2024年高考英语（六选四）模拟真题上海专用)（含解析）
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2024年高考英语（六选四）模拟真题上海专用)
（2023上·上海·高三上海市回民中学校考期中）In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way. But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate tums toward their competitor during a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility. Here ‘s what hard science reveals about eye contact:
We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother’s eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. 1 . It can catch someone’s attention in a crowded room, “Eye contact and smile” can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.
2 . Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.
Eye contact can also be aggressive. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages, depending on the situation. Eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations. 3 . Whether you’re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep ‘in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you’re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you,“ said Minson.
Eye fixations are brief. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image are registered like a series of snapshots. 4 . And it is the subject of current research.
In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance, according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues. but that their brain reactions also differ-” A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.
A．How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery.
B．Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated.
C．Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact.
D．In adulthood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention.
E．Our findings indicate people do feel different when they are the centre of attention.
F．It’s more likely to be associated with dominance of threat in conflicting situations, though.
（2023上·上海浦东新·高三统考期中）The Great Migration
The Great Migration began when the North had a labor problem. The North had been relying on cheap labor from Europe — immigrants from Europe — to work the factories and the foundries and the steel mills. 5 As a result, the North decided to go and find the cheapest labor in the land, which meant many of African Americans in the South were not even being paid for their hard work. Many were sharecroppers (佃农) working for the right to live on the land that they were farming.
But it turned out that the South did not take kindly to this poaching (盗用，挖走) of its cheap labor. 6 They would arrest people from the railroad platforms and from their train seats. And when there were too many people to arrest, they would wave the train on through so that people who had been hoping and saving and praying for the chance to get to freedom had to figure out: How now will we get out
Before the Great Migration began, 90 percent of all African Americans were living in the South, where they were nearly held captive. But by the time this Great Migration was over, nearly half were living all over the rest of the country. 7
This Great Migration was the first time in American history that the lowest caste (种姓) people signaled that they had options for themselves and were willing to take them. 8 Think about those cotton fields, rice plantations, tobacco fields and sugar plantations, where there were opera singers, jazz musicians, playwrights, novelists, surgeons, attorneys, accountants, professors, journalists. And how do we know that We know that because that is what they and their children and now their grandchildren and even great-grandchildren have often chosen to become once they had the chance to choose for themselves what they would do with their God-given talents.
A．That was against the law for African Americans at the time.
B．But during World War 1, migration from Europe almost stopped.
C．The South actually did everything it could to keep the people from leaving.
D．The people of the Great Migration met with tremendous resistance in the North.
E．So this ended up being nearly a complete redistribution of part of an entire people.
F．They finally chose what they would do with their talents and where they would pursue them.
（2023上·上海·高三格致中学校考阶段练习）The latest research suggests a more prosaic, democratic, even puritanical view of the world. The key factor separating geniuses from the merely accomplished is not a divine spark. 9 Instead, it’s deliberate practice. Top performers spend more hours rigorously practicing their craft.
If you wanted to picture how a typical genius might develop, you’d take a girl who possessed a slightly above average verbal ability, a talent just enough so that she might gain some sense of distinction. Then you would want her to meet, say, a novelist, who coincidentally shared some similar biographical traits. Maybe the writer was from the same town, had the same ethnic background, or, shared the same birthday.
10 It would give her some idea of a fascinating circle she might someday join and fuel a need for success. Armed with this ambition, she would read novels and life stories of writers without end. This would give her a primary knowledge of her field. She’d be able to see new writing in deeper ways and quickly perceive its inner workings.
Then she would practice writing. Her practice would be slow, painstaking and error-focused. By practicing in this way, she delays the automatizing process. Her mind wants to turn conscious, newly learned skills into unconscious, automatically performed skills. Then she would find an adviser who would provide a constant stream of feedback, viewing her performance from the outside, correcting the smallest errors, pushing her to take on tougher challenges. 11 She is establishing habits of thought she can call upon in order to understand or solve future problems.
The primary trait she possesses is not some mysterious genius. It’s the ability to develop a purposeful, laborious and boring practice routine. The latest research takes some of the magic out of great achievement. 12 And it’s true that genes play a role in our capabilities. But the brain is also very plastic. We construct ourselves through behavior.
A．Whether she was blessed with a good sense of language, the practice would motivate her.
B．By now she is redoing problems — how do I get characters into a room — dozens and dozens of times.
C．But it underlines a fact that is often neglected: public discussion is affected by genetics and what we’re “hard-wired” to do.
D．It’s not I.Q., a generally bad predictor of success, even in realms like chess.
E．This contact would give the girl a vision of her future self.
F．Researchers can safely draw the conclusion that she has internalized the skill of writing stories.
（2023下·上海·高三上海市大同中学校考阶段练习）Why Do Cats Love Boxes So Much
There is an object that’s pretty much guaranteed to arouse your cat’s interest. That object, as the Internet has so thoroughly documented, is a box. Any box, really. Like many other really strange things cats do, science hasn’t fully cracked this particular feline (猫科的) mystery.
13 In fact, when you look at all the evidence together, it could be that your cat may not just like boxes, he may need them.
The box-and-whisker plot
Understanding the feline mind is extremely difficult. Still, there’s a sizable amount of behavioral research on cats who are, well, used for other kinds of research. These studies have been taking place for more than 50 years and they make one thing quite clear: 14
This is likely true for a number of reasons, but for cats in stressful situations, a box or some other type of separate enclosure can have a strong impact on both their behavior and physiology.
Ethologist Claudia Vinke of Utrecht University in the Netherlands is one of the latest researchers to study stress levels in shelter cats. Working with domestic cats in a Dutch animal shelter, Vinke provided hiding boxes for a group of newly arrived cats while keeping another group from them entirely. 15 In effect, the cats with boxes got used to their new surroundings faster, were far less stressed early on, and were more interested in interacting with humans.
The ‘If it fits, I sits’ principle
Some feline observers will note that in addition to boxes, many cats seem to pick other odd places to relax. Some curl up in a bathroom sink. 16 This brings us to the other reason why your cat may like particularly small boxes: It’s really cold out.
So there you have it: Boxes are insulating, stress-relieving, comfort zones—places where cats can hide, relax, sleep, and occasionally launch a surprise attack against the huge, unpredictable apes they live with.
A．Your furry companion obtains comfort and security from enclosed spaces.
B．Others prefer shoes, bowls, shopping bags, coffee mugs, empty egg cartons, and other small, enclosed spaces.
C．She found a significant difference in stress levels between cats that had the boxes and those that didn’t.
D．A box, in this sense, can often represent a safe zone, a place where sources of anxiety, hostility (恶意), and unwanted attention simply disappear.
E．So rather than work things out, cats tend to simply run away from their problems or avoid them altogether.
F．Thankfully, behavioral biologists and veterinarians have come up with a few interesting explanations.
（2023·上海徐汇·统考二模）How to support a struggling friend
We’ve all been in situations like this, both big and small and everything in between: from missing the bus to work to struggling with the loss of a loved mon wisdom suggests that a problem shared is a problem halved. We really want to help, yet we don’t quite have the words or the tactics.
Research shows that many people don’t really know what works best to help their friends effectively. 17 A survey of the methods that people used to manage their friends’ emotions identified 378 distinct strategies. Given this large variety of strategies, it’s no wonder that deciding what to do when you have a friend in tears can be a little challenging.
The good news is that there are simple strategies you can learn that will help you provide more effective support to your friends.
Ask questions and really listen
Just as playing down a friend’s problem is unwise, so is trying to empathize too quickly. While this impulse is understandable and quite normal, it is also likely to go wrong. 18 So how might you best address the situation instead A recent research suggests that it would be better to slow down and start by asking directly how your friend is feeling, rather than thinking about how you might feel in a similar situation.
A related technique to try is active listening, which is commonly used by therapists, and relatively simple to implement. 19 For example, your friend might spend some time explaining a series of stressful events across their week, describing arguments with their spouse, a mounting workload and some worries about debt, and you might respond by saying that it sounds like they are overwhelmed both at home and at work right now.
Don’t take charge
If your support is too directive and take-charge, it might make your friends feel like they aren’t able to handle things on their own, like a kid who needs their parent’s help to manage their problems.
Instead, it would have been better to ask them what they want, and how they might be able to change this situation, and then listen to them talk through their options one by one. In doing this, you provide a sounding board for them to take control of the situation on their own. 20 This will help them organise their thoughts and come to some solutions, without feeling like you did it for them.
A．One useful skill is to paraphrase what your friend is saying in your own words.
B．A friend who is going through hardship may benefit from a helpful gesture.
C．Part of the challenge is that there are just so many possible ways to intervene.
D．It’s important not to put too much pressure on your friend to talk.
E．Research has shown that we’re actually really bad at taking other people’s perspectives.
F．Your aim should be to facilitate the other person’s choices, rather than dominating them.
（2023·上海普陀·统考二模）Huizhou Architecture Comes to Life
Huizhou has a long history. When successful Huizhou businessmen got old,they often went back to their hometown and built houses to spend their remaining years. 21 Now, walking along the bluestone streets there,visitors can appreciate the distinctive Huizhou-style houses,featuring white walls,dark tiles (瓦片) and layered horse-head roofs, and feel like they are lost in a traditional Chinese ink painting.
Huizhou architecture, with its long tradition and great diversity, occupies an important place in Chinese architectural landscape, says Zhang Wangnan, director of the China Huizhou Culture Museum in Huangshan. Huizhou houses tend to be built on the natural places, since Huizhou is a mountainous area with few flat areas of land, according to Zhang. Moreover, daylight is valued in Huizhou houses, reflected in the building of open interior courtyards, allowing sunshine to enter the rooms. “Huizhou businessmen also believed that water symbolizes wealth. 22 It stands for keeping windfall profits,” says Zhang.
Huizhou is famous for its stone, wood and brick carvings, which are widely used to decorate local houses. “ 23 In this way,they integrate their aesthetic (审美) values and emotions into the buildings,making them more beautiftul and educating their children through the meanings contained in the patterns,” says Zhang.
24 “If you look at the outside of a Huizhou house, it seems simple, enclosed by walls, but the insides are open and broad, with complicated decorations. It is just like Huizhou people, who are often reserved toward strangers but friendly when you get to know them.” says Zhang. He also says that Ming houses differ from those of the QingDynasty in many aspects, for example, having fewer horse-head roofs and less complicated carvings.
A．When it rains, water falling on the roof soon flows to the courtyard.
B．Many of their houses are well-preserved today, especially in Xidi and Hongcun.
C．To talk about Huizhou culture, we must first understand Huizhou.
D．People carved beautiful patterns and historical stories on the walls, windows and wooden posts of their houses.
E．Features of Huizhou houses display the characteristics of local people.
F．Huizhou people have established many schools in the field of culture.
（2023·上海黄浦·统考二模）Deepfake technology is now a threat to everyone
Last October, MIT Prof. Sinan Aral warned his Twitter followers that he had discovered a video of himself that he hadn’t recorded supporting an investment fund’s stock-trading algorithm (算法). In reality, it wasn’t Prof. Aral in the video, but an artificial-intelligence creation in his likeness, or what is known as a highly persuasive “deepfake.”
