2024年高考英语（完形填空）模拟真题 (上海专用)（含解析）

2024年高考英语（完形填空）模拟真题 (上海专用)
（23-24高三上·上海·阶段练习）In 1919, in the aftermath of war, the International Labour Organization used its first convention to limit working hours to eight a day and 48 a week. The Depression later prompted employers to 1 a five-day week.
The latest crisis is dealing a 2 shock to how jobs are designed. The pandemic (疫情) forced many employers to implement remote working. It accelerated the use of technology to help them stay productive. As well as struggling with the challenges of hybrid work, some businesses are now 3 paying staff the same salary for a four-day working week, once as weird a concept as an eight-hour day.
Promised 4 include improved wellbeing, better focus, fairer sharing of childcare between men and women, and even a lighter carbon footprint. Fear of missing out on the latest trend must not, 5 , blind companies to important obstacles and drawbacks.
Offsetting the cost of a four-day week at a national level looks 6 to achieve. As economic historian Robert Skidelsky pointed out in 2019, in a report for the UK Labour party, “ 7 working hours nationwide, like France’s 35-hour working week, is not realistic or even desirable, because any cap needs to be adapted to the needs of different sectors (行业)”.
The Wellcome Trust, the science research foundation, decided in 2019 that even a trial would be 8 , partly because its staff performed a mix of roles. Some jobs were hard to confine to four days. Other employees preferred to spread their work over five days. 9 already on a four-day week feared they might lose out.
Lockdowns exposed the gap between flexible homeworking professionals and front-line “ 10 ” staff. A four-day week might 11 it.
Some staff want or need to work extra hours. To the risks of a two-tier workforce and reduced freedom of choice add the danger of 12 . The approach fails if improved productivity does not cover the potential increased cost. If leaders’ determination to hit the same targets forces staff to work four 10-hour days, to shift their workload back into their 13 weekends, to rush jobs that require more time, or to hire additional hands to plug gaps, some of the benefits of offering workers more free time will quickly disappear.
For each of these 14 , advocates have an answer. One is that companies just need to organise staff more efficiently. In itself, better 15 would improve productivity. Another is to cut working hours, rather than days, allowing greater flexibility.
1．A．cancel B．restore C．back D．deny
2．A．similar B．mild C．psychological D．distinct
3．A．stopping B．considering C．continuing D．forbidding
4．A．features B．awards C．challenges D．benefits
5．A．therefore B．however C．besides D．otherwise
6．A．optimistic B．essential C．hard D．instant
7．A．capping B．eliminating C．revising D．promoting
8．A．effective B．troublesome C．consequential D．apparent
9．A．Professionals B．Full-timers C．Amateurs D．Part-timers
10．A．industrious B．goal-driven C．always-on D．decisive
11．A．widen B．bridge C．fill D．leave
12．A．boredom B．invasion C．distraction D．overload
13．A．short B．long C．early D．late
14．A．distinctions B．impacts C．objections D．suggestions
15．A．judgment B．standard C．management D．method
（2023·上海杨浦·二模）Inconvenient Truths
If doctors lie, it is surely inexcusable. One of the basic 16 the public have of doctors is honesty. But what would you think if I told you that research has shown that 70 per cent of doctors 17 to lying to their patients If I am honest, I have told lies to my patients.
Mrs Walton was in her eighties and 18 to see her husband. She would try to get up to find him, despite being at risk of falling. “He’s on his way, don’t worry,” the nurses would say this to calm her down. I said the same thing to her. But it was a lie. He died two years ago. The truth, if I can use that word, is that it is a 19 to lie sometimes.
Mrs Walton is one of the dementia (痴呆) sufferers, who lose their short-term memory and the memory of 20 events, but hold memories from the distant past. Sufferers are trapped forever in a confusing past that many realize bears little 21 to the present, but are at a loss to explain. Those with dementia often feel upset, scared and confused that they are in a strange place, 22 by strange people, even when they are in their own homes with their family, because they have gone back to decades ago.
They look at their adult children 23 and wonder who they could be because they think their children are still little kids. I have had countless families break down in tears, not knowing how to react as their loved one moves further away from them back into their distant past and they are 24 in the present. And how, as the doctor or nurse caring for these patients, does one manage the anger and outbursts of distress that comes with
having no 25 of your life for the past ten or 20 years The lies that doctors, nurses and families tell these patients are not big, elaborate lies — they are 26 comforts intended to calm and allow the subject to be swiftly changed.
27 with them about this false reality is not heartless or unprofessional — it is actually kind. That’s not to say that lying to patients with dementia 28 is right or defensible. But what kind-hearted person would put another human being through the unimaginable pain of learning, 29 again and again, that they have lost their beloved ones. It would be an unthinkable cruelness.
