观念的确在发生改变这一事实。
【写作演练】
1.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
College admission season is upon us. With the ever-increasing competition among college applicants, writing an effective and sincere college recommendation letter is one way high school teachers can help students stand out among the competition. Here are a few things I have learned how to write a recommendation for my students.
Try beginning your letter with something the person tasked with screening hundreds of recommendation letters will remember. I like to start with an amusing story that illustrates who the student is and how others perceive them. Make sure to use the student’s full name for the first reference and then just the first name after that. My favorite strategy is to end the paragraph with a single sentence that highlights the student’s strongest characteristics.
In the body of the letter, focus on who the student is rather than what the student has done. What college reps want to know is how the student will fit into their environment. Give specific examples of how the student achieved--did they overcome obstacles or tackle any challenges to reach their goals I usually write two short paragraphs for the body. Sometimes the first relates character to academics, and the next relates character to extracurricular activities. Other times, I use the student’s characteristics as the main focal points.
Conclude with a sincere statement of recommendation for the student to the college of their choice. When sending the recommendation to a single college, use the college’s name in your recommendation. Lastly, I return to using the student’s full name in my final reference to him in the letter.
My last statement encourages the college to contact me with any further questions. I’ll be surely delighted to receive any of their inquiry, meaning my student is under their consideration!
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2.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Should You Disinfect Your Online Shopping
People who are self-isolating are increasingly relying on grocery deliveries. This raises a new worry: whether delivered goods carry the new coronavirus. Research suggests it can spread via particles in the air, but also via surfaces. How long can the virus survive and how can we protect ourselves
COVID-19 is a respiratory(呼吸道的)illness and is largely transmitted via drops in the air from coughing or sneezing, says John Lednicky at the University of Florida. The new virus has also been found to persist on surfaces. A team led by Vincent Munster at the US National Institute of persist on surfaces. A team led by Vincent Munster at the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in Montana found it may survive on plastic and stainless steel for up to 72 hours.
But other research suggests the coronaviruses that cause SARS and MERS can persist on metal, glass and plastic for up to nine days. Research by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggested that traces of the new coronavirus could be on surfaces for even longer; its RNA was detected in cabins of people who had vacated the Diamond Princess cruise ship 17 days earlier, including those without symptoms.
This doesn't necessarily mean these virus particles could still infect other people, says Lednicky. How long virus particles remain active depends on various factors. Those coughed or sneezed out may be covered in a layer of mucus(黏液)that helps them survive longer. Surface survival may also be affected by UV light, which can destroy the ability of some viruses to reinfect us. Heat and higher humidity can also inactivate viruses.
Is it worth trying to disinfect your shopping Lednicky doesn't think so. Most household cleaning products won't kill coronaviruses, he says. Even if you use one that does, you're unlikely to be able to clean every nook and cranny of, for example, a bunch of grapes. It is more practical to practise social distancing and good personal hygiene, he says.
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3.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Have you ever been involved in animal rescue This is what happened to the Winter the dolphin. Winter was found off the coast of Florida in December of 2005. She was just a few months old, alone, and caught in a crab trap. The ropes from the trap were wrapped tightly around her body.
The fisherman who found her called for help, and the rescue team soon arrived. The ropes had cut off the blood circulation to her tail. She was badly hurt. Her rescuers didn't think she would survive. Hoping for a miracle and racing against time to save her, the rescuers transferred her to the ClearwaterMarine Aquarium in Florida.
The doctors managed to save Winter, but sadly, not her tail. He tail flukes were too damaged and had to be removed so Winter could live.
The little dolphin Winter survived against all odds, but she would never be able to swim normally without a tail. Thankfully the story doesn't end here. Winter was able to swim, but not very well. Because she didn't have a tail. She moved her body in a side-to-side motion like a shark. But doctors at the aquarium were worried that unconventional moment would hurt her spine.
Kevin Carroll heard Winter's story and for thought, he would could help. He is a specialist who designs and provides prostheses for people. If he could help people, why not help a dolphin He started working with Winter and came up with a solution for the new fluke and tail section
Kevin designed a stretchy sleeve to fit winter's body and protect her skin. Then a tail made of silicone and plastic was made to tightly fit over the sleeve. Now winter can swim like other dolphins. And she is a great inspiration to people who struggle with their own injuries.
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4.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
This is a story about a book that just kept selling, catching publishers, booksellers and even its author off guard. The book is Sapiens, by the Israeli academic Yuval Noah Harari, published in the UK in September 2014.It is a recondite(深奥的) work of evolutionary history charting the development of humankind through a scholarly examination of our ability to cooperate as a species.
Sapiens sold well on publication, particularly when it came out in paperback in the summer of 2015.What is remarkable about it, though, is that it's still selling in vast numbers. Sapiens has sold a further half million copies, establishing itself firmly at the top of the bestseller lists. The book's wild success is symptomatic of a broader trend in our book-buying habits: a surge in the popularity of intelligent, challenging nonfiction, often books that are several years old.
It was trade publication, the Booksellers, that first noted the rise of what is called the “brainy backlist”, it also highlighted a concomitant fall in the sales of the books that had been such a staple of publishers' catalogues-celebrity biographies. We are turning away from exciting but disposable stories of fame towards more serious, thoughtful, quiet books that help us understand our place in the world. Mark Richards, publisher at John Murray Prese, see the return to serious works of nonfiction as a response to the spirit of the age, “People have a hunger both for information and facts, and for nuanced(有细微差别的) exploration of issues, of a sort that books are in a prime position to provide.” he says.
In the end, the story of Sapiens is about a book becoming part of a national conversation. At a time when politics is more furious and fragmented than ever, when technology is colonizing our everyday existence.
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5.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Throughout history, music spread among people of different cultures. In today's technologic advanced society, however, people spread music online, sometimes without an artist's permission. This can lead to many problems, and music companies are now dealing with this practice. Sharing music online without permission is theft (盗窃).
Sharing music online prevents recording companies from making money from their efforts. They say that sharing music online has led to a huge drop in profits and sales over the past 10 years. People who find music for free online are not paying for CDs or every MP3 downloaded. To truly understand the influence of music piracy (盗版) on creators, we must understand how many people are involved in the recording process. For the sale of each album, profits must be shared between musicians, sound engineers, music producers, managers, advertisers, and the company selling the product. Many people believe sharing music only affects the recording artist, but the reality is that sharing hurts business for all companies involved.
There are many people who don't see the harm in sharing music online and even think they have the right to do it. One online blogger states that he originally paid for an entire CD and that he should be able to do with the material whatever he wants. While he may have legally paid for the music, he does not have the right to provide permission, which means people like the blogger are thieves.
Although we don't spread today's music the same way we did before, there's no doubt that people around the word love to share music. However, Internet piracy would prevent musicians from continuing producing albums for fear of theft. Therefore, if people want to continue listening to their favorite artists, they need to buy their music so that artists will make enough profits to continue their music careers.
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答案与解析
1.【参考答案】
High school teachers should know how to write college recommendations for students. First, a unique beginning such as a story can attract profession’s eye. Second, using examples to demonstrate how the student achieved his aims for the body part is essential. Finally, a conclusion includes both college’s name and student’s full name, necessary for encouraging the college to ask questions.
【解析】
本篇书面表达是概要写作，概括高中老师对如何写好学生推荐信给出三点建议，包括一个独特的开始，具体事例以及一个包括学院名称和学生全名的结论，注意词数要求和使用自己的语言。
1、写之前，需要认真仔细地读几遍原文材料，让理解更深刻。本文重点要涵盖高中老师对如何写好学生推荐信的三点建议。
2、遵循原文的逻辑顺序，对重要部分的主题、标题、细节进行概括，全面清晰地表明原文信息。建议内容包括一个独特的开始，具体事例以及一个包括学院名称和学生全名的结论。
3、给摘要起一个好标题，比如：可以采用文中的主题句。
4、尽量使用自己的话完成，不要引用原文的句子，篇幅控制在原文的三分之一或四分之一长。
2.【参考答案】
During the coronavirus outbreak, many people wonder if they should disinfect grocery deliveries. Research indicates that COVID-19 is mainly spread through air particles. Even though the coronavirus may survive long on surfaces, many factors including UV light and heat can affect its survival. Killing the virus with household products is also impractical, so disinfecting deliveries is not advisable
【解析】
这是一篇概要写作。
全文共五个自然段。第一段通过引用现象：自我隔离的人越来越依赖于食品杂货外卖。提出担忧问题：货物是否携带新冠状病毒？进而根据研究：病毒可以通过空气中的微粒传播，也可以通过表面传播。提出问题： 病毒能存活多久？我们如何保护自己？
第二段主要介绍了对新冠病毒的传播途径研究及其在存活期限；第三段介绍了对新冠病毒的在其他物品诸如金属、玻璃和塑料上存活期限的研究；第四段谈到了Lednicky对新冠病毒的研究发现：病毒颗粒的活跃时间取决于紫外线、高温和湿度等因素。第五段继续谈Lednicky对家用物品是否要消毒提出自己的观点：保证社交距离和良好的个人卫生更有效。
据此，可以对文章分为三个部分：第一部分(第1自然段)，主要介绍人们对是否要对外卖食品消毒的担忧；第二部分(第2、 3自然段)从不同角度介绍对新冠病毒的传播及其存活期限的研究结论。第三部分(第4、 5自然段)阐述了Lednicky谈论自己对影响新冠病毒活性及对家用物品是否要消毒，提出个人观点。总结时候要包含三部分的内容。
3.【参考答案】
It is about an inspiring rescuing a dolphin Winter found trapped in ropes by a fisherman. Badly injured, she had to be transferred to an aquarium where doctors saved her but her damaged tail was removed. Luckily, a specialist Kevin designed an artificial tail for her, helping her swim normally again.
【解析】
这是一篇概要写作类作文。
第1步：根据提示可知，本篇为一篇记叙文。
第2步：根据写作要求，确定关键词(组)，如：inspiring (鼓舞人心的)，transfer(转移)，Badly injured(严重受伤)，an artificial tail(人造尾巴)等。
第3步：根据提示及关键词(组)进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第4步：连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰，保持整洁美观的卷面是非常重要的。
本文内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。另外全文中没有中国式英语的句式，显示了很高的驾驭英语的能力。
【范文点评】
范文内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。作者在范文中使用了较多高级表达方式，如Badly injured, she had to be transferred to an aquarium where doctors saved her but her damaged tail was removed. 运用了定语从句；非谓语动词的运用Luckily, a specialist Kevin designed an artificial tail for her, helping her swim normally again.。全文中没有中国式英语的句式，显示了很高的驾驭英语的能力。另外，文章思路清晰、层次分明，上下句转换自然，为文章增色添彩。
4.【参考答案】
Homo Sapiens is a book written by Yuval Noah Harari on the evolutionary history of human development. This book is especially popular and heralds the new trend of reading. We are turning away from exciting but disposable stories of fame towards more serious, thoughtful, quiet books that help us understand our place in the world.
【解析】
这是一篇概要写作。
写作步骤
1)细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章主要介绍了《智人》是Yuval Noah Harari写的关于人类发展的进化史的书。这本书特别受欢迎，预示着阅读的新趋势。我们正在从那些激动人心但可以随意使用的名人故事转向更严肃、有思想、安静的书籍，这些书籍帮助我们了解自己在世界上的位置。
2)弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。因此一定要弄清文章结构，归纳文章各段大意。
3)列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
5.【参考答案】
Sharing music online without permission is in fact a theft, which can cause many problems. It mainly affect the recording companies, preventing them from making money from their efforts. However, many people don’t see the bad effects, and some of them even think they have the right to do that. So, to continue listening to their favorite artists, people need to buy their music so that artists will make enough profits to continue their music careers.
【解析】
本篇书面表达考查概要写作。
概要写作是将阅读与写作有机结合，要求考生既能读懂文章信息，又要依据要求规范连贯地表达内容，其中准确概括很有挑战且十分重要，根据记叙文、议论文、说明文等不同文体作相应概括，总的来说，遵循以下步骤：确定主题句；寻找关键词；重构主题句；重组支持句。
第一段的段落大意是：未经许可在网上共享音乐是一种盗窃行为，会导致很多问题。
第二段的第一句是该段中心句：该句了未经许可在网上共享音乐的害处：在网上分享音乐阻止了唱片公司从他们的努力中赚钱。共享音乐会损害所有相关公司的业务。
第三段的第一句是该段中心句：有许多人没有看到网上分享音乐的危害，甚至认为他们有权利这样做。
最后一段主要提出建议：如果人们想要继续听他们最喜欢的艺术家的音乐，他们需要购买他们的音乐，这样艺术家才能获得足够的利润来继续他们的音乐事业。
在此基础上，综合运用语法与句法结构，按照行文逻辑组织语言，就可以写出很好的概要。
【高分句型1】
Sharing music online without permission mainly affect the recording companies, which prevents them from making money from their efforts. 未经允许在网上分享音乐主要影响唱片公司，这使他们无法从自己的努力中赚钱。本句使用了短语prevent…from…“阻止……做某事”，同时使用了非限制性定语从句。
【高分句型2】
It is illegal to share music online without permission, which can cause many problems. 未经允许在网上分享音乐是非法的，这可能会导致很多问题。本句使用了it作形式主语，代指后面的to share music online without permission。另外，还使用了非限制性定语从句。概要写作示例与写作训练2
【写作示例】
【原文呈现】
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Three miles is quick by car, but when those three miles consist of an old wooden fence on a cattle farm that requires a fresh coat of paint, it’s not as short of a distance. For the final week of summer heading into my sophomore year of college, painting this fence nearly wiped my existence. Luckily, I wasn’t alone in this task; I had the help of Rob, the farm manager. When two people are stuck under the relentless August sun for ten hours a day, there isn’t much to do to help pass the time. It was in this moment that I truly learned to value the art of conversation.