It is striking that scammers (诈骗犯) targeted Prof. Aral, considering he is a leading expert on the study of misinformation online. 25 Thanks to a number of free deepfake apps that are just a click away, anyone can become a victim of such a scam.
The term deepfake has come to mean the use of AI to create fake media in which someone appears to be doing or saying what in reality they haven’t done or said. 26 But positive use cases are likely to be overshadowed in coming years by the technology’s potential role in financial scam, identity theft, etc.
Another big challenge is that in an online world where people can upload content of unknown names, it can be difficult to find the individuals behind deepfakes. 27
One such solution is to detect deepfakes through machine-learning methods. While these detectors can be successful in the short term, people looking to avoid such systems will likely just respond with better technology, creating a continuing and expensive cat-and-mouse game. 28 While lawmaking eventually may offer protection against deepfakes, I believe the market could be quicker — provided we, as consumers and citizens, care.
A．The technology isn’t always misused.
B．It also suggests that deepfake technology is now at a turning point.
C．The technology is moving so fast that lawmakers will likely always fall behind.
D．That is why I believe we are going to have to rely on technology to protect us from a problem it helped create.
E．A better approach with a longer time horizon is media provenance systems to confirm the origins of images and videos.
F．To be effective in practice, such systems would have to be widely adopted by all content creators, which will take time.
（2023·上海金山·统考二模）News From The
World of Medicine
The balance challenge
Can you stand on one leg for ten seconds This question could help doctors assess the overall health of their middle-aged and older patients, argues a Brazilian-led study published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine. 29 During a follow-up period of seven years, the researchers drew the above conclusion after accounting for basic factors like age and sex.
Besides causing falls, poor balance can also signal underlying medical issues, such as declining eyesight or nerve damage caused by diabetes (糖尿病). Much like grasp strength and walking speed, balancing ability doesn’t tell the whole story of your health, but it’s a useful clue.
Don’t remove skin tags and moles yourself.
Two of the most common types of skin spots among adults are dark spots known as moles and the growths known as skin tags. 30
In some places, mole- and skin-tag removal kits are sold for home use. 31 US FDA recently issued a warning about these kits after receiving reports about consumers who had injured themselves. You’re better off visiting a dermatologist, who are experts in treating skin diseases. Plus, they can perform the all-important screening for skin cancer.
32
Researchers from New Zealand recommend a 60-kilogram person consume 110 milligrams of vitamin C per day through a balanced diet, while someone weighing 90 kilograms needs 140 milligrams. That is to say, when taking vitamin C, it’s best to take your weight into account. Eating foods like oranges—which contain on average 70 milligrams of vitamin C each—can really help.
A．Tailor Vitamin C intake to your weight.
B．The subjects who couldn’t perform this had a higher risk of death.
C．Vitamin C supplements are always safe and effective for everyone.
D．Regular exercise can improve your balance and reduce the risk of falls.
E．Both are harmless and don’t require treatment unless their appearance is an issue.
F．But these products can contain a large amount of salicylic acid (水杨酸) and could leave you with permanent scars.
（2023·上海宝山·统考二模）You’re enjoying a delicious bowl of noodles or your favorite rice dish, chatting with your friends. Being the responsible person that you are, when you’re finished you clean up your table and throw away your garbage, including your disposable (一次性的) chopsticks. These chopsticks wind up in a
landfill along with other chopsticks around the globe. 33 Turns out we can.
For those consuming Asian food, using chopsticks as eating tools is almost second nature. It has been estimated that 20 to 33 percent of the world’s population uses chopsticks on a daily basis. Not all of those are disposable, but no doubt many are. Estimates indicate that up to 80 billion disposable chopsticks are used worldwide every year. 34
Enter Felix Bock, a doctoral student at the time in the forestry program at the University of British Columbia, Canada. Bock was eager to find a way to recycle wood from construction projects, and he had a particular interest in bamboo. One day he found a drawer in his girlfriend’s house filled with disposable bamboo chopsticks, and an idea began to form in his mind.
Bock’s smart idea was to give a second life to disposable chopsticks by making them into home decorations. He tried to convince restaurant owners to install recycling bins in their restaurants. He also designed a method to clean and sanitize (消毒) the chopsticks so that they could be reused. 35 The square pieces were then artistically arranged into household and office products. Bock’s company, called ChopValue, has repurposed chopsticks into wall decorations, desktops, cutting boards and even table games such as dominoes (多米诺骨牌).
Since 2016 when the company was founded, ChopValue has rescued billions of chopsticks from landfills. Instead of an economy based on the typical take-make-dispose model, ChopValue seeks to create one that transforms waste into a usable resource. Bock states in an interview with Global Shakers, “Frankly, I’m frustrated by everyone trying to be sustainable when they are looking away from the visible things that we can do immediately with the materials right in front of us.” 36
A．It doesn’t take an environmentalist to realize that this practice is not sustainable.
B．What do you think of this phenomenon
C．Then he pressed them into square pieces and coated them with something sticky.
D．Hopefully, such issues could be resolved as soon as possible.
E．But what if we could recycle them
F．Sometimes, as with chopsticks, those materials are right under our very noses.
（2023·上海闵行·统考二模）Neuroscientists (神经科学家) now know that brain maturation (成熟) occurs far later than previously thought. Great changes in brain are still taking place during young adulthood, especially in the regions of decision making, reasoning, comparing risk and reward, etc. Indeed, some brain regions do not reach full maturity until the early 20s. 37
Maybe. But it’s not as simple as it seems for two reasons.
1. Different brain regions mature along with different timetables. 38 The part of the brain that handles logical thinking is usually fully developed by 16, but those involved in self-discipline are still developing in young adulthood. This means they may not have the same level of emotional control, which can make them less responsible for their actions.
2. 39 If it did, we wouldn’t have lived in a society that allows teenagers to drive before they can buy beer. Age boundaries are drawn mainly for political reasons, not scientific ones. It’s a pity that neuroscience won’t have much of an impact on politics although it is always correct.
40 It is pointless to try to determine the “right” age of maturation. The Dutch, for example, allow children to drink alcohol at the age of 16 but not to drive until they are 19. Even if I firmly believe legal decisions should refer to neuroscience seriously and it’s a good idea to lower the drinking age and raise the driving age, I recognize that the government might never accept it.
A．Science has never had much influence on these decisions.
B．There is no single age at which the teenage brain becomes an adult brain.
C．However, neuroscience findings prove to be helpful in making a new boundary.
D．Child growth pattens differ and how cultures understand child growth is so different.
E．Some people think this knowledge can help us rethink where we draw legal boundaries between kids and adults.
F．This discovery may well indicate that neuroscience can help us better understand the interrelationship among different ages.
参考答案：
1．D 2．B 3．F 4．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了眼神交流所代表的意义以及关于眼神注视的相关研究。
1．根据上文“We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother’s eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child.(我们知道，典型的婴儿会本能地注视母亲的眼睛，而母亲也会回望。这种相互凝视是母子之间依恋的主要部分)”以及后文“It can catch someone’s attention in a crowded room, “Eye contact and smile” can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.(它可以在拥挤的房间里吸引别人的注意，“眼神交流和微笑”可以表明你的可用性和自信，这是心理学家莫妮卡·摩尔研究中支持的一个常识性概念)”可知，上文提到了婴儿和母亲之间的注视，可知本句应当是说明成年人的注视代表的含义。故D选项“成年后，用一种愉快的方式看别人可能是一种关注的赞美信号”符合语境，故选D。
2．根据后文“Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.(神经科学家邦妮·奥金发现，在一次简短的面试中，当男性的目光方向被记录下来时，催产素会增加他们与面试官眼神接触的次数。这也在一些有自闭症谱系症状的高功能男性中发现，他们可能倾向于避免眼神交流。其他研究正在使用先进的大脑扫描方法探索在直接凝视时做出反应的特定大脑区域)”可知，本段的主旨是科学研究发现眼神接触能反应在一些疾病中，即生物学因素，故B选项“眼神接触背后的生物学因素正在调查中”符合语境，故选B。
