2024年高考英语（阅读理解之说明文）模拟真题 (北京专用)（含解析）
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2024年高考英语（阅读理解之说明文）模拟真题 (北京专用)
（2024上·北京顺义·高三统考二模）Borders, departments, or issue areas all represent what systems analysts call system boundaries. System boundaries divide. the big, messy, interconnected world into smaller subsystems. This is useful, even necessary. Our minds and our collective governance systems would be stuck if we had to always consider all the connections of everything to everything else. But dividing systems into subsystems can sometimes break a natural cooperativity. For instance, a decarbonizing country will spend money in its energy and transportation sectors and save money in its health system.
Decarbonization could be a win for the whole, but it might be experienced as a bother for particular subsystems.
Donella Meadows, the early systems modeler, wrote that system boundaries are “lines in the mind, not in the world.” And that is actually good news. If departments, and disciplines are just ideas, then there is nothing immovable about them. We can make these borders less obvious and conduct partnerships across them. We can even redraw them to include more of what matters in a single project or investment. That’s the premise of multisolving—using one investment of time or effort to achieve several goals at once.
For instance, Warm Up New Zealand (WUNZ) upgraded the energy efficiency of residential buildings and provided jobs in the building sector after a financial downturn. The project resulted in better health for residents, as well. That translated into health systems savings. Taken together, a 2011 study estimated that across all these benefits, the project saved $3. 90 for every $1 invested.
Multisolving seems possible everywhere and like an obvious choice. Yet, it is very much the exception, not the rule. Why is multisolving still so rare when it has the nower to boost progress on some of the most urgent issues we face
Unfamiliarity stands in the way, as does an oft-unexamined assumption that making issues smaller makes them easier to address. We often hear the viewpoint, “I already work on poverty (or climate, etc.) and that’s hard enough. Why should I add biodiversity or pollution to the mix ” Fundraising for crossing borders can be a struggle too. Funders want the “visible results” shown, but they don’t always see crossing borders as an essential part of achieving those results.
It is easy to devalue and underemphasize connection-building. After all, it can be delicate and not always visible. But to realize goals in today’s world, from equitable policies and low-carbon facilities to values like
cooperation and fairness, we do need deep shifts, and we need them soon. And facilitating the flow of ideas back and forth across borders is one way to speed change.
1．As for systems boundaries, the author is ______.
A．critical B．puzzled C．supportive D．unconcerned
2．What does the word “premise” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean
A．Prediction. B．Precondition. C．Prevention. D．Presentation.
3．What can we learn from the passage
A．People are familiar with multisolving.
B．WUNZ performed multisolving successfully.
C．Raising money helps to produce visible results.
D．Multisolving is widely used to address problems.
4．Which would be the best title for the passage
A．Multisolving: Hard to achieve soon
B．Multisolving: Essential to solve small issues
C．Multisolving: Conducting partnership across borders
D．Multisolving: Making systems whole, healthy, and sustainable
（2024上·北京顺义·高三统考二模）I love a group text—a grext, if you’ll permit me—but lately, the huge number of them competing for my attention has felt out of control. By the time I wake up, the notifications have already started rolling in; as I’m going to bed, they’re still coming. In between, I try to keep up, but all it takes is one 30-minute meeting before I’ve somehow gotten 100 new messages. I scroll up and up, trying to find where I left off, like I’ve lost my place in a book that keeps getting longer.
For better or for worse, we might be in the Age of the Group Chat. One study found that less than 2 percent of participants had only one-on-one chats on social media. 42 percent said that group chats can feel like a part-time job. Other studies have found that group chats can contribute to group bond and shared fun. A group text can be like a reminder that you’re part of something. Some researchers call this “ambient virtual presence”: Even when you’re alone, you’re not alone. This is like bats and dolphins producing a continuous sound and use the resulting echo (回声) to sense what’s around them.
But taking in too many signals can create a “waterfall type of effect,” where messages keep flooding in and adding up. Eventually, you’re underwater. Adding to the disorder, without a standard rule, people have very different ideas about group norm and what degree of responsiveness is required—which can cause real tension.
Fear of that tension can make wordless or even leaving a chat feel dispiriting. And anyway, you might not want to miss out. The desire isn’t to exit the room so much as to break a window. If group messaging is like echolocation, then disconnecting means lost.
Ultimately, most of us do want connection, even if it involves some duties; we’ll take quantities of messages when we’re busy if it means we can reach out when we’re hurting. A general advice is to give up grexts that are carrying on but that don’t really interest you. But when you can’t, you’ll just have to accept that belonging takes some effort. That’s the nature of relationships, right
5．The author uses his experience in Paragraph 1 to _______.
A．introduce the topic B．predict the ending
C．highlight an opinion D．illustrate an argument
6．What can be inferred from Paragraph 2
A．Lonely people prefer group chats. B．Bats and dolphins have group chats.
C．Group chats offer a sense of belonging. D．Group chats create a few part-time jobs.
7．What does the writer intend to tell us
A．Group chat needs a standard rule.
B．Group chat gives us more fear than joy.
C．Group chat helps promote strong connection.
D．Group chat is just a way to maintain relationships.
（2024上·北京房山·高三统考期末）A quick increase of dopamine (多巴胺) shifts mice into a dreamy stage of sleep. In the mice’s brains, the chemical messenger triggers rapid-eye-movement sleep, or REM, researchers report in the March 4 Science.
These new results are some of the first to show a trigger for the shifts. Understanding these transitions in more detail could ultimately point to ways to treat sleep disorders in people.
Certain nerve cells in the ventral tegmental area of the mouse brain can pump out dopamine, a molecule that has been linked to pleasure, movement and learning, which is then delivered dopamine to the amygdalae, two almond-shaped structures deep in the brain that are closely tied to emotions.
Using a molecular sensor that can tell exactly when and where dopamine is released, the researchers saw that dopamine levels rose in the amygdalae just before mice shifted from non-REM sleep to REM sleep.
Next, the researchers forced the mice into the REM phase by controlling those dopamine-producing nerve cells using lasers and genetic pelled with light, the nerve cells released dopamine in the
amygdalae while mice were in non-REM sleep. The mice then shifted into REM sleep sooner than they typically did, after an average of about two minutes compared with about eight minutes for mice that weren’t prompted to release dopamine. Stimulating these cells every half hour increased the mice’s total amount of REM sleep.
Additional experiments suggest that these dopamine-making nerve cells may also be involved in aspects of narcolepsy (嗜睡症). A sudden loss of muscle tone, called cataplexy, shares features with REM sleep and can accompany narcolepsy. Stimulating these dopamine-making nerve cells while mice were awake caused the mice to stop moving and fall directly into REM sleep.
The results help clarify a trigger for REM in mice; whether a similar thing happens in people isn’t known. Earlier studies have found that nerve cells in people’s amygdalae are active during REM sleep.
Many questions remain. Drugs that change dopamine levels in people don’t seem to have big effects on REM sleep and cataplexy. But these drugs affect the whole brain, and it’s possible that they are just not selective enough.
8．What can we learn from this passage
A．People with sleep disorders could benefit from the research.
B．Dopamine is generated in two almond-shaped structures.
C．Dopamine levels rose after mice shifted to REM sleep.
D．An increase of dopamine can trigger REM in people.
9．The underlined word “they” in the last paragraph refers to ______.
A．the entire brain
B．REM sleep and cataplexy
C．drugs affecting dopamine levels
D．people suffering from sleep disorders
10．What is the main purpose of the passage
A．To introduce two stages of sleep of all animals.
B．To explain dopamine as a trigger for REM in mice.
C．To present a new way to cure sleep disorders in people.
D．To propose a pioneer research interest in brain structure.
（2024上·北京昌平·高三统考期末）Drought is an increasing problem in our warming world. All continents have been experiencing more extended periods without rain, leading to forest fires and poor crop growth. Consequently, people are looking at cloud seeding to solve the problem — a method of encouraging precipitation
(降水) by sending small particles of certain chemicals into clouds.
Cloud-seeding expert Arlen Huggins has been studying its effectiveness. “My earliest experience was to use cloud seeding to reduce the amount of hail (冰雹) in northeast Colorado. We didn’t have any luck with that, but we had success later on in increasing snowfall in Utah. Now, the focus is shifting towards increasing rainfall from summer clouds, which is far more unpredictable.” said he.
The problem is that it’s pretty hard to know whether precipitation resulted directly from cloud seeding. It might have rained or snowed anyway. Even if you cloud seed in one place and don’t in another, it’s impossible to know for sure what caused the precipitation. Also, it’s not during foggy and snowy conditions that people think of increasing the chance of rainfall. When a country is hit by drought, then cloud seeding isn’t an option due to the lack of clouds. During drought, skies tend to be clear with few clouds. The best option to prevent drought is to seed at times of the year when rainfall levels are normal or higher. That way, slightly more rain can be stored the dry season.
As cloud seeding is expensive and its effectiveness tenuous, its usefulness is still a matter of opinion. University of Colorado researcher Katja Friedrich says cloud seeding can’t end a drought. However, it can be beneficial, provided it occurs alongside other water conservation strategies. Still, for that to happen, the water would need to be captured and stored effectively.
There are also environmental issues regarding the impact of cloud seeding. At high levels, the chemicals sent into the clouds can harm humans and other animals, and some studies have found them slightly poisonous. Apart from that, some environmentalists are concerned about the long-term impacts, as there isn’t data on how much those chemicals accumulate (累积) in the environment over 10 years.
Another fear is that cloud seeding could potentially steal water from neighbouring areas by encouraging the water in clouds that would otherwise fall somewhere else to fall in your location. If one country uses cloud seeding to create rain, a neighbouring country will also be very likely to lose out because clouds are constantly forming and reforming.
11．In Huggins’ study, at first cloud seeding was used to .
A．increase annual snowfall in Utah
B．send chemicals into summer clouds
C．lower the amount of hail in Colorado
D．put out forest fires and help crops grow
12．What does the underlined word tenuous in the fourth paragraph probably mean
A．Negative. B．Weak. C．Surprising. D．Various.
13．What’s the best title of the passage
A．Should we seed clouds to make rain
B．Should we seed clouds at a lower price
C．Can cloud seeding help end a drought
D．Can cloud seeding be more eco-friendly
（2024上·北京丰台·高三统考期末）Too Much Information
Computer hackers, in order to get more secret information, constantly improve at breaking into cyberdefenses (网络防御系统) to steal valuable documents. So some researchers propose using an artificial-intelligence algorithm (算法) to hopelessly confuse them, once they break in, by hiding the real deal in a mountain of misleading documents and information.
The algorithm, called Word Embedding-based Fake Online Repository Generation Engine (WE-FORGE), creates decoys of patents under development. If hackers were after, say, the recipe for a new drug, they would have to find the relevant needle in a sea of false documents. This could mean checking each recipe in detail-and perhaps investing in a few dead-end ones. “The name of the game here is, ‘Make it harder, ” explains V. S Subrahmanian, its developer, Dartmouth College Cyber Security researcher. “Pain those stealing from you. ”
Subrahmanian says he tackled this project after reading that companies are unaware of new kinds of cyberattacks for an average of 312 days after they begin. “Hackers have almost a year to decamp with all our documents, patents and intellectual property, ”he says. “They have stolen almost everything. It’s not just the crown jewels-it’s the crown jewels, and the jewels of the cleaning lady, and the watch of the secretary!”
The documents produced by WE-FORGE could also act as hidden traps to confuse hackers, says Rachel Tobac, CEO of SocialProof Security. These documents might alert security when panies have typically used human-created false copies for this strategy. But now the algorithm is able to do that for us.
The system produces convincing traps by searching through a document for key words. For each one it finds, it calculates a list of related concepts and replaces the original term with one chosen at random. The process can produce dozens of documents that contain no patent information but still look credible. Subrahmanian and his team asked computer science and chemistry graduates to evaluate real and false patents from their respective fields. And the humans found the WE-FORGE-created documents highly believable.
WE-FORGE might eventually expand its boundary. Both Subrahmanian and Tobac think this research will attract commercial interest. “I could definitely see an organization investing in this type of product, ” Tobac says. “If this creates believable decoys without releasing sensitive details within those traps, then I think you’ve got a
huge with there. ”
14．What does the underlined word “decoys” in Paragraph 2 refer to
A．Misleading documents.
B．Original terms.
C．Computer operating systems.
D．Cyber securities.
15．In Paragraph 3, what Subrahmanian says indicates ______.
A．the greediness of hackers
B．the wealth of the companies
C．the unreliability of the network
D．the variety of intellectual property
16．What can we learn about WE-FORGE
A．It will sound alarm upon being operated.
B．It is profitable for the users by avoiding their loss.
C．It has attracted investors for its application in many fields.
D．It can compose irrelevant concepts in the false documents.
（2024上·北京昌平·高三统考期末）What does it mean to be intelligent If it’s defined by having the biggest brain, then sperm whales—whose brain is 20 pounds—would be the brightest creatures on Earth. But, more likely, intelligence is what gives an organism the best chance to survive in an environment. Language may be one of the best ways to demonstrate that kind of smarts. Though all animals can communicate with others, humans are one of the few species to have a spoken language. Using speech, we could share complex ideas, pass knowledge through generations, and create communities. Whether spoken language actually helped us evolve (进化) as species into more advanced beings, however, has never really been tested.