Standing in front of this dilapidated(荒废的) fence was the last place on Earth I wanted to be. And spending over 50 hours with Rob with nothing to keep your mind busy but a mindless, tedious task, all we had for amusement was conversation---No phone, no music, only your thoughts and a little tête-à-tête(促膝长谈).
It started out simple, talks about the weather, sports, and the alike. As the week progressed, so did our topics of discussion. From family and funny childhood stories to our hobbies and career goals, we began to learn more about each other. I knew Rob for years, but after this job, I felt I knew him on a different level. I’ve spent plenty of time with people whether it was going to sporting events, movies, or concerts, but never had I spent so much time with one person with absolutely nothing to break the silence. It was uncomfortable at first, but by the time the final bucket of paint was emptied, I felt like I had made a new friend.
Sometimes we get caught up in trying to keep ourselves busy, entertained, or from getting bored. So seldom do we realize that there is a deeper connection you get with people when all you’re doing is talking, for life is a conversation--- Every song you hear, TV show you watch, or work of art you observe, at the simplest level, someone is just trying to communicate with you.
【思维路径】
[核心内容]
本文是一篇夹叙夹议的文章，全文共四段。第一段主要介绍了事情起因，即作者在大学二年级即将开学之前，要去和Rod一起粉刷一条长三英里的栅栏。第二段讲述了除了与Rod交谈之外的工作中的乏味之处。第三段讲述了作者在粉刷栅栏的过程中，与Rod交谈之后的感受。第四段是作者的评论，并点明了文章的主题，即生活就是对话的过程。
[写作思路]
(1)理清文章的层次。本文有四段话，前三段叙述了作者的一次与Rob一起劳动的经过，第四段总结了自己的感受。根据这一写作顺序，我们可以先确立缩写部分的组织结构，即需要表述事实并同时说明作者的感受。
(2)把握叙述的特点。作者用了三段话来叙述自己的经历。第一段话是交代自己在工作之前的想法，第二段为过程性的一段话，叙述了工作的乏味之处，第三段则叙述了在工作过程中作者是如何与Rob一起克服工作的单调性的。作者的这一叙述方式能够给我们提供一条线索，即“工作之前的想法---工作之中的感受1---工作之中的发现---工作之中的感受2---工作之后的总结”。
(3)提炼文章的主题。 本文是夹叙夹议类的文章，其写作方法是“先叙后议”，所以在阅读的过程中，我们需要先分清哪些是叙事，哪些是在讲道理。根据文章的写作特征，我们可以发现作者在第四段中表达了文章的主题，即“生活就是对话”(Life is a conversation)。
(4)确立缩写的结构。由于本文“先叙后议”，所以在缩写的时候，我们也要确定一定的写作顺序与文本结构。文章第一段强调“Painting this fence nearly wiped my existence”(要点1)；第二段进一步阐述工作的乏味之处，即“All we had for amusement was conversation”(要点2)；第三段则交代了作者与Rob谈话的内容及感受，即“As the week progressed, so did our topics of discussion”(要点3)，以及“By the time the final bucket of paint was emptied, I felt like I had made friends with one person with whom I once nearly had absolutely nothing to break the silence(要点4)；第四段则表明了作者的写作主题，即“There is a deeper connection you get with people when all you’re doing is talking, for life is a conversation”(要点5)。在抓住各部分的中心后，我们就要确立各个要点的表述顺利，以理清它们之间的关系。
[参考范文]
Before my sophomore year of college, I went to paint a three-mile fence with Rob, with whom I once nearly had nothing to break the silence(要点4), which nearly wiped my existence.(要点1)That was because all we had for amusement was conversation.(要点2)However, as our topics of discussion progressed,(要点3), I felt like I had made a new friend.(要点4)Finally, I realized that there is a deeper connection you get with people when all you’re doing is talking, for life is a conversation.(要点5)(78 words)
[范文解析]
范文把要点1与要点4的一部分进行整合，保持了叙事的连续性，即“时间---地点---人物---经过…”这样一个连贯的表达，从而使行文更加流畅。范文用“that was because…”把要点2与第一句话进行衔接，这种表述显得非常自然、流畅。范文把要点3与要点4的另外一部分进行了整合，同时也对要点3进行了压缩，这样处理也符合事情发展的顺序；此外“however”一词也使范文第三句与前半部分实现了表述的衔接。范文最后一句是结合要点5对整个事情进行点题，其中用“finally”实现了意义的连贯性。
[提炼归纳]
1、准确把握叙事的方式。在缩写的时候，要对叙事部分进行有效的整合和取舍，保留中心部分。例如，范文中的前两句话就实现了对原文前半部分的压缩。同时，在保持原文的中心不变的情况下，也要适当的调整文章的叙述的结构。例如，缩写部分的开头就不是采用原文的开头，而是从原文叙述中的某个部分开始的。
2、 恰当进行要点的重组。“重组”策略是缩写过程中必须使用的策略。由于篇幅有限，所以缩写不可能完全按照原文的顺序展开，因而重组就显得尤为重要。例如，范文中的第一与第三句就实现了对要点的重组。
3、实现表述的有效衔接。语义连贯性始终是缩写的核心之一。在缩写的过程中，要实现语义的连贯，我们就必须使用一些衔接手段。例如，范围中的before, which, however, finally以及that is because等都是有效的衔接方式。语义连贯在叙事的过程中显得更为重要，特别是对事件发展的各个细节的准确把握，这在一定程度上将决定缩写某件事情的成败。
【写作演练】
1.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。
Sugars are popular in the processed food industry because they add taste, colour and thickness to food products. The studies have shown that sugars can provide a source of energy. The body breaks down the sugar into simple forms that can be readily used in the body. But too much sugar can contribute to health problems like obesity and tooth disease.
Having too much sugar is not the only reason for obesity or being overweight，but it does add to the amount of kilojoules in food. Eating too much of any food, without doing enough exercise,will cause you to become overweight.
Governments in the United States and United Kingdom are waging a war on sugar in the interests of public health. Both countries claim that the overconsumption of sugar by much of the population is harmful to people’s health. On Thursday，the U.S government issued new dietary guidelines that strongly recommend people receive less than 10 per cent of their daily calorie intake from added sugar. On the same day，British Prime Minister David Cameron said he has not ruled out the idea of a tax on sugar to encourage consumers to buy food with reduced levels of the sweet. Politicians in the U.K. are debating how a reduction in the intake of sugar could help reduce Britain’s rising rates of obesity.
The American and British governments both refer to a study conducted in Mexico that showed a tax on sugary，carbonated drinks led to a reduction in consumption. The tax was carried out on January 1，2014 and purchases of the taxed drinks went down by 12 per cent by December of that year. Sales of mineral water increased by 4 per cent over the same period. An alternative(可替代物) to taxing sugared drinks is to reduce the level of sugar in them. Researchers at Queen Mary University in London say that reducing the sugar content in sugar－sweetened drinks by 40 percent over five years could prevent one million cases of obesity in the U.K. Researchers say people might not even notice the changes.
2.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
“Did you hear what happened to Adam Last Friday ” Lindsey whispers to Tori. With her eyes shining, Tori brags, “You bet I did, Sean told me two days ago.” Who are Lindsey and Tori talking about It just happened to be yours truly, Adam Freedman. I can tell you that what they are saying is (a) not nice and (b) not even true. Still, Lindsey and Tori aren’t very different from most students here at Linton High School, including me. Many of our conversations are gossip.
An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about. Usually, gossip spreads information about a topic—breakups, trouble at home, even dropping out—that a person would rather keep secret. The more embarrassing or shameful the secret is, the juicier the gossip it makes. Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie. People often think of gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause pain.
If we know that gossip can be harmful, then why do so many of us do it The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us. Sharing the latest rumor (传言) can make a person feel important because he or she knows something that others don’t. Similarly, hearing the latest rumor can make a person feel like part of the “in group.”
Gossip also can have a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspoken rules about how people should act. Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group. Translated into high school terms, this means that if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore or what Jane said, then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you the same kind of negative attention. This pressure will certainly force you to pay special attention to your own words and deeds. The dos and don’ts conveyed through gossip will never show up in any student handbook.
The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation. The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you want to gossip and what effects your “juicy story” might have.
3.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Before the 1830s, most newspapers were sold through yearly subscriptions(订阅) in America, usually $ 8 to $ 10 a year. Today $ 8 or $ 10 seems a small amount of money, but at that time the amounts were unaffordable to most citizens. Accordingly, newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the trades. In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a large audience. They were dull and visually unpleasant. But the revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that.
The trend, then, was toward the “penny paper”---a term referring to papers made widely available to the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street.
This development did not take place overnight. It had been possible(but not easy) to buy single copies of newspapers before 1830, but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printer’s office to buy a copy. Street sales were almost unknown. However, within a few years street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities. At first the price of single copy was seldom a penny ---usually two or three cents was charged --- and some of the older well-known papers charged five or six cents. But the phrase “penny paper” caught the public’s fancy soon there would be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny.
This new trend of newspapers for “the man on the street” did not begin well. Some of the early ventures(企业)were immediate failures. Publishers already in business, people who were owners of successful papers, had little desire to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.
4.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Many Chinese students have studied English for approximately ten years, but most of them cannot even speak English correctly or fluently. In my opinion, there are several obstacles that have caused this to happen. The main obstacle is fear! Another is the habit of mentally translating from Chinese to English and then to change these thoughts into spoken words and sentences. Many of these difficulties are caused by the way Chinese people study and learn the language.
We must learn to speak as a child does. When we are learning a second language, we need to remember how we learned our native language. Learning to understand and speak a language is one of the first skills a child develops. How does a child learn the language He listens for a time and then he tries to repeat the words. Parents give great praise for the smallest effort and slightest improvement. Therefore, the child develops courage and is excited about learning. It takes a long time before he knows anything about grammar, spelling or formal sentence structures.
As for language teachers, they should avoid criticism and be very encouraging and generous with praise. Criticism or pointing out faults too often causes students to lose self-confidence and develop a fear of speaking. The best way to motivate a student is using praise.
The most important aspect of speaking is having good self-esteem. Self-esteem is how you feel about yourself. When most Chinese people are asked how their English is, or they are told their English is very good, they immediately respond by saying, "Oh my English is very poor." If you say this to yourself often enough, you will believe it. When someone compliments(称赞) you, just say “thank you”.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
A new study warns that about thirty percent of the world’s people may not have enough water by the year 2025.
A private American organization called Population Action International (PAI) did the new study. It says more than 335 million people lack enough water now. The people live in 28 countries. Most of the countries are in Africa or the Middle East.
PAI researcher Robert Engelman says by the year 2025, about 3,000 million people may lack water. At least 18 more countries are expected to have severe water problems. The demand for water keeps increasing. Yet the amount of water on the Earth stays the same.
Mr Engelman says the population in countries that lack water is growing faster than in other parts of the world. He says population growth in these countries will continue to increase.
The report says lack of water in the future may result in several problems. It may increase health problems. Lack of water often means drinking water is not safe. Mr Engelman says there are problems all over the world because of diseases, such as cholera which are carried in water.
Lack of water may also result in more international conflict. Countries may have to compete for water in the future. Some countries now get sixty percent of their fresh water from other countries. And the report says lack of water would affect the ability to improve their economies. This is because new industries often need large amounts of water when they are beginning.
The Population Action International study gives several solutions to the water problem. One way, it says, is to find ways to use water for more than one purpose. Another way is to teach people to be careful not to waste water. A third way is to use less water for agriculture. The report also says long-term solutions to the water problem must include controls on population growth.
答案与解析
1.【参考范文】
Sugar is popular in food industry for its taste, color and thickness. But too much sugar can cause health problems. Therefore, government in the US and the UK take measures to reduce the use of sugar, such as having a tax on sugar, reducing the level of sugar in them. Researchers say that the reduction of sugar play a great role in preventing obesity, which is not noticed by people.
【解析】
这是一篇说明文，文章主要说了吃大量糖对人类身体的危害，因此美国和英国政府采取措施来减少人们购买糖。
第一步：概括每个段落的大意
第一段主要说明了糖在食物领域很受欢迎，但同时也对人类的健康带来了许多危害，可以用Sugar is popular in food industry for its taste, color and thickness. But too much sugar can cause health problems.表示。第三段和第四段美国和英国政府开始采取措施来减少人们对糖的使用，糖的使用减少对抑制人类肥胖有很大的作用，但是人们很难注意到。即Government in the US and the UK take measures to reduce the use of sugar, such as having a tax on sugar, reducing the level of sugar in them. Researchers say that the reduction of sugar play a great role in preventing obesity, which is not noticed by people.
第二步：连句成篇(衔接词)
1.表文章结构顺序：First of all, Firstly/First, Secondly/Second… And then, Finally, In the end, At last
2.表并列补充关系：What is more, Besides, Moreover, Furthermore, In addition As well as, not only…but (also), including,
3.表转折对比关系：However, On the contrary, but, Although+clause(从句), In spite of+n/doing,On the one hand…,On the other hand… Some…,while others…,as for, so…that…
4.表因果关系：Because, As, So, Thus, Therefore, As a result
连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰
2.【参考范文】
High school conversations are mainly gossip. Three effects are found. One is that gossip harms people because it is often embarrassing or even false. Also, the gossipers get a sense of belonging or even superiority through their gossip. The third effect is that gossip cause pressure in social life, forcing people to avoid those words and behaviors in the rumor. Therefore, we are advised to think twice before we gossip. (70words)
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。介绍了说闲话的消极影响。
第一步：阅读
1.认真阅读给定的原文材料，如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍；阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
2.划出那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子；决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了；对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
3.简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括概要写作重要的东西。
第二步：写作步骤
1.浏览课文，找出主题：介绍了说闲话的消极影响。
2.分析文章的结构，把它分成几个部分，找出每个部分的主要思想，用你自己的文字简短地写出来。本文主要分为一部分：High school conversations are mainly gossip. Three effects are found.