3．根据上文“Eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations.(在友好的情况下，目光接触可能是一种联系或信任的标志)”可知，本句与上文构成转折，上文提到了友好情况，可知本句是在说明有冲突的情况。故F选项“然而，在冲突的情况下，这更可能与威胁的优势有关”符合语境，故选F。
4．根据上文“Eye fixations are brief. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image are registered like a series of snapshots.(眼睛的注视是短暂的。当我们看一张脸或一幅画时，我们的眼睛一次停留在一个地方，通常是眼睛或嘴巴。这些停顿通常以每秒三次的速度发生，然后眼睛跳到另一个点，直到图像中的几个重要点像一系列快照一样被记录下来)”以及后文“And it is the subject of current research.(这也是当前研究的主题)”可知，上文提到了图像形成仍
然是当前研究的主题，说明这一现象还没有被解释清楚，仍然是一个谜。故A选项“整个图像是如何组装和感知的仍然是一个谜”符合语境，故选A。
5．B 6．C 7．E 8．F
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了欧洲劳动力大迁徙的起因经过以及结果。
5．根据上文“The Great Migration began when the North had a labor problem. The North had been relying on cheap labor from Europe — immigrants from Europe — to work the factories and the foundries and the steel mills. (当北方出现劳工问题时，大迁徙开始了。北方一直依靠来自欧洲的廉价劳动力——来自欧洲的移民——在工厂、铸造厂和钢铁厂工作)”以及后文“As a result, the North decided to go and find the cheapest labor in the land, which meant many of African Americans in the South were not even being paid for their hard work. (结果，北方决定去寻找最便宜的劳动力，这意味着南方的许多非洲裔美国人甚至没有为他们的辛勤工作获得报酬)”可知，上文提到了欧洲的移民为北方提供了劳动力，后文则提到了北方寻找劳动力，说明本句是在说明劳动力缺乏的原因：第一次世界大战期间，来自欧洲的移民几乎停止了。故B选项“但是在第一次世界大战期间，来自欧洲的移民几乎停止了”符合语境，故选B。
6．根据上文“But it turned out that the South did not take kindly to this poaching (盗用，挖走) of its cheap labor (但事实证明，南方对这种对其廉价劳动力的挖走并不友好)”可知，本句承接上文说明南方不友好的具体表现：南方实际上尽其所能阻止人们离开。故C选项“南方实际上尽其所能阻止人们离开”符合语境，故选C。
7．根据上文“Before the Great Migration began, 90 percent of all African Americans were living in the South, where they were nearly held captive. But by the time this Great Migration was over, nearly half were living all over the rest of the country. (在大迁徙开始之前，90%的非裔美国人生活在南方，他们几乎被囚禁在那里。但当大迁徙结束时，将近一半的人在全国各地生活)”可知，上文提到了大迁徙之前和之后国家人民分配的区别，本句为本段最后一句，与上文构成因果关系，总结其结果：所以这几乎是对整个民族的重新分配。故E选项“所以这几乎是对整个民族的重新分配”符合语境，故选E。
8．根据上文“This Great Migration was the first time in American history that the lowest caste (种姓) people signaled that they had options for themselves and were willing to take them. (这次大迁徙是美国历史上第一次最低种姓的人表示他们有自己的选择，并愿意接受这些选择)”以及后文“Think about those cotton fields, rice plantations, tobacco fields and sugar plantations, where there were opera singers, jazz musicians, playwrights, novelists, surgeons, attorneys, accountants, professors, journalists. (想想那些棉花田、水稻种植园、烟草田和甘蔗种植园，那里有歌剧演唱家、爵士音乐家、剧作家、小说家、外科医生、律师、会计师、教授和记者)”可知，后文出现了许多不同的职业，说明低种姓的人开始施展自己的才华，故F选项“他们最终选择了如
何发挥自己的才能，以及在哪里施展自己的才能”符合语境，故选F。
9．D 10．E 11．B 12．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲的是天才的诞生不是因为神的火花，而是长期严格的练习。
9．空前“The key factor separating geniuses from the merely accomplished is not a divine spark.(将天才与仅仅有成就的人区分开来的关键因素并不是神的火花)”说明了天才的产生不是因为神的火花，空后“Instead, it’s deliberate practice.(相反，这是一种刻意的练习)”说明了天才的产生是来自于刻意的练习，因此空格处应该说天才的诞生也不是因为什么，D选项“It’s not I.Q., a generally bad predictor of success, even in realms like chess.(它不是智商，智商通常是一个不好的成功预测指标，即使在国际象棋等领域也是如此)”说明了天才的产生也不是因为智商，因此承上启下，符合语境，故选D。
10．空前“Then you would want her to meet, say, a novelist, who coincidentally shared some similar biographical traits. Maybe the writer was from the same town, had the same ethnic background, or, shared the same birthday.(然后你会想让她认识，比如说，一个小说家，碰巧有一些相似的传记特征。也许作者来自同一个城镇，有相同的种族背景，或者是同一天生日)”说明这个女孩会和小说家见面，空后“It would give her some idea of a fascinating circle she might someday join and fuel a need for success.(这会让她对某一天可能加入的迷人圈子有一些想法，并激发她对成功的需求)”说明了和小说家见面对女孩的影响，空格处也应该是对女孩的影响，E选项“This contact would give the girl a vision of her future self.(这种接触会让女孩看到未来的自己)”说明了和小说家见面给女孩带来的好的影响，因此承上启下，符合语境，故选E。
11．空前“Then she would find an adviser who would provide a constant stream of feedback, viewing her performance from the outside, correcting the smallest errors, pushing her to take on tougher challenges.(然后，她会找到一位顾问，这位顾问会提供源源不断的反馈，从外部观察她的表现，纠正最小的错误，推动她接受更艰巨的挑战)”说的是她会做什么来推动自己接受挑战，空后“She is establishing habits of thought she can call upon in order to understand or solve future problems.(她正在建立一种思维习惯，可以用来理解或解决未来的问题)”也说明的是她做什么事情，空格处也应该是她所做的事情，B选项“By now she is redoing problems — how do I get characters into a room — dozens and dozens of times.(到目前为止，她正在反复思考问题——我如何把角色放进一个房间里——几十次又几十次)”和她创作自己的故事有关，而且现在进行时和空后句子的现在进行时一致，因此承上启下，符合语境，故选B。
12．空后“And it’s true that genes play a role in our capabilities.(的确，基因在我们的能力中扮演着重要的角色)”说明了基因对我们的能力起着重要的作用，空格处也应该和基因有关，C选项“But it underlines a fact that is often neglected: public discussion is affected by genetics and what we’re “hard-wired” to do.(但它强调了一个经常被
忽视的事实：公众讨论受到基因和我们“天生”的行为的影响)”说明了公众讨论受到基因和我们“天生”的行为的影响，和基因有关，因此引起下文，符合语境，故选C。
13．F 14．A 15．C 16．B
【导语】本是一篇说明文。主要介绍了猫喜欢盒子的原因。
13．上文“Like many other really strange things cats do, science hasn’t fully cracked this particular feline (猫科的) mystery. (就像猫做的许多其他非常奇怪的事情一样，科学还没有完全破解这种特殊的神秘的猫科动物)”说明猫科动物很神秘，与空格处是转折关系，因此F项“值得庆幸的是，行为生物学家和兽医提出了一些有趣的解释”符合语境，故选F。
14．下文“This is likely true for a number of reasons, but for cats in stressful situations, a box or some other type of separate enclosure can have a strong impact on both their behavior and physiology.(这可能有很多原因，但对于处于压力环境中的猫来说，一个盒子或其他类型的单独围栏会对它们的行为和生理产生强烈影响。)”说明猫处于压力环境中需要有缓解压力的空间，因此A项“你的毛茸茸的同伴从封闭的空间中获得舒适和安全”符合语境，故选A。
15．上文“Working with domestic cats in a Dutch animal shelter, Vinke provided hiding boxes for a group of newly arrived cats while keeping another group from them entirely. (Vinke在荷兰的一家动物收容所与家猫合作，为一群新来的猫提供了隐藏箱，同时让另一群猫完全远离它们)”说明的是Vinke做的实验，空格处是实验得出的结果，因此C项“她发现有盒子的猫和没有盒子的猫在压力水平上有显著差异”符合语境，故选C。
16．上文“Some feline observers will note that in addition to boxes, many cats seem to pick other odd places to relax. (一些猫科动物观察者会注意到，除了盒子，许多猫似乎还会选择其他奇怪的地方放松。)”说明猫科动物喜欢的狭小的奇奇怪怪的空间，空格处是具体的奇怪的地方，因此B项“其他猫更喜欢鞋子、碗、购物袋、咖啡杯、空鸡蛋盒和其他小的封闭空间”符合语境，故选B。
17．C 18．E 19．A 20．F
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一些能有效地帮助和支持面对困境的朋友的方法。
17．上文“Research shows that many people don’t really know what works best to help their friends effectively.”（研究表明，很多人并不知道怎样才能最有效地帮助朋友。）说明在帮助朋友方面，许多人没有有效的方法，结合下文“A survey of the methods that people used to manage their friends’ emotions identified 378 distinct strategies.”（一项关于人们用来管理朋友情绪的方法的调查发现了378种不同的策略。）说明策略太多，导致人们无从下手，C项“Part of the challenge is that there are just so many possible ways to intervene.”（部分挑
战在于有太多可能的干预方式。）构成上文“很多人并不知道怎样才能最有效地帮助朋友”的原因，照应下文“378种不同的策略”，衔接恰当。故选C项。
18．上文“Just as playing down a friend’s problem is unwise, so is trying to empathize too quickly. While this impulse is understandable and quite normal, it is also likely to go wrong.”（就像淡化朋友的问题是不明智的一样，试图太快地展示同理心也是不明智的。虽然这种冲动是可以理解的，也是很正常的，但它也可能出错。）说明了太快地向朋友展示自己的同情有时候会出错，结合下文“So how might you best address the situation instead A recent research suggests that it would be better to slow down and start by asking directly how your friend is feeling, rather than thinking about how you might feel in a similar situation.”（那么，你如何才能最好地应对这种情况呢 最近的一项研究表明最好放慢速度，直接询问你的朋友的感受，而不是考虑你在类似情况下的感受。）直接用研究结果展示了解决上文问题的办法，E项“Research has shown that we’re actually really bad at taking other people’s perspectives.”（研究表明我们真的不擅长从别人的角度看问题。）总结上文内容，从而引出下文的解决办法，衔接恰当。故选E项。
19．下文“For example, your friend might spend some time explaining a series of stressful events across their week, describing arguments with their spouse, a mounting workload and some worries about debt, and you might respond by saying that it sounds like they are overwhelmed both at home and at work right now.”（例如，你的朋友可能会花一些时间向你解释他们一周中发生的一系列压力事件，描述他们与配偶的争吵，不断增加的工作量和对债务的担忧，你可能会回答说，听起来他们现在在家庭和工作上都不堪重负。）举例说明了当朋友向你抱怨时，你可以用自己的话来解释朋友说的内容。A项“One useful skill is to paraphrase what your friend is saying in your own words”（一个有用的技巧是用你自己的话来解释你的朋友所说的话。）与下文举例内容一致。故选A项。
20．上文“Instead, it would have been better to ask them what they want, and how they might be able to change this situation, and then listen to them talk through their options one by one. In doing this, you provide a sounding board for them to take control of the situation on their own.”（相反，最好是问他们想要什么，以及他们可能如何改变这种情况，然后听他们逐一讨论他们的选择。在这样做的过程中，你扮演的是一个参谋的角色，要让他们自己控制局面。）说明在帮助朋友过程中要以朋友为主导，帮助他们获得自己想要的结果。F项“Your aim should be to facilitate the other person’s choices, rather than dominating them.”（你的目标应该是促进他人的选择，而不是支配他们。）总结上文句意，衔接恰当。故选F项。
21．B 22．A 23．D 24．E
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。徽州建筑走进生活。文章介绍徽州的建筑特色。
21．根据上文提示“When successful Huizhou businessmen got old,they often went back to their hometown and built houses to spend their remaining years.（当成功的徽州商人老了，他们经常回到家乡盖房子度过余生。）”可知，下面应该讲述在家乡盖的房子。承接上文，B项Many of their houses are well-preserved today, especially in Xidi and Hongcun.（他们的许多房屋今天保存完好，特别是在西递和宏村。）切题。故选B。
22．根据上文提示“Huizhou businessmen also believed that water symbolizes wealth.（徽商也认为水是财富的象征。）”，再根据下文提示“It stands for keeping windfall profits（它代表着保留暴利）”，可知，下雨流到家里的水是财富。承接上下文，A项When it rains, water falling on the roof soon flows to the courtyard.（下雨时，落在屋顶上的水很快就流到了院子里。）切题。下文中的it指代“流到家里的水”。故选A。