“Language allowing humans to be a more advanced species is an assumption that somebody came up with one day without really trying to prove it,” says Erich Jarvis, a professor who studies the neurobiology of vocal learning.
But Jarvis and his colleagues were able to examine this assumption with the help of songbirds. Jarvis’ new study provides some of the first evidence that vocal learning—one of the crucial components for a spoken language—is associated with problem-solving. Vocal learning is the ability to produce new sounds by imitating (模仿) others, relying on experience rather than instinct.
To get a better grasp of vocal learning and cognition (认知), the study authors turned to songbirds. The team performed seven cognitive experiments on 214 songbirds from 23 different species. Of these, 21 species were caught from the wild. Two songbirds studied are domesticated. The behavioral tests examined the birds’ problem solving, for instance by figuring out how to remove an object to access the food reward. The researchers also tested two other skills often associated with intelligence: learning by association, plus what’s called reversal (倒转的) learning, in which an animal adjusts its behavior to get a reward. They then looked at whether being vocal learners helped develop the three skills, comparing 21 bird species to two others, which were vocal non-learners.
The biologists noticed a strong relationship between vocal learning and problem-solving skills. Vocal learning bird species could come up with innovative ideas, such as getting seeds, or a worm trapped under a cup by removing the obstacle or pulling it apart. All three abilities—problem solving, associative learning, and reversal learning—are typically considered “components of intelligence,” he says.
Brain size was another benefit to vocal learning that may have supported these problem-solving abilities. The 21 vocal-learning species had slightly larger brains, relative to their body size, than the two who weren’t. Jarvis says it’s possible these big-headed birds packed more neurons.
One question left unanswered is why there’s such a strong relationship between problem-solving abilities and vocal learning. The brain areas in charge of vocal learning are not the same ones that get activated when we need to troubleshoot an issue, says Jarvis.
17．The purpose of the first paragraph is to ______.
A．promote a new theory B．offer an example
C．present an assumption D．make a contrast
18．Why does Jarvis carry out the study
A．To examine the problem-solving ability of songbirds.
B．To prove the significance of vocal learning to humans.
C．To illustrate the influence of brain size on vocal learning.
D．To test the relation between vocal learning and intelligence.
19．What do we know from the study on songbirds
A．Advanced species have better problem-solving ability.
B．Vocal learners have a better development of intelligence.
C．Better problem-solving ability leads to bigger brain size.
D．Humans and songbirds are both good at vocal learning.
20．We can infer that future study will focus on ________.
A．why humans’ problem-solving abilities develop better
B．how other abilities are connected to songbirds’ intelligence
C．how problem-solving and vocal learning brain areas are related
D．why vocal learning differences exist in various songbirds species
（2024上·北京西城·高三统考期末）In parts of Africa, people communicate with a wild bird-the greater honeyguide-in order to locate bee habitats and harvest their stores of honey. It’s a rare example of cooperation between humans and wild animals, and a potential instance of cultural coevolution(共同进化). Brian Wood from UCLA and Claire Spottiswoode from University of Cape Town were lead authors on a study showing how this valuable partnership is maintained and varies across cultures.
“Our study demonstrates the bird’s ability to learn distinct voiced signals that are traditionally used by different honey-hunting communities, expanding possibilities for mutually beneficial cooperation with people, ” Wood said. “Honeyguides seem to know the landscape well, gathering knowledge about the location of bee nests, which they then share with people,” Spottiswoode said. “People are eager for the bird’s help.” The honeyguides also benefit from locating the colonies: They eat the leftover honeycomb.
Spottiswoode and Wood’s study was done in cooperation with the Hadza in Tanzania, with whom Wood has been conducting research since 2004, and the Yao community of northern Mozambique. Their prior work in both communities documented differences in how each culture attracts honeyguides. Among the Hadza, a honey-hunter announces a desire to partner with the bird by whistling. In Mozambique, Yao honey-hunters do so with a “Brr!” . . . followed by a “. . . hmm!”
Using mathematical models and audio playback experiments, the team studied these signals, their usefulness to people and their impacts on birds. They experimentally exposed honeyguides in Tanzania and Mozambique to the same set of prerecorded sounds. This enabled the researchers to test whether honeyguides had learned to recognize and prefer the specialized signals that local honey-hunters used or were naturally attracted to all such signals.
The honeyguides in Tanzania were over three times more likely to cooperate when hearing the calls of local
Hadza people than the calls of ‘foreign’ Yao. The honeyguides in Mozambique were almost twice as likely to cooperate when hearing the local Yao call, compared to the ‘foreign’ Hadza whistles.
The study proposes that differences in honeyguide-attracting signals are not random, but make practical sense. While honey-hunting, both the Hadza and Yao come across mammals (哺乳动物), but only the Hadza hunt them, using bows and arrows. The Hadza’s hunting might explain the less notable whistles they use. Filmed interviews show Hadza hunters explaining that they can evade being detected by their prey(猎物) because their whistles “sound like birds.” Contrarily, the signal the Yao use to communicate with the honeyguide can help scare off animals they find dangerous.
21．By cooperating with honey-hunting communities, honeyguides can _____.
A．nest near human culture
B．locate bee habitats easier
C．have access to more food
D．become familiar with the landscape
22．Why did the researchers use the same prerecorded signals
A．To study their mathematical models.
B．To check if they are a natural preference.
C．To investigate their usefulness to humans.
D．To see if they increase birds’ ability to find honey.
23．What can we learn from Spottiswoode and Wood’s study
A．The human-bird relationship can change with new signals.
B．The Yao community hunts animals while looking for bee nests.
C．The honeyguides are more responsive to calls from the local people.
D．The signals from the Hadza were more effective in attracting honeyguides.
24．What is the last paragraph mainly about
A．How mammals react to different signals.
B．How hunting techniques are applied to prey.
C．How whistles enable honeyguides to find targets.
D．How signals are associated with hunting practice.
（2024上·北京石景山·高三统考期末）Research has shown that people tend to get more happiness from spending their money on experiences, such as travel and entertainment, than on things, such as clothes and
electronic goods. But are people happier during the purchased experience itself Or does the happiness come more from expecting or remembering the experience
A new study, published in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, offers an answer. Our experiential purchases bring us greater pleasure in terms of expectation and remembrance than do our material purchases, but they also bring us greater in-the-moment enjoyment, the study found.
For the study, the researchers found 2,635 adults who agreed to receive texts at any time during the day. The texts began with a happiness question, which asked the participants to rate how they felt “right now” on a scale from very bad to very good. Half of them were then asked if they had made a material purchase within the past hour, such as clothing or electronic goods. The others were asked if they had made an experiential purchase within the past hour, such as eating in a restaurant or attending a concert.
The researchers found that the purchasers of the experiences express higher levels of happiness than the purchasers of the material goods, no matter how much the purchases cost.
To address possible differences in types of purchasers, the researchers made a second study in which they researched more than 5,000 adults. “We still observed the same result,” said Steve Lacy, the study’s lead author.
The researchers said a possible explanation is the endurance (持久) of experiences in people’s memories, while the observed value of material goods weakens over time.
“If you want to be happier, it might be wise to move some of your spending away from material goods and a bit more toward experiences,” Lacy said. “That would likely lead to greater happiness.”
25．The author put forward two questions in Paragraph 1 to _______.
A．make a fact clear B．introduce a new research
C．list possible problems D．doubt the opinion presented
26．Why did the researchers text the participants
A．To ask them about their spending plans.
B．To understand their needs and spending habits.
C．To track their purchasing activities and feelings.
D．To find out the change in their purchasing choices.
27．According to the passage, which of the following can bring the greatest pleasure
A．One picks up a few good bargains.
B．One pays for an amusement park trip.
C．One buys electronic goods in an online shop.
D．One spends a great deal on high-end products.
（2024上·北京丰台·高三统考期末）The scientists behind a new database of more than 400 extreme weather attribution (归因) studies have performed an essential service. This piece of work, drawing together every study of this type, ought to create a greater sense of urgency around policymaking and campaigning. It shows that intense heatwaves, hurricanes, and floods have all been made far more likely by greenhouse gas emissions. And it spells out the alarming unpredictability as well as the extent of global heating’s consequences.
Until the early 2000s, when the first attribution studies were published, it was harder to link CO2 in the atmosphere with global heating’s sensible effects. Thanks to a growing body of research, now we know. The last summer’s record-breaking “heat dome”(热穹顶) across the globe would have been almost impossible without human-caused climate change.
“Beauty is truth, truth beauty,” wrote the poet John Keats just over 200 years ago. When it comes to climate, truth can feel closer to terror these days. But scientists are right to insist that the reality must be faced. Indeed, this is the only way to avoid the most disastrous outcomes. In a new book, Hothouse Earth, Prof Bill McGuire argues that we have reached a stage when minimising dangers should be regarded as “climate appeasement”.
Like the historical responsibility for carbon emissions, attitudes and experiences in the present crisis are unevenly and unjustly shared out. Billions of people around the world, and above all in the global south, are caught up day-to-day in a struggle for survival. This doesn’t mean they don’t recognise global heating; subsistence (勉强维持生活) farmers and fishers are more directly exposed to environmental damage than anyone else. But western governments, businesses and people who are relatively sheltered from global heating’s worst effects should recognise this as the privilege that it is. With this year’s Climate Change Conference fast approaching, western governments must follow through on their promises of climate finance to enable a green transition in the developing world.
The purpose of attribution science is not simply to warn the world about what is happening, but to aid preparations for what has not happened yet. The most alarming global trend, apart from still-rising emissions that mean we are on course for 2. 5°C of heating, is the unexpected speed with which it is already causing chaos. Given what we now know about the impact of 1°C of warming, it is no exaggeration to say that this trend is disastrous.
But alternatives exist, and insisting on this point has never been more important. The alarming findings of attribution scientists can give rise to desperation-but must not be allowed to end determination and hope.
28．The attribution studies imply that ____.
A．policies addressing climate issues are ineffective
B．it is hard to link CO2 with the effects of global heating
C．the extent of global heating’s consequences is unpredictable
D．humans are to blame for the increased occurrence of disasters
29．How does Prof Bill McGuire feel about the present climate crisis
A．Worried. B．Doubtful.
C．Optimistic. D．Puzzled.
30．What can we learn from this passage
A．The global south is in urgent need of financial support.
B．The speeding up of global warming has spelled trouble.
C．Global heating affects western countries to a larger extent.
D．The effort to reduce greenhouse gas emission has worked.
31．What is the main purpose of the passage
A．To urge the public to follow the science.
B．To persuade the scientists to further their study.
C．To assess the current policy on the climate crisis.
D．To confirm the public’s concern for global heating.
（2024上·北京大兴·高三统考期末）Supermarkets have long been suffering as one of the thinnest-margined businesses in existence and one of the least-looked-forward-to places to work or visit. For more than a decade, they have been under attack from e-commerce giants, blamed for making Americans fat, and accused of contributing to climate change.
Supermarkets can technically be defined as giants housing 15,000 to 60,000 different products. The revolutionary idea of a self-service grocery, where people could hunt and gather food from aisles rather than asking a clerk to fetch items from behind a counter, first came about in America. There is some debate about which was the very first, but over the years a consensus has built around King Kullen Supermarket, founded in New York in 1930.
For some 300 years, Americans had fed themselves from small stores and public markets. Shopping for food involved mud, noisy chickens, clouds of flies, nasty smells, bargaining, and getting short-changed. The supermarket imitated the Fordist factory, with its emphasis on efficiency and standardization, and reimagined it as a place to buy food. Supermarkets may not feel cutting-edge now, but they were a revolution in distribution at the time. They were such strange marvels that, on her first official state visit to the United States in 1957, Queen
Elizabeth Ⅱ insisted on an impromptu (即兴的) tour of a suburban-Maryland Giant Food.
The typical supermarket layout has barely changed over the past 90 years. Most stores open with flowers, fruit and vegetables at the front as a breath of freshness to arouse our appetite. Meanwhile, they keep the milk, eggs, and other daily basics all the way back so you’ll travel through as much of the store as possible, and be tempted along the way.
In the early days, as the supermarket multiplied, so did our suspicion of it. We have long feared that this “revolution in distribution” uses corporate black magic on our appetite. The book The Hidden Persuaders, published in 1957, warned that supermarkets were putting women in a “hypnoidal trance (催眠恍惚状态),” causing them to wander aisles, bumping into boxes and “picking things off shelves at random.”
32．What problem have supermarkets been facing
A．They are actually on the way to shutdown.
B．They have been losing customers and profits.
C．They are forced to use e-commerce strategies.
D．They have difficulty adapting to climate change.
33．What does the passage say about the idea of a self-service grocery
A．It was put forward by King Kullen.
B．It originated in the United States.
C．It has been under constant debate.
D．It proves revolutionary even today.