3.写下每个主要思想的支持点，不涉及细节。支持点：1. One is that gossip harms people because it is often embarrassing or even false. 2. Also, the gossipers get a sense of belonging or even superiority through their gossip. 3. The third effect is that gossip cause pressure in social life, forcing people to avoid those words and behaviors in the rumor.
4.按照逻辑顺序组织主要和相关的支持点， 使用最短的连接词进行连接。如：also，therefore
第三步：修改成文
草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，概要写作中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次，如果出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们，保持语言简单明了。最后，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。
【范文点评】
范文内容完整，要点全面，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系。作者在范文中使用了较多主从复合句，如：One is that gossip harms people because it is often embarrassing or even false.这句话运用了because引导的状语从句和that引导的表语从句；本文也使用了一些固定词组，如a sense of belonging; in the rumor等。全文中没有中国式英语的句式，显示了很高的驾驭英语的能力。另外，文章思路清晰、层次分明，上下句转换自然，为文章增色添彩。
3.参考范文】
The 1830s saw the revolution that was happening in the newspaper industry. Just before then, most newspapers had been suffering from a lack of sales due to the high prices and boring content in them.(要点一)The “penny paper” was born at the right moment though it experienced a long process . (要点二)Soon the public were fancinated by the phrase “penny paper” for there would be papers sold at such a low price indeed.(要点三)Traditions need to be changed, and those few youthful and daring businessmen felt the obligation to do so.(要点四)
【解析】
写作步骤
1)细读原文，掌握文章主旨。本文为说明文。本文介绍了十九世纪三十年代美国报纸的一次重要变革，使报纸变得大众化，普及开来。19世纪30年代发生在报纸上的革命，在此之前，大多数报纸由于价格高和内容乏味而销量低迷。虽然经历了一个漫长的过程，但“便士报”的诞生恰逢其时很快被公众所接纳，因为它真的只卖一便士，是那些少数年轻勇敢的商人推动了这项变革。
2)弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。因此一定要弄清文章结构，归纳文章各段大意。
3)列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4)在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
(1)概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
(2)安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
(3)注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。
(4)不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
(5)计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
4.【参考范文】
Caused by their fear and way of learning, many Chinese students cannot speak English fluently even after ten-years' learning.(要点1) Actually we should learn to speak English as a child learns his native language by listening and repeating a lot.(要点2) And teachers should praise and encourage rather than criticize students, just as parents do.(要点3) Finally, having good self-esteem is of vital importance in speaking English.(要点4)
5.【参考范文】
A new study shows that about 30% of the world’s people may suffer a shortage of water in the following few years. (要点1)Nowadays over 335 million people in 28 countries lack enough water, while the amount of water remains the same and the population is growing faster. (要点2)The shortage of water will cause health problems and international conflict. (要点3) Fortunately, ways are found to settle the water problem. (要点4)
【解析】
这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述目前缺水现状以及缺水会带来的问题，最后提出解决缺水问题的方法。
文章的主要结构采用了“提出问题，分析问题，解决问题”的论述方法，主要讲目前缺水现状以及缺水会带来的问题，最后提出解决缺水问题的方法。符合概要写作常规出题思路。
第一段为总述，讲述现象：A new study warns that about thirty percent of the world’s people may not have enough water by the year2025.( 一项新的研究警告说，到2025年，世界上大约30%的人可能没有足够的水。)提出了文章的话题：缺少。可以用到的词汇或句型有：about thirty percent of the world’s people等。第二段至第四段详细阐述了缺水现状，其中第二段提及缺水人口数量，第三段提及与对水的需求增加相反的是水资源数量的不变性，第四段提及了人口增长。可以用到的词汇或句式有：it says more than 335 million people lack enough water now; the amount of water on the Earth stays the same; population growth等。第五段至第六段的主旨句为：The report says lack of water in the future may result in several problems. 讲述了缺水带来的问题：健康问题，国际争端问题以及经济发展问题。可以用到的词汇或句式有：lack of water in the future may result in several problems; increase health problems；result in more international conflict; affect the ability to improve their economies等。第七段主旨句为：The Population Action International study gives several solutions to the water problem. 本段讲了专家们给出了许多解决办法，比如一水多用，不浪费水资源，减少农业用水，控制人口增长等。可以用到的词汇或句式有：several solutions等。
【范文点评】
高分句型1
A new study shows that about 30% of the world’s people may suffer a shortage of water in the following few years. (一项新的研究表明，世界上大约30%的人将在未来几年遭受缺水。)
本句中that 引导宾语从句。
高分句型2
Nowadays over 335 million people in 28 countries lack enough water, while the amount of water remains the same and the population is growing faster. (现在28个国家有超过3.35亿人缺水，而水的数量保持不变，人口增长更快。)
本句中“while”可为并列连词，表对比关系。概要写作示例与写作训练1
【写作示例】
【原文呈现】
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Regular exercise can reduce a woman’s risk of cancer, but the benefits may slip away if she gets too little sleep, U.S. researchers said on Monday.
The study involving 5,968 women in Maryland confirmed previous findings that people who do regular physical activity are less likely to develop cancer.
But when the researchers looked at the women ages 18 to 65 who were in the upper half in terms of the amount of physical exercise they got per week, they found that sleep appeared to play an important role in cancer risk.
Those who slept less than seven hours nightly had a 47 percent higher risk of cancer than those who got more sleep among the physically active women, the researchers reported at a meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research.
“We think it’s quite interesting and intriguing. It’s kind of a first look into this. It isn’t something that has been widely studied,” James McClain of the National Cancer Institute, part of the U.S. government’s National Institutes of Health, said in a telephone interview.
McClain, who led the study, said it is unclear exactly how getting too little sleep may make one more susceptible(易受感染的) to cancer. “Getting adequate sleep has been long associated with health,” McClain said.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention calls sleep loss an under-recognized public health problem, saying Americans are getting less and less slumber. The CDCP said the percentage of adults reporting sleeping six hours or less a night increased from 1985 to 2006.
Sleep experts say chronic sleep loss is associated with obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, stroke, cardiovascular disease, depression, cigarette smoking and excessive drinking.
In addition, research had shown that people who get regular exercise have a reduced risk of breast, colon and other types of cancer. Experts think the effects of exercise on the body’s hormone levels, immune function and body weight may play an important role.
【思维路径】
[核心内容]
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项科学研究发现。第一段科技报道类文章的中心所在，该段告诉我们文章主要说明的要点：经常锻炼可以降低妇女患癌症的风险，但是如果睡眠不足，锻炼的这种好处也将不存在。文章的第二、三、四段讲述了该项研究中的具体的方法与数据统计。文章的第五、六段讲述了研究者对这个研究结果的看法与评论。文章的第七段讲述了美国疾病控制与预防中心对睡眠不足的看法。第八段进一步引证有关睡眠专家对睡眠不足带来的负面影响的看法。最后，第九段又回到该项研究发现上，告诉我们经常锻炼可以降低患那些癌症的风险及其原因。
[写作思路]
(1)熟悉文本类型，把握表述特征。通过文章第一段中的“U.S. researchers said on Monday”可知，本文是一篇科研报告。科研报告类的写作一般会在文章的开头部分交代文章的中心，然后具体介绍研究的设计、实施以及数据分析等，最后会根据相关研究发现进一步展开说明研究可能会带来的影响等。通过分析文本类型及其表述特征，我们可以准确地筛选文章的中心及其各个部分的分论点。
(2)理清文章结构，概括段落大意。根据(1)部分的分析，我们可以进一步的梳理文章的层次结构：第一段是文章的点题；第二至地四段是文章的数据分析；第五、六段是研究者的评论；第七、八段是引用他人的观点来进一步分析自己的发现；第九段则是进一步分析本研究。通过对文章层次的梳理，我们可以逐一罗列文章的中心及其各个分述的分论点。
(3)确定表述中心，连贯表达要点。在(2)的基础上，我们可以逐一列出要表述的中心：第一段引出文章中心，即Regular exercise can reduce a woman’s risk of cancer, but the benefits may slip away if she gets too little sleep(要点1)；第二至四段是第一个分论点，即People who do regular physical activity are less likely to develop cancer, but those who sleep less than seven hours nightly have higher risk. (要点2)；第五、六段引出第二个分论点，即This research is quite new, so it is still unclear exactly how sleeping little may make one more susceptible to cancer.(要点3)；第七、八段引出第三个分论点，即Sleep loss may give rise to such health problems as obesity, diabetes, stroke, depression and so on. (要点4)；最后一段进一步引出研究的发现，即Regular exercises may have an active effect on the body’s hormone levels, immune function and body weight which thus may reduce the risk of cancer. (要点5)。在理清每部分的中心之后，我们可以利用有效的衔接手段，把这些要点组织成一个意义连贯的语篇。
[参考范文]
US researchers have found that regular exercises may have an active effect on the body’s hormone levels, immune function and body weight which thus may reduce the risk of cancer (要点1，要点５) ,but the benefits may slip away if she gets too little sleep (要点1), especially less than seven hours nightly (要点2) which may cause such health problems as obesity, depression and so on. (要点4) However, it is still unclear exactly how sleeping little may make people more susceptible to cancer.(要点3)(76 words)
[范文解析]
范文把要点1分为两部分并且与要点5、要点2、要点4进行整合，这样使得文章更加紧凑、言简意赅。范文把要点5放在了开头，这样先交代了regular exercises之所以能够降低患癌症的风险的原因；在这之后，用衔接词but把要点1的后半部分整合了进去，要点2正好也对要点1的后半部分进行了进一步的细化与解释；此外要点4缩写成一个which引导的定语从句，进一步说明睡眠不足带来的健康问题。最后用however引入要点3，说明了该项研究所存在的不足，这也正好符合科研报告类文章的写作特点。
[提炼归纳]
1、关注文本的特征。缩写是对原文要点的综述，因而其表达方式或陈述方式也必须与原文相符合。本文是一篇科研报告，所以在缩写部分就要点明是谁做的研究、研究的结果怎样、以及研究是如何进行的等。
2、注重语义的转换。缩写很大程度上依赖于对原有的句子表达的浓缩与改写，这就需要对原文语句进行语义转换，包括使用非谓语动词短语替换原句子，或者用定语从句整合两个句子之间的关系等。范文中对要点1、2、4、5的整合就充分体现了在缩写中语义转换的重要性。
3、强化整合的逻辑。要点整合涉及到事件或观点之间的时间先后、条件、因果关系等逻辑关系，因而在缩写的过程中，需充分关注各个要点之间的逻辑关系，并在此基础上对原文要点进行合理地整合。
【写作演练】
1.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要
First Offer: Take It or Keep Waiting
Anyone who has searched for a job fresh out of college knows how difficult it is to get that first job. And if you’re very lucky, eventually there’s a job offer on the table. Should you grasp it, or wait for something better to come along the way
It depends on whether you are a “maximizer” or a “satisficer”. Simply put, satisficers are more likely to cut their job search short and take the first job offer. Maximizers are more likely to continue searching until a better job offer comes along. Which type of approach yields the better payoff A maximizer. Specifically, quoting the results of a study of the job search of 548 members of a school, the maximizers put themselves through more difficulties in the job hunt. They applied to twenty jobs, on average, while satisficers applied to only ten, and they were significantly more likely to make use of outside sources of information and support. But it turned out to be worth it: the job offers they got were significantly better, in terms of salary, than what the satisficers got.
Satisficers were offered jobs with an average starting salary of $37, 085; the average starting salary offered to maximizers was $44, 515, more than 20 percent higher. The trouble is, however, that higher pay doesn’t make maximizers a happier group than satisficers. In fact, maximizers were significantly more likely than satisficers to be unhappy with the offers they accepted.
Evidently, being a maximizer can help you earn more income, but that income doesn’t buy more happiness, as the maximizer’s likely to worry about the prospect of a better job offer out there he or she missed. Maximizers may have objectively superior outcomes, but they’re so busy obsessing about all the things that they could have had, so they tend to be less happy with the outcomes they do get.
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2.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Human beings are smart. However, it seems that people are gradually losing their smartness as smartphones become more and more important assistants in their lives, reported news website Record Japan on Oct. 22. As we rely too much on technology instead of our brains, many people have lost three basic abilities, said the website.
The first skill many people have lost is remembering phone numbers. Because phone numbers are stored in smart phone contacts, there's no need to dial a number or look at it again.
And some people may also have lost their sense of direction because navigation apps can guide people anywhere they want to go. These apps can even find shortest routes for you and avoid traffic jams. But the worst lost skills may be social ones, meaning that some people are becoming socially inept(无能的). People often bury themselves in their smart phones. As we're too addicted to what's happening in the virtual world, some of us have lost conversational skills and sometimes can't even tell whether a person is happy or not.
In August, researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, studied 51 students aged 11 and 12 who had over five hours' screen time every day. Their task was to tell the emotions of 48 pictures of faces that were happy, sad, angry or scared. The children made an average of 14.02 mistakes at the beginning. But after a five-day camp without electronic (电子的) products, they made only 9.41 mistakes on average. “If you’re not practicing face-to-face communication, you could be losing important social skills,” concluded professor Yalda Uhls from the research.
Luckily, people still have a chance to get these abilities back. You should try to keep your parents' numbers in mind for emergencies. You should also pay more attention to street signs and stores, which will help you to draw a mind map and stop you from getting lost. And the easiest solution to social skill loss is to take a break from electronic devices because we are social creatures. We need device-free time.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Happy, angry, amazed – these are some of the emotions we like to express these days when we’re sending a message on our smartphones! That’s why many of us now add little pictures to our texts to brighten up someone’s mobile screen but we’re also using them as a quick way of telling someone how we’re feeling. Yes, emojis have become a vital tool for communication.
The emoji was first invented in Japan in the late 1990s and the word “emoji” comes from the Japanese words for “picture” and “character”. The number of different images has dramatically increased since then and now we have a picture for every mood or situation.