23．根据上文提示“Huizhou is famous for its stone, wood and brick carvings, which are widely used to decorate local houses.（徽州以石雕、木雕和砖雕而闻名，它们被广泛用于装饰当地的房屋。）”，可知，下面在讲述与carvings有关的事情。再根据下文提示“In this way, they integrate their aesthetic(审美)values and emotions into the buildings, making them more beautiful and educating their children through the meanings contained in the patterns,（通过这种方式，他们将自己的审美价值观和情感融入到建筑中，使它们变得更加美丽，并通过图案中包含的意义教育他们的孩子，）”可知，In this way指设空处的雕刻模式。所以，D项People carved beautiful patterns and historical stories on the walls, windows and wooden posts of their houses.（人们在房子的墙壁、窗户和木桩上雕刻美丽的图案和历史故事。）切题。故选D。
24．根据下文提示“If you look at the outside of a Huizhou house, it seems simple, enclosed by walls, but the insides are open and broad, with complicated decorations. It is just like Huizhou people, who are often reserved toward strangers but friendly when you get to know them.（如果你看一看徽州房屋的外部，它看起来很简单，被墙壁包围，但内部是开放和广阔的，有复杂的装饰。就像徽州人一样，他们对陌生人往往是含蓄的，但当你了解他们时，你会很友好。）”可知，这里在讲徽州房子的特色。顺承下文，E项Features of Huizhou houses display the characteristics of local people.（徽州民居的特色体现了当地人的特色。）切题。故选E。
25．B 26．A 27．D 28．E
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了深度造假技术现在对每个人都是威胁，介绍了深度造假技术的解决方案。
25．根据上文“It is striking that scammers (诈骗犯) targeted Prof. Aral, considering he is a leading expert on the study of misinformation online.(令人惊讶的是，骗子把阿拉尔教授作为目标，因为他是研究网上错误信息的
领先专家)”以及后文“Thanks to a number of free deepfake apps that are just a click away, anyone can become a victim of such a scam.(多亏了许多免费的deepfake应用程序，只需点击一下，任何人都可以成为这种骗局的受害者)”可知，本句承接上文继续说明骗子把阿拉尔教授作为目标这一行为背后所反映的问题：深度造假技术现在正处于一个转折点。故B选项“这也表明深度造假技术现在正处于一个转折点”符合语境，故选B。
26．根据上文“The term deepfake has come to mean the use of AI to create fake media in which someone appears to be doing or saying what in reality they haven’t done or said.(“deepfake”一词指的是利用人工智能制造假媒体，让人们看起来在做或说一些他们在现实中没有做或说过的事情)”以及后文“But positive use cases are likely to be overshadowed in coming years by the technology’s potential role in financial scam, identity theft, etc.(但在未来几年，这项技术在金融骗局、身份盗窃等方面的潜在作用可能会给积极的使用案例蒙上阴影)”可知，后文与本句构成转折关系，后文提到了积极作用，可知本句是在说明技术被滥用的情况。故A选项“这项技术并不总是被滥用”符合语境，故选A。
27．根据上文“Another big challenge is that in an online world where people can upload content of unknown names, it can be difficult to find the individuals behind deepfakes.(另一个巨大的挑战是，在一个人们可以上传匿名内容的网络世界里，很难找到深度造假背后的个人)”可知，上文论述了现象，本句说明造成的结果：我们将不得不依靠技术来保护我们免受它造成的问题的影响。故D选项“这就是为什么我认为我们将不得不依靠技术来保护我们免受它造成的问题的影响”符合语境，故选D。
28．根据上文“One such solution is to detect deepfakes through machine-learning methods. While these detectors can be successful in the short term, people looking to avoid such systems will likely just respond with better technology, creating a continuing and expensive cat-and-mouse game.(其中一种解决方案是通过机器学习方法检测深度造假。虽然这些探测器在短期内可以取得成功，但希望避免这种系统的人们可能会用更好的技术来回应，从而创造一场持续而昂贵的猫捉老鼠游戏)”以及后文“While lawmaking eventually may offer protection against deepfakes, I believe the market could be quicker — provided we, as consumers and citizens, care.(虽然立法最终可能会提供针对深度造假的保护，但我相信市场可以更快——只要我们作为消费者和公民予以关注)”可知，本段主要是关于解决方案的说明，上文提到了短期内可以取得成功，可知本句是在说明长期的方法。故E选项“一个较长的时间范围的更好方法是媒体来源系统，以确认图像和视频的来源”符合语境，故选E。
29．B 30．E 31．F 32．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是来自于医学领域的三个新闻消息。
29．根据空后的“During a follow-up period of seven years, the researchers drew the above conclusion after accounting for basic factors like age and sex.(在7年的随访期间，研究人员在考虑了年龄和性别等基本因素后得出了上述结论)”可知，研究者基于年龄和性别等基本因素得出了以上的研究结论，由此可推断，此空处应为对研究对象研究后的结论，B选项“The subjects who couldn’t perform this had a higher risk of death.(无法做到这一点的受试者死亡风险更高。)”讲述的为研究后得出的结论，符合题意，内容与本段吻合。故选B项。
30．根据空前的“Two of the most common types of skin spots among adults are dark spots known as moles and the growths known as skin tags.(成年人最常见的两种皮肤斑点是黑斑，即痣，以及生长的皮赘。)”可知，成年人中有两种常见的皮肤斑，E选项“Both are harmless and don’t require treatment unless their appearance is an issue.(两者都是无害的，不需要治疗，除非它们的外观有问题。)”讲述的是两种皮肤斑的性质，与空前的内容吻合。故选E项。
31．根据空前的“In some places, mole- and skin-tag removal kits are sold for home use.(在一些地方，家庭使用的去除痣和皮肤赘的工具也有售。)”可知，有出售治疗这两种斑的套装，根据空后的“US FDA recently issued a warning about these kits after receiving reports about consumers who had injured themselves.(美国食品药品监督管理局在收到消费者受伤的报告后，最近对这些工具包发出了警告。)”可知，美国的FDA收到一些治疗受伤的报告并对这些试剂发出警告，由此可推断，此空处讲述的内容与治疗两种斑出现了问题相关，F选项“But these products can contain a large amount of salicylic acid (水杨酸) and could leave you with permanent scars.(但这些产品含有大量的水杨酸，可能会给你留下永久性的疤痕。)”讲述的是这些产品会给消费者留下永久的疤痕，起到承上启下的作用，且内容与本段吻合。故选F项。
32．分析篇章结构特点可知，此处应为本段的小标题，根据空格后的“Researchers from New Zealand recommend a 60-kilogram person consume 110 milligrams of vitamin C per day through a balanced diet, while someone weighing 90 kilograms needs 140 milligrams.(新西兰的研究人员建议，体重60公斤的人每天通过均衡饮食摄入110毫克的维生素C，而体重90公斤的人每天需要140毫克。)”可知，该段讲述的内容与摄入维生素C有关系，A选项“Tailor Vitamin C intake to your weight.(根据您的体重调整维生素 C 摄入量。)”讲述的为根据体重调整维生素C的摄入量，内容与本段吻合，且概括段落的主题。故选A项。
33．E 34．A 35．C 36．F
【导语】本文是说明文。主要讲述了菲利克斯·博克想办法对一次性筷子回收利用，说明每个人都在努力实现可持续发展，却忽视了我们可以立即用眼前的材料做的可见事情。
33．根据后文“Turns out we can.(事实证明我们可以)”可推知，空处应是提出一件事，然后才说我们可以，
根据前文“These chopsticks wind up in a landfill along with other chopsticks around the globe.(这些筷子和世界各地的其他筷子一起被扔进了垃圾填埋场)”可知，本文在讲一次性筷子处理问题，所以E项“But what if we could recycle them (但如果我们可以回收它们呢 )”符合题意。故选E项。
34．分析设空可知，空处位于第二段段尾，所以是本段的总结句，根据前文“Estimates indicate that up to 80 billion disposable chopsticks are used worldwide every year.(据估计，全世界每年使用的一次性筷子多达800亿支)”可知A项“It doesn’t take an environmentalist to realize that this practice is not sustainable.(不需要环保主义者也能意识到这种做法是不可持续的)”是对前文的总结。故选A项。
35．根据前文“He also designed a method to clean and sanitize the chopsticks so that they could be reused.(他还设计了一种清洁和消毒筷子的方法，这样筷子就可以重复使用)”和后文“The square pieces were then artistically arranged into household and office products.(然后，这些方形的物品被艺术地排列成家用和办公产品)”可知，前文没有提到方形这个概念，所以应该是在空处提出的，所以C项“Then he pressed them into square pieces and coated them with something sticky.(然后他把它们压成方形，涂上一层粘稠的东西)”符合题意。故选C项。
36．分析设空可知，空处位于最后一段段尾，所以是本段的总结句，根据前文“Bock states in an interview with Global Shakers, “Frankly, I’m frustrated by everyone trying to be sustainable when they are looking away from the visible things that we can do immediately with the materials right in front of us.”(博克在接受《全球震动》(Global Shakers)采访时表示:“坦率地说，每个人都在努力实现可持续发展，却忽视了我们可以立即用眼前的材料做的可见事情，这让我感到沮丧。”)”可知，F项“Sometimes, as with chopsticks, those materials are right under our very noses.(有时，就像筷子一样，这些材料就在我们的鼻子底下)”是对前文的总结，其中in front of us和under our very noses是同义替换。故选F项。
37．E 38．B 39．A 40．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一些关于大脑成熟的知识以及做出相关决策的原因。
37．根据上文“Neuroscientists (神经科学家) now know that brain maturation (成熟) occurs far later than previously thought. Great changes in brain are still taking place during young adulthood, especially in the regions of decision making, reasoning, comparing risk and reward, etc. Indeed, some brain regions do not reach full maturity until the early 20s.(神经科学家现在知道，大脑成熟的时间比以前认为的要晚得多。在青年时期，大脑仍在发生巨大的变化，特别是在决策、推理、比较风险和回报等区域。事实上，有些大脑区域直到20岁出头才完全成熟)”可知，上文主要说明了一些关于大脑的知识，本句为本段最后一句，应说明这些知识的作用。故E选项“有些人认为，这些知识可以帮助我们重新思考儿童和成人之间的法律界限”符合语境，故选E。
38．根据上文“Different brain regions mature along with different timetables.(不同大脑区域的成熟伴随着不同的时间表)”以及后文“The part of the brain that handles logical thinking is usually fully developed by 16, but those involved in self-discipline are still developing in young adulthood. This means they may not have the same level of emotional control, which can make them less responsible for their actions.(大脑中负责逻辑思维的部分通常在16岁时就发育完全了，但负责自律的部分在青年时期仍在发育。这意味着他们可能没有同样程度的情绪控制，这可能会使他们对自己的行为不那么负责任)”可知，上文提到“不同大脑区域的成熟伴随着不同的时间表”，后文提到了大脑负责自律的部分在青年时期仍在发育，说明青少年的大脑何时成熟并没有一个特定的年轻，故B选项“没有一个特定的年龄使青少年的大脑变成成人的大脑”符合语境，故选B。
39．根据后文“If it did, we wouldn’t have lived in a society that allows teenagers to drive before they can buy beer. Age boundaries are drawn mainly for political reasons, not scientific ones. It’s a pity that neuroscience won’t have much of an impact on politics although it is always correct.(如果是这样，我们就不会生活在一个允许青少年在买啤酒之前开车的社会。年龄界限的划分主要是出于政治原因，而不是科学原因。遗憾的是，神经科学对政治没有太大影响，尽管它总是正确的)”可知，后文提到“年龄界限的划分主要是出于政治原因，而不是科学原因”，说明科学没有对一些决策产生很大影响，故A选项“科学从来没有对这些决策产生过多大影响”符合语境，故选A。
40．根据后文“It is pointless to try to determine the “right” age of maturation. The Dutch, for example, allow children to drink alcohol at the age of 16 but not to drive until they are 19. Even if I firmly believe legal decisions should refer to neuroscience seriously and it’s a good idea to lower the drinking age and raise the driving age, I recognize that the government might never accept it.(试图确定成熟的“正确”年龄是毫无意义的。例如，荷兰允许16岁的孩子喝酒，但直到19岁才能开车。即使我坚定地认为法律决定应该认真地参考神经科学，降低饮酒年龄和提高驾驶年龄是个好主意，我也承认政府可能永远不会接受它)”可知，后文提到了“荷兰允许16岁的孩子喝酒，但直到19岁才能开车”，说明不同的文化对儿童成长的理解也不同。故D选项“儿童成长模式不同，文化对儿童成长的理解也不同”符合语境，故选D。
（2023上·上海·高三上海市回民中学校考期中）In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way. But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate tums toward their competitor during a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility. Here ‘s what hard science reveals about eye contact:
We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother’s eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. 1 . It can catch someone’s attention in a crowded room, “Eye contact and smile” can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.