34．What have people long feared about supermarkets
A．They use tricky strategies to promote their business.
B．They are going to replace the local groceries entirely.
C．They apply corporate black magic to the goods on display.
D．They take advantage of the weaknesses of women shoppers.
参考答案：
1．A 2．B 3．B 4．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了多解决方案的必要性，即使系统完整、健康和可持续。
1．推理判断题。由文章第一段中“System boundaries divide, the big, messy, interconnected world into smaller subsystems. This is useful, even necessary. Our minds and our collective governance systems would be stuck if we had to always consider all the connections of everything to everything else. But dividing systems into subsystems can sometimes break a natural cooperativity. (系统边界划分。庞大、混乱、相互联系的世界变成了更小的子系统。这是有用的，甚至是必要的。如果我们必须总是考虑所有事物与其他事物之间的联系，我们的思想和我们的集体治理系统就会被卡住。但是将系统划分为子系统有时会破坏自然的协作性)”可知，作者认为系统边界划分是有用的，甚至是必要的，但是将系统划分为子系统有时会破坏自然的协作性，所以作者的态度是批判性的。故选A。
2．词句猜测题。由文章第三段中“We can even redraw them to include more of what matters in a single project or investment. (我们甚至可以重新绘制它们，以便在单个项目或投资中包含更多重要的内容)”以及“using one investment of time or effort to achieve several goals at once (使用一次时间或精力的投入来同时实现多个目标)”可知，使用一次时间或精力的投入来同时实现多个目标，这是多重解决的前提。A. Prediction预测；B. Precondition前提条件；C. Prevention预防；D. Presentation介绍。故选B。
3．推理判断题。由文章第四段中“For instance, Warm Up New Zealand (WUNZ) upgraded the energy efficiency of residential buildings and provided jobs in the building sector after a financial downturn. The project resulted in better health for residents, as well. That translated into health systems savings. Taken together, a 2011 study estimated that across all these benefits, the project saved $3. 90 for every $1 invested. (例如，Warm Up New Zealand (WUNZ)提升了住宅建筑的能源效率，并在金融危机后为建筑行业提供了就业机会。该项目还改善了居民的健康状况。这转化为卫生系统的节省。2011年的一项研究估计，综合所有这些好处，该项目节省了3美元。每1美元投资90美元)”可知，WUNZ成功执行了多重解决方案。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段中“But dividing systems into subsystems can sometimes break a natural cooperativity. (但是将系统划分为子系统有时会破坏自然的协作性)”、第三段中“We can make these borders less obvious and conduct partnerships across them.We can even redraw them to include more of what matters in a single project or investment. That’s the premise of multisolving—using one investment of time or effort to achieve several goals at once. (我们可以使这些边界不那么明显，并在它们之间开展伙伴关系。我们甚至可以重新绘制它们，以便在单个项目或投资中包含更多重要的内容。这是多重解决的前提——使用一
次时间或精力的投入来同时实现多个目标)”、第五段中“Multisolving seems possible everywhere and like an obvious choice. (多重解法似乎在任何地方都是可行的，是一个显而易见的选择)”、最后一段“It is easy to devalue and underemphasize connection-building. After all, it can be delicate and not always visible. But to realize goals in today’s world, from equitable policies and low-carbon facilities to values like cooperation and fairness, we do need deep shifts, and we need them soon. And facilitating the flow of ideas back and forth across borders is one way to speed change. (人们很容易低估和低估建立联系的重要性。毕竟，它可以是微妙的，并不总是可见的。但要实现当今世界的目标，从公平的政策和低碳设施，到合作和公平等价值观，我们确实需要深刻的转变，而且需要尽快。促进思想的跨境流动是加速变革的一种方式)”可知，本文主要介绍了多解决方案的必要性，即使系统完整、健康和可持续。故选D。
5．A 6．C 7．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了群发短信的原因和影响，以及人们应该怎样处理这种情况。
5．推理判断题。由文章第一段“I love a group text—a grext, if you’ll permit me—but lately, the huge number of them competing for my attention has felt out of control. By the time I wake up, the notifications have already started rolling in; as I’m going to bed, they’re still coming. In between, I try to keep up, but all it takes is one 30-minute meeting before I’ve somehow gotten 100 new messages. I scroll up and up, trying to find where I left off, like I’ve lost my place in a book that keeps getting longer. (我喜欢群发短信——如果你允许的话，我很喜欢群发短信——但最近，大量群发短信争夺我的注意力让我感觉失去了控制。当我醒来的时候，通知已经开始滚滚而来。就在我上床睡觉的时候，它们还在来。在此期间，我试着跟上进度，但只需要开一个30分钟的会，我就能收到100条新信息。我向上滚动，试图找到我停下来的地方，就像我在一本越来越长的书中失去了我的位置。)”可知，作者利用他在第一段中的经验介绍本文话题。故选A。
6．推理判断题。由文章第二段“For better or for worse, we might be in the Age of the Group Chat. One study found that less than 2 percent of participants had only one-on-one chats on social media. 42 percent said that group chats can feel like a part-time job. Other studies have found that group chats can contribute to group bond and shared fun. A group text can be like a reminder that you’re part of something. Some researchers call this “ambient virtual presence”: Even when you’re alone, you’re not alone. This is like bats and dolphins producing a continuous sound and use the resulting echo (回声) to sense what’s around them. (不管是好是坏，我们可能正处于群聊时代。一项研究发现，只有不到2%的参与者只在社交媒体上进行一对一的聊天。42%的人表示，群聊感觉就像一份兼职工作。其他研究发现，群聊可以促进群体联系，分享乐趣。群短信可以提醒你，你是某个群体的一部分。一些研究人员称之为“环境虚拟存在”：即使你独自一人，你也不孤单。这就像蝙蝠
和海豚发出连续的声音，并利用所产生的回声来感知周围的事物。)”可知，从第2段可以推断出群聊提供了一种归属感。故选C。
7．推理判断题。由文章最后一段中“Ultimately, most of us do want connection, even if it involves some duties; we’ll take quantities of messages when we’re busy if it means we can reach out when we’re hurting. A general advice is to give up grexts that are carrying on but that don’t really interest you. But when you can’t, you’ll just have to accept that belonging takes some effort. That’s the nature of relationships, right (最终，我们大多数人都想要联系，即使这涉及到一些责任；当我们很忙的时候，我们会接受大量的信息，如果这意味着我们可以在受伤的时候伸出援手。一般的建议是放弃那些正在进行但你并不真正感兴趣的群聊。但当你做不到的时候，你就不得不接受归属感需要一些努力。这就是关系的本质，对吧？)”可知，作者想要告诉我们群聊只是维持关系的一种方式。故选D。
8．A 9．C 10．B
【导语】本文是一片说明文。主要解释了多巴胺如何成为小鼠REM睡眠的触发器，并研究表明这可能有助于理解和治疗人类的睡眠障碍。
8．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Understanding these transitions in more de tail could ultimately point to ways to treat sleep disorders in people. (更多地了解这些转变，最终可以指出治疗人们睡眠障碍的方法。)”可知，了解这种转变的细节可能最终会为治疗人类的睡眠障碍提供方法，即患有睡眠障碍的人可以从这项研究中受益。故选A项。
9．词义猜测题。根据最后一段中“Drugs that change dopamine levels in people don’t seem to have big effects on REM sleep and cataplexy. But these drugs affect the whole brain, and it’s possible that they are just not selective enough. (改变人体多巴胺水平的药物似乎对快速眼动睡眠和猝倒没有太大影响。但这些药物会影响整个大脑，而且它们可能只是选择性不够。)”可知，they指代的是影响多巴胺水平的药物，故选C项。
10．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“A quick increase of dopamine (多巴胺) shifts mice into a dreamy stage of sleep. In the mice’s brains, the chemical messenger triggers rapid-eye-movement sleep, or REM, researchers report in the March 4 Science. (多巴胺的快速增加使小鼠进入梦幻般的睡眠阶段。研究人员在3月4日的《科学》杂志上报告说，在小鼠的大脑中，化学信使会触发快速眼动睡眠（REM）。)”及第二段“These new results are some of the first to show a trigger for the shifts. (这些新结果是最早显示转变触发因素的。)”可知，文章的主要目的是解释多巴胺如何成为小鼠REM睡眠的触发器因素，故选B项。
11．C 12．B 13．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要讨论了干旱成为全球变暖环境下的一个严重问题，而“人工降雨”被认为是解决干旱问题的一种方法。然而，人工降雨的效果难以确定，并且存在环境问题和水资源分配问题。因此，虽然云雾处理可能会在一些条件下对缓解干旱有一定益处，但其实用性和可行性仍有待讨论。
11．细节理解题。根据第二段中“My earliest experience was to use cloud seeding to reduce the amount of hail (冰雹) in northeast Colorado. We didn’t have any luck with that, but we had success later on in increasing snowfall in Utah. (我最早的经验是在科罗拉多东北部使用人工降雨来减少冰雹的数量。我们没有任何运气，但后来我们成功地在犹他州增加了降雪量。)”可知，Huggins的研究中，人工降雨最初是被用来减少科罗拉多冰雹的数量。故选C。
12．词句猜测题。根据前文“As cloud seeding is expensive (因为人工降雨是昂贵的)”以及划线词后面的内容“its usefulness is still a matter of opinion. (它的用处仍然是一个意见问题。)”可知，此处强调人工降雨是昂贵的即人工降雨的缺点，划线词应该表述人工降雨效果不佳的特征，才能与前文构成并列，由此引发人们对其用处的争议。B选项“Weak(微弱的，无影响力的)”与划线词为同义词。故选B。
13．主旨大意题。结合倒数第二段“There are also environmental issues regarding the impact of cloud seeding. At high levels, the chemicals sent into the clouds can harm humans and other animals, and some studies have found them slightly poisonous. Apart from that, some environmentalists are concerned about the long-term impacts, as there isn’t data on how much those chemicals accumulate (累积) in the environment over 10 years.(此外，人工降雨还会对环境造成影响。高浓度的化学物质会对人类和其他动物造成伤害，一些研究发现它们有轻微的毒性。除此之外，一些环保主义者担心长期影响，因为没有数据表明这些化学物质在10年内在环境中积累了多少。)”和最后一段“Another fear is that cloud seeding could potentially steal water from neighbouring areas by encouraging the water in clouds that would otherwise fall somewhere else to fall in your location. If one country uses cloud seeding to create rain, a neighbouring country will also be very likely to lose out because clouds are constantly forming and reforming.(另一个担忧是，人工降雨可能会促使原本会落在其他地方的云中的水落到你所在的位置，从而潜在地从邻近地区窃取水分。如果一个国家使用人工降雨，其邻国也很可能会损失，因为云在不断形成和变化。)”，再通读全文，本文主要讨论了干旱成为全球变暖环境下的一个严重问题，而“人工降雨”被认为是解决干旱问题的一种方法。然而，人工降雨的效果难以确定，并且存在环境问题和水资源分配问题。因此，虽然云雾处理可能会在一些条件下对缓解干旱有一定益处，但其实用性和可行性仍有待讨论。A选项“Should we seed clouds to make rain ( 我们应该使用人工降雨吗？)”概括文章主要内容，符合标题。故选A。
14．A 15．A 16．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种人工智能算法(WE-FORGE)，该算法能够产生黑客盗取文件的伪造文件，将真实文件隐藏在堆积如山的伪造文件中，从而迷惑黑客，避免用户的损失。
14．词义猜测题。根据文章第二段“If hackers were after, say, the recipe for a new drug, they would have to find the relevant needle in a sea of false documents. (比如说，如果黑客在寻找一种新药的配方，他们将不得不在虚假文件中大海捞针)”可知，该算法(WE-FORGE)能够产生黑客盗取文件的伪造文件，将真实文件隐藏在堆积如山的伪造文件中，混淆视听，故划线词指的是那些误导黑客的文件。故选A项。
15．推理判断题。根据文章第三段““Hackers have almost a year to decamp with all our documents, patents and intellectual property, ”he says. “They have stolen almost everything. It’s not just the crown jewels-it’s the crown jewels, and the jewels of the cleaning lady, and the watch of the secretary!”(他说：“黑客有将近一年的时间带着我们所有的文件、专利和知识产权潜逃。他们几乎偷走了所有东西。不仅是皇冠上的珠宝，还有皇冠上的宝石，还有清洁女工的珠宝，以及秘书的手表！”)”可知，Subrahmanian的话表明黑客无所不偷，非常贪婪。故选A项。
16．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“The documents produced by WE-FORGE could also act as hidden traps to confuse hackers, says Rachel Tobac, CEO of SocialProof Security. These documents might alert security when panies have typically used human-created false copies for this strategy. But now the algorithm is able to do that for us.(SocialProof Security首席执行官Rachel Tobac表示，WE-FORGE制作的文件也可能成为迷惑黑客的隐藏陷阱。访问这些文档时，可能会向安全部门发出警报。公司通常使用人为创建的虚假副本来实现这一策略。但现在算法能够为我们做到这一点)”可知，WE-FORGE制作的文件可以迷惑黑客，避免用户的损失，这对于用户来说是有益的。故选B项。
17．C 18．D 19．B 20．C
【分析】这是一篇说明文。介绍了声乐学习对于智力发展有积极的促进作用。