So now we have the option to give this new creation the visual “thumbs-up” but have you thought why we’ve become so addicted to using emojis Professor Vyv Evans has written a book called The Emoji Code. He says, “Increasingly, what we’re finding is that digital communication is taking over from certain aspects of face-to-face interaction. One of the reasons emojis are so interesting is that they really do enable us to express our emotional selves much more effectively.” So emojis are a sort of replacement for the visual signals or non-verbal clues we normally give when we speak to someone face-to-face.
Another advantage of emojis is that they are an international language – they don’t use words but tell a message in the form of pictures so they can be easily understood whatever your native language is. However, the emojis you send need some thought as they can sometimes be misunderstood – if a friend sends you an emoji of a hammer, you may think he is angry when really he is saying he has hurt himself or he is clumsy!
Emojis are a good way for showing common emotions. But as linguist Neil Cohn says, “To many, emojis are an exciting development of the way we communicate; To others, they are extinction of language.” It does show there is a lot more to our communication than words alone but does this mean the decline in traditional writing
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Why is the world’s population growing？The answer is not what you might think.The reason for the explosion is not that people have been reproducing like rabbits，but that people have stopped dropping dead like flies.In 1900，people died at the average age of 30.By 2000 the average age was 65.But while increasing health was a typical feature of the 20th century，declining birth rate could be a defining one of the 21st.
Statistics show that the average number of births per woman has fallen from 4.9 in the early 1960s to 2.5 nowadays.Furthermore，around 50% of the world’s population live in regions where the figure is now below the replacement level (i.e.2.1 births per woman) and almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate.You might think that developing nations would make up the loss (especially since 80% of the world’s people now live in such nations)，but you’d be wrong.Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too，which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.
A great decline in young work force is likely to occur in China，for instance.What does it imply？First，China needs to undergo rapid economic development before a population decline hits the country.Second，if other factors such as technology remain constant，economic growth and material expectations will fall well below recent standards and this could invite trouble.
Russia is another country with population problems that could break its economic promise.Since 1992 the number of people dying has been bigger than that of those being born by a massive 50%.Indeed official figures suggest the country has shrunk by 5% since 1993 and people in Russia live a shorter life now than those in 1961.Why is this occurring？Nobody is quite sure，but poor diet and above all long-time alcoholism have much to do with it.If current trends don’t bend，Russia’s population will be about the size of Yemen’s by the year 2050.
In the north of India，the population is booming due to high birth rates，but in the south，where most economic development is taking place，birth rate is falling rapidly.In a further twist，birth rate is highest in poorly educated rural areas and lowest in highly educated urban areas.In total,25% of India’s working-age population has no education.In 2030，a sixth of the country’s potential work force could be totally uneducated.
One solution is obviously to import foreign workers via immigration.As for the USA，it is almost unique among developed nations in having a population that is expected to grow by 20% from 2010—2030.Moreover，the USA has a track record of successfully accepting immigrants.As a result it’s likely to see a rise in the size of its working-age population and to witness strong economic growth over the longer term.
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5.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Online schools are becoming very popular today. Whether it is working professionals who cannot afford the time to go to a full-time college because of their huge workload or stay-at-home mums who have many duties and cannot join in a college, online schools are much enjoyed at all. And now, even regular students, who have the time to go to college, are going in for online education, as it leaves them with enough time to pursue other things, such as a part-time job or a hobby, along with studying. However, as with everything, there are both advantages and disadvantages of online schooling.
Let’s start with the positives. These schools cost much less. You don’t have to spend money on buying books or bus fees. Another advantage is the flexibility it provides. You can study at any time during the day. You can study wherever you want---in your house, at a cafe or even in a park.
Move on to the disadvantages of online schooling. Those students who always need a push from their teachers to do well, are very likely not to do well in online schools. And the greatest disadvantage going to school online is that there are many employers who prefer students with a traditional degree to those who have an online degree. The employers feel that students who go to full-time colleges are more knowledgeable compared to those who have online degrees. Since the very purpose of education is to land a person a good job, online degrees, many a time, do not serve this purpose.
No doubt that online schools offer the freedom which no regular college can provide. However how much the employers will value the degrees and whether a student can actually make his own study schedule and most importantly, stick to it, depend upon individuals( AA). So in the end, it can be rightly said, online schools are good for some, while others should give them a skip.
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答案与解析
1.【参考范文】
Facing the first job offer, satisficers probably grasp it while maximizers will likely keep waiting for a better one. Having submitted more applications than the satisficer, maximizers are more likely to have better payoff. However, despite the higher salary, maximizers are more worried about the other working opportunities they missed, so they are less happy than satisficers. (57 words)
【解析】
这是一篇概要写作，完成本题主要依赖于对文章中心内容的精准提炼和概括。
与文章保持一致，进行概要写作时应使用第三人称、一般现在时。分析原文内容，第一段是引入，且无实质内容，只是一个设问，可不进行概括。第二、三、四段主要讲了三层内容。
第一层：易于满足者比利益最大化者更容易找到工作，利益最大化者要等久一点；
第二层：然而，利益最大化者工资起薪更高；
第三层：虽然工资更高，但她们并不快乐、幸福。
据此，可以进行本篇概要写作。
【范文点评】
本篇概要写作要点全面，语言凝练，使用了现在分词作状语的表达，如Facing the first job offer和Having submitted more applications than the satisficer，同时，despite the higher salary这样的短语表达也十分出彩。
2.【参考范文】
Smart phones are playing an increasingly important role in people's life, but they are also depriving people of three basic abilities. For one thing, some people lose the ability to remember telephone numbers. Secondly, some people lose their sense of direction. Third, some people lose their social skills. Fortunately, people can reclaim these abilities by returning to the way they used to be. Most importantly, we need some time without cell phones.
【解析】
本文是一篇议论文。文章以论证的方式说明了智能手机时代给人们带来的三种能力的丧失，以及如何恢复这三种能力。
本文是一篇概要写作，要求写出文章的主题大意和要点，要写全要点，抓住重点，要使用自己比较熟悉的词汇、短语和句型，恰当使用过渡词和连接词，以使文章连贯、流畅。要尽量使用高级词汇和句型、各种从句以及非谓语动词等高级形式，以体现较高的写作水平。本文写作时人称以第三人称为主，时态采用一般现在时。
在写作时应注意把握本文文章要点：1. 智能手机在人们生活中扮演着重要角色，但也给人们带来了三种能力的丧失；2. 有人丧失了记忆电话号码的能力；3. 有人丧失了方向感；4.有人丧失了社交技能；5. 应该积极找回这些能力。有时候，我们需要一些没有手机在身边的时候。写作时应注意上下文连贯及词数要求。
【范文点评】
范文内容完整，要点全面，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系。作者在范文中使用了不少固定用法，比如：play an important role in，sense of direction等让文章增色不少。文章长短结合，错落有致，语句自然。
3.【参考范文】
Emojis have become important in communication. Since the creation in Japan in the 1990s, their number has risen so sharply that now each emotion has a corresponding emoji. They replace non-verbal languages in face-to-face communication due to its efficiency in conveying feelings while emojis can cause misunderstanding：they add color to communication, they may indicate the weakening of traditional writing.
【解析】
写作步骤
1)细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章介绍了表情符号在交流中的重要地位，历史演变过程以及表情符号的优点与它可能会造成的一些问题。
2)弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。因此一定要弄清文章结构，归纳文章各段大意。本文第一描写表情符号在如今交流中的运用；第二段描写表情符号的历史演变进程；第三、四段描写表情符号的优点；第五段描写表情符号的运用可能会产生的一些问题和缺点。
3)列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。本文中要点有三：第一，介绍表情符号的地位；第二，表情符号的历史演变；第三，表情符号的优点；第四，表情符号会造成的问题。
4)在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
(1)概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
(2)安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
(3)注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。
(4)不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
(5)计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
【范文点评】
范文内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。作者在范文中使用了较多高级表达方式，如Since the creation in Japan in the 1990s, their number has risen so sharply that now each emotion has a corresponding emoji. 运用了结果状语从句。They replace non-verbal languages in face-to-face communication due to its efficiency in conveying feelings while emojis can cause misunderstanding 运用了while表前后对比。全文中没有中国式英语的句式，显示了很高的驾驭英语的能力。另外，文章思路清晰、层次分明，上下句转换自然，为文章增色添彩。
4.【参考范文】
The impact of dropping birth rate in the 21st century may be disastrous to both developed and developing countries, resulting in lack of young work force. (要点1) This population problem facing China will greatly affect its economic growth. (要点2) The earlier death of Russians caused by people's way of life will also damage its economic future. (要点3) One solution, like America, is to increase its population through immigration, which will compensate for the decline. (要点4) (71 words)
【解析】
这是一篇概要写作题。文章要求是写一篇60词左右的文章概要。
分四个要点：第一、出生率的下降也许是灾难，因为这样会缺少劳动力。The impact of dropping birth rate in the 21st century may be disastrous to both developed and developing countries, resulting in lack of young work force. (要点1)
第二、中国要面对的这个人口问题会严重影响其经济增长。This population problem facing China will greatly affect its economic growth. (要点2)
第三、因为生活方式导致俄罗斯人早死也会导致其经济问题。The earlier death of Russians caused by people's way of life will also damage its economic future. (要点3)
第四、一个解决方案就像美国一样增加移民以增加人口数量，这会弥补人口的衰减。One solution, like America, is to increase its population through immigration, which will compensate for the decline. (要点4)
【范文点评】
使用高级句型如使用现在分词和过去分词作各种成分：...resulting in lack of young work force.作结果状语。problem facing China作定语。caused by people's way of life作death的定语。非限制性定语从句的使用：...immigration, which will compensate for the decline. (要点4)
5.【参考范文】
Nowadays online schools are enjoying great popularity by people from all walks of life. Nevertheless, they have both strengths and weaknesses.(要点1)On one hand, online schools have the low cost and freedom that regular schools can’t offer.(要点2)On the other hand, those who lack self-discipline may do badly in online schools. Worse still, many employers don’t value online degrees(要点3)In brief, how to make use of online schools varies from person to person.(要点4)(73 words)
【解析】
本文是概要写作。这是一篇说明文。文章分析了网络学校的优缺点。最后文章强调，如何使用在线学校因人而异。
本文是概要写作，要求写出文章的主题大意和要点，要写全要点，抓住重点，要使用自己比较熟悉的词汇、短语和句型，恰当使用过渡词和连接词，以使文章连贯、流畅。要尽量使用高级词汇和句型、各种从句以及非谓语动词等高级形式，以体现较高的写作水平。本文写作时人称以第三人称为主，时态采用一般现在时。概要写作示例与写作训练3
【写作示例】
【原文呈现】
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Food serves as a form of communication in two fundamental ways. Sharing bread or other foods is a common human tradition that can promote unity and trust. Food can also have a specific meaning, and play a significant role in a family or culture's celebrations or traditions. The foods we eat—and when and how we eat them—are often unique to a particular culture or may even differ between rural (农村的) and urban areas within one country.
Sharing bread, whether during a special occasion (时刻) or at the family dinner table, is a common symbol of togetherness. Many cultures also celebrate birthdays and marriages with cakes that are cut and shared among the guests. Early forms of cake were simply a kind of bread, so this tradition hits its roots in the custom of sharing bread.
Food also plays an important role in many New Year celebrations. In the southern United States, pieces of corn bread represent blocks of gold for prosperity (兴旺) in the New Year. In Greece, people share a special cake called vasilopita. A coin is put into the cake, which signifies (预示) success in the New Year for the person who receives it.
Many cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child, and food can play a significant role. In China, when a baby is one month old, families name and welcome their child in a celebration that includes giving red-colored eggs to guests. In many cultures, round foods such as grapes, bread, and moon cakes are eaten at welcome celebrations to represent family unity.
Nutrition is necessary for life, so it is not surprising that food is such an important part of different cultures around the world.