2 . Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.
Eye contact can also be aggressive. With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages, depending on the situation. Eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations. 3 . Whether you’re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep ‘in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you’re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you,“ said Minson.
Eye fixations are brief. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image are registered like a series of snapshots. 4 . And it is the subject of current research.
In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance, according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues. but that their brain reactions also differ-” A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.
A．How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery.
B．Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated.
C．Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact.
D．In adulthood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention.
E．Our findings indicate people do feel different when they are the centre of attention.
F．It’s more likely to be associated with dominance of threat in conflicting situations, though.
（2023上·上海浦东新·高三统考期中）The Great Migration
The Great Migration began when the North had a labor problem. The North had been relying on cheap labor from Europe — immigrants from Europe — to work the factories and the foundries and the steel mills. 5 As a result, the North decided to go and find the cheapest labor in the land, which meant many of African Americans in the South were not even being paid for their hard work. Many were sharecroppers (佃农) working for the right to live on the land that they were farming.
But it turned out that the South did not take kindly to this poaching (盗用，挖走) of its cheap labor. 6 They would arrest people from the railroad platforms and from their train seats. And when there were too many people to arrest, they would wave the train on through so that people who had been hoping and saving and praying for the chance to get to freedom had to figure out: How now will we get out
Before the Great Migration began, 90 percent of all African Americans were living in the South, where they were nearly held captive. But by the time this Great Migration was over, nearly half were living all over the rest of the country. 7
This Great Migration was the first time in American history that the lowest caste (种姓) people signaled that they had options for themselves and were willing to take them. 8 Think about those cotton fields, rice plantations, tobacco fields and sugar plantations, where there were opera singers, jazz musicians, playwrights, novelists, surgeons, attorneys, accountants, professors, journalists. And how do we know that We know that because that is what they and their children and now their grandchildren and even great-grandchildren have often chosen to become once they had the chance to choose for themselves what they would do with their God-given talents.
A．That was against the law for African Americans at the time.
B．But during World War 1, migration from Europe almost stopped.
C．The South actually did everything it could to keep the people from leaving.
D．The people of the Great Migration met with tremendous resistance in the North.
E．So this ended up being nearly a complete redistribution of part of an entire people.
F．They finally chose what they would do with their talents and where they would pursue them.
（2023上·上海·高三格致中学校考阶段练习）The latest research suggests a more prosaic, democratic, even puritanical view of the world. The key factor separating geniuses from the merely accomplished is not a divine spark. 9 Instead, it’s deliberate practice. Top performers spend more hours rigorously practicing their craft.
If you wanted to picture how a typical genius might develop, you’d take a girl who possessed a slightly above average verbal ability, a talent just enough so that she might gain some sense of distinction. Then you would want her to meet, say, a novelist, who coincidentally shared some similar biographical traits. Maybe the writer was from the same town, had the same ethnic background, or, shared the same birthday.
10 It would give her some idea of a fascinating circle she might someday join and fuel a need for success. Armed with this ambition, she would read novels and life stories of writers without end. This would give her a primary knowledge of her field. She’d be able to see new writing in deeper ways and quickly perceive its inner workings.
Then she would practice writing. Her practice would be slow, painstaking and error-focused. By practicing in this way, she delays the automatizing process. Her mind wants to turn conscious, newly learned skills into unconscious, automatically performed skills. Then she would find an adviser who would provide a constant stream of feedback, viewing her performance from the outside, correcting the smallest errors, pushing her to take on tougher challenges. 11 She is establishing habits of thought she can call upon in order to understand or solve future problems.
The primary trait she possesses is not some mysterious genius. It’s the ability to develop a purposeful, laborious and boring practice routine. The latest research takes some of the magic out of great achievement. 12 And it’s true that genes play a role in our capabilities. But the brain is also very plastic. We construct ourselves through behavior.
A．Whether she was blessed with a good sense of language, the practice would motivate her.
B．By now she is redoing problems — how do I get characters into a room — dozens and dozens of times.
C．But it underlines a fact that is often neglected: public discussion is affected by genetics and what we’re “hard-wired” to do.
D．It’s not I.Q., a generally bad predictor of success, even in realms like chess.
E．This contact would give the girl a vision of her future self.
F．Researchers can safely draw the conclusion that she has internalized the skill of writing stories.
（2023下·上海·高三上海市大同中学校考阶段练习）Why Do Cats Love Boxes So Much
There is an object that’s pretty much guaranteed to arouse your cat’s interest. That object, as the Internet has so thoroughly documented, is a box. Any box, really. Like many other really strange things cats do, science hasn’t fully cracked this particular feline (猫科的) mystery.
13 In fact, when you look at all the evidence together, it could be that your cat may not just like boxes, he may need them.
The box-and-whisker plot
Understanding the feline mind is extremely difficult. Still, there’s a sizable amount of behavioral research on cats who are, well, used for other kinds of research. These studies have been taking place for more than 50 years and they make one thing quite clear: 14
This is likely true for a number of reasons, but for cats in stressful situations, a box or some other type of separate enclosure can have a strong impact on both their behavior and physiology.
Ethologist Claudia Vinke of Utrecht University in the Netherlands is one of the latest researchers to study stress levels in shelter cats. Working with domestic cats in a Dutch animal shelter, Vinke provided hiding boxes for a group of newly arrived cats while keeping another group from them entirely. 15 In effect, the cats with boxes got used to their new surroundings faster, were far less stressed early on, and were more interested in interacting with humans.
The ‘If it fits, I sits’ principle
Some feline observers will note that in addition to boxes, many cats seem to pick other odd places to relax. Some curl up in a bathroom sink. 16 This brings us to the other reason why your cat may like particularly small boxes: It’s really cold out.
So there you have it: Boxes are insulating, stress-relieving, comfort zones—places where cats can hide, relax, sleep, and occasionally launch a surprise attack against the huge, unpredictable apes they live with.
A．Your furry companion obtains comfort and security from enclosed spaces.
B．Others prefer shoes, bowls, shopping bags, coffee mugs, empty egg cartons, and other small, enclosed spaces.
C．She found a significant difference in stress levels between cats that had the boxes and those that didn’t.
D．A box, in this sense, can often represent a safe zone, a place where sources of anxiety, hostility (恶意), and unwanted attention simply disappear.
E．So rather than work things out, cats tend to simply run away from their problems or avoid them altogether.
F．Thankfully, behavioral biologists and veterinarians have come up with a few interesting explanations.
（2023·上海徐汇·统考二模）How to support a struggling friend
We’ve all been in situations like this, both big and small and everything in between: from missing the bus to work to struggling with the loss of a loved mon wisdom suggests that a problem shared is a problem halved. We really want to help, yet we don’t quite have the words or the tactics.
Research shows that many people don’t really know what works best to help their friends effectively. 17 A survey of the methods that people used to manage their friends’ emotions identified 378 distinct strategies. Given this large variety of strategies, it’s no wonder that deciding what to do when you have a friend in tears can be a little challenging.
The good news is that there are simple strategies you can learn that will help you provide more effective support to your friends.
Ask questions and really listen
Just as playing down a friend’s problem is unwise, so is trying to empathize too quickly. While this impulse is understandable and quite normal, it is also likely to go wrong. 18 So how might you best address the situation instead A recent research suggests that it would be better to slow down and start by asking directly how your friend is feeling, rather than thinking about how you might feel in a similar situation.
A related technique to try is active listening, which is commonly used by therapists, and relatively simple to implement. 19 For example, your friend might spend some time explaining a series of stressful events across their week, describing arguments with their spouse, a mounting workload and some worries about debt, and you might respond by saying that it sounds like they are overwhelmed both at home and at work right now.
Don’t take charge
If your support is too directive and take-charge, it might make your friends feel like they aren’t able to handle things on their own, like a kid who needs their parent’s help to manage their problems.
Instead, it would have been better to ask them what they want, and how they might be able to change this situation, and then listen to them talk through their options one by one. In doing this, you provide a sounding board for them to take control of the situation on their own. 20 This will help them organise their thoughts and come to some solutions, without feeling like you did it for them.
A．One useful skill is to paraphrase what your friend is saying in your own words.
B．A friend who is going through hardship may benefit from a helpful gesture.
C．Part of the challenge is that there are just so many possible ways to intervene.
D．It’s important not to put too much pressure on your friend to talk.
E．Research has shown that we’re actually really bad at taking other people’s perspectives.
F．Your aim should be to facilitate the other person’s choices, rather than dominating them.
（2023·上海普陀·统考二模）Huizhou Architecture Comes to Life
Huizhou has a long history. When successful Huizhou businessmen got old,they often went back to their hometown and built houses to spend their remaining years. 21 Now, walking along the bluestone streets there,visitors can appreciate the distinctive Huizhou-style houses,featuring white walls,dark tiles (瓦片) and layered horse-head roofs, and feel like they are lost in a traditional Chinese ink painting.
Huizhou architecture, with its long tradition and great diversity, occupies an important place in Chinese architectural landscape, says Zhang Wangnan, director of the China Huizhou Culture Museum in Huangshan. Huizhou houses tend to be built on the natural places, since Huizhou is a mountainous area with few flat areas of land, according to Zhang. Moreover, daylight is valued in Huizhou houses, reflected in the building of open interior courtyards, allowing sunshine to enter the rooms. “Huizhou businessmen also believed that water symbolizes wealth. 22 It stands for keeping windfall profits,” says Zhang.
Huizhou is famous for its stone, wood and brick carvings, which are widely used to decorate local houses. “ 23 In this way,they integrate their aesthetic (审美) values and emotions into the buildings,making them more beautiftul and educating their children through the meanings contained in the patterns,” says Zhang.
24 “If you look at the outside of a Huizhou house, it seems simple, enclosed by walls, but the insides are open and broad, with complicated decorations. It is just like Huizhou people, who are often reserved toward strangers but friendly when you get to know them.” says Zhang. He also says that Ming houses differ from those of the QingDynasty in many aspects, for example, having fewer horse-head roofs and less complicated carvings.
A．When it rains, water falling on the roof soon flows to the courtyard.
B．Many of their houses are well-preserved today, especially in Xidi and Hongcun.
C．To talk about Huizhou culture, we must first understand Huizhou.
D．People carved beautiful patterns and historical stories on the walls, windows and wooden posts of their houses.
E．Features of Huizhou houses display the characteristics of local people.
F．Huizhou people have established many schools in the field of culture.
（2023·上海黄浦·统考二模）Deepfake technology is now a threat to everyone
Last October, MIT Prof. Sinan Aral warned his Twitter followers that he had discovered a video of himself that he hadn’t recorded supporting an investment fund’s stock-trading algorithm (算法). In reality, it wasn’t Prof. Aral in the video, but an artificial-intelligence creation in his likeness, or what is known as a highly persuasive “deepfake.”