17．推理判断题。根据文章第一段第一句“What does it mean to be intelligent (聪明意味着什么？)”以及文章第一段第三句“Language may be one of the best ways to demonstrate that kind of smarts.(语言可能是展示这种智慧的最佳方式之一。)”还有文章第一段最后一句“Whether spoken language actually helped us evolve (进化) as species into more advanced beings, however, has never really been tested.(语言是否真的帮助我们进化，然而，作为一个物种，进化成更先进的生物，从未真正经过测试。)”可知，作者提出了一个问题“聪明是什么”？之后作者认为语言最能说明聪明与否。所以作者提出了一个假设，语言是否真的帮助我们进化，是否是证明聪明的最佳方式之一，但这个假设还有待验证。故选C项。
18．细节理解题。根据文章第三段第二句“Jarvis’ new study provides some of the first evidence that vocal
learning—one of the crucial components for a spoken language—is associated with problem-solving.(贾维斯的新研究提供了一些初步证据，证明声乐学习——口语的关键组成部分之一——与解决问题有关。)”可知，贾维斯执行这项研究是因为他想验证声乐学习是否和智慧相关。故选D项。
19．细节理解题。文章第五段“The biologists noticed a strong relationship between vocal learning and problem-solving skills. Vocal learning bird species could come up with innovative ideas, such as getting seeds, or a worm trapped under a cup by removing the obstacle or pulling it apart. All three abilities—problem solving, associative learning, and reversal learning—are typically considered “components of intelligence,” he says.(生物学家们注意到声乐学习和解决问题的能力之间有着密切的关系。声乐学习鸟类可以想出创新的想法，比如通过移除障碍物或将其拉开来获得种子，或者将蠕虫困在杯子下。他说，这三种能力——解决问题、联想学习和反向学习——通常被认为是“智力的组成部分”。 )”可知，声乐学习的鸟类相比于没有音乐学系的鸟类智力上有更好的发展。故选B项。
20．推理判断题。文章最后一段第一句“One question left unanswered is why there’s such a strong relationship between problem-solving abilities and vocal learning. (一个未回答的问题是，为什么解决问题的能力和声乐学习之间有如此紧密的关系。)”可推断，未来的研究将集中在 解决问题和声乐学习脑区是如何关联的。故选C项。
21．C 22．B 23．C 24．D
【导语】本文为一篇说明文，研究表明，人们可以与野生动物合作，造成文化共同进化。该研究展示了这种宝贵的伙伴关系是如何在不同文化中维持和变化的。
21．细节理解题。根据文章第二段““Our study demonstrates the bird’s ability to learn distinct voiced signals that are traditionally used by different honey-hunting communities, expanding possibilities for mutually beneficial cooperation with people, ” Wood said. “Honeyguides seem to know the landscape well, gathering knowledge about the location of bee nests, which they then share with people,” Spottiswoode said. “People are eager for the bird’s help.” The honeyguides also benefit from locating the colonies: They eat the leftover honeycomb.(伍德说:“我们的研究表明，这种鸟有能力学习不同的声音信号，这些信号是不同的采蜜社区传统上使用的，这扩大了与人类互利合作的可能性。”斯波蒂斯伍德说:“蜜 似乎很了解周围的风景，它们会收集蜂巢的位置信息，然后与人们分享。人们渴望这只鸟的帮助。”蜜 也从定位蜂群中获益：它们吃剩下的蜂巢)”可知，通过与采蜜社区合作，蜜 可以获得更多的食物。故选C项。
22．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“They experimentally exposed honeyguides in Tanzania and Mozambique to the same set of prerecorded sounds. This enabled the researchers to test whether honeyguides had learned to
recognize and prefer the specialized signals that local honey-hunters used or were naturally attracted to all such signals.(他们将坦桑尼亚和莫桑比克的蜜 暴露在同一组预先录制好的声音中进行实验。这使研究人员能够测试蜜 是学会了识别和偏爱当地采蜜者使用的特殊信号，还是自然地被所有这些信号所吸引)”可知，研究人员在同一组预先录制好的声音中进行实验来检验蜜 被信号吸引是否是一种自然偏好。故选B项。
23．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“The honeyguides in Tanzania were over three times more likely to cooperate when hearing the calls of local Hadza people than the calls of ‘foreign’ Yao. The honeyguides in Mozambique were almost twice as likely to cooperate when hearing the local Yao call, compared to the ‘foreign’ Hadza whistles.(坦桑尼亚的蜜 在听到当地哈扎族人的叫声时，配合的可能性是听到“外国”瑶族叫声的三倍多。莫桑比克的蜜 在听到当地瑶族的叫声时，与听到“外来”哈扎族的哨声相比，合作的可能性几乎是前者的两倍)”可推知，蜜 对当地人的呼唤更有反应。故选C项。
24．主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“The study proposes that differences in honeyguide-attracting signals are not random, but make practical sense. While honey-hunting, both the Hadza and Yao come across mammals, but only the Hadza hunt them, using bows and arrows. The Hadza’s hunting might explain the less notable whistles they use. Filmed interviews show Hadza hunters explaining that they can evade being detected by their prey because their whistles “sound like birds.” Contrarily, the signal the Yao use to communicate with the honeyguide can help scare off animals they find dangerous.(这项研究表明，吸引蜜 信号的差异不是随机的，而是有实际意义的。在采蜜的过程中，哈扎族和瑶族都遇到了哺乳动物，但只有哈扎族用弓箭猎杀它们。哈扎人的狩猎行为或许可以解释他们使用的不那么引人注目的哨声。视频采访显示，哈扎猎人解释说，他们可以逃避被猎物发现，因为他们的哨声“听起来像鸟”。相反，瑶族用来与蜜 交流的信号可以吓跑他们认为危险的动物)”可知，文章最后一段讲述了信号是如何与狩猎活动联系起来的。故选D项。
25．B 26．C 27．B
【导语】本文是说明文。发表在《实验社会心理学杂志》上的一项新研究发现，与物质购买相比，体验式购买在期待和回忆方面给我们带来了更大的快乐，但它们也给我们带来了更大的当下享受。
25．推理判断题。根据第一段中“But are people happier during the purchased experience itself Or does the happiness come more from expecting or remembering the experience (但人们在购买体验本身时会感到更快乐吗？还是幸福更多地来自于期待或记住这段经历？)”和第二段中“A new study, published in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, offers an answer. (发表在《实验社会心理学杂志》上的一项新研究提供了答案)”可知，第一段提出两个问题，第二段指出一项新的研究给出了这两个问题的答案，由此可推知，作者在第1段提出两个问题是为了介绍一项新的研究，故选B。
26．细节理解题。根据第三段“For the study, the researchers found 2,635 adults who agreed to receive texts at any time during the day. The texts began with a happiness question, which asked the participants to rate how they felt “right now” on a scale from very bad to very good. Half of them were then asked if they had made a material purchase within the past hour, such as clothing or electronic goods. The others were asked if they had made an experiential purchase within the past hour, such as eating in a restaurant or attending a concert.(在这项研究中，研究人员发现2635名成年人同意在一天中的任何时间接收短信。这些短信以一个幸福感问题开始，要求参与者从非常糟糕到非常好的范围内对他们“现在”的感受进行评分。然后，其中一半人被问及在过去一小时内是否购买过物质产品，例如衣服或电子产品。其他人被问及过去一小时内是否进行过体验式购买，例如在餐厅吃饭或参加音乐会)”可知，研究人员给参与者发短信是为了跟踪他们的购买活动和感受。故选C。
27．推理判断题。根据第四段“The researchers found that the purchasers of the experiences express higher levels of happiness than the purchasers of the material goods, no matter how much the purchases cost.(研究人员发现，无论购买成本是多少，购买体验的人比购买物质产品的人表现出更高的幸福感)”和最后一段““If you want to be happier, it might be wise to move some of your spending away from material goods and a bit more toward experiences,” Lacy said. “That would likely lead to greater happiness.”(莱西说：“如果你想变得更快乐，明智的做法是将部分支出从物质产品上转移到体验上。”“这可能会带来更大的幸福。”)”可知，购买体验的人可以给人带来最大的快乐，由此可推知，B项“一个人支付游乐园之旅的费用”这属于购买体验的行为，能给人带来最大的快乐，故选B。
28．D 29．A 30．B 31．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了归因研究表明极端天气可能是由温室气体排放导致，从而呼吁人们要尊重科学，采取措施，避免更严重的后果。
28．细节理解题。根据文章第一段的“It shows that intense heatwaves, hurricanes, and floods have all been made far more likely by greenhouse gas emissions. And it spells out the alarming unpredictability as well as the extent of global heating’s consequences.(报告显示，温室气体排放大大增加了强烈热浪、飓风和洪水发生的可能性。它还详细说明了令人担忧的不可预测性以及全球变暖后果的程度)”和第二段“Until the early 2000s, when the first attribution studies were published, it was harder to link CO2 in the atmosphere with global heating’s sensible effects. Thanks to a growing body of research, now we know. The last summer’s record-breaking “heat dome” across the globe would have been almost impossible without human-caused climate change.(直到21世纪初，当第一批归因研究发表时，很难将大气中的二氧化碳与全球变暖的明显影响联系起来。多亏了越来越多的研究，现在我们知道了。如果没有人为造成的气候变化，去年夏天全球破纪录的“热穹顶”几乎是不可能的)”
可知，归因研究表明，气候变暖是人类造成的，人类应为灾害的增加负责。故选D项。
29．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“In a new book, Hothouse Earth, Prof Bill McGuire argues that we have reached a stage when minimising dangers should be regarded as “climate appeasement”.(Bill McGuire教授在新书《温室地球》中认为，我们已经到了将危险降至最低视为“气候绥靖”的阶段)”可知，Bill McGuire认为现在人们只是降低危险，但对气候变暖不加抵制，退让屈服，从而对当前的气候危机感到担忧。故选A项。
30．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“The most alarming global trend, apart from still-rising emissions that mean we are on course for 2. 5°C of heating, is the unexpected speed with which it is already causing chaos. Given what we now know about the impact of 1°C of warming, it is no exaggeration to say that this trend is disastrous.(最令人担忧的全球趋势是，除了排放量仍在上升，这意味着我们正朝着2.5°C的升温方向发展之外，它已经以出乎意料的速度造成混乱。考虑到我们现在所知道的1°C变暖的影响，可以毫不夸张地说，这种趋势是灾难性的)”可知，全球变暖的加速带来了麻烦。故选B项。
31．推理判断题。结合全文及文章第一段“The scientists behind a new database of more than 400 extreme weather attribution( 归因 ) studies have performed an essential service. This piece of work, drawing together every study of this type, ought to create a greater sense of urgency around policymaking and campaigning. It shows that intense heatwaves, hurricanes, and floods have all been made far more likely by greenhouse gas emissions. And it spells out the alarming unpredictability as well as the extent of global heating’s consequences.(一个由400多项极端天气归因研究组成的新数据库背后的科学家们提供了一项重要服务。这项工作汇集了每一项此类研究，应该会在决策和竞选活动中产生更大的紧迫感。这表明，强烈的热浪、飓风和洪水都更有可能是由温室气体排放造成的。它阐明了令人担忧的不可预测性以及全球变暖的后果)”可知，文章主要介绍了归因研究表明极端天气可能是由温室气体排放导致，从而呼吁人们要尊重科学，采取措施，避免更严重的后果。故选A项。
32．B 33．B 34．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述超市的诞生历史和现在的困境，并表达了对超市利用营销手段控制消费者购买行为的担忧。
32．细节理解题。由文章第一段“Supermarkets have long been suffering as one of the thinnest-margined businesses in existence and one of the least-looked-forward-to places to work or visit. (超市长期以来一直是现存利润最微薄的企业之一，也是最不期待工作或拜访的地方之一。)”可知，超市现在正面临着失去客户和利润。故选B项。
33．细节理解题。由文章第二段“The revolutionary idea of a self-service grocery, where people could hunt and
gather food from aisles rather than asking a clerk to fetch items from behind a counter, first came about in America. There is some debate about which was the very first, but over the years a consensus has built around King Kullen Supermarket, founded in New York in 1930. (自助杂货店的革命性想法最初出现在美国，人们可以在过道里寻找和收集食物，而不是让店员从柜台后面取东西。关于哪一家是第一家，有一些争论，但多年来，围绕1930年在纽约成立的King Kullen超市达成了共识。)”可知，自助杂货店的概念起源于美国。故选B项。
34．推理判断题。由文章最后一段“In the early days, as the supermarket multiplied, so did our suspicion of it. We have long feared that this ‘revolution in distribution’ uses corporate black magic on our appetite. (在早期，随着超市的成倍增长，我们对它的怀疑也在增加。长期以来，我们一直担心这场‘分销革命’会利用企业的黑魔法来影响我们的食欲。)”可推知，人们担心超市使用棘手的策略来推广他们的业务，从而控制消费者购买行为。故选A项。
（2024上·北京顺义·高三统考二模）Borders, departments, or issue areas all represent what systems analysts call system boundaries. System boundaries divide. the big, messy, interconnected world into smaller subsystems. This is useful, even necessary. Our minds and our collective governance systems would be stuck if we had to always consider all the connections of everything to everything else. But dividing systems into subsystems can sometimes break a natural cooperativity. For instance, a decarbonizing country will spend money in its energy and transportation sectors and save money in its health system.