【思维路径】
[核心内容]
本文是一篇说明文，全文共分五段。第一段主要讲了食物和文化有着深刻的联系，不同的文化包含着不同的饮食传统和庆祝方式。食物通过这两种基本的方式扮演着沟通的角色。第二段以分享面包为例，说明了分享食物可以促进团结和建立信任。第三段举了两个具体的列子说明食物在庆祝新年时起的重要作用。第四段解释了食物在其他一些庆祝仪式中所扮演的角色，如新生命的诞生，家庭的团聚。第五段总结全文，俗话说，民以食为天，食物在不同文化当中的作用如此之大其实不足为奇。
[写作思路]
(1)理清文章脉络、概括段落大意。理清文章脉络、概括段落大意是写摘要的基础，同学们可以通过找主题句、分析段落的逻辑关系来梳理文章的脉络，概括大意。该文第一段的主题句是Food serves as a form of communication in two fundamental ways；第二第三段主题句是段落的首句。第四段没有明显的主题句，但是可以归纳为food plays an important role in many other ceremonies such as family unity；第五段的整一句句子是本段的主题句。
(2)确定表达要点、灵活准确表达。每段的段落大意都是我们要表达的要点，这可以确保不漏点。本文的摘要要把全文第一句作为一个要点，因为它是全文的逻辑起点。在确定表达要点后要思考如何准确灵活表达，这是难点。因为评分标准要求完全使用自己的语言。灵活表达的重要技巧是对原来的语言进行同义替换(paraphrase)，同时要对相关内容进行整合。第一段主要讲了食物作为一种沟通方式对文化起了两种基础性的作用，所以可以将第一段概括成“Food can be a way of communication in two basic ways”，是概要当中的要点1,；第二段以分享面包为例，说明了食物可以承载团圆之意，为避免照抄原文，可将原文“is a common symbol of togetherness”转换成“carry the meaning of unity”，为要点2；第三段讲到在新年之际，人们会吃一些特别的食物，比如在蛋糕中放入钱币，这其实是人们将新年的美好愿望承载于食物当中，因此可以表达成“Food bears people’s best wishes”，这一点信息是要点3；第四段是对第三段更进一步的说明，即在其他的一些庆祝仪式上，食物也充当着重要的作用，包含着特定的意义，如文中的两个例子，代表新生命的红鸡蛋和代表家庭团圆的圆形食物，概要当中可将这两点简要概括成要点4。最后一段主要强调了食物对于文化的重要作用取决于它是人类安生立命的必需品，概要中用necessity一词强调了食物的这一作用，为要点5。
[参考范文]
Food can be a way of communication in two basic ways.(要点1)Sharing bread on some special situations carries the meaning of unity. (要点2)In many New Year celebrations, food bears people’s best wishes such as success and prosperity. (要点3)Moreover, food also plays an significant part in other ceremonies such as family unity and celebrations for the new born.(要点4) As food is such a necessity, it is not surprise to know its vital role in different cultures. (要点5)(76 words)
[范文解析]
范文把要点1当中的two fundamental ways替换成two basic ways；要点2省略了文中的具体例子，用unity一词来概括了分享食物这一传统所包含的意义；要点3和要点4都旨在说明在各种庆祝仪式中食物充当的作用，要点4是要点3的补充，所以范文中用了moreover一词，表明递进。原文第三和第四段给出多个例子来支撑短首的中心句，由于受到字数的限制，范文用了几个名词性短语family unity, celebrations for new born, success and prosperity高度概括了文章所给的例子；要点5用necessity替换了原文中的形容词， 用its vital role代替such a important part，含义相同，简洁易懂。
[提炼归纳]
1. 语义转换
语义转换是新题型概要写作中很重要的一项基本技能，因为评价标准对“使用自己的语言进行观点的独立表达”有较高的要求。 范文中我们将“团结的象征symbol of togetherness”表达为“meaning of unity”，意义相同，可避免与原文重复。原文第二段和第三段都在讲食物在不同文化中承载的意义，为避免用词单一，范文先后用了carry和bear来表达“承载”的意思。
2. 要点整合
为了达到概要写作规定的字数，在准确梳理原文要点的基础上，我们需要对原文的观点进行必要的整合，可以帮助我们更简洁、有效地表达。本篇文章主要是通过论点加例子的形式进行论证的，在形成概要的过程中，例子是“茎”，论点是“秆”，论点当中的要点一个都不能少，那么相应的例子必须做到极其的简练概括，范文中family unity, celebrations for new born, success and prosperity等名词性质的短语都是对大篇幅例子的概括处理。
【写作演练】
1.阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要.
Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says, "We've gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict." By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think they're building their children's confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite. Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way that's insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents' praise has put them.
Still, don't go too far in the other direction. Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much. Kids will feel like they're not good enough or that you don't care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.
So what is the right amount of praise Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward. “We should especially recognize our children's efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal,” says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters. “One thing to remember is that it's the process not the end product that matters.”
Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. But if he's out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate(相称的)to the amount of effort your child has put into it.
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2.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Elephants can tell
It is easy for us to tell our friends from our enemies. But can other animals do the same Elephants can! They can use their sense of vision and smell to tell the difference between people who pose a threat and those who do not.
In Kenya， researchers found that elephants react differently to clothing worn by men of the Maasai and Kamba ethnic groups. Young Maasai men kill animals and thus pose a threat to elephants； Kamba men are mainly farmers and are not a danger to elephants.
In an experiment conducted by animal scientists， elephants were first presented with clean clothing or clothing that had been worn for five days by either a Maasai or a Kamba man. When the elephants recognized the smell of clothing worn by a Maasai man， they moved away from the smell faster and took longer to relax than when they recognized the smells of either clothing worn by a Kamba man or clothing that had not been worn at all.
Clothing color also plays a role， though in a different way. In the same study， when the elephants saw red clothing not worn before， they reacted angrily， as red is typically worn by Maasai men. Rather than running away as they did with the smell， the elephants acted aggressively(攻击性地) toward the red clothing.
The researchers believe that the elephants’ emotional reactions are because of their different understanding of the smells and the sights. Smelling a potential danger means that a threat is nearby and the best thing to do is run away and hide. Seeing a potential threat without its smell means that risk is low. Therefor， instead of showing fear and running away， the elephants express their anger and become aggressive.
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3.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Why is America's Milk Industry in so much trouble
For much of The 20th century, milk was a simple part of daily life in the U. S. , as farmers raised cows, milkmen delivered bottles and children drank it at school. But those days are fading—a fact emphasized by the announcement on Jan. 5 by Borden Dairy, a milk processor, that it is filing for bankruptcy protection. Borden, which said it was impacted by “market challenges facing the dairy industry,” follows Dean Foods, America's largest milk producer, which filed for bankruptcy protection in November.
America has fallen out of love with drinking milk and people are substituting water bottles for milk cartons. The downturn has been tough on dairy processors like Borden and Dean, which buy fresh milk from farms and use techniques like pasteurization(加热杀菌法) to create a consumer-safe beverage with a longer shelf life. For the past five years, thanks to technology that increased milk production, fresh-milk prices were relatively low. But prices began ticking up again last year, squeezing the processors' already tight margins. “Declining sales in a thin﹣margin business is not a good recipe for success,” says Mark Stephenson, director of dairy policy analysis at the University of Wisconsin. (Americans are still eating cheese, butter and ice cream, but fluid-milk processors such as Dean and Borden aren't big players in those businesses.)
Milk processors are also facing competition from big retailers, which have set up their own processing plants. In 2018, Walmart opened a milk﹣processing plant in Indiana to serve hundreds of stores in the Midwest, taking away approximately 95 million gal. of milk﹣processing business from Dean Foods.
On the other end of the supply chain, dairy farms are facing trouble of their own. The low prices that were a benefit to processors left small farmers struggling across the industry. The number of Chapter 12 farm bankruptcies in 2019 was up 24% from the previous year. “We're trying our best to hang on,” says Mary Rieckmann, a dairy farmer in Wisconsin whose family has turned to GoFundMe to keep their century﹣old farm running.
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4.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
On November 18, 1995, Itzhak Perlman, the world famous violinist, came on stage to give a concert at Lincoln Centre in New York City. If you have ever been to a Perlman's concert, you know that getting on stage is not easy for him. He got polio(小儿麻痹症) as a child, and has to walk with the aid of two crutches(拐杖) now.
That night Perlman walked slowly to his chair. Then he sat down and began to play. But, suddenly, one of the strings on his violin broke, You could hear it break—it broke with a loud noise. People thought to themselves, "He will have to get up to either find another violin or find another string for this one. " But he didn't. Instead, he waited a moment, closed his eyes and then signaled the conductor to begin again. The orchestra began, and he played from where he had stopped. He played with such passion and such power. Of course, everyone knows that it is impossible to play a symphonic work with just three strings. But that night Itzhak Perlman refused to know that. You could see him changing and recomposing the piece in his head
When he finished, there was a silence in the room. Then people rose and cheered. We were all on our feet, doing everything we could to show how much we appreciated what he had done. He smiled and then he said in a quiet tone, "You know, sometimes it is the artist's task to find out how much music you can make with what you have left.”
His words have stayed in my mind ever since I heard them. That is also the way of life. Perhaps our task in this quickly changing world in which we live is to make music, at first with all that we have, and then, when that is no longer possible, to make music with what we have left.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
If you haven’t seen or heard anything about Road Rage (路怒) in the last few months, you’ve probably been avoiding the media. There have been countless stories about this new and scary phenomenon, considered a type of aggressive driving. You’ve most likely encountered aggressive driving or Road Rage recently if you drive.
Why is this phenomenon occurring more than ever now and why is it something that seemed almost nonexistent a few short years ago Experts have certain theories and all are probably partially correct. One suggestion is overcrowding. In the last decade, the number of the cars on the roads has increased by more than 11 percent, and the number of miles driven has increased by 35 percent. However, the number of new road miles has only increased by 1 percent. That means more cars in the same amount of space; and the problem is even serious in urban areas. Also, people have less time and more things to do. With people working and trying to fit extra chores and activities into the day, street levels have never been higher. Stress creates anxiety, which leads to short tempers. These factors, when combined in certain situations, can cause Road Rage.
You may think you are the last person who would drive aggressively, but you might be surprised. For instance, have you ever yelled out loud at a slower driver, sounded the horn long and hard at another car, or sped up to keep another driver from passing If you recognize yourself in any of these situations, watch out!
Whether you are getting angry at other drivers, or another driver is visibly upset with you, there are things you can do to avoid any major conflict. If you are easily influenced to Road Rage, the key is to discharge your emotion in a healthy way. If you are the target of another driver’s rage, do everything possible to get away from the other driver safely, including avoiding eye contact and getting out of their way.
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答案与解析
1.【参考范文1】
Parents tend to go to extremes when it comes to pausing their kids. However, too much or too latte praise can be equally damaging. When giving praise, parents should be sincere and concentrate on the process instead of the result. Similarly, they ought to give praise for how much effort their kids have invested in the work.
【参考范文2】
Parents believe praising can help raise children's confidence, but too much praise may result in the opposite effect. Yet, too little praise can discourage them. According to some experts, it is the quality of praise rather than quantity that matters, which shows parents' sincerity and concentration on the process. Meanwhile, kids do deserve praise if they strive to do their duty. Anyway, the amount of praise depends on their performance.
【解析】
本文是概要写作。我们需要用正确的英语把给出的要点表达出来。动笔前，一定要认真分析要点，理解要点要表达的含义，不能遗漏要点，跑题偏题。本作文中给出的要点比较具体，故需要准确表达。文章第一段主要讲述在教育孩子方面，父母们走向另一个极端；第二段讲述过多的批评也是不合适的；第三段讲述专家说，重要的是表扬的质量而不是数量，这表明了父母对这个过程的诚意和专注。第四段讲述表扬的数量取决于他们的表现。写作时注意准确运用时态，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系，尽量使用自己熟悉的单词句式，同时也要注意使用高级词汇和高级句型使文章显得更有档次。特别注意在选择句式时要赋予变化。平时除了加强词汇积累，写作联系以外，还可以适当记忆一些类似的范文，这样在考试中可以起到事半功倍的效果。
【范文点评】
高级句型：
1. Currently, contrary to what people did in the past, many parents think highly of their kids too often. 译文：目前，与过去的做法相反，许多父母过于高度评价自己的孩子。
分析：what引导宾语从句。
2. It is said that what matters is not the quantity but the quality of praise.
译文：据说重要的不是表扬数量，而是表扬质量。
分析：使用It is said that 据说，what引导主语从句。
2.【参考范文】
Studies have shown that elephants can use their sight and smell to distinguish between those who pose a threat and those who do not. In Kenya, researchers have found that elephants respond differently to clothing worn by masai and Kamba people. The color of clothes also plays a role, albeit in a different way. The researchers believe that elephants' emotional response is due to their different interpretations of smells and sights.
【解析】
这是一篇概要写作。
写作步骤
1)细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章主要说明了研究表明大象可以用它们的视觉和嗅觉来区分那些构成威胁的人和那些没有构成威胁的人。在肯尼亚，研究人员发现大象对马赛人和坎巴人穿的衣服反应不同。衣服的颜色也有一定的作用，虽然方式不同。研究人员认为，大象的情绪反应是因为它们对气味和景象的理解不同。
2)弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。因此一定要弄清文章结构，归纳文章各段大意。
3)列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4)在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
(1)概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
(2)安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
(3)注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。
(4)不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
(5)计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
【范文点评】
本文描写详略得当，使用了高级词汇和高级句子。如：Studies have shown that elephants can use their sight and smell to distinguish between those who pose a threat and those who do not. 宾语从句和定语从句的运用；The researchers believe that elephants' emotional response is due to their different interpretations of smells and sights. 宾语从句的运用等高级句式。
3. 【参考范文】
American dairy industry is facing challenges as the consumers switch from milk to other panies that process milk now have lower margins, making it hard to sustain the business. Big retailers who have their own milk﹣processing plants also take business away from dairy companies. Farmers who sell fresh milk for low prices now struggle to hang on.
【解析】
写作步骤
1)细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章主要说明了随着消费者从牛奶转向其他饮料，美国乳制品行业正面临挑战。牛奶加工企业现在的利润率较低，很难维持这项业务。大型零售商有自己的牛奶加工工厂也从乳制品公司拿走生意。那些以低价出售鲜奶的农民现在都在为维持生计而挣扎。
2)弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。因此一定要弄清文章结构，归纳文章各段大意。
3)列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
【范文点评】
本文描写详略得当，使用了高级词汇和高级句子。如：switch from，beverages，make it hard to do sth.等高级词汇；Companies that process milk now have lower margins, making it hard to sustain the business.运用现在分词作结果状语；Farmers who sell fresh milk for low prices now struggle to hang on.运用定语从句等高级句式。
4.【参考范文】
As a polio victim since his childhood, Itzhak Perlman always faced challenges bravely. (要点1) One night while Perlman, a world famous violinist, was performing at a concert, one string on his violin broke. (要点2) Instead of changing the violin or the string, he continued playing recomposed music with three strings, which won him the audience’s admiration. (要点3) He set a good example for us to live life to the fullest with what we have. (要点4)
【解析】
写作步骤
1)细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章主要讲述了伊扎克·帕尔曼自幼患小儿麻痹症，他总是勇敢地面对挑战。一天晚上，世界著名的小提琴家帕尔曼在音乐会上演奏时，他的小提琴的一根弦断了。他没有更换小提琴或琴弦，而是继续用三根琴弦演奏重新谱写的乐曲，赢得了观众的赞赏。他为我们树立了一个好榜样，让我们充分利用我们所拥有的生活。
2)弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。因此一定要弄清文章结构，归纳文章各段大意。
3)列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
【范文点评】
本文描写详略得当，使用了高级词汇和高级句子。如：victim，Instead of，set a good example for等高级词汇；One night while Perlman, a world famous violinist, was performing at a concert, one string on his violin broke.运用了时间状语从句；Instead of changing the violin or the string, he continued playing recomposed music with three strings, which won him the audience’s admiration.运用了非限制性定语从句等高级句式。
5.参考范文】
Road Rage has received much attention in the past few months.(要点1)Experts put forward some partially correct theories that can result in Road Rage.(要点2)It may be surprising to find that every one of us can be a Road Rage driver.(要点3)Fortunately, there are some reasonable ways for you to get out of Road Rage when you are annoyed with other drivers or another driver is in rage, such as avoiding eye contact, getting out of the way and so on.(要点4)
【解析】
这是—篇概要写作。文章讲述的是路怒现象，路怒产生的原因及给予读者的一些避免路怒的建议。
写作步骤
1. 细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章第一段阐述了在过去的几个月里，公路暴怒受到了广泛的关注。第二段阐述了专家们提出了一些可能导致路怒症的部分正确理论。第三段阐述了令人惊讶的是，我们每个人都可能成为路怒症司机。最后一段阐述了幸运的是，当你对其他司机生气或其他司机生气时，有一些合理的方法可以让你摆脱“路怒症”，比如避免眼神接触，让道等等。
2. 弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。因此一定要弄清文章结构，归纳文章各段大意。
3. 列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
【范文点评】
本文描写详略得当，使用了高级词汇和高级句子。如: put forward , result in , get out of等高级词汇; Experts put forward some partially correct theories that can result in Road Rage.定语从句等高级句式。全文中没有中国式英语的句式，显示了很高的驾驭英语的能力。另外，文章思路清晰、层次分明，上下句转换自然，为文章增色添彩。概要写作示例与写作训练9
【写作示例】
【原文呈现】
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Studies have shown that children from poor families have more difficulty in school than other boys and girls. Children with higher socioeconomic roots seem better prepared and perform better on school tests.