Sometimes honesty is 30 not the best policy.
16．A．expressions B．expectations C．reputations D．regulations
17．A．objected B．contributed C．admitted D．appealed
18．A．ashamed B．delighted C．nervous D．desperate
19．A．cruelty B．kindness C．pain D．pleasure
20．A．recent B．popular C．distant D．major
21．A．opposition B．connection C．attention D．similarity
22．A．attacked B．isolated C．surrounded D．attracted
23．A．puzzled B．satisfied C．amused D．motivated
24．A．cut off B．thrown away C．put down D．left behind
25．A．knowledge B．control C．imagination D．record
26．A．brief B．constant C．permanent D．secret
27．A．Competing B．Plotting C．Matching D．Mixing
28．A．unnecessarily B．inaccurately C．impatiently D．impolitely
29．A．ahead of time B．in no time C．for the last time D．for the first time
30．A．mostly B．informally C．simply D．finally
（2024·上海普陀·一模）Global surface temperatures last month were 2.25 degrees warmer than the 20th century average of 60.1 degrees, breaking previous records, from August 2016, by more than half a degree, according to NOAA researchers. “That to me is a really huge 31 from one record to the next,” said Ellen Bartow, a physical scientist with NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information.
The report 32 what millions of people have experienced in recent months, including record-breaking heatwaves that have touched almost every corner of the globe. Asia, Africa, North America and South America had their warmest August on record, as did the Arctic, Europe and Oceania — a region that 33 Australia—had their second-warmest August on record, the report said.
It wasn’t just the land that 34 : August set a record for the highest monthly sea surface temperature abnormally — 1.85 degrees above average. The warming oceans 35 shrinking sea ice, with Antarctica experiencing its fourth continuous month with the 36 sea ice extent on record. Globally, sea ice extent in August was about 550,000 square miles less than the previous record low, set in August 2019.
“We’ve seen unheard-of warmth in the global ocean, and that’s definitely alarming because its effects 37 beyond just the scope of the ocean,” Bartow-Gillies said. “Not only are you 38 marine habitats, but you are affecting storm creation, you’re creating more instability in some areas, and you’re creating flooding events in other areas. There’s a whole host of 39 that come along with these warmer ocean surface temperatures that we’re seeing.”
In fact, the report comes after a series of severe natural 40 that span the globe. This week, a Mediterranean storm caused serious flooding in Libya, killing more than 11,000 people. In Canada, wildfires burned through more than 42 million acres of forests this summer, and several are still burning. 41 global warming was not the singular cause of any of these disasters, heating of the Earth continues to 42 the likelihood of extreme weather events and wildfire worldwide.
“The scientific evidence is 43 — we will continue to see more climate records and more intense and frequent extreme weather events impacting society and ecosystems, until we stop 44 greenhouse gases,” read a statement from Samantha Burgess, deputy director of the European Union’s Copernicus Climate Change Service, which also 45 that this summer was the hottest on record.
31．A．distance B．jump C．travel D．flight
32．A．confirms B．emerges C．quotes D．argues
33．A．holds B．touches C．surrounds D．includes
34．A．boiled B．cooled C．stricken D．disappeared
35．A．contributed to B．suffered from C．resulted from D．devoted to
36．A．slowest B．lowest C．highest D．fastest
37．A．enlarge B．discharge C．extend D．undertake
38．A．creating B．saving C．remaining D．disturbing
39．A．issues B．debates C．events D．proposals
40．A．floods B．disasters C．storms D．earthquakes
41．A．Though B．Because C．Unless D．When
42．A．damage B．destroy C．decrease D．increase
43．A．irresistible B．unchangeable C．inaccessible D．unbearable
44．A．conveying B．releasing C．relieving D．dismissing
45．A．predicted B．expected C．doubted D．determined
（23-24高三上·上海·期末）History has not yet 46 what we will definitively call the postmillennial cohort (2000年后出生的人) that now 47 more than 60 million people in the U.S. These kids and 48 with no concept of life 49 the Internet have so far been called the App Generation and Generation Z. They’ve been referred to as Homelanders, having grown up under the ghost of terorism. They’ve also been 50 the Plurals, for their historic diversity, as well as the Founders, at least by MTV.
Whatever we 51 naming them, marketers and academies are turning their attention to this group, which has billions in 52 and is already shaping the culture. This generation is growing up “totally and utterly connected,” says California State University psychologist Larry Rosen. Experts like Rosen have concerns about these kids’ Google-inspired expectations that everything be 53 . They worry about their inability to 54 even five seconds of boredom. And they worry about the demands that come with 55 several identities online, from Facebook to Twitter to Snapchat. “There’s so much pressure on young people, who are still 56 their identities, to present this crystallized, idealized identity online,” says the University of Washington’s Katie Davis.