Decarbonization could be a win for the whole, but it might be experienced as a bother for particular subsystems.
Donella Meadows, the early systems modeler, wrote that system boundaries are “lines in the mind, not in the world.” And that is actually good news. If departments, and disciplines are just ideas, then there is nothing immovable about them. We can make these borders less obvious and conduct partnerships across them. We can even redraw them to include more of what matters in a single project or investment. That’s the premise of multisolving—using one investment of time or effort to achieve several goals at once.
For instance, Warm Up New Zealand (WUNZ) upgraded the energy efficiency of residential buildings and provided jobs in the building sector after a financial downturn. The project resulted in better health for residents, as well. That translated into health systems savings. Taken together, a 2011 study estimated that across all these benefits, the project saved $3. 90 for every $1 invested.
Multisolving seems possible everywhere and like an obvious choice. Yet, it is very much the exception, not the rule. Why is multisolving still so rare when it has the nower to boost progress on some of the most urgent issues we face
Unfamiliarity stands in the way, as does an oft-unexamined assumption that making issues smaller makes them easier to address. We often hear the viewpoint, “I already work on poverty (or climate, etc.) and that’s hard enough. Why should I add biodiversity or pollution to the mix ” Fundraising for crossing borders can be a struggle too. Funders want the “visible results” shown, but they don’t always see crossing borders as an essential part of achieving those results.
It is easy to devalue and underemphasize connection-building. After all, it can be delicate and not always visible. But to realize goals in today’s world, from equitable policies and low-carbon facilities to values like
cooperation and fairness, we do need deep shifts, and we need them soon. And facilitating the flow of ideas back and forth across borders is one way to speed change.
1．As for systems boundaries, the author is ______.
A．critical B．puzzled C．supportive D．unconcerned
2．What does the word “premise” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean
A．Prediction. B．Precondition. C．Prevention. D．Presentation.
3．What can we learn from the passage
A．People are familiar with multisolving.
B．WUNZ performed multisolving successfully.
C．Raising money helps to produce visible results.
D．Multisolving is widely used to address problems.
4．Which would be the best title for the passage
A．Multisolving: Hard to achieve soon
B．Multisolving: Essential to solve small issues
C．Multisolving: Conducting partnership across borders
D．Multisolving: Making systems whole, healthy, and sustainable
（2024上·北京顺义·高三统考二模）I love a group text—a grext, if you’ll permit me—but lately, the huge number of them competing for my attention has felt out of control. By the time I wake up, the notifications have already started rolling in; as I’m going to bed, they’re still coming. In between, I try to keep up, but all it takes is one 30-minute meeting before I’ve somehow gotten 100 new messages. I scroll up and up, trying to find where I left off, like I’ve lost my place in a book that keeps getting longer.
For better or for worse, we might be in the Age of the Group Chat. One study found that less than 2 percent of participants had only one-on-one chats on social media. 42 percent said that group chats can feel like a part-time job. Other studies have found that group chats can contribute to group bond and shared fun. A group text can be like a reminder that you’re part of something. Some researchers call this “ambient virtual presence”: Even when you’re alone, you’re not alone. This is like bats and dolphins producing a continuous sound and use the resulting echo (回声) to sense what’s around them.
But taking in too many signals can create a “waterfall type of effect,” where messages keep flooding in and adding up. Eventually, you’re underwater. Adding to the disorder, without a standard rule, people have very different ideas about group norm and what degree of responsiveness is required—which can cause real tension.
Fear of that tension can make wordless or even leaving a chat feel dispiriting. And anyway, you might not want to miss out. The desire isn’t to exit the room so much as to break a window. If group messaging is like echolocation, then disconnecting means lost.
Ultimately, most of us do want connection, even if it involves some duties; we’ll take quantities of messages when we’re busy if it means we can reach out when we’re hurting. A general advice is to give up grexts that are carrying on but that don’t really interest you. But when you can’t, you’ll just have to accept that belonging takes some effort. That’s the nature of relationships, right
5．The author uses his experience in Paragraph 1 to _______.
A．introduce the topic B．predict the ending
C．highlight an opinion D．illustrate an argument
6．What can be inferred from Paragraph 2
A．Lonely people prefer group chats. B．Bats and dolphins have group chats.
C．Group chats offer a sense of belonging. D．Group chats create a few part-time jobs.
7．What does the writer intend to tell us
A．Group chat needs a standard rule.
B．Group chat gives us more fear than joy.
C．Group chat helps promote strong connection.
D．Group chat is just a way to maintain relationships.
（2024上·北京房山·高三统考期末）A quick increase of dopamine (多巴胺) shifts mice into a dreamy stage of sleep. In the mice’s brains, the chemical messenger triggers rapid-eye-movement sleep, or REM, researchers report in the March 4 Science.
These new results are some of the first to show a trigger for the shifts. Understanding these transitions in more detail could ultimately point to ways to treat sleep disorders in people.
Certain nerve cells in the ventral tegmental area of the mouse brain can pump out dopamine, a molecule that has been linked to pleasure, movement and learning, which is then delivered dopamine to the amygdalae, two almond-shaped structures deep in the brain that are closely tied to emotions.
Using a molecular sensor that can tell exactly when and where dopamine is released, the researchers saw that dopamine levels rose in the amygdalae just before mice shifted from non-REM sleep to REM sleep.
Next, the researchers forced the mice into the REM phase by controlling those dopamine-producing nerve cells using lasers and genetic pelled with light, the nerve cells released dopamine in the
amygdalae while mice were in non-REM sleep. The mice then shifted into REM sleep sooner than they typically did, after an average of about two minutes compared with about eight minutes for mice that weren’t prompted to release dopamine. Stimulating these cells every half hour increased the mice’s total amount of REM sleep.
Additional experiments suggest that these dopamine-making nerve cells may also be involved in aspects of narcolepsy (嗜睡症). A sudden loss of muscle tone, called cataplexy, shares features with REM sleep and can accompany narcolepsy. Stimulating these dopamine-making nerve cells while mice were awake caused the mice to stop moving and fall directly into REM sleep.
The results help clarify a trigger for REM in mice; whether a similar thing happens in people isn’t known. Earlier studies have found that nerve cells in people’s amygdalae are active during REM sleep.
Many questions remain. Drugs that change dopamine levels in people don’t seem to have big effects on REM sleep and cataplexy. But these drugs affect the whole brain, and it’s possible that they are just not selective enough.
8．What can we learn from this passage
A．People with sleep disorders could benefit from the research.
B．Dopamine is generated in two almond-shaped structures.
C．Dopamine levels rose after mice shifted to REM sleep.
D．An increase of dopamine can trigger REM in people.
9．The underlined word “they” in the last paragraph refers to ______.
A．the entire brain
B．REM sleep and cataplexy
C．drugs affecting dopamine levels
D．people suffering from sleep disorders
10．What is the main purpose of the passage
A．To introduce two stages of sleep of all animals.
B．To explain dopamine as a trigger for REM in mice.
C．To present a new way to cure sleep disorders in people.
D．To propose a pioneer research interest in brain structure.
（2024上·北京昌平·高三统考期末）Drought is an increasing problem in our warming world. All continents have been experiencing more extended periods without rain, leading to forest fires and poor crop growth. Consequently, people are looking at cloud seeding to solve the problem — a method of encouraging precipitation
(降水) by sending small particles of certain chemicals into clouds.
Cloud-seeding expert Arlen Huggins has been studying its effectiveness. “My earliest experience was to use cloud seeding to reduce the amount of hail (冰雹) in northeast Colorado. We didn’t have any luck with that, but we had success later on in increasing snowfall in Utah. Now, the focus is shifting towards increasing rainfall from summer clouds, which is far more unpredictable.” said he.
The problem is that it’s pretty hard to know whether precipitation resulted directly from cloud seeding. It might have rained or snowed anyway. Even if you cloud seed in one place and don’t in another, it’s impossible to know for sure what caused the precipitation. Also, it’s not during foggy and snowy conditions that people think of increasing the chance of rainfall. When a country is hit by drought, then cloud seeding isn’t an option due to the lack of clouds. During drought, skies tend to be clear with few clouds. The best option to prevent drought is to seed at times of the year when rainfall levels are normal or higher. That way, slightly more rain can be stored the dry season.
As cloud seeding is expensive and its effectiveness tenuous, its usefulness is still a matter of opinion. University of Colorado researcher Katja Friedrich says cloud seeding can’t end a drought. However, it can be beneficial, provided it occurs alongside other water conservation strategies. Still, for that to happen, the water would need to be captured and stored effectively.
There are also environmental issues regarding the impact of cloud seeding. At high levels, the chemicals sent into the clouds can harm humans and other animals, and some studies have found them slightly poisonous. Apart from that, some environmentalists are concerned about the long-term impacts, as there isn’t data on how much those chemicals accumulate (累积) in the environment over 10 years.
Another fear is that cloud seeding could potentially steal water from neighbouring areas by encouraging the water in clouds that would otherwise fall somewhere else to fall in your location. If one country uses cloud seeding to create rain, a neighbouring country will also be very likely to lose out because clouds are constantly forming and reforming.
11．In Huggins’ study, at first cloud seeding was used to .
A．increase annual snowfall in Utah
B．send chemicals into summer clouds
C．lower the amount of hail in Colorado
D．put out forest fires and help crops grow
12．What does the underlined word tenuous in the fourth paragraph probably mean
A．Negative. B．Weak. C．Surprising. D．Various.
13．What’s the best title of the passage
A．Should we seed clouds to make rain
B．Should we seed clouds at a lower price
C．Can cloud seeding help end a drought
D．Can cloud seeding be more eco-friendly
（2024上·北京丰台·高三统考期末）Too Much Information
Computer hackers, in order to get more secret information, constantly improve at breaking into cyberdefenses (网络防御系统) to steal valuable documents. So some researchers propose using an artificial-intelligence algorithm (算法) to hopelessly confuse them, once they break in, by hiding the real deal in a mountain of misleading documents and information.
The algorithm, called Word Embedding-based Fake Online Repository Generation Engine (WE-FORGE), creates decoys of patents under development. If hackers were after, say, the recipe for a new drug, they would have to find the relevant needle in a sea of false documents. This could mean checking each recipe in detail-and perhaps investing in a few dead-end ones. “The name of the game here is, ‘Make it harder, ” explains V. S Subrahmanian, its developer, Dartmouth College Cyber Security researcher. “Pain those stealing from you. ”
Subrahmanian says he tackled this project after reading that companies are unaware of new kinds of cyberattacks for an average of 312 days after they begin. “Hackers have almost a year to decamp with all our documents, patents and intellectual property, ”he says. “They have stolen almost everything. It’s not just the crown jewels-it’s the crown jewels, and the jewels of the cleaning lady, and the watch of the secretary!”
The documents produced by WE-FORGE could also act as hidden traps to confuse hackers, says Rachel Tobac, CEO of SocialProof Security. These documents might alert security when panies have typically used human-created false copies for this strategy. But now the algorithm is able to do that for us.
The system produces convincing traps by searching through a document for key words. For each one it finds, it calculates a list of related concepts and replaces the original term with one chosen at random. The process can produce dozens of documents that contain no patent information but still look credible. Subrahmanian and his team asked computer science and chemistry graduates to evaluate real and false patents from their respective fields. And the humans found the WE-FORGE-created documents highly believable.
WE-FORGE might eventually expand its boundary. Both Subrahmanian and Tobac think this research will attract commercial interest. “I could definitely see an organization investing in this type of product, ” Tobac says. “If this creates believable decoys without releasing sensitive details within those traps, then I think you’ve got a
huge with there. ”
14．What does the underlined word “decoys” in Paragraph 2 refer to
A．Misleading documents.
B．Original terms.
C．Computer operating systems.
D．Cyber securities.
15．In Paragraph 3, what Subrahmanian says indicates ______.
A．the greediness of hackers
B．the wealth of the companies
C．the unreliability of the network
D．the variety of intellectual property
16．What can we learn about WE-FORGE
A．It will sound alarm upon being operated.
B．It is profitable for the users by avoiding their loss.
C．It has attracted investors for its application in many fields.
D．It can compose irrelevant concepts in the false documents.
（2024上·北京昌平·高三统考期末）What does it mean to be intelligent If it’s defined by having the biggest brain, then sperm whales—whose brain is 20 pounds—would be the brightest creatures on Earth. But, more likely, intelligence is what gives an organism the best chance to survive in an environment. Language may be one of the best ways to demonstrate that kind of smarts. Though all animals can communicate with others, humans are one of the few species to have a spoken language. Using speech, we could share complex ideas, pass knowledge through generations, and create communities. Whether spoken language actually helped us evolve (进化) as species into more advanced beings, however, has never really been tested.