Now, American researchers may have found a biological reason for that difference. They found differences in the brains of students who had low standardized test scores. Their brains had less gray matter and their temporal lobes(颞叶) developed more slowly than the other children. The findings were reported in the journal JAMA Pediatrics. Temporal lobes and gray matter are very important brain areas, says researcher Barbara Wolfe. The brain areas are “critical in the sense that they keep developing until individuals are well into their adolescence or early 20s, and critical in the sense that they are important for executive function,” she said.
Researchers studied brain images of nearly 400 children and young adults. The youngest subjects were four years old. The oldest were 22. Researchers looked for a connection between the person’s socioeconomic status and his or her test results. On average, young people from poor families had test scores between three and four points below what is expected for their age group. The poorest students scored between eight and 10 points below the developmental norm.
Ms. Wolfe says there are several reasons why poorer students often have lower scores. One reason could be poor children do not get the food they need for healthy development. Poor parents are less likely to stimulate their children’ s brains through talk, play, and activities. Ms. Wolfe also blames the “stress that parents face in trying to deal with poverty, putting food on the table.” The researchers say that up to 20 percent of the achievement gap, or difference in test performance, could be tied to poverty.
Ms. Wolfe suggests early action may improve the brain development of children living in poverty. Reaching out to children when they are very young could help raise their test scores and academic performance when they are older.
【思维路径】
[核心内容]
这是一篇说明文，全文共分五段。第一段提出本文的主题：据研究，贫困家庭的孩子比家庭经济条件好的孩子学业表现差。第二段介绍了导致这一差异的生理原因。第三段通过具体研究数字证明论点的可信度。第四段提出了穷学生分数低的其它几个原因。第五段是研究者对此提出的建议，即通过早期行动改善贫困儿童的大脑发育。
[写作思路]
(1)理清文章脉络、概括段落大意。理清文章脉络、概括段落大意是写摘要的基础，同学们可以通过找主题句、分析段落的逻辑关系来梳理文章的脉络，概括大意。第一段的主题句是children from poor families have more difficulty in school than other boys and girls；第二段的主题句是American reserachers may have found a biological reason for that difference；第三段的主题句是Researchers looked for a connection between the person’s socioeconomic status and his or her test results；第四段的主题句是There are several reasons why poorer students often have have lower scores；第五段的主题句式Early action may improve the brain development of children living in poverty。
(2)确定表达要点、灵活准确表达。每段的段落大意都是我们要表达的要点，这可以确保不漏点。本文的摘要要把全文第一句作为一个要点，因为它是全文的逻辑起点。在确定表达要点后要思考如何准确灵活表达，这是难点。因为评分标准要求完全使用自己的语言。灵活表达的重要技巧是对原来的语言进行同义替换(paraphrase)，同时要对相关内容进行整合。本文的摘要把全文第一句作为要点，因为它是全文的中心，也是全文的逻辑起点。根据评分标准要求，我们需要对其进行同义替换。同义替换可以从原句的结构进行分析。如本句的基本结构是more…than…，我们可以替换为less…than…, not as … as… 等。要点2在于把造成这一差异的生理原因(biological reason)说清楚，因此我们需要进行准确的概括。要点3用实验中的具体数据值佐证作者观点的真实性。因此，要点1和3具有相关性，我们可以通过调整顺序使缩写更具逻辑性。要点4是学习差异的家庭原因，由于要点2也是造成学习差异的原因，我们需要把要点2，4进行整合。要点5是专家提出的可行性建议，可用propose，advise等词替换原文中的suggest。
[参考范文]
Recently, a study reveals the link between a child’s socioeconomic background and his academic behavior(要点3), that is, poorer students usually have lower scores than those from richer families(要点1). Less gray matter in their brain may contribute to their learning disability(要点2). Besides, family pressure, food shortage and lack of stimulus also account for it(要点4). Fortunately, it is proposed that early action is likely to promote the barin development of those poor students(要点5).
[范文解析]
范文中用background替换了status, link替换了connection, poor students替换了children living in poverty。要点1,3陈述事实，要点1是要点3的进一步解释，因此用that is作为连接。要点2,4都是贫困学生成绩差的原因，要点2是生理原因，要点4是家庭原因，中间用besides连接，表示补充说明。要点5是建议，用fortunately表示这是一个好消息。五个要点以事实、原因、建议的内在逻辑重新组合，使之结构清晰、简洁明了。
[提炼归纳]
1. 语义转换
语义转换是新题型概要写作中很重要的一项基本技能，因为评价标准对“使用自己的语言进行观点的独立表达”有较高的要求。语义转换即包括简单的对词汇的转换，如用connection替换了link，把stress改为pressure等。语义转换也包括对结构的转换，如把Early action may improve the brain development of children living in poverty转换为The brain development of those who suffer from poverty is likely to be realised through early action等。这样做可以避免重复原文内容，使语言表达更加多样化。
2. 要点整合
为了达到概要写作规定的字数，在准确梳理原文要点的基础上，我们需要对原文的观点进行必要的整合，可以帮助我们更简洁、有效地表达。范文中，没有根据文章原有顺序进行缩写，而是根据其内在的联系进行了要点整合。根据原文，要点1和要点3都是陈述事实，因此把这两点整合在一起。要点2和要点4都是贫困学生成绩差的原因，因此也进行了整合。通过调整顺序和结构，使得范文按照事实、原因、建议的内在逻辑重新组合，从而达到了结构清晰、语言简洁的效果。
【写作演练】
1.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
CLEAN UP YOUR BUTTS AND BAGS
All sorts of items become litter, but two of the most common and most dangerous are cigarette butts and plastic bags. Litter is a big problem for our environment, but it is a problem that individuals can easily do something about. Not littering at all or cleaning up litter, such as cigarette butts and plastic bags, greatly improves the quality of our environment.
Although cigarette butts are small, they are bad for the environment. Over 1,600 billion cigarettes are smoked each year in China and large quantities of the butts are thrown away. Worldwide, about 4.5 trillion butts are littered every year. Apart from the fact that butts spoil the beauty of the environment, they contain some very toxic chemicals. These find their way into the water supply where they decrease the quality of the water and endanger plants and animals that live there. Because there are so many butts and because they can take up to 5 years to break down, the toxic chemicals add up to a large amount. So, if people have to smoke, they should not throw away the butts but put them in the rubbish bin instead.
Plastic bags are another common form of litter that is a danger to the environment. There are several reasons for this. They are made from oil and gas, which are non-renewable resources, if they are not recycled, these resources are lost to us. In China, 2 billion plastic bags are used every day. An enormous number of these become litter. This is a huge problem because they last from 20 to 1,000 years in the environment. They float easily in air and water and travel long distances. They find their way to rivers, parks, beaches and oceans. Plastic bags kill up to one million seabirds, 100,000 sea mammals and countless fish each year worldwide. When the animal dies and breaks down, the plastic bag can become free again to kill another animal. It is up to people not to let plastic bags become litter. It would be better if they used fewer and recycled them.
Cleaning up your cigarette butts and plastic bags would improve the environment. The earth would be a better place because it would be less polluted. And we would know that we were doing something to look after our planet. However, I believe the best solution would be not to smoke or use plastic bags at all.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people think that craft (手艺) no longer exists. One of the ways these people wrongly support their view is by pointing to 100-year-old homes which are still solid, and arguing that it is the craftsmanship that is responsible for their durability (持久性). “Homes in those days were well-built,” they say. There is no doubt that these homes were well-built, but what these people have done is mix up the quality of material used in the house with the quality of the craftsmanship.
Homes today could be built to last just as long as those old homes if people were willing or able to pay the price. For example, more people can no longer afford solid oak stairways, although they were once fairly common in older homes. Nor can they afford the high labor cost of employing a carpenter to build the stairway. Yet if someone can pay the high cost, there are still plenty of carpenters around able to make those stairways. And not only would these carpenters know how to build them, they would probably do a better job than carpenters of old.
One thing the modern carpenter has which enables him to do a better job is much more advanced tools. Such tools as laser beams and power planes help them lay out a house better and make more precision cuts (精确切割) on the wood. Also, it is not uncommon any more to find carpenters with college degrees and carpenters with a solid knowledge of mathematics, which would enable them to deal with more difficult house designs.
The problem of modern quality, then, really boils down to the problem of material, for the modern carpenter is just as able to produce craftsmanship as the carpenter of fifty years ago, but only if given proper material.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Getting up early has been regarded as a good habit since ancient times. Many years ago, people thought that if we went to bed early and got up early, we would be energetic the whole day. So, getting up early is of great importance to us all.
In fact, morning is the best time of a day. In the morning, the air is the freshest and people are usually in the best condition. Many of us may have the experiences that we memorize some things more quickly and correctly in the morning than at any other time of the day. And it is certain that we find it easier to understand what we learn in the morning. If we get up early and do some morning exercise or only take a short walk in the morning, without doubt we can build up our bodies and become much healthier. Also we will have enough time to make a plan and get ready for our work or study of the day if we get up early. For example, if everyone in the family gets up early, wives will have enough time to prepare the breakfast for the whole family; children will have enough time to catch the school bus, and husbands will never forget to change their dirty shirt. Everything will be in order. However, if we get up late, we’ll probably have to do everything in a hurry.
Let us remember getting up early is a good habit and try our best to keep it. Late risers may find it difficult to form the habit of getting up early. They have to make an effort to do so. If we stick to getting up early every day, we will certainly benefit a lot from it.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4.阅读短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
The way of Chinese people’s life has been changed through the China’s “New Four Great Inventions”. What are “New Four Great Inventions” They are High-speed rail, Shared bike, Online shopping and AliPay.
What did the China’s “New Four Great Inventions” bring to us
High-speed rail—Modern transportation makes everybody neighbors. The invention of the high-speed railway makes it easy to thousands of miles a day. Today China’s rail transit technology is the best, the China’s daily average of 4, 000 trains, sending about 4.6 million passengers.
Shared bike—Short walks become more convenient and faster, and carbon missions are reduced, which is friendly to the environment. You can download the APP about shared bikes, pay some money, then you can use bicycles everywhere in the street. The Chinese shared bicycle programs have been becoming more and more popular.
Online shopping—Don’t need to go out to find the needs for living. Online shopping, as the name implies, is to pay money online. Purchases(购买物) can be sent home. China has 751 million internet users, 724 million mobile phone users; total transactions (销售额) on November 11 and December 12 hit a record high every year. Online shopping lets Chinese internet users enjoy “shopping carnival” every day.
Alipay—A software which can replace cash payment. With intelligence phones’ popularization, AliPay has become an indispensable (不可或缺的) APP. Through scanning the “QR code”, AliPay wants to realize the ambition of “replacing cash payments” gradually. On 11 November 2018, both the mobile payment account and the transaction reached 213.5 billion.
There is no doubt that China has already used its own power of “New Four Great Inventions” to become the great powerful technological country, showing the power of China once again.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
When the pandemic started, some people were wondering if the internet could stand up to the rise in demand. The answer is not only a clear “yes” but this whole period made it even stronger.
How would our world survive without Internet in pandemic situation The answer is simple: differently but not better or worse. We know that the internet available is changing a lot of things. Thanks to it, people were able to keep on working from their home, others were able to keep contact with their loved ones and friends and most found their entertainment relief through it. Had it not ever existed, people would have stayed at home and enjoyed their family or created more since they would have had more time on their hands.
But in today’s world, the internet has become the one link that unites us all. It is the reason why people were able to forget for minutes and hours at a time through the use of Internet. It is the reason why so many companies will survive and most probably grow stronger afterwards, since they were able to plan through Skype and Zoom. It is the reason why lovers did not fall into full depression, having to live away from their partner for a few months, since they were at least able to talk and see each other while sharing moments of their lives. There cannot be any doubts anymore: The internet is the one link that unites us all.