It is striking that scammers (诈骗犯) targeted Prof. Aral, considering he is a leading expert on the study of misinformation online. 25 Thanks to a number of free deepfake apps that are just a click away, anyone can become a victim of such a scam.
The term deepfake has come to mean the use of AI to create fake media in which someone appears to be doing or saying what in reality they haven’t done or said. 26 But positive use cases are likely to be overshadowed in coming years by the technology’s potential role in financial scam, identity theft, etc.
Another big challenge is that in an online world where people can upload content of unknown names, it can be difficult to find the individuals behind deepfakes. 27
One such solution is to detect deepfakes through machine-learning methods. While these detectors can be successful in the short term, people looking to avoid such systems will likely just respond with better technology, creating a continuing and expensive cat-and-mouse game. 28 While lawmaking eventually may offer protection against deepfakes, I believe the market could be quicker — provided we, as consumers and citizens, care.
A．The technology isn’t always misused.
B．It also suggests that deepfake technology is now at a turning point.
C．The technology is moving so fast that lawmakers will likely always fall behind.
D．That is why I believe we are going to have to rely on technology to protect us from a problem it helped create.
E．A better approach with a longer time horizon is media provenance systems to confirm the origins of images and videos.
F．To be effective in practice, such systems would have to be widely adopted by all content creators, which will take time.
（2023·上海金山·统考二模）News From The
World of Medicine
The balance challenge
Can you stand on one leg for ten seconds This question could help doctors assess the overall health of their middle-aged and older patients, argues a Brazilian-led study published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine. 29 During a follow-up period of seven years, the researchers drew the above conclusion after accounting for basic factors like age and sex.
Besides causing falls, poor balance can also signal underlying medical issues, such as declining eyesight or nerve damage caused by diabetes (糖尿病). Much like grasp strength and walking speed, balancing ability doesn’t tell the whole story of your health, but it’s a useful clue.
Don’t remove skin tags and moles yourself.
Two of the most common types of skin spots among adults are dark spots known as moles and the growths known as skin tags. 30
In some places, mole- and skin-tag removal kits are sold for home use. 31 US FDA recently issued a warning about these kits after receiving reports about consumers who had injured themselves. You’re better off visiting a dermatologist, who are experts in treating skin diseases. Plus, they can perform the all-important screening for skin cancer.
32
Researchers from New Zealand recommend a 60-kilogram person consume 110 milligrams of vitamin C per day through a balanced diet, while someone weighing 90 kilograms needs 140 milligrams. That is to say, when taking vitamin C, it’s best to take your weight into account. Eating foods like oranges—which contain on average 70 milligrams of vitamin C each—can really help.
A．Tailor Vitamin C intake to your weight.
B．The subjects who couldn’t perform this had a higher risk of death.
C．Vitamin C supplements are always safe and effective for everyone.
D．Regular exercise can improve your balance and reduce the risk of falls.
E．Both are harmless and don’t require treatment unless their appearance is an issue.
F．But these products can contain a large amount of salicylic acid (水杨酸) and could leave you with permanent scars.
（2023·上海宝山·统考二模）You’re enjoying a delicious bowl of noodles or your favorite rice dish, chatting with your friends. Being the responsible person that you are, when you’re finished you clean up your table and throw away your garbage, including your disposable (一次性的) chopsticks. These chopsticks wind up in a
landfill along with other chopsticks around the globe. 33 Turns out we can.
For those consuming Asian food, using chopsticks as eating tools is almost second nature. It has been estimated that 20 to 33 percent of the world’s population uses chopsticks on a daily basis. Not all of those are disposable, but no doubt many are. Estimates indicate that up to 80 billion disposable chopsticks are used worldwide every year. 34
Enter Felix Bock, a doctoral student at the time in the forestry program at the University of British Columbia, Canada. Bock was eager to find a way to recycle wood from construction projects, and he had a particular interest in bamboo. One day he found a drawer in his girlfriend’s house filled with disposable bamboo chopsticks, and an idea began to form in his mind.
Bock’s smart idea was to give a second life to disposable chopsticks by making them into home decorations. He tried to convince restaurant owners to install recycling bins in their restaurants. He also designed a method to clean and sanitize (消毒) the chopsticks so that they could be reused. 35 The square pieces were then artistically arranged into household and office products. Bock’s company, called ChopValue, has repurposed chopsticks into wall decorations, desktops, cutting boards and even table games such as dominoes (多米诺骨牌).
Since 2016 when the company was founded, ChopValue has rescued billions of chopsticks from landfills. Instead of an economy based on the typical take-make-dispose model, ChopValue seeks to create one that transforms waste into a usable resource. Bock states in an interview with Global Shakers, “Frankly, I’m frustrated by everyone trying to be sustainable when they are looking away from the visible things that we can do immediately with the materials right in front of us.” 36
A．It doesn’t take an environmentalist to realize that this practice is not sustainable.
B．What do you think of this phenomenon
C．Then he pressed them into square pieces and coated them with something sticky.
D．Hopefully, such issues could be resolved as soon as possible.
E．But what if we could recycle them
F．Sometimes, as with chopsticks, those materials are right under our very noses.
（2023·上海闵行·统考二模）Neuroscientists (神经科学家) now know that brain maturation (成熟) occurs far later than previously thought. Great changes in brain are still taking place during young adulthood, especially in the regions of decision making, reasoning, comparing risk and reward, etc. Indeed, some brain regions do not reach full maturity until the early 20s. 37
Maybe. But it’s not as simple as it seems for two reasons.
1. Different brain regions mature along with different timetables. 38 The part of the brain that handles logical thinking is usually fully developed by 16, but those involved in self-discipline are still developing in young adulthood. This means they may not have the same level of emotional control, which can make them less responsible for their actions.
2. 39 If it did, we wouldn’t have lived in a society that allows teenagers to drive before they can buy beer. Age boundaries are drawn mainly for political reasons, not scientific ones. It’s a pity that neuroscience won’t have much of an impact on politics although it is always correct.
40 It is pointless to try to determine the “right” age of maturation. The Dutch, for example, allow children to drink alcohol at the age of 16 but not to drive until they are 19. Even if I firmly believe legal decisions should refer to neuroscience seriously and it’s a good idea to lower the drinking age and raise the driving age, I recognize that the government might never accept it.
A．Science has never had much influence on these decisions.
B．There is no single age at which the teenage brain becomes an adult brain.
C．However, neuroscience findings prove to be helpful in making a new boundary.
D．Child growth pattens differ and how cultures understand child growth is so different.
E．Some people think this knowledge can help us rethink where we draw legal boundaries between kids and adults.
F．This discovery may well indicate that neuroscience can help us better understand the interrelationship among different ages.
参考答案：
1．D 2．B 3．F 4．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了眼神交流所代表的意义以及关于眼神注视的相关研究。
1．根据上文“We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother’s eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child.(我们知道，典型的婴儿会本能地注视母亲的眼睛，而母亲也会回望。这种相互凝视是母子之间依恋的主要部分)”以及后文“It can catch someone’s attention in a crowded room, “Eye contact and smile” can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.(它可以在拥挤的房间里吸引别人的注意，“眼神交流和微笑”可以表明你的可用性和自信，这是心理学家莫妮卡·摩尔研究中支持的一个常识性概念)”可知，上文提到了婴儿和母亲之间的注视，可知本句应当是说明成年人的注视代表的含义。故D选项“成年后，用一种愉快的方式看别人可能是一种关注的赞美信号”符合语境，故选D。