“Language allowing humans to be a more advanced species is an assumption that somebody came up with one day without really trying to prove it,” says Erich Jarvis, a professor who studies the neurobiology of vocal learning.
But Jarvis and his colleagues were able to examine this assumption with the help of songbirds. Jarvis’ new study provides some of the first evidence that vocal learning—one of the crucial components for a spoken language—is associated with problem-solving. Vocal learning is the ability to produce new sounds by imitating (模仿) others, relying on experience rather than instinct.
To get a better grasp of vocal learning and cognition (认知), the study authors turned to songbirds. The team performed seven cognitive experiments on 214 songbirds from 23 different species. Of these, 21 species were caught from the wild. Two songbirds studied are domesticated. The behavioral tests examined the birds’ problem solving, for instance by figuring out how to remove an object to access the food reward. The researchers also tested two other skills often associated with intelligence: learning by association, plus what’s called reversal (倒转的) learning, in which an animal adjusts its behavior to get a reward. They then looked at whether being vocal learners helped develop the three skills, comparing 21 bird species to two others, which were vocal non-learners.
The biologists noticed a strong relationship between vocal learning and problem-solving skills. Vocal learning bird species could come up with innovative ideas, such as getting seeds, or a worm trapped under a cup by removing the obstacle or pulling it apart. All three abilities—problem solving, associative learning, and reversal learning—are typically considered “components of intelligence,” he says.
Brain size was another benefit to vocal learning that may have supported these problem-solving abilities. The 21 vocal-learning species had slightly larger brains, relative to their body size, than the two who weren’t. Jarvis says it’s possible these big-headed birds packed more neurons.
One question left unanswered is why there’s such a strong relationship between problem-solving abilities and vocal learning. The brain areas in charge of vocal learning are not the same ones that get activated when we need to troubleshoot an issue, says Jarvis.
17．The purpose of the first paragraph is to ______.
A．promote a new theory B．offer an example
C．present an assumption D．make a contrast
18．Why does Jarvis carry out the study
A．To examine the problem-solving ability of songbirds.
B．To prove the significance of vocal learning to humans.
C．To illustrate the influence of brain size on vocal learning.
D．To test the relation between vocal learning and intelligence.
19．What do we know from the study on songbirds
A．Advanced species have better problem-solving ability.
B．Vocal learners have a better development of intelligence.
C．Better problem-solving ability leads to bigger brain size.
D．Humans and songbirds are both good at vocal learning.
20．We can infer that future study will focus on ________.
A．why humans’ problem-solving abilities develop better
B．how other abilities are connected to songbirds’ intelligence
C．how problem-solving and vocal learning brain areas are related
D．why vocal learning differences exist in various songbirds species
（2024上·北京西城·高三统考期末）In parts of Africa, people communicate with a wild bird-the greater honeyguide-in order to locate bee habitats and harvest their stores of honey. It’s a rare example of cooperation between humans and wild animals, and a potential instance of cultural coevolution(共同进化). Brian Wood from UCLA and Claire Spottiswoode from University of Cape Town were lead authors on a study showing how this valuable partnership is maintained and varies across cultures.
“Our study demonstrates the bird’s ability to learn distinct voiced signals that are traditionally used by different honey-hunting communities, expanding possibilities for mutually beneficial cooperation with people, ” Wood said. “Honeyguides seem to know the landscape well, gathering knowledge about the location of bee nests, which they then share with people,” Spottiswoode said. “People are eager for the bird’s help.” The honeyguides also benefit from locating the colonies: They eat the leftover honeycomb.
Spottiswoode and Wood’s study was done in cooperation with the Hadza in Tanzania, with whom Wood has been conducting research since 2004, and the Yao community of northern Mozambique. Their prior work in both communities documented differences in how each culture attracts honeyguides. Among the Hadza, a honey-hunter announces a desire to partner with the bird by whistling. In Mozambique, Yao honey-hunters do so with a “Brr!” . . . followed by a “. . . hmm!”
Using mathematical models and audio playback experiments, the team studied these signals, their usefulness to people and their impacts on birds. They experimentally exposed honeyguides in Tanzania and Mozambique to the same set of prerecorded sounds. This enabled the researchers to test whether honeyguides had learned to recognize and prefer the specialized signals that local honey-hunters used or were naturally attracted to all such signals.
The honeyguides in Tanzania were over three times more likely to cooperate when hearing the calls of local
Hadza people than the calls of ‘foreign’ Yao. The honeyguides in Mozambique were almost twice as likely to cooperate when hearing the local Yao call, compared to the ‘foreign’ Hadza whistles.
The study proposes that differences in honeyguide-attracting signals are not random, but make practical sense. While honey-hunting, both the Hadza and Yao come across mammals (哺乳动物), but only the Hadza hunt them, using bows and arrows. The Hadza’s hunting might explain the less notable whistles they use. Filmed interviews show Hadza hunters explaining that they can evade being detected by their prey(猎物) because their whistles “sound like birds.” Contrarily, the signal the Yao use to communicate with the honeyguide can help scare off animals they find dangerous.
21．By cooperating with honey-hunting communities, honeyguides can _____.
A．nest near human culture
B．locate bee habitats easier
C．have access to more food
D．become familiar with the landscape
22．Why did the researchers use the same prerecorded signals
A．To study their mathematical models.
B．To check if they are a natural preference.
C．To investigate their usefulness to humans.
D．To see if they increase birds’ ability to find honey.
23．What can we learn from Spottiswoode and Wood’s study
A．The human-bird relationship can change with new signals.
B．The Yao community hunts animals while looking for bee nests.
C．The honeyguides are more responsive to calls from the local people.
D．The signals from the Hadza were more effective in attracting honeyguides.
24．What is the last paragraph mainly about
A．How mammals react to different signals.
B．How hunting techniques are applied to prey.
C．How whistles enable honeyguides to find targets.
D．How signals are associated with hunting practice.
（2024上·北京石景山·高三统考期末）Research has shown that people tend to get more happiness from spending their money on experiences, such as travel and entertainment, than on things, such as clothes and
electronic goods. But are people happier during the purchased experience itself Or does the happiness come more from expecting or remembering the experience
A new study, published in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, offers an answer. Our experiential purchases bring us greater pleasure in terms of expectation and remembrance than do our material purchases, but they also bring us greater in-the-moment enjoyment, the study found.
For the study, the researchers found 2,635 adults who agreed to receive texts at any time during the day. The texts began with a happiness question, which asked the participants to rate how they felt “right now” on a scale from very bad to very good. Half of them were then asked if they had made a material purchase within the past hour, such as clothing or electronic goods. The others were asked if they had made an experiential purchase within the past hour, such as eating in a restaurant or attending a concert.
The researchers found that the purchasers of the experiences express higher levels of happiness than the purchasers of the material goods, no matter how much the purchases cost.
To address possible differences in types of purchasers, the researchers made a second study in which they researched more than 5,000 adults. “We still observed the same result,” said Steve Lacy, the study’s lead author.
The researchers said a possible explanation is the endurance (持久) of experiences in people’s memories, while the observed value of material goods weakens over time.
“If you want to be happier, it might be wise to move some of your spending away from material goods and a bit more toward experiences,” Lacy said. “That would likely lead to greater happiness.”
25．The author put forward two questions in Paragraph 1 to _______.
A．make a fact clear B．introduce a new research
C．list possible problems D．doubt the opinion presented
26．Why did the researchers text the participants
A．To ask them about their spending plans.
B．To understand their needs and spending habits.
C．To track their purchasing activities and feelings.
D．To find out the change in their purchasing choices.
27．According to the passage, which of the following can bring the greatest pleasure
A．One picks up a few good bargains.
B．One pays for an amusement park trip.
C．One buys electronic goods in an online shop.
D．One spends a great deal on high-end products.
（2024上·北京丰台·高三统考期末）The scientists behind a new database of more than 400 extreme weather attribution (归因) studies have performed an essential service. This piece of work, drawing together every study of this type, ought to create a greater sense of urgency around policymaking and campaigning. It shows that intense heatwaves, hurricanes, and floods have all been made far more likely by greenhouse gas emissions. And it spells out the alarming unpredictability as well as the extent of global heating’s consequences.
Until the early 2000s, when the first attribution studies were published, it was harder to link CO2 in the atmosphere with global heating’s sensible effects. Thanks to a growing body of research, now we know. The last summer’s record-breaking “heat dome”(热穹顶) across the globe would have been almost impossible without human-caused climate change.
“Beauty is truth, truth beauty,” wrote the poet John Keats just over 200 years ago. When it comes to climate, truth can feel closer to terror these days. But scientists are right to insist that the reality must be faced. Indeed, this is the only way to avoid the most disastrous outcomes. In a new book, Hothouse Earth, Prof Bill McGuire argues that we have reached a stage when minimising dangers should be regarded as “climate appeasement”.
Like the historical responsibility for carbon emissions, attitudes and experiences in the present crisis are unevenly and unjustly shared out. Billions of people around the world, and above all in the global south, are caught up day-to-day in a struggle for survival. This doesn’t mean they don’t recognise global heating; subsistence (勉强维持生活) farmers and fishers are more directly exposed to environmental damage than anyone else. But western governments, businesses and people who are relatively sheltered from global heating’s worst effects should recognise this as the privilege that it is. With this year’s Climate Change Conference fast approaching, western governments must follow through on their promises of climate finance to enable a green transition in the developing world.
The purpose of attribution science is not simply to warn the world about what is happening, but to aid preparations for what has not happened yet. The most alarming global trend, apart from still-rising emissions that mean we are on course for 2. 5°C of heating, is the unexpected speed with which it is already causing chaos. Given what we now know about the impact of 1°C of warming, it is no exaggeration to say that this trend is disastrous.
But alternatives exist, and insisting on this point has never been more important. The alarming findings of attribution scientists can give rise to desperation-but must not be allowed to end determination and hope.
28．The attribution studies imply that ____.
A．policies addressing climate issues are ineffective
B．it is hard to link CO2 with the effects of global heating
C．the extent of global heating’s consequences is unpredictable
D．humans are to blame for the increased occurrence of disasters
29．How does Prof Bill McGuire feel about the present climate crisis
A．Worried. B．Doubtful.
C．Optimistic. D．Puzzled.
30．What can we learn from this passage
A．The global south is in urgent need of financial support.
B．The speeding up of global warming has spelled trouble.
C．Global heating affects western countries to a larger extent.
D．The effort to reduce greenhouse gas emission has worked.
31．What is the main purpose of the passage
A．To urge the public to follow the science.
B．To persuade the scientists to further their study.
C．To assess the current policy on the climate crisis.
D．To confirm the public’s concern for global heating.
（2024上·北京大兴·高三统考期末）Supermarkets have long been suffering as one of the thinnest-margined businesses in existence and one of the least-looked-forward-to places to work or visit. For more than a decade, they have been under attack from e-commerce giants, blamed for making Americans fat, and accused of contributing to climate change.
Supermarkets can technically be defined as giants housing 15,000 to 60,000 different products. The revolutionary idea of a self-service grocery, where people could hunt and gather food from aisles rather than asking a clerk to fetch items from behind a counter, first came about in America. There is some debate about which was the very first, but over the years a consensus has built around King Kullen Supermarket, founded in New York in 1930.
For some 300 years, Americans had fed themselves from small stores and public markets. Shopping for food involved mud, noisy chickens, clouds of flies, nasty smells, bargaining, and getting short-changed. The supermarket imitated the Fordist factory, with its emphasis on efficiency and standardization, and reimagined it as a place to buy food. Supermarkets may not feel cutting-edge now, but they were a revolution in distribution at the time. They were such strange marvels that, on her first official state visit to the United States in 1957, Queen
Elizabeth Ⅱ insisted on an impromptu (即兴的) tour of a suburban-Maryland Giant Food.
The typical supermarket layout has barely changed over the past 90 years. Most stores open with flowers, fruit and vegetables at the front as a breath of freshness to arouse our appetite. Meanwhile, they keep the milk, eggs, and other daily basics all the way back so you’ll travel through as much of the store as possible, and be tempted along the way.
In the early days, as the supermarket multiplied, so did our suspicion of it. We have long feared that this “revolution in distribution” uses corporate black magic on our appetite. The book The Hidden Persuaders, published in 1957, warned that supermarkets were putting women in a “hypnoidal trance (催眠恍惚状态),” causing them to wander aisles, bumping into boxes and “picking things off shelves at random.”
32．What problem have supermarkets been facing
A．They are actually on the way to shutdown.
B．They have been losing customers and profits.
C．They are forced to use e-commerce strategies.
D．They have difficulty adapting to climate change.
33．What does the passage say about the idea of a self-service grocery
A．It was put forward by King Kullen.
B．It originated in the United States.
C．It has been under constant debate.
D．It proves revolutionary even today.
34．What have people long feared about supermarkets
A．They use tricky strategies to promote their business.