Historian Neil Howe sees 57 with the Silent Generation, the spoilt, risk-avoiding, “nice” generation of kids who grew up during the Great Depression and World War II, although some marked differences are found. Today’s youths are also coming of age among geopolitical trouble and fears about the economy, he says, 58 schools emphasize an intense far-reaching sensitivity to other kids. He suspects this 59 will be known for being well behaved and perhaps boring the culture by playing it safe. “There are typical examples that occur repeatedly,” Howe says, “even if they go by different 60 .”
46．A．remarked B．convinced C．guaranteed D．revealed
47．A．numbers B．houses C．accommodates D．contains
48．A．peers B．adolescents C．folks D．guys
49．A．over B．without C．besides D．beyond
50．A．diagnosed B．dismissed C．labeled D．coined
51．A．end up B．consider about C．appeal for D．approve of
52．A．distribution force B．purchasing power C．global view D．unique outlooks
53．A．vivid B．instructive C．instant D．profitable
54．A．feed up with B．put up with C．make up for D．identify with
55．A．faking B．revising C．illustrating D．maintaining
56．A．supervising B．forming C．representing D．promoting
57．A．parallels B．contrasts C．comparisons D．reservations
58．A．because B．although C．while D．when
59．A．emphasis B．generation C．intensity D．cultivation
60．A．routes B．schemes C．names D．definitions
（23-24高三上·上海浦东新·期末）A skywell, or "tian jing", is a typical feature of a traditional home in China. 61 a northern Chinese courtyard, or “yuan zi”a skywell is smaller and less exposed to the outdoor environment. They are 62 seen in homes dating to Ming and Qing dynasties, which were designed to 63 different generations of relatives.
Although a skywell's size and design vary from region to region, it is always rectangular and located in the Core of a house, either 64 by rooms on four sides or three sides plus a wall. Skywells were designed to cool buildings before air-conditioning existed. When wind blows above a skywell house, it can enter the indoor space through the opening. Because outdoor air is often cooler than indoor air, the 65 breeze travels down the walls to the lower storeys and create air 66 by replacing warmer indoor air, which rises and leaves through the opening.
The main purpose of a skywell is to allow in light, improve ventilation (通风) and 67 rainwater. In Huizhou, a skywell is small but tall, and the rooms around it can 68 sunlight on hot days, enabling the bottom of the skywell to stay cool. 69 hot air inside the house can rise and escape through the opening above the skywell, which“works just like a 70 ”
As a(n) 71 space between indoor life and the outdoor environment, a skywell acts as an effective heat buffer(缓冲)to shield residents from the hot air outside. But the largest part of skywell's cooling effect actually comes when there are bodies of water in the enclosure.
Evaporated water cools hot air, a process known as evaporative cooling which is 72 in Huizhou skywells. In the past, Huizhou families collected rainwater in their skywells because they believed this could safeguard and boost their wealth. Skywells therefore have channels around them to 73 rainwater coming from the roofs.
Though existing in China for hundreds of years, in recent times they have often been forgotten by people who prefer modern 74 . Over the past two decades, however, due to a 75 of traditional Chinese architecture, skywell buildings have been making a comeback.
61．A．Parallel with B．Different from C．Close to D．Symbolic of
62．A．commonly B．rarely C．apparently D．currently
63．A．bind B．gather C．house D．honor
64．A．enclosed B．separated C．accompanied D．replaced
65．A．calming B．refreshing C．incoming D．upcoming
66．A．pollution B．pressure C．current D．circulation
67．A．promise B．harvest C．stop D．process
68．A．block out B．bathe in C．allow for D．let out
69．A．Nevertheless B．Meanwhile C．Similarly D．Rather
70．A．well B．column C．chimney D．ceiling
71．A．ideal B．leisure C．alternative D．transition
72．A．well-reflected B．well-shaded C．well-developed D．well-organized
73．A．collect B．purify C．drain D．evaporate
74．A．techniques B．facilities C．styles D．inventions
75．A．reunion B．reminder C．renewal D．rearrangement
（23-24高三上·上海普陀·期末）Global surface temperatures last month were 2.25 degrees warmer than the 20th century average of 60.1 degrees, breaking previous records, from August 2016, by more than half a degree, according to NOAA researchers. “That to me is a really huge 76 from one record to the next,” said Ellen Bartow, a physical scientist with NOAA’S National Centers for Environmental Information.