2．根据后文“Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.(神经科学家邦妮·奥金发现，在一次简短的面试中，当男性的目光方向被记录下来时，催产素会增加他们与面试官眼神接触的次数。这也在一些有自闭症谱系症状的高功能男性中发现，他们可能倾向于避免眼神交流。其他研究正在使用先进的大脑扫描方法探索在直接凝视时做出反应的特定大脑区域)”可知，本段的主旨是科学研究发现眼神接触能反应在一些疾病中，即生物学因素，故B选项“眼神接触背后的生物学因素正在调查中”符合语境，故选B。
3．根据上文“Eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations.(在友好的情况下，目光接触可能是一种联系或信任的标志)”可知，本句与上文构成转折，上文提到了友好情况，可知本句是在说明有冲突的情况。故F选项“然而，在冲突的情况下，这更可能与威胁的优势有关”符合语境，故选F。
4．根据上文“Eye fixations are brief. When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image are registered like a series of snapshots.(眼睛的注视是短暂的。当我们看一张脸或一幅画时，我们的眼睛一次停留在一个地方，通常是眼睛或嘴巴。这些停顿通常以每秒三次的速度发生，然后眼睛跳到另一个点，直到图像中的几个重要点像一系列快照一样被记录下来)”以及后文“And it is the subject of current research.(这也是当前研究的主题)”可知，上文提到了图像形成仍
然是当前研究的主题，说明这一现象还没有被解释清楚，仍然是一个谜。故A选项“整个图像是如何组装和感知的仍然是一个谜”符合语境，故选A。
5．B 6．C 7．E 8．F
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了欧洲劳动力大迁徙的起因经过以及结果。
5．根据上文“The Great Migration began when the North had a labor problem. The North had been relying on cheap labor from Europe — immigrants from Europe — to work the factories and the foundries and the steel mills. (当北方出现劳工问题时，大迁徙开始了。北方一直依靠来自欧洲的廉价劳动力——来自欧洲的移民——在工厂、铸造厂和钢铁厂工作)”以及后文“As a result, the North decided to go and find the cheapest labor in the land, which meant many of African Americans in the South were not even being paid for their hard work. (结果，北方决定去寻找最便宜的劳动力，这意味着南方的许多非洲裔美国人甚至没有为他们的辛勤工作获得报酬)”可知，上文提到了欧洲的移民为北方提供了劳动力，后文则提到了北方寻找劳动力，说明本句是在说明劳动力缺乏的原因：第一次世界大战期间，来自欧洲的移民几乎停止了。故B选项“但是在第一次世界大战期间，来自欧洲的移民几乎停止了”符合语境，故选B。
6．根据上文“But it turned out that the South did not take kindly to this poaching (盗用，挖走) of its cheap labor (但事实证明，南方对这种对其廉价劳动力的挖走并不友好)”可知，本句承接上文说明南方不友好的具体表现：南方实际上尽其所能阻止人们离开。故C选项“南方实际上尽其所能阻止人们离开”符合语境，故选C。
7．根据上文“Before the Great Migration began, 90 percent of all African Americans were living in the South, where they were nearly held captive. But by the time this Great Migration was over, nearly half were living all over the rest of the country. (在大迁徙开始之前，90%的非裔美国人生活在南方，他们几乎被囚禁在那里。但当大迁徙结束时，将近一半的人在全国各地生活)”可知，上文提到了大迁徙之前和之后国家人民分配的区别，本句为本段最后一句，与上文构成因果关系，总结其结果：所以这几乎是对整个民族的重新分配。故E选项“所以这几乎是对整个民族的重新分配”符合语境，故选E。
8．根据上文“This Great Migration was the first time in American history that the lowest caste (种姓) people signaled that they had options for themselves and were willing to take them. (这次大迁徙是美国历史上第一次最低种姓的人表示他们有自己的选择，并愿意接受这些选择)”以及后文“Think about those cotton fields, rice plantations, tobacco fields and sugar plantations, where there were opera singers, jazz musicians, playwrights, novelists, surgeons, attorneys, accountants, professors, journalists. (想想那些棉花田、水稻种植园、烟草田和甘蔗种植园，那里有歌剧演唱家、爵士音乐家、剧作家、小说家、外科医生、律师、会计师、教授和记者)”可知，后文出现了许多不同的职业，说明低种姓的人开始施展自己的才华，故F选项“他们最终选择了如
何发挥自己的才能，以及在哪里施展自己的才能”符合语境，故选F。
9．D 10．E 11．B 12．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲的是天才的诞生不是因为神的火花，而是长期严格的练习。
9．空前“The key factor separating geniuses from the merely accomplished is not a divine spark.(将天才与仅仅有成就的人区分开来的关键因素并不是神的火花)”说明了天才的产生不是因为神的火花，空后“Instead, it’s deliberate practice.(相反，这是一种刻意的练习)”说明了天才的产生是来自于刻意的练习，因此空格处应该说天才的诞生也不是因为什么，D选项“It’s not I.Q., a generally bad predictor of success, even in realms like chess.(它不是智商，智商通常是一个不好的成功预测指标，即使在国际象棋等领域也是如此)”说明了天才的产生也不是因为智商，因此承上启下，符合语境，故选D。
10．空前“Then you would want her to meet, say, a novelist, who coincidentally shared some similar biographical traits. Maybe the writer was from the same town, had the same ethnic background, or, shared the same birthday.(然后你会想让她认识，比如说，一个小说家，碰巧有一些相似的传记特征。也许作者来自同一个城镇，有相同的种族背景，或者是同一天生日)”说明这个女孩会和小说家见面，空后“It would give her some idea of a fascinating circle she might someday join and fuel a need for success.(这会让她对某一天可能加入的迷人圈子有一些想法，并激发她对成功的需求)”说明了和小说家见面对女孩的影响，空格处也应该是对女孩的影响，E选项“This contact would give the girl a vision of her future self.(这种接触会让女孩看到未来的自己)”说明了和小说家见面给女孩带来的好的影响，因此承上启下，符合语境，故选E。
11．空前“Then she would find an adviser who would provide a constant stream of feedback, viewing her performance from the outside, correcting the smallest errors, pushing her to take on tougher challenges.(然后，她会找到一位顾问，这位顾问会提供源源不断的反馈，从外部观察她的表现，纠正最小的错误，推动她接受更艰巨的挑战)”说的是她会做什么来推动自己接受挑战，空后“She is establishing habits of thought she can call upon in order to understand or solve future problems.(她正在建立一种思维习惯，可以用来理解或解决未来的问题)”也说明的是她做什么事情，空格处也应该是她所做的事情，B选项“By now she is redoing problems — how do I get characters into a room — dozens and dozens of times.(到目前为止，她正在反复思考问题——我如何把角色放进一个房间里——几十次又几十次)”和她创作自己的故事有关，而且现在进行时和空后句子的现在进行时一致，因此承上启下，符合语境，故选B。
12．空后“And it’s true that genes play a role in our capabilities.(的确，基因在我们的能力中扮演着重要的角色)”说明了基因对我们的能力起着重要的作用，空格处也应该和基因有关，C选项“But it underlines a fact that is often neglected: public discussion is affected by genetics and what we’re “hard-wired” to do.(但它强调了一个经常被
忽视的事实：公众讨论受到基因和我们“天生”的行为的影响)”说明了公众讨论受到基因和我们“天生”的行为的影响，和基因有关，因此引起下文，符合语境，故选C。
13．F 14．A 15．C 16．B
【导语】本是一篇说明文。主要介绍了猫喜欢盒子的原因。
13．上文“Like many other really strange things cats do, science hasn’t fully cracked this particular feline (猫科的) mystery. (就像猫做的许多其他非常奇怪的事情一样，科学还没有完全破解这种特殊的神秘的猫科动物)”说明猫科动物很神秘，与空格处是转折关系，因此F项“值得庆幸的是，行为生物学家和兽医提出了一些有趣的解释”符合语境，故选F。
14．下文“This is likely true for a number of reasons, but for cats in stressful situations, a box or some other type of separate enclosure can have a strong impact on both their behavior and physiology.(这可能有很多原因，但对于处于压力环境中的猫来说，一个盒子或其他类型的单独围栏会对它们的行为和生理产生强烈影响。)”说明猫处于压力环境中需要有缓解压力的空间，因此A项“你的毛茸茸的同伴从封闭的空间中获得舒适和安全”符合语境，故选A。
15．上文“Working with domestic cats in a Dutch animal shelter, Vinke provided hiding boxes for a group of newly arrived cats while keeping another group from them entirely. (Vinke在荷兰的一家动物收容所与家猫合作，为一群新来的猫提供了隐藏箱，同时让另一群猫完全远离它们)”说明的是Vinke做的实验，空格处是实验得出的结果，因此C项“她发现有盒子的猫和没有盒子的猫在压力水平上有显著差异”符合语境，故选C。
16．上文“Some feline observers will note that in addition to boxes, many cats seem to pick other odd places to relax. (一些猫科动物观察者会注意到，除了盒子，许多猫似乎还会选择其他奇怪的地方放松。)”说明猫科动物喜欢的狭小的奇奇怪怪的空间，空格处是具体的奇怪的地方，因此B项“其他猫更喜欢鞋子、碗、购物袋、咖啡杯、空鸡蛋盒和其他小的封闭空间”符合语境，故选B。
17．C 18．E 19．A 20．F
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一些能有效地帮助和支持面对困境的朋友的方法。
17．上文“Research shows that many people don’t really know what works best to help their friends effectively.”（研究表明，很多人并不知道怎样才能最有效地帮助朋友。）说明在帮助朋友方面，许多人没有有效的方法，结合下文“A survey of the methods that people used to manage their friends’ emotions identified 378 distinct strategies.”（一项关于人们用来管理朋友情绪的方法的调查发现了378种不同的策略。）说明策略太多，导致人们无从下手，C项“Part of the challenge is that there are just so many possible ways to intervene.”（部分挑
战在于有太多可能的干预方式。）构成上文“很多人并不知道怎样才能最有效地帮助朋友”的原因，照应下文“378种不同的策略”，衔接恰当。故选C项。
18．上文“Just as playing down a friend’s problem is unwise, so is trying to empathize too quickly. While this impulse is understandable and quite normal, it is also likely to go wrong.”（就像淡化朋友的问题是不明智的一样，试图太快地展示同理心也是不明智的。虽然这种冲动是可以理解的，也是很正常的，但它也可能出错。）说明了太快地向朋友展示自己的同情有时候会出错，结合下文“So how might you best address the situation instead A recent research suggests that it would be better to slow down and start by asking directly how your friend is feeling, rather than thinking about how you might feel in a similar situation.”（那么，你如何才能最好地应对这种情况呢 最近的一项研究表明最好放慢速度，直接询问你的朋友的感受，而不是考虑你在类似情况下的感受。）直接用研究结果展示了解决上文问题的办法，E项“Research has shown that we’re actually really bad at taking other people’s perspectives.”（研究表明我们真的不擅长从别人的角度看问题。）总结上文内容，从而引出下文的解决办法，衔接恰当。故选E项。
19．下文“For example, your friend might spend some time explaining a series of stressful events across their week, describing arguments with their spouse, a mounting workload and some worries about debt, and you might respond by saying that it sounds like they are overwhelmed both at home and at work right now.”（例如，你的朋友可能会花一些时间向你解释他们一周中发生的一系列压力事件，描述他们与配偶的争吵，不断增加的工作量和对债务的担忧，你可能会回答说，听起来他们现在在家庭和工作上都不堪重负。）举例说明了当朋友向你抱怨时，你可以用自己的话来解释朋友说的内容。A项“One useful skill is to paraphrase what your friend is saying in your own words”（一个有用的技巧是用你自己的话来解释你的朋友所说的话。）与下文举例内容一致。故选A项。
20．上文“Instead, it would have been better to ask them what they want, and how they might be able to change this situation, and then listen to them talk through their options one by one. In doing this, you provide a sounding board for them to take control of the situation on their own.”（相反，最好是问他们想要什么，以及他们可能如何改变这种情况，然后听他们逐一讨论他们的选择。在这样做的过程中，你扮演的是一个参谋的角色，要让他们自己控制局面。）说明在帮助朋友过程中要以朋友为主导，帮助他们获得自己想要的结果。F项“Your aim should be to facilitate the other person’s choices, rather than dominating them.”（你的目标应该是促进他人的选择，而不是支配他们。）总结上文句意，衔接恰当。故选F项。
21．B 22．A 23．D 24．E
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。徽州建筑走进生活。文章介绍徽州的建筑特色。
21．根据上文提示“When successful Huizhou businessmen got old,they often went back to their hometown and built houses to spend their remaining years.（当成功的徽州商人老了，他们经常回到家乡盖房子度过余生。）”可知，下面应该讲述在家乡盖的房子。承接上文，B项Many of their houses are well-preserved today, especially in Xidi and Hongcun.（他们的许多房屋今天保存完好，特别是在西递和宏村。）切题。故选B。