B．They are going to replace the local groceries entirely.
C．They apply corporate black magic to the goods on display.
D．They take advantage of the weaknesses of women shoppers.
参考答案：
1．A 2．B 3．B 4．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了多解决方案的必要性，即使系统完整、健康和可持续。
1．推理判断题。由文章第一段中“System boundaries divide, the big, messy, interconnected world into smaller subsystems. This is useful, even necessary. Our minds and our collective governance systems would be stuck if we had to always consider all the connections of everything to everything else. But dividing systems into subsystems can sometimes break a natural cooperativity. (系统边界划分。庞大、混乱、相互联系的世界变成了更小的子系统。这是有用的，甚至是必要的。如果我们必须总是考虑所有事物与其他事物之间的联系，我们的思想和我们的集体治理系统就会被卡住。但是将系统划分为子系统有时会破坏自然的协作性)”可知，作者认为系统边界划分是有用的，甚至是必要的，但是将系统划分为子系统有时会破坏自然的协作性，所以作者的态度是批判性的。故选A。
2．词句猜测题。由文章第三段中“We can even redraw them to include more of what matters in a single project or investment. (我们甚至可以重新绘制它们，以便在单个项目或投资中包含更多重要的内容)”以及“using one investment of time or effort to achieve several goals at once (使用一次时间或精力的投入来同时实现多个目标)”可知，使用一次时间或精力的投入来同时实现多个目标，这是多重解决的前提。A. Prediction预测；B. Precondition前提条件；C. Prevention预防；D. Presentation介绍。故选B。
3．推理判断题。由文章第四段中“For instance, Warm Up New Zealand (WUNZ) upgraded the energy efficiency of residential buildings and provided jobs in the building sector after a financial downturn. The project resulted in better health for residents, as well. That translated into health systems savings. Taken together, a 2011 study estimated that across all these benefits, the project saved $3. 90 for every $1 invested. (例如，Warm Up New Zealand (WUNZ)提升了住宅建筑的能源效率，并在金融危机后为建筑行业提供了就业机会。该项目还改善了居民的健康状况。这转化为卫生系统的节省。2011年的一项研究估计，综合所有这些好处，该项目节省了3美元。每1美元投资90美元)”可知，WUNZ成功执行了多重解决方案。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段中“But dividing systems into subsystems can sometimes break a natural cooperativity. (但是将系统划分为子系统有时会破坏自然的协作性)”、第三段中“We can make these borders less obvious and conduct partnerships across them.We can even redraw them to include more of what matters in a single project or investment. That’s the premise of multisolving—using one investment of time or effort to achieve several goals at once. (我们可以使这些边界不那么明显，并在它们之间开展伙伴关系。我们甚至可以重新绘制它们，以便在单个项目或投资中包含更多重要的内容。这是多重解决的前提——使用一
次时间或精力的投入来同时实现多个目标)”、第五段中“Multisolving seems possible everywhere and like an obvious choice. (多重解法似乎在任何地方都是可行的，是一个显而易见的选择)”、最后一段“It is easy to devalue and underemphasize connection-building. After all, it can be delicate and not always visible. But to realize goals in today’s world, from equitable policies and low-carbon facilities to values like cooperation and fairness, we do need deep shifts, and we need them soon. And facilitating the flow of ideas back and forth across borders is one way to speed change. (人们很容易低估和低估建立联系的重要性。毕竟，它可以是微妙的，并不总是可见的。但要实现当今世界的目标，从公平的政策和低碳设施，到合作和公平等价值观，我们确实需要深刻的转变，而且需要尽快。促进思想的跨境流动是加速变革的一种方式)”可知，本文主要介绍了多解决方案的必要性，即使系统完整、健康和可持续。故选D。
5．A 6．C 7．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了群发短信的原因和影响，以及人们应该怎样处理这种情况。
5．推理判断题。由文章第一段“I love a group text—a grext, if you’ll permit me—but lately, the huge number of them competing for my attention has felt out of control. By the time I wake up, the notifications have already started rolling in; as I’m going to bed, they’re still coming. In between, I try to keep up, but all it takes is one 30-minute meeting before I’ve somehow gotten 100 new messages. I scroll up and up, trying to find where I left off, like I’ve lost my place in a book that keeps getting longer. (我喜欢群发短信——如果你允许的话，我很喜欢群发短信——但最近，大量群发短信争夺我的注意力让我感觉失去了控制。当我醒来的时候，通知已经开始滚滚而来。就在我上床睡觉的时候，它们还在来。在此期间，我试着跟上进度，但只需要开一个30分钟的会，我就能收到100条新信息。我向上滚动，试图找到我停下来的地方，就像我在一本越来越长的书中失去了我的位置。)”可知，作者利用他在第一段中的经验介绍本文话题。故选A。
6．推理判断题。由文章第二段“For better or for worse, we might be in the Age of the Group Chat. One study found that less than 2 percent of participants had only one-on-one chats on social media. 42 percent said that group chats can feel like a part-time job. Other studies have found that group chats can contribute to group bond and shared fun. A group text can be like a reminder that you’re part of something. Some researchers call this “ambient virtual presence”: Even when you’re alone, you’re not alone. This is like bats and dolphins producing a continuous sound and use the resulting echo (回声) to sense what’s around them. (不管是好是坏，我们可能正处于群聊时代。一项研究发现，只有不到2%的参与者只在社交媒体上进行一对一的聊天。42%的人表示，群聊感觉就像一份兼职工作。其他研究发现，群聊可以促进群体联系，分享乐趣。群短信可以提醒你，你是某个群体的一部分。一些研究人员称之为“环境虚拟存在”：即使你独自一人，你也不孤单。这就像蝙蝠
和海豚发出连续的声音，并利用所产生的回声来感知周围的事物。)”可知，从第2段可以推断出群聊提供了一种归属感。故选C。
7．推理判断题。由文章最后一段中“Ultimately, most of us do want connection, even if it involves some duties; we’ll take quantities of messages when we’re busy if it means we can reach out when we’re hurting. A general advice is to give up grexts that are carrying on but that don’t really interest you. But when you can’t, you’ll just have to accept that belonging takes some effort. That’s the nature of relationships, right (最终，我们大多数人都想要联系，即使这涉及到一些责任；当我们很忙的时候，我们会接受大量的信息，如果这意味着我们可以在受伤的时候伸出援手。一般的建议是放弃那些正在进行但你并不真正感兴趣的群聊。但当你做不到的时候，你就不得不接受归属感需要一些努力。这就是关系的本质，对吧？)”可知，作者想要告诉我们群聊只是维持关系的一种方式。故选D。
8．A 9．C 10．B
【导语】本文是一片说明文。主要解释了多巴胺如何成为小鼠REM睡眠的触发器，并研究表明这可能有助于理解和治疗人类的睡眠障碍。
8．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Understanding these transitions in more de tail could ultimately point to ways to treat sleep disorders in people. (更多地了解这些转变，最终可以指出治疗人们睡眠障碍的方法。)”可知，了解这种转变的细节可能最终会为治疗人类的睡眠障碍提供方法，即患有睡眠障碍的人可以从这项研究中受益。故选A项。
9．词义猜测题。根据最后一段中“Drugs that change dopamine levels in people don’t seem to have big effects on REM sleep and cataplexy. But these drugs affect the whole brain, and it’s possible that they are just not selective enough. (改变人体多巴胺水平的药物似乎对快速眼动睡眠和猝倒没有太大影响。但这些药物会影响整个大脑，而且它们可能只是选择性不够。)”可知，they指代的是影响多巴胺水平的药物，故选C项。
10．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“A quick increase of dopamine (多巴胺) shifts mice into a dreamy stage of sleep. In the mice’s brains, the chemical messenger triggers rapid-eye-movement sleep, or REM, researchers report in the March 4 Science. (多巴胺的快速增加使小鼠进入梦幻般的睡眠阶段。研究人员在3月4日的《科学》杂志上报告说，在小鼠的大脑中，化学信使会触发快速眼动睡眠（REM）。)”及第二段“These new results are some of the first to show a trigger for the shifts. (这些新结果是最早显示转变触发因素的。)”可知，文章的主要目的是解释多巴胺如何成为小鼠REM睡眠的触发器因素，故选B项。
11．C 12．B 13．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要讨论了干旱成为全球变暖环境下的一个严重问题，而“人工降雨”被认为是解决干旱问题的一种方法。然而，人工降雨的效果难以确定，并且存在环境问题和水资源分配问题。因此，虽然云雾处理可能会在一些条件下对缓解干旱有一定益处，但其实用性和可行性仍有待讨论。
11．细节理解题。根据第二段中“My earliest experience was to use cloud seeding to reduce the amount of hail (冰雹) in northeast Colorado. We didn’t have any luck with that, but we had success later on in increasing snowfall in Utah. (我最早的经验是在科罗拉多东北部使用人工降雨来减少冰雹的数量。我们没有任何运气，但后来我们成功地在犹他州增加了降雪量。)”可知，Huggins的研究中，人工降雨最初是被用来减少科罗拉多冰雹的数量。故选C。
12．词句猜测题。根据前文“As cloud seeding is expensive (因为人工降雨是昂贵的)”以及划线词后面的内容“its usefulness is still a matter of opinion. (它的用处仍然是一个意见问题。)”可知，此处强调人工降雨是昂贵的即人工降雨的缺点，划线词应该表述人工降雨效果不佳的特征，才能与前文构成并列，由此引发人们对其用处的争议。B选项“Weak(微弱的，无影响力的)”与划线词为同义词。故选B。
13．主旨大意题。结合倒数第二段“There are also environmental issues regarding the impact of cloud seeding. At high levels, the chemicals sent into the clouds can harm humans and other animals, and some studies have found them slightly poisonous. Apart from that, some environmentalists are concerned about the long-term impacts, as there isn’t data on how much those chemicals accumulate (累积) in the environment over 10 years.(此外，人工降雨还会对环境造成影响。高浓度的化学物质会对人类和其他动物造成伤害，一些研究发现它们有轻微的毒性。除此之外，一些环保主义者担心长期影响，因为没有数据表明这些化学物质在10年内在环境中积累了多少。)”和最后一段“Another fear is that cloud seeding could potentially steal water from neighbouring areas by encouraging the water in clouds that would otherwise fall somewhere else to fall in your location. If one country uses cloud seeding to create rain, a neighbouring country will also be very likely to lose out because clouds are constantly forming and reforming.(另一个担忧是，人工降雨可能会促使原本会落在其他地方的云中的水落到你所在的位置，从而潜在地从邻近地区窃取水分。如果一个国家使用人工降雨，其邻国也很可能会损失，因为云在不断形成和变化。)”，再通读全文，本文主要讨论了干旱成为全球变暖环境下的一个严重问题，而“人工降雨”被认为是解决干旱问题的一种方法。然而，人工降雨的效果难以确定，并且存在环境问题和水资源分配问题。因此，虽然云雾处理可能会在一些条件下对缓解干旱有一定益处，但其实用性和可行性仍有待讨论。A选项“Should we seed clouds to make rain ( 我们应该使用人工降雨吗？)”概括文章主要内容，符合标题。故选A。
14．A 15．A 16．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种人工智能算法(WE-FORGE)，该算法能够产生黑客盗取文件的伪造文件，将真实文件隐藏在堆积如山的伪造文件中，从而迷惑黑客，避免用户的损失。
14．词义猜测题。根据文章第二段“If hackers were after, say, the recipe for a new drug, they would have to find the relevant needle in a sea of false documents. (比如说，如果黑客在寻找一种新药的配方，他们将不得不在虚假文件中大海捞针)”可知，该算法(WE-FORGE)能够产生黑客盗取文件的伪造文件，将真实文件隐藏在堆积如山的伪造文件中，混淆视听，故划线词指的是那些误导黑客的文件。故选A项。
15．推理判断题。根据文章第三段““Hackers have almost a year to decamp with all our documents, patents and intellectual property, ”he says. “They have stolen almost everything. It’s not just the crown jewels-it’s the crown jewels, and the jewels of the cleaning lady, and the watch of the secretary!”(他说：“黑客有将近一年的时间带着我们所有的文件、专利和知识产权潜逃。他们几乎偷走了所有东西。不仅是皇冠上的珠宝，还有皇冠上的宝石，还有清洁女工的珠宝，以及秘书的手表！”)”可知，Subrahmanian的话表明黑客无所不偷，非常贪婪。故选A项。
16．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“The documents produced by WE-FORGE could also act as hidden traps to confuse hackers, says Rachel Tobac, CEO of SocialProof Security. These documents might alert security when panies have typically used human-created false copies for this strategy. But now the algorithm is able to do that for us.(SocialProof Security首席执行官Rachel Tobac表示，WE-FORGE制作的文件也可能成为迷惑黑客的隐藏陷阱。访问这些文档时，可能会向安全部门发出警报。公司通常使用人为创建的虚假副本来实现这一策略。但现在算法能够为我们做到这一点)”可知，WE-FORGE制作的文件可以迷惑黑客，避免用户的损失，这对于用户来说是有益的。故选B项。
17．C 18．D 19．B 20．C