In the first three months of this year, internet use has grown by 25% in most major cities around the world. This number is reflected in the use of various applications and websites. One of the clearest jumps up is the use of video calls. This should not be surprising since it is used both for business and for personal purposes. PC Game stores have also seen a huge increase in their sales during this period. A bit more surprising maybe, is the increase of online grocery stores usage as the stores were breaking down under the demand.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
答案与解析
1.【参考范文】
Cigarette butts and plastic bags are the most serious litter problems, but people can help deal with them. Cigarette butts, which destroy the beautiful environment and endanger life with poisonous chemicals, should be put into dustbins. Plastic bags, made from non-renewable resources, can exist in different places for a long time, killing countless animals. So people had better use fewer and recycle them. Cleaning up butts and bags will make the world better.
【解析】
本篇书面表达是概要写作，要求概括烟头和塑料袋对环境的危害，并呼吁清理烟头或者不吸烟，不使用塑料袋。注意篇幅控制在60词左右。
写之前，需要认真仔细地读几遍原文材料，掌握文章主旨。本文主要说明了香烟和塑料袋对环境有害并分别解释了原因，最后呼吁为了改善环境，我们应该清理烟头或者不吸烟，不使用塑料袋。遵循原文的逻辑顺序，弄清结构，对重要部分的主题、标题、细节进行概括，全面清晰地表明原文信息。注意要点之间的衔接，要使用适当的关联词语贯通全文。切忌只写一些简单的互不相干的句子。不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话表述，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换或者结构上的转换。
2.【参考范文】
People who think highly of carpenters of ancient hold the view that craft is dead in modern society (要点1). However, carpenters today can still build homes of good or even better quality if they are given proper materials and reasonable pay. (要点2)Additionally, modern carpenters are more knowledgeable and equipped with advanced tools.(要点3) Therefore, they are sure to produce craftsmanship better than, or at least as good as that made in the past. (要点4)
【解析】
这是一篇概要写作，要求考生根据所给关于木匠的内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
完成一篇概要写作，需要经过三个步骤：
1.读懂原文，抓住段落主题句。在阅读过程中，需要准确把握文章的段落大意，学会剔除非重要信息，弄清楚不同体裁的文章内部的逻辑关系以及文章的篇章结构。如本文是属于议论文，议论的段落结构多采用总分结构，即作者先提出一个论点，然后段落其他的拓展句都是围绕这个论点进行展开。如第一段的最后一句“There is no doubt that these homes were well-built, but what these people have done is mix up the quality of material used in the house with the quality of the craftsmanship.”作者先提出了很多人把建筑材料的质量与手工艺的质量混为一谈，中间论述，最后总结现代木匠可以比之前的老木匠做得一样好甚至更好。
2.组织语言，转换表达，合理合并观点。在找到主题句明确全文中心的基础上，不全盘照抄原文句子，尽量用自己的语言转换表达，组织好语言，注重语言表达的独立性和准确性以及高级性，同时要注意篇幅的比例安排，用较多的文字去表达重要的内容。如本文的第二段主题句“Homes today could be built to last just as long as those old homes if people were willing or able to pay the price.”和最后一段的主题句“The problem of modern quality, then, really boils down to the problem of material”可以转换合并为“carpenters today can still build homes of good or even better quality if they are given proper materials and reasonable pay.”
3.通读全文，逻辑连贯。要牢记各段落要点之间的逻辑关系和自然衔接，用恰当的关联词，衔接词去连贯全文，如本文在转折时用了however作为衔接词，最后做总结的时候用了therefore。
3.【参考范文】
Great importance has been attached to getting up early since ancient times. (早起的重要性)(要点1) To begin with, morning is a fantastic time to enjoy the freshest air and have a more accurate memory. (对记忆的好处) (要点2)In addition, people who stick to physical exercise in the morning will be healthier. (锻炼)(要点三) Last but not least, getting up early enables us to make good preparations for the day. (做好一天的准备)(要点4)To sum up, we are supposed to stick to the good habit , which will benefit us a lot .(建议)(要点5)
【解析】
本文是一篇概要写作。文章告诉我们早起的重要性，会对我们的记忆带来好处，也能够更好的做好一天的准备。
本文是一篇概要写作，要求写出文章的主题大意和要点，要写全要点，抓住重点，要使用自己比较熟悉的词汇、短语和句型，恰当使用过渡词和连接词，以使文章连贯、流畅。要尽量使用高级词汇和句型、各种从句以及非谓语动词等高级形式，以体现较高的写作水平。本文写作时时态采用一般现在时。
在写作时应注意把握本文文章要点：1.早起的重要性；2.早起对于记忆有很大的帮助；3.可以在早晨进行晨练，增强身体素质；4.可以为一天做好准备。写作时应注意上下文连贯及词数要求。
4.【参考范文】
China’s new “Four Great Inventions”— High-speed rail, Shared bike, Online shopping and AliPay have changed Chinese people’s life(要点1). High-speed rail makes trips faster than before(要点2). Meanwhile, Shared bike lets the short walks become faster, more convenient and environmentally friendly(要点3). Online shopping creates many business opportunities on the internet and Alipay will gradually replace cash payment(要点3, 4). Without doubt, new four inventions contribute to a great and powerful technological China(要点5).(68字)
【解析】
文章的主要结构为总-分-总。主要讲中国的新“四大发明”改变了中国人的生活方式，现实了中国的力量。符合概要写作常规出题思路。
第一段讲述了中国的新“四大发明”是什么及它们改变了中国人的生活方式，可以用到的词汇有：new “Four Great Inventions”，changed，life style等。第三段讲述高铁使得旅行更快速、方便，可以用到的词汇有：trips，faster等。第四段讲述共享单车让短途旅行更方便快捷，并对环境更友好，可以用到的词汇有：short walks，faster, more convenient，environmentally friendly等。第五段讲述网上购物创造了更多的商机，可以用到的词汇有：business opportunities等。第六段讲述支付宝正逐步替代现金，可以用到的词汇有：replace，cash等。第七段讲述新“四大发明”显示了中国的科技力量，可以用到的词汇有：contribute to，powerful technological等。
【范文点评】
[高分句型1]
Bike-sharing is a convenient, environmentally friendly way for short walks. 共享单车对于短距离旅行是一种方便、环保的方式。environmentally friendly对环境友好的。
[高分句型2]
Alipay is launching China into a cashless society. 支付宝正把中国推向一个无现金社会。cashless无现金的，launch…into…推……进入……。
5.【参考范文】
The internet supports the rising demand and grew stronger confronting the pandemic. The life without internet would be then different but not better or worse since internet offers ease to work and connection but steals personal time. Nowadays the internet connects us all so that people forget about time and distance and companies maintain growth. In the first quarter of 2020, internet use has surged worldwide in terms of video calls, PC games and even online grocery stores.
【解析】
这是一篇概要写作题型。要求考生根据短文写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
完成一篇概要写作，需要经过三个步骤：
1.读懂原文，抓住段落主题句。在阅读过程中，需要准确把握文章的段落大意，学会剔除非重要信息，弄清楚不同体裁的文章内部的逻辑关系以及文章的篇章结构。如本文是属于说明文，说明文的段落结构多采用总分结构，即作者先提出一个说明的主题，然后段落其他的拓展句都是围绕这个主题句进行展开。如第二段的第一句和第二句“How would our world survive without Internet in pandemic situation The answer is simple: differently but not better or worse.”表示的是我们的世界是如何在疫情之中缺少因特网的情况下生存的呢？答案很简单：不同地但是没有好坏。这是本段的主题句，紧接着其他拓展句就有无因特网的不同生活进行说明。
2.组织语言，转换表达。在找到主题句明确全文中心的基础上，不全盘照抄原文句子，尽量用自己的语言转换表达，组织好语言，注重语言表达的独立性和准确性以及高级性，同时要注意篇幅的比例安排，用较多的文字去表达重要的内容。如本文的第二段主题句是“How would our world survive without Internet in pandemic situation The answer is simple: differently but not better or worse.”，可以转换为“The life without internet would be different but not better or worse.”
3.通读全文，逻辑连贯。要牢记各段落要点之间的逻辑关系和自然衔接，用恰当的关联词，衔接词去连贯全文。概要写作示例与写作训练4
【写作示例】
【原文呈现】
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Trina Lucido creates coloring books and inspirations are all around her. “One day I saw a beautiful leaf and bloom. I did a whole page with leaves. So, some came from sketchbooks. Some were just one-word inspiration, and some I just saw something on the ground and that was my inspiration that day.”
Her latest just called Color, Write and Create, a coloring journal. It contains 40 pages of hand-sketched drawings and lines to write on. “The idea behind this book is a big idea which to encourage people to be creative. Something else that I heard from people: They are buying these for people who are either ill or going through a rough time. And they feel that this is something that kind of helps them, almost therapeutic(治疗的).”
Adults coloring books is a big business. In December, five of the top 10 best-selling books in the US were coloring books. Color, Write and Create is the latest addition to Lucido’s product line that started twenty years ago with handmade greeting cards. “It’s a diary and a sketchbook only once called art journal.” Over the years, she’s created a variety of collectables made of paper, fabric and antique materials. “Everything you do is sort of vantage flare to it.” Business and marketing expert Hillary Tattersall says adults coloring books are an important way for Lucido to grow her online business, Jubilee Flea, and hopefully move toward mass productions. So many of her products that I personally have sold and represented with Trina over the years have been one of kind. To have a commercial success, you need hundreds and hundreds and hopefully thousands and thousands and tens of thousands.”
Lucido’s adults coloring books are also available in local stores where grown-ups are more than happy to sit down and go to work. “It’s very relaxing. Any stress just sort of falls away. It frees your mind. I love her little birds. There is just something about them. They make me smile. So I’m saving the bird pictures to the very end I think.” For now, there is strong demand for adult coloring books and that keeps Lucido happy and busy.
【思维路径】
[核心内容]
本文是一篇记叙文，全文共分四段。第一段介绍了成人涂色书的创始人Trina Lucido及其创作灵感。第二段介绍了她的最新涂色书Color, Write and Create及其理念。第三段主要讲述Lucido的成人涂色书蕴含无限商机。第四段内容为Lucido的涂色书的良好市场反响。
[写作思路]
(1)理清文章脉络、概括段落大意。理清文章脉络、概括段落大意是写摘要的基础，同学们可以通过找主题句、分析段落的逻辑关系来梳理文章的脉络，概括大意。本文第一段的中心句是Trina Lucido creates coloring books and inspirations are all around her. 第二段的主题句是第一句Her latest just called Color, Write and Create, a coloring journal. 第三段的中心句是Adults coloring books is a big business. 第四段的中心句是For now, there is strong demand for adult coloring books and that keeps Lucido happy and busy.
(2)确定表达要点、灵活准确表达。每段的段落大意都是我们要表达的要点，这可以确保不漏点。本文的摘要要把全文第一句作为一个要点，因为它是全文的逻辑起点。在确定表达要点后要思考如何准确灵活表达，这是难点。因为评分标准要求完全使用自己的语言。灵活表达的重要技巧是对原来的语言进行同义替换(paraphrase)，同时要对相关内容进行整合。要点1的表达已经很清楚，因此需要进行同义替换。要点2是介绍Lucido的新书，因此我们应该对该书的卖点进行概括介绍。要点3和要点4全面介绍Lucido的涂色书事业及顾客反响，可以整合在一起表达。
[参考范文]
Trina Lucido is the creator of adult coloring books, whose inspirations stem from daily life(要点1). Aiming at encouraging people’s creativity, her latest book Color, Write and Create serves as a comfort to the tough life(要点2). Due to the unique features she sticks to, her coloring books get positive feedbacks and are growing in popularity now, which in return leads to the boom of her career(要点3,4).
[范文解析]
要点1用the creator of adult coloring books替换了… creates coloring books，whose inspirations stem from daily life替换了原文中的inspirations are all around her。要点2用aiming at encouraging people’s creativity代替了The idea behind this book is a big idea which to encourage people to be creative。要点4中There is strong demand for adult coloring books用Her coloring books are growing in popularity now替换。要点3和要点4根据内容和其内在逻辑进行了合理的整合，使句子的表达更加简洁。原文中的读者反馈 —— It’s very relaxing. Any stress just sort of falls away. It frees your mind等直接用positive feedbacks进行概括。要点3即Adults coloring books is a big business. 其实是作者涂色书的独具一格以及良好读者反响产生的结果，因此根据其逻辑关系整合在了一个句子中，并用which in return leads to her career’s boom进行概括。
[提炼归纳]
1. 语义转换
语义转换是新题型概要写作中很重要的一项基本技能，因为评价标准对“使用自己的语言进行观点的独立表达”有较高的要求。语义转换可以是简单的单词替换，同义短语替换，词性转换，也可以是句型转换。如要点1中使用的方法是词性转换，原文中用的是动词create，范文中用名词the creator进行了替换。范文中whose inspirations stem from daily life替换了原文中的inspirations are all around her，此处属于句式转换。要点2用aiming at encouraging people’s creativity代替了The idea behind this book is a big idea which to encourage people to be creative，也是属于句式替换。句式转换还包括把要点4的原句There is strong demand for adult coloring books用Her coloring books are growing in popularity now替换。通过不同方式的语义替换可以避免重复原文内容，使范文表达更加多样化。
2. 要点整合
为了达到概要写作规定的字数，在准确梳理原文要点的基础上，我们需要对原文的观点进行必要的整合，可以帮助我们更简洁、有效地表达。范文的呈现就是一个很好的例子。第一句是介绍人，第二句介绍书，第三句介绍其事业发展现状并展望未来。其中，第三句对要点3和要点4进行了合理的整合，使句子的表达更加简洁，结构更加具有逻辑性。要点3是作者涂色书在读者中的良好反响，要点4是作者的涂色书事业大有潜力，两者具备因果关系，因此范文根据其内在逻辑进行了整合。
【写作演练】
1.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
In our modern world, when something wears out, we throw it away and buy a new one. The problem is that countries around the world have growing mountains of rubbish because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before, which, of course, raises the public’s concern of our living environment.
How do the society become a throwaway one First of all, it is now easier to replace an object than to spend time and money repairing it. Thanks to modern technology, companies are able to produce products quickly and inexpensively. Products are plentiful and cheap, and it’s more convenient to get them delivered nowadays.