22．根据上文提示“Huizhou businessmen also believed that water symbolizes wealth.（徽商也认为水是财富的象征。）”，再根据下文提示“It stands for keeping windfall profits（它代表着保留暴利）”，可知，下雨流到家里的水是财富。承接上下文，A项When it rains, water falling on the roof soon flows to the courtyard.（下雨时，落在屋顶上的水很快就流到了院子里。）切题。下文中的it指代“流到家里的水”。故选A。
23．根据上文提示“Huizhou is famous for its stone, wood and brick carvings, which are widely used to decorate local houses.（徽州以石雕、木雕和砖雕而闻名，它们被广泛用于装饰当地的房屋。）”，可知，下面在讲述与carvings有关的事情。再根据下文提示“In this way, they integrate their aesthetic(审美)values and emotions into the buildings, making them more beautiful and educating their children through the meanings contained in the patterns,（通过这种方式，他们将自己的审美价值观和情感融入到建筑中，使它们变得更加美丽，并通过图案中包含的意义教育他们的孩子，）”可知，In this way指设空处的雕刻模式。所以，D项People carved beautiful patterns and historical stories on the walls, windows and wooden posts of their houses.（人们在房子的墙壁、窗户和木桩上雕刻美丽的图案和历史故事。）切题。故选D。
24．根据下文提示“If you look at the outside of a Huizhou house, it seems simple, enclosed by walls, but the insides are open and broad, with complicated decorations. It is just like Huizhou people, who are often reserved toward strangers but friendly when you get to know them.（如果你看一看徽州房屋的外部，它看起来很简单，被墙壁包围，但内部是开放和广阔的，有复杂的装饰。就像徽州人一样，他们对陌生人往往是含蓄的，但当你了解他们时，你会很友好。）”可知，这里在讲徽州房子的特色。顺承下文，E项Features of Huizhou houses display the characteristics of local people.（徽州民居的特色体现了当地人的特色。）切题。故选E。
25．B 26．A 27．D 28．E
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了深度造假技术现在对每个人都是威胁，介绍了深度造假技术的解决方案。
25．根据上文“It is striking that scammers (诈骗犯) targeted Prof. Aral, considering he is a leading expert on the study of misinformation online.(令人惊讶的是，骗子把阿拉尔教授作为目标，因为他是研究网上错误信息的
领先专家)”以及后文“Thanks to a number of free deepfake apps that are just a click away, anyone can become a victim of such a scam.(多亏了许多免费的deepfake应用程序，只需点击一下，任何人都可以成为这种骗局的受害者)”可知，本句承接上文继续说明骗子把阿拉尔教授作为目标这一行为背后所反映的问题：深度造假技术现在正处于一个转折点。故B选项“这也表明深度造假技术现在正处于一个转折点”符合语境，故选B。
26．根据上文“The term deepfake has come to mean the use of AI to create fake media in which someone appears to be doing or saying what in reality they haven’t done or said.(“deepfake”一词指的是利用人工智能制造假媒体，让人们看起来在做或说一些他们在现实中没有做或说过的事情)”以及后文“But positive use cases are likely to be overshadowed in coming years by the technology’s potential role in financial scam, identity theft, etc.(但在未来几年，这项技术在金融骗局、身份盗窃等方面的潜在作用可能会给积极的使用案例蒙上阴影)”可知，后文与本句构成转折关系，后文提到了积极作用，可知本句是在说明技术被滥用的情况。故A选项“这项技术并不总是被滥用”符合语境，故选A。
27．根据上文“Another big challenge is that in an online world where people can upload content of unknown names, it can be difficult to find the individuals behind deepfakes.(另一个巨大的挑战是，在一个人们可以上传匿名内容的网络世界里，很难找到深度造假背后的个人)”可知，上文论述了现象，本句说明造成的结果：我们将不得不依靠技术来保护我们免受它造成的问题的影响。故D选项“这就是为什么我认为我们将不得不依靠技术来保护我们免受它造成的问题的影响”符合语境，故选D。
28．根据上文“One such solution is to detect deepfakes through machine-learning methods. While these detectors can be successful in the short term, people looking to avoid such systems will likely just respond with better technology, creating a continuing and expensive cat-and-mouse game.(其中一种解决方案是通过机器学习方法检测深度造假。虽然这些探测器在短期内可以取得成功，但希望避免这种系统的人们可能会用更好的技术来回应，从而创造一场持续而昂贵的猫捉老鼠游戏)”以及后文“While lawmaking eventually may offer protection against deepfakes, I believe the market could be quicker — provided we, as consumers and citizens, care.(虽然立法最终可能会提供针对深度造假的保护，但我相信市场可以更快——只要我们作为消费者和公民予以关注)”可知，本段主要是关于解决方案的说明，上文提到了短期内可以取得成功，可知本句是在说明长期的方法。故E选项“一个较长的时间范围的更好方法是媒体来源系统，以确认图像和视频的来源”符合语境，故选E。
29．B 30．E 31．F 32．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是来自于医学领域的三个新闻消息。
29．根据空后的“During a follow-up period of seven years, the researchers drew the above conclusion after accounting for basic factors like age and sex.(在7年的随访期间，研究人员在考虑了年龄和性别等基本因素后得出了上述结论)”可知，研究者基于年龄和性别等基本因素得出了以上的研究结论，由此可推断，此空处应为对研究对象研究后的结论，B选项“The subjects who couldn’t perform this had a higher risk of death.(无法做到这一点的受试者死亡风险更高。)”讲述的为研究后得出的结论，符合题意，内容与本段吻合。故选B项。
30．根据空前的“Two of the most common types of skin spots among adults are dark spots known as moles and the growths known as skin tags.(成年人最常见的两种皮肤斑点是黑斑，即痣，以及生长的皮赘。)”可知，成年人中有两种常见的皮肤斑，E选项“Both are harmless and don’t require treatment unless their appearance is an issue.(两者都是无害的，不需要治疗，除非它们的外观有问题。)”讲述的是两种皮肤斑的性质，与空前的内容吻合。故选E项。
31．根据空前的“In some places, mole- and skin-tag removal kits are sold for home use.(在一些地方，家庭使用的去除痣和皮肤赘的工具也有售。)”可知，有出售治疗这两种斑的套装，根据空后的“US FDA recently issued a warning about these kits after receiving reports about consumers who had injured themselves.(美国食品药品监督管理局在收到消费者受伤的报告后，最近对这些工具包发出了警告。)”可知，美国的FDA收到一些治疗受伤的报告并对这些试剂发出警告，由此可推断，此空处讲述的内容与治疗两种斑出现了问题相关，F选项“But these products can contain a large amount of salicylic acid (水杨酸) and could leave you with permanent scars.(但这些产品含有大量的水杨酸，可能会给你留下永久性的疤痕。)”讲述的是这些产品会给消费者留下永久的疤痕，起到承上启下的作用，且内容与本段吻合。故选F项。
32．分析篇章结构特点可知，此处应为本段的小标题，根据空格后的“Researchers from New Zealand recommend a 60-kilogram person consume 110 milligrams of vitamin C per day through a balanced diet, while someone weighing 90 kilograms needs 140 milligrams.(新西兰的研究人员建议，体重60公斤的人每天通过均衡饮食摄入110毫克的维生素C，而体重90公斤的人每天需要140毫克。)”可知，该段讲述的内容与摄入维生素C有关系，A选项“Tailor Vitamin C intake to your weight.(根据您的体重调整维生素 C 摄入量。)”讲述的为根据体重调整维生素C的摄入量，内容与本段吻合，且概括段落的主题。故选A项。
33．E 34．A 35．C 36．F
【导语】本文是说明文。主要讲述了菲利克斯·博克想办法对一次性筷子回收利用，说明每个人都在努力实现可持续发展，却忽视了我们可以立即用眼前的材料做的可见事情。
33．根据后文“Turns out we can.(事实证明我们可以)”可推知，空处应是提出一件事，然后才说我们可以，
根据前文“These chopsticks wind up in a landfill along with other chopsticks around the globe.(这些筷子和世界各地的其他筷子一起被扔进了垃圾填埋场)”可知，本文在讲一次性筷子处理问题，所以E项“But what if we could recycle them (但如果我们可以回收它们呢 )”符合题意。故选E项。
34．分析设空可知，空处位于第二段段尾，所以是本段的总结句，根据前文“Estimates indicate that up to 80 billion disposable chopsticks are used worldwide every year.(据估计，全世界每年使用的一次性筷子多达800亿支)”可知A项“It doesn’t take an environmentalist to realize that this practice is not sustainable.(不需要环保主义者也能意识到这种做法是不可持续的)”是对前文的总结。故选A项。
35．根据前文“He also designed a method to clean and sanitize the chopsticks so that they could be reused.(他还设计了一种清洁和消毒筷子的方法，这样筷子就可以重复使用)”和后文“The square pieces were then artistically arranged into household and office products.(然后，这些方形的物品被艺术地排列成家用和办公产品)”可知，前文没有提到方形这个概念，所以应该是在空处提出的，所以C项“Then he pressed them into square pieces and coated them with something sticky.(然后他把它们压成方形，涂上一层粘稠的东西)”符合题意。故选C项。
36．分析设空可知，空处位于最后一段段尾，所以是本段的总结句，根据前文“Bock states in an interview with Global Shakers, “Frankly, I’m frustrated by everyone trying to be sustainable when they are looking away from the visible things that we can do immediately with the materials right in front of us.”(博克在接受《全球震动》(Global Shakers)采访时表示:“坦率地说，每个人都在努力实现可持续发展，却忽视了我们可以立即用眼前的材料做的可见事情，这让我感到沮丧。”)”可知，F项“Sometimes, as with chopsticks, those materials are right under our very noses.(有时，就像筷子一样，这些材料就在我们的鼻子底下)”是对前文的总结，其中in front of us和under our very noses是同义替换。故选F项。
37．E 38．B 39．A 40．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一些关于大脑成熟的知识以及做出相关决策的原因。
37．根据上文“Neuroscientists (神经科学家) now know that brain maturation (成熟) occurs far later than previously thought. Great changes in brain are still taking place during young adulthood, especially in the regions of decision making, reasoning, comparing risk and reward, etc. Indeed, some brain regions do not reach full maturity until the early 20s.(神经科学家现在知道，大脑成熟的时间比以前认为的要晚得多。在青年时期，大脑仍在发生巨大的变化，特别是在决策、推理、比较风险和回报等区域。事实上，有些大脑区域直到20岁出头才完全成熟)”可知，上文主要说明了一些关于大脑的知识，本句为本段最后一句，应说明这些知识的作用。故E选项“有些人认为，这些知识可以帮助我们重新思考儿童和成人之间的法律界限”符合语境，故选E。
38．根据上文“Different brain regions mature along with different timetables.(不同大脑区域的成熟伴随着不同的时间表)”以及后文“The part of the brain that handles logical thinking is usually fully developed by 16, but those involved in self-discipline are still developing in young adulthood. This means they may not have the same level of emotional control, which can make them less responsible for their actions.(大脑中负责逻辑思维的部分通常在16岁时就发育完全了，但负责自律的部分在青年时期仍在发育。这意味着他们可能没有同样程度的情绪控制，这可能会使他们对自己的行为不那么负责任)”可知，上文提到“不同大脑区域的成熟伴随着不同的时间表”，后文提到了大脑负责自律的部分在青年时期仍在发育，说明青少年的大脑何时成熟并没有一个特定的年轻，故B选项“没有一个特定的年龄使青少年的大脑变成成人的大脑”符合语境，故选B。
39．根据后文“If it did, we wouldn’t have lived in a society that allows teenagers to drive before they can buy beer. Age boundaries are drawn mainly for political reasons, not scientific ones. It’s a pity that neuroscience won’t have much of an impact on politics although it is always correct.(如果是这样，我们就不会生活在一个允许青少年在买啤酒之前开车的社会。年龄界限的划分主要是出于政治原因，而不是科学原因。遗憾的是，神经科学对政治没有太大影响，尽管它总是正确的)”可知，后文提到“年龄界限的划分主要是出于政治原因，而不是科学原因”，说明科学没有对一些决策产生很大影响，故A选项“科学从来没有对这些决策产生过多大影响”符合语境，故选A。
40．根据后文“It is pointless to try to determine the “right” age of maturation. The Dutch, for example, allow children to drink alcohol at the age of 16 but not to drive until they are 19. Even if I firmly believe legal decisions should refer to neuroscience seriously and it’s a good idea to lower the drinking age and raise the driving age, I recognize that the government might never accept it.(试图确定成熟的“正确”年龄是毫无意义的。例如，荷兰允许16岁的孩子喝酒，但直到19岁才能开车。即使我坚定地认为法律决定应该认真地参考神经科学，降低饮酒年龄和提高驾驶年龄是个好主意，我也承认政府可能永远不会接受它)”可知，后文提到了“荷兰允许16岁的孩子喝酒，但直到19岁才能开车”，说明不同的文化对儿童成长的理解也不同。故D选项“儿童成长模式不同，文化对儿童成长的理解也不同”符合语境，故选D。