【分析】这是一篇说明文。介绍了声乐学习对于智力发展有积极的促进作用。
17．推理判断题。根据文章第一段第一句“What does it mean to be intelligent (聪明意味着什么？)”以及文章第一段第三句“Language may be one of the best ways to demonstrate that kind of smarts.(语言可能是展示这种智慧的最佳方式之一。)”还有文章第一段最后一句“Whether spoken language actually helped us evolve (进化) as species into more advanced beings, however, has never really been tested.(语言是否真的帮助我们进化，然而，作为一个物种，进化成更先进的生物，从未真正经过测试。)”可知，作者提出了一个问题“聪明是什么”？之后作者认为语言最能说明聪明与否。所以作者提出了一个假设，语言是否真的帮助我们进化，是否是证明聪明的最佳方式之一，但这个假设还有待验证。故选C项。
18．细节理解题。根据文章第三段第二句“Jarvis’ new study provides some of the first evidence that vocal
learning—one of the crucial components for a spoken language—is associated with problem-solving.(贾维斯的新研究提供了一些初步证据，证明声乐学习——口语的关键组成部分之一——与解决问题有关。)”可知，贾维斯执行这项研究是因为他想验证声乐学习是否和智慧相关。故选D项。
19．细节理解题。文章第五段“The biologists noticed a strong relationship between vocal learning and problem-solving skills. Vocal learning bird species could come up with innovative ideas, such as getting seeds, or a worm trapped under a cup by removing the obstacle or pulling it apart. All three abilities—problem solving, associative learning, and reversal learning—are typically considered “components of intelligence,” he says.(生物学家们注意到声乐学习和解决问题的能力之间有着密切的关系。声乐学习鸟类可以想出创新的想法，比如通过移除障碍物或将其拉开来获得种子，或者将蠕虫困在杯子下。他说，这三种能力——解决问题、联想学习和反向学习——通常被认为是“智力的组成部分”。 )”可知，声乐学习的鸟类相比于没有音乐学系的鸟类智力上有更好的发展。故选B项。
20．推理判断题。文章最后一段第一句“One question left unanswered is why there’s such a strong relationship between problem-solving abilities and vocal learning. (一个未回答的问题是，为什么解决问题的能力和声乐学习之间有如此紧密的关系。)”可推断，未来的研究将集中在 解决问题和声乐学习脑区是如何关联的。故选C项。
21．C 22．B 23．C 24．D
【导语】本文为一篇说明文，研究表明，人们可以与野生动物合作，造成文化共同进化。该研究展示了这种宝贵的伙伴关系是如何在不同文化中维持和变化的。
21．细节理解题。根据文章第二段““Our study demonstrates the bird’s ability to learn distinct voiced signals that are traditionally used by different honey-hunting communities, expanding possibilities for mutually beneficial cooperation with people, ” Wood said. “Honeyguides seem to know the landscape well, gathering knowledge about the location of bee nests, which they then share with people,” Spottiswoode said. “People are eager for the bird’s help.” The honeyguides also benefit from locating the colonies: They eat the leftover honeycomb.(伍德说:“我们的研究表明，这种鸟有能力学习不同的声音信号，这些信号是不同的采蜜社区传统上使用的，这扩大了与人类互利合作的可能性。”斯波蒂斯伍德说:“蜜 似乎很了解周围的风景，它们会收集蜂巢的位置信息，然后与人们分享。人们渴望这只鸟的帮助。”蜜 也从定位蜂群中获益：它们吃剩下的蜂巢)”可知，通过与采蜜社区合作，蜜 可以获得更多的食物。故选C项。
22．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“They experimentally exposed honeyguides in Tanzania and Mozambique to the same set of prerecorded sounds. This enabled the researchers to test whether honeyguides had learned to
recognize and prefer the specialized signals that local honey-hunters used or were naturally attracted to all such signals.(他们将坦桑尼亚和莫桑比克的蜜 暴露在同一组预先录制好的声音中进行实验。这使研究人员能够测试蜜 是学会了识别和偏爱当地采蜜者使用的特殊信号，还是自然地被所有这些信号所吸引)”可知，研究人员在同一组预先录制好的声音中进行实验来检验蜜 被信号吸引是否是一种自然偏好。故选B项。
23．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“The honeyguides in Tanzania were over three times more likely to cooperate when hearing the calls of local Hadza people than the calls of ‘foreign’ Yao. The honeyguides in Mozambique were almost twice as likely to cooperate when hearing the local Yao call, compared to the ‘foreign’ Hadza whistles.(坦桑尼亚的蜜 在听到当地哈扎族人的叫声时，配合的可能性是听到“外国”瑶族叫声的三倍多。莫桑比克的蜜 在听到当地瑶族的叫声时，与听到“外来”哈扎族的哨声相比，合作的可能性几乎是前者的两倍)”可推知，蜜 对当地人的呼唤更有反应。故选C项。
24．主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“The study proposes that differences in honeyguide-attracting signals are not random, but make practical sense. While honey-hunting, both the Hadza and Yao come across mammals, but only the Hadza hunt them, using bows and arrows. The Hadza’s hunting might explain the less notable whistles they use. Filmed interviews show Hadza hunters explaining that they can evade being detected by their prey because their whistles “sound like birds.” Contrarily, the signal the Yao use to communicate with the honeyguide can help scare off animals they find dangerous.(这项研究表明，吸引蜜 信号的差异不是随机的，而是有实际意义的。在采蜜的过程中，哈扎族和瑶族都遇到了哺乳动物，但只有哈扎族用弓箭猎杀它们。哈扎人的狩猎行为或许可以解释他们使用的不那么引人注目的哨声。视频采访显示，哈扎猎人解释说，他们可以逃避被猎物发现，因为他们的哨声“听起来像鸟”。相反，瑶族用来与蜜 交流的信号可以吓跑他们认为危险的动物)”可知，文章最后一段讲述了信号是如何与狩猎活动联系起来的。故选D项。
25．B 26．C 27．B
【导语】本文是说明文。发表在《实验社会心理学杂志》上的一项新研究发现，与物质购买相比，体验式购买在期待和回忆方面给我们带来了更大的快乐，但它们也给我们带来了更大的当下享受。
25．推理判断题。根据第一段中“But are people happier during the purchased experience itself Or does the happiness come more from expecting or remembering the experience (但人们在购买体验本身时会感到更快乐吗？还是幸福更多地来自于期待或记住这段经历？)”和第二段中“A new study, published in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, offers an answer. (发表在《实验社会心理学杂志》上的一项新研究提供了答案)”可知，第一段提出两个问题，第二段指出一项新的研究给出了这两个问题的答案，由此可推知，作者在第1段提出两个问题是为了介绍一项新的研究，故选B。
26．细节理解题。根据第三段“For the study, the researchers found 2,635 adults who agreed to receive texts at any time during the day. The texts began with a happiness question, which asked the participants to rate how they felt “right now” on a scale from very bad to very good. Half of them were then asked if they had made a material purchase within the past hour, such as clothing or electronic goods. The others were asked if they had made an experiential purchase within the past hour, such as eating in a restaurant or attending a concert.(在这项研究中，研究人员发现2635名成年人同意在一天中的任何时间接收短信。这些短信以一个幸福感问题开始，要求参与者从非常糟糕到非常好的范围内对他们“现在”的感受进行评分。然后，其中一半人被问及在过去一小时内是否购买过物质产品，例如衣服或电子产品。其他人被问及过去一小时内是否进行过体验式购买，例如在餐厅吃饭或参加音乐会)”可知，研究人员给参与者发短信是为了跟踪他们的购买活动和感受。故选C。
27．推理判断题。根据第四段“The researchers found that the purchasers of the experiences express higher levels of happiness than the purchasers of the material goods, no matter how much the purchases cost.(研究人员发现，无论购买成本是多少，购买体验的人比购买物质产品的人表现出更高的幸福感)”和最后一段““If you want to be happier, it might be wise to move some of your spending away from material goods and a bit more toward experiences,” Lacy said. “That would likely lead to greater happiness.”(莱西说：“如果你想变得更快乐，明智的做法是将部分支出从物质产品上转移到体验上。”“这可能会带来更大的幸福。”)”可知，购买体验的人可以给人带来最大的快乐，由此可推知，B项“一个人支付游乐园之旅的费用”这属于购买体验的行为，能给人带来最大的快乐，故选B。
28．D 29．A 30．B 31．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了归因研究表明极端天气可能是由温室气体排放导致，从而呼吁人们要尊重科学，采取措施，避免更严重的后果。
28．细节理解题。根据文章第一段的“It shows that intense heatwaves, hurricanes, and floods have all been made far more likely by greenhouse gas emissions. And it spells out the alarming unpredictability as well as the extent of global heating’s consequences.(报告显示，温室气体排放大大增加了强烈热浪、飓风和洪水发生的可能性。它还详细说明了令人担忧的不可预测性以及全球变暖后果的程度)”和第二段“Until the early 2000s, when the first attribution studies were published, it was harder to link CO2 in the atmosphere with global heating’s sensible effects. Thanks to a growing body of research, now we know. The last summer’s record-breaking “heat dome” across the globe would have been almost impossible without human-caused climate change.(直到21世纪初，当第一批归因研究发表时，很难将大气中的二氧化碳与全球变暖的明显影响联系起来。多亏了越来越多的研究，现在我们知道了。如果没有人为造成的气候变化，去年夏天全球破纪录的“热穹顶”几乎是不可能的)”
可知，归因研究表明，气候变暖是人类造成的，人类应为灾害的增加负责。故选D项。
29．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“In a new book, Hothouse Earth, Prof Bill McGuire argues that we have reached a stage when minimising dangers should be regarded as “climate appeasement”.(Bill McGuire教授在新书《温室地球》中认为，我们已经到了将危险降至最低视为“气候绥靖”的阶段)”可知，Bill McGuire认为现在人们只是降低危险，但对气候变暖不加抵制，退让屈服，从而对当前的气候危机感到担忧。故选A项。
30．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“The most alarming global trend, apart from still-rising emissions that mean we are on course for 2. 5°C of heating, is the unexpected speed with which it is already causing chaos. Given what we now know about the impact of 1°C of warming, it is no exaggeration to say that this trend is disastrous.(最令人担忧的全球趋势是，除了排放量仍在上升，这意味着我们正朝着2.5°C的升温方向发展之外，它已经以出乎意料的速度造成混乱。考虑到我们现在所知道的1°C变暖的影响，可以毫不夸张地说，这种趋势是灾难性的)”可知，全球变暖的加速带来了麻烦。故选B项。
31．推理判断题。结合全文及文章第一段“The scientists behind a new database of more than 400 extreme weather attribution( 归因 ) studies have performed an essential service. This piece of work, drawing together every study of this type, ought to create a greater sense of urgency around policymaking and campaigning. It shows that intense heatwaves, hurricanes, and floods have all been made far more likely by greenhouse gas emissions. And it spells out the alarming unpredictability as well as the extent of global heating’s consequences.(一个由400多项极端天气归因研究组成的新数据库背后的科学家们提供了一项重要服务。这项工作汇集了每一项此类研究，应该会在决策和竞选活动中产生更大的紧迫感。这表明，强烈的热浪、飓风和洪水都更有可能是由温室气体排放造成的。它阐明了令人担忧的不可预测性以及全球变暖的后果)”可知，文章主要介绍了归因研究表明极端天气可能是由温室气体排放导致，从而呼吁人们要尊重科学，采取措施，避免更严重的后果。故选A项。
32．B 33．B 34．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述超市的诞生历史和现在的困境，并表达了对超市利用营销手段控制消费者购买行为的担忧。
32．细节理解题。由文章第一段“Supermarkets have long been suffering as one of the thinnest-margined businesses in existence and one of the least-looked-forward-to places to work or visit. (超市长期以来一直是现存利润最微薄的企业之一，也是最不期待工作或拜访的地方之一。)”可知，超市现在正面临着失去客户和利润。故选B项。
33．细节理解题。由文章第二段“The revolutionary idea of a self-service grocery, where people could hunt and
gather food from aisles rather than asking a clerk to fetch items from behind a counter, first came about in America. There is some debate about which was the very first, but over the years a consensus has built around King Kullen Supermarket, founded in New York in 1930. (自助杂货店的革命性想法最初出现在美国，人们可以在过道里寻找和收集食物，而不是让店员从柜台后面取东西。关于哪一家是第一家，有一些争论，但多年来，围绕1930年在纽约成立的King Kullen超市达成了共识。)”可知，自助杂货店的概念起源于美国。故选B项。
34．推理判断题。由文章最后一段“In the early days, as the supermarket multiplied, so did our suspicion of it. We have long feared that this ‘revolution in distribution’ uses corporate black magic on our appetite. (在早期，随着超市的成倍增长，我们对它的怀疑也在增加。长期以来，我们一直担心这场‘分销革命’会利用企业的黑魔法来影响我们的食欲。)”可推知，人们担心超市使用棘手的策略来推广他们的业务，从而控制消费者购买行为。故选A项。