Another course is our love of disposable (一次性的) products. As busy people, we are always looking for ways to save time and make our lives panies produce thousands of different kinds of disposable products: paper plates, plastic cups and cameras, to name a few. It seems that disposable products have become a common part of our life.
Longing for new products also leads to the problem. We are used to buying new things and are always talked into buying something we don’t need. Advertisements persuade us that newer is better and that we will be happier with the latest products. The result is that we throw away useful belongings to make room for new ones. To decrease the amount of rubbish and to protect the environment, more governments are requiring people to recycle materials. However, this is not enough to solve our problem. Maybe there is another way out. We need to repair our belongings instead of throwing them away, we also need to rethink our attitudes towards spending. Repairing our belongings and changing our spending habits may be the best way to reduce the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment.
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2.阅读下面短文, 根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
There are many resources for people who are interested in volunteer tourism, but the best way to find these chances is to discover an organization you particularly want to work with. A simple Internet search for “volunteer tourism” will bring you many websites that offer this kind of travel experience. It is therefore important to research an organization before signing up to travel to a distant corner of the earth to become a volunteer. Many people rely on other organizations they know and trust them to do research for them. Many people sign up for volunteer tourism chances provided by their schools.
Before you choose a volunteer tourism trip, it is important to get a clear picture of how much money the trip will cost. It is also important to understand the kind of work that will be required of the volunteers, because not everyone is up to the challenge of spending many days doing heavy work. Any website can put up quotes from former volunteers that may not be true. If an organization offering volunteer tourism has an office in your city, take a trip to the office and speak with the people working there as this will help to get a better understanding of the financial and physical commitments (承诺) that volunteers must make.
It is also important to consider what kind of volunteer work you want to do. There are organizations that focus on volunteer chances for people who want to work on community building, others for people who want to volunteer in the field of education, and others still for people who have medical training and are willing to share their skills. There are also a number of volunteer tourism chances for people who want to help those in need.
Once you have found the type of volunteer work that you would like to do and created a list of volunteer tourism chances, it makes good sense to speak to former volunteers. It is a good way to choose the volunteer chance fit for you. It is also a good way to prepare for the trip and make it a success.
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3.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Our house has always been full of plant life. My mom has green thumb (园丁能手). Every summer, she transforms our backyard into a fruit and vegetable farm. For two months, our dinner plates are filled with snow peas, sweet green tomatoes and spicy peppers.
Mom puts the same care and attention into her family as she does into the houseplants and garden. I grew under the sunshine of her smile I loved spending summer afternoons digging up worms in the backyard with my mom. I listened to stories about her childhood in remote northern China. Her favorite was about how she used to get up before the sun to get to school and how the corn stalks (玉米杆), which grew twice as tall as her on both sides of the path, moved in the wind, making her scared.
This November will mark 21 years since my parents left their comfortable life in China for Canada’s cold weather. Their first years were hard. They got by in a rented basement apartment. My mom held me in her lap while she sewed wedding pared with my mom, I’ve had an easy life.
I’ve been thinking lot about my identity and how it was shaped by my mom’s influence. I might have never discovered a love for reading if she hadn’t read me a bedtime story every night or a love of music if she hadn’t taught me to play the piano. I have so much to learn, so much still to do. But thanks to my mom, I’ve got solid roots that I can draw on as I grow into my future.
My goal for university is to keep plants alive in my dorm for an entire year. My mom has been teaching me how. In September, I’ll go off to university, and these plants will sit on my dorm windowsill (窗台). They’ll stay alive because I’ll take care of them the same way that my mom took care of me. They’ll thrive, even. How could they not, when they’re supported by one (and a half) green thumbs
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4.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Why do we have deserts today Deserts have not always been here. Most deserts that we have today were once green lands full of plant life. One of today’s biggest deserts is in North Africa. However, in the 1st century BC farms in North Africa grew corn and wheat to make bread for the whole city of Rome. How did this area become desert
Both weather and people can help form a desert. Hot weather or very little rain makes the land so dry that nothing can grow. While in some regions, the increase in desert areas is occurring largely as a result of a trend toward drier climatic conditions.
Continued gradual global warming has produced an increase in aridity (干旱) for some areas over the past few thousand years. The process may be sped up in the following decades if global warming resulting from air pollution seriously increases.
The primary reason for desert formation is human activities, though. If people cut down or burn trees and plants to make land clear for farming, the wind can blow the soil away and turn the dry land into sand. Another big problem is farming on land that is not very good. This poor land can very quickly turn into desert, if it is farmed too much. One of the biggest causes, however, is when people take their animals to the same fields to feed over and over, and the fields finally lose all their nutrition. Because of these problems, deserts are slowly taking over green land in many parts of the world, including China.
However, we can fight the growing deserts! In some parts of China people are working to prevent desert from expanding. In Xinjiang, for example, some farmers are trying new scientific farming methods. These methods make it possible to use less land for crops, so farmers then can plant trees on the rest of their land!
One Xinjiang farmer used only HALF of his fields to grow the SAME amount of crops as last year. On the other half of his land, he planted fruit trees. The work of people like this is helping to fight the world’s growing deserts.
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5.阅读短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要，
Recently, Children should eat their meals and snacks at home during the outbreak of the covid-19 (新冠病毒),which means not only adding a new stress (压力)for parents (eg, a lot more cooking!), but also providing a new chance for parents to teach children cooking skills.
Helping children develop an interest in cooking when they're young can help them have the valuable life skill that they can carry into adulthood. Allowing children to help in the kitchen encourages them to learn where food comes from, and teaches them about nutrition and food safety (e.g., the importance of washing fresh produce with clean water, or hand-washing before and after helping in the kitchen). Doing so may also help children overcome picky eating by becoming more accepting of new foods. What's more, cooking and baking can be fun ways to spend time while bonding with family.
The key is finding tasks that suit children's age and ability, while still guiding and monitoring their progress. Activities that may attract a preschooler's interest in cooking include helping to wash fruits and vegetables and add toppings to a pizza. Older children can be given tasks such as measuring ingredients into cups or beating eggs. Proper cooking skills to introduce to the children aged between 8 and 10 include planning a family meal or following a simple recipe (食谱).By ages 10 to 12} once able to follow kitchen safety rules, many children can prepare more recipes, including meatballs, cookies and cupcakes.
Getting children to take part in kitchen activities may require patience as they learn. That's why it's helpful to have some extra time at home.
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答案与解析
1.【参考范文】
Nowadays, people’s throwaway lifestyle produces more rubbish than ever before. The main reasons are as follows: Firstly, to replace an object is easier than to repair it. Secondly, using disposable products becomes more and more common. Besides. People are in favor of new products, thus throwing away old ones. To solve this problem, apart from recycling materials, we should change our spending habits, repairing more rather than buying more.
【解析】
这是一篇概要写作题型。要求考生根据短文写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
完成一篇概要写作，需要经过三个步骤：
1.读懂原文，抓住段落主题句。在阅读过程中，需要准确把握文章的段落大意，学会剔除非重要信息，弄清楚不同体裁的文章内部的逻辑关系以及文章的篇章结构。如本文是属于说明文，说明文的篇章多采用总分结构，即作者先提出一个需要说明的主题或者要点，然后其他段落围绕这个主题进行展开，段落的结构布局也多采用总结结构，即作者提出本段的主题句，然后段落其他的拓展句将围绕主题句进行详细说明。如第一段的最后一句“The problem is that countries around the world have growing mountains of rubbish because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before, which, of course, raises the public’s concern of our living environment.”表示的是这个问题就是因为人们比以前扔掉更多垃圾，所以全世界的国家有堆成山的垃圾，这引起了公众对我们生存环境的担忧。这是本篇文章要说明的对象和要点，紧接着其他段落将围绕着“人们乱丢东西的现象导致垃圾增多”进行展开。
2.组织语言，转换表达。在找到主题句明确全文中心的基础上，不全盘照抄原文句子，尽量用自己的语言转换表达，组织好语言，注重语言表达的独立性和准确性以及高级性，同时要注意篇幅的比例安排，用较多的文字去表达重要的内容。如第一段的最后一句“The problem is that countries around the world have growing mountains of rubbish because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before, which, of course, raises the public’s concern of our living environment.”可以转换为“Nowadays, people’s throwaway lifestyle produces more rubbish than ever before.”
3.通读全文，逻辑连贯。要牢记各段落要点之间的逻辑关系和自然衔接，用恰当的关联词，衔接词去连贯全文。如：
1.表文章结构顺序：First of all, Firstly/First, Secondly/Second… And then, Finally, In the end, At last
2.表并列补充关系：What is more, Besides, Moreover, Furthermore, In addition As well as, not only…but (also), including,
3.表转折对比关系：However, On the contrary, but, Although+clause(从句), In spite of+n/doing, On the one hand…,On the other hand… Some…,while others…,as for, so…that…
4.表因果关系：Because, As, So, Thus, Therefore, As a result
2.【参考范文】
If you are interested in volunteer tourism, the main thing is to find an organization you want to work with. Before choosing a volunteer tourism trip, you should learn in advance how much it will cost and what kind of work it requires volunteers to do. Besides, consider seriously what type of volunteer work you prefer. Once you’ve made your decision, you'd better speak to former volunteers to prepare yourself for a successful trip.
【解析】
写作步骤
1)细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章第一段阐述了对于公益旅行感兴趣的人来说, 找到一个自己想要合作的组织很重要。第二段阐述了在选择公益旅行之前, 得清楚地了解这趟旅行的花费以及志愿者的具体工作内容。第三段阐述了认真考虑想做什么样的志愿者工作也是很重要的一件事。最后一段阐述了与以前的志愿者交谈的必要性以及意义。
2)弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。因此一定要弄清文章结构，归纳文章各段大意。
3)列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
【范文点评】
本文描写详略得当，使用了高级词汇和高级句子。如：be interested in，kind of，prepare oneself for等高级词汇；If you are interested in volunteer tourism, the main thing is to find an organization you want to work with.条件状语从句等高级句式。
3.【参考范文】
My mom is good at gardening. In addition to her plants, she takes great care of her family. Although the first years were hard for her when she moved from China to Canada, she enabled me to live an easy life. She has influenced me in many aspects. For example, she helped me develop an interest in reading and music. She helped me become who I am and who I will be.
【解析】
本文为概要写作。概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要。主要考查对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁语言概括文章重要信息的能力及对文章整体结构的把握能力。
1)细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨和结构，明确各段的大意。
2)弄清要求。概要写作是写全文概要，或者就某些问题写出要点，略去不必要的细节。
3)列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4)写作时注意要把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，再用合适的语言表述出来。概要应同原文保持协调，注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文。有时也可对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好可采用句型转换、同义词的运用、概括、主被动语态、合并句子等对文章的具体信息进行概括。此外还要计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
本文的第一段的中心句子是“. My mom has green thumb .”可改为My mom is good at gardening。第二段的中心句是“Mom puts the same care and attention into her family as she does into the houseplants and garden.”可改为she takes great care of her family。第三段中心可概括为“Although the first years were hard for her when she moved from China to Canada, she enabled me to live an easy life.”。最后两句概括为“I’ve been thinking lot about my identity and how it was shaped by my mom’s influence. For example, she helped me develop an interest in reading and music. She helped me become who I am and who I will be.” 。最后再运用连词把所有的要点连词起来重新表述。
【范文点评】
本文为概要写作。文章能准确把握文章的要点，运用句型转换、同义词的运用、，概括、主被动语态、合并句子等把要点完整表述出来。文章结构合理，基本与原文一致。文章中运用了一些较高级的词汇，如be good at ;in addition to; takes great care of; enable sb. To do; live a… life ;develop an interest in等。文章句式比较灵活，以简单句为主，与复合句相辅相成。文章中的复合句有状语从句Although the first years were hard for her when she moved from China to Canada, she enabled me to live an easy life以及宾语从句She helped me become who I am and who I will be。
4.【参考范文】
Today, the earth is witnessing an increase in deserts. Both weather and people are responsible for this. (要点1) In North Africa, serious dryness results primarily from its climatic conditions, and continued gradual global warming has made the land even drier. (要点2) Human activities like over-cultivating, over-farming and over-grazing, however, are the leading causes of growing deserts. (要点3) Fortunately, efforts can be made to stop the expansion of deserts. Farmers in Xinjiang are helping to fight it by trying new scientific farming methods. (要点4)
【解析】
写作步骤：
1)细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章主要说明了地球上的沙漠正在增加，气候和人类的活动都有责任。在北非，严重的干旱主要是由于它的气候条件，而持续的全球变暖使土地更加干燥。然而，过度耕种、过度耕作和过度放牧等人类活动是沙漠日益扩大的主要原因。幸运的是，我们可以努力阻止沙漠的扩张。
2)弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。因此一定要弄清文章结构，归纳文章各段大意。
3)列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述，并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
5.【参考范文】
It’s meaningful for parents to get their children involved in the kitchen activities when trapped at home.(要点1)Firstly, parents can arouse their interest in cooking at an early age, which is beneficial to children.(要点2)Secondly, they should give the children some suitable tasks depending on their age and ability.(要点3)Finally, parents should be patient when children are learning to cook.(要点4)
【解析】
这是一篇概要写作。本文介绍了父母让孩子在家里参与厨房活动是很有意义的。
写作步骤：
1 )细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。阅读文章可知，父母让孩子在家里参与厨房活动是很有意义的，并提及了意义的三个方面。
2 )弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点，要综合每段段意概括出文章大意。本文第一段讲病毒爆发期间为家长们提供了一个新的机会来教孩子们烹饪技巧。第二段讲激发他们对烹饪的兴趣，这对孩子是有益的。第三段讲父母应该根据孩子的年龄和能力给他们一些合适的任务。第四段讲当孩子们学习烹饪时，父母应该有耐心。
3 )列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