The report 77 what millions of people have experienced in recent months, including record-breaking heatwaves that have touched almost every corner of the globe. Asia, Africa, North America and South America had their warmest August on record, as did the Arctic, Europe and Oceania — a region that 78 Australia - had their second-warmest August on record, the report said.
It wasn’t just the land that 79 : August set a record for the highest monthly sea surface temperature abnormally—1.85 degrees above average. The warming oceans 80 experiencing its fourth continuous month with the 81 shrinking sea ice, with Antarctica sea ice extent on record. Globally, sea ice extent in August was about 550,000 square miles less than the previous record low, set in August 2019.
“We’ve seen unheard-of warmth in the global ocean, and that’s definitely alarming because its effects 82 beyond just the scope of the ocean,” Bartow-Gillies said. “Not only are you 83 marine habitats, but you’re affecting storm creation, you’re creating more instability in some areas, and you’re creating flooding events in other areas. There’s a whole host of 84 that come along with these warmer ocean surface temperatures that we’re seeing.”
In fact, the report comes after a series of severe natural 85 that span the globe. This week, a Mediterranean storm caused serious flooding in Libya, killing more than 11,000 people. In Canada, wildfires
burned through more than 42 million acres of forests this summer, and several are still burning. 86 global warming was not the singular cause of any of these disasters, heating of the Earth continues to 87 the likelihood of extreme weather events and wildfire worldwide.
“The scientific evidence is 88 —we will continue to see more climate records and more intense and frequent extreme weather events impacting society and ecosystems, until we stop 89 greenhouse gases,” read a statement from Samantha Burgess, deputy director of the European Union’s Copernicus Climate Change Service, which also 90 that this summer was the hottest on record.
76．A．distance B．jump C．travel D．flight
77．A．confirms B．emerges C．quotes D．argues
78．A．holds B．touches C．surrounds D．includes
79．A．boiled B．cooled C．stricken D．disappeared
80．A．contributed to B．suffered from C．resulted from D．devoted to
81．A．slowest B．lowest C．highest D．fastest
82．A．enlarge B．discharge C．extend D．undertake
83．A．creating B．saving C．remaining D．disturbing
84．A．issues B．debates C．events D．proposals
85．A．floods B．disasters C．storms D．earthquakes
86．A．Though B．Because C．Unless D．When
87．A．damage B．destroy C．decrease D．increase
88．A．irresistible B．unchangeable C．inaccessible D．unbearable
89．A．conveying B．releasing C．relieving D．dismissing
90．A．predicted B．expected C．doubted D．determined
（23-24高三上·上海青浦·期末）I’m pretty good at sticking with things even when they get hard. Bad relationships, unpleasant workplaces, 91 sports — I’ve hung on for months and even years longer than I should have, convinced the situation would 92 if I refused to give up.
After all, isn’t every success story littered with 93 Didn’t Beyoncé lose Star Search, and didn’t Oprah get fired from her first TV job Quitting is a sign that you lack patience and strong will, or so I was raised to believe.
94 , if I look back on all the things I eventually quit, my only regret is that I didn’t do it sooner. I’ve wasted immeasurable time and energy dragging my heels, determined that I could 95 everyone if I just kept going.
All of us are constantly making tricky choices between going further into familiar territory and 96 to expand our horizons. This is known as the exploration-exploitation trade-off. When we are younger, it’s advantageous to go far on the side of exploration, trying lots of new things because we have plenty of time to 97 later. But as we age, it’s often smarter to double down.
Of course, this doesn’t mean you shouldn’t quit something just because you’ve put a lot of time into it. Economists call this the sunk cost fallacy (谬误): People are more likely to 98 something if they’ve invested a lot of money or effort into it, even when it’s clear that they should 99 their losses and jump ship. This practice is normal and 100 , but it’s also unreasonable. If an activity or relationship is making you miserable, that’s important information you shouldn’t ignore.
If you don’t get energy out of doing something, it can be a(n) 101 that this is not for you or that there’s something better you could be doing. Or it could be a sign that you should 102 your goals. Maybe your yogurt startup might not win over investors, but you could still make and sell yogurt at the farmers’ market on weekends.
In fact, dogged persistence in the face of energy-sucking disappointment can 103 depression, and then make you suffer from diseases in the long run.
But the good news is that people can learn to pay better attention to these moments when they’re happening and make 104 . The art of quitting isn’t about just letting go whenever there’s an obstacle. It’s about being able to let go when there’s no 105 to success anymore.
91．A．engaging B．demanding C．inevitable D．leisure
92．A．worsen B．occur C．improve D．continue
93．A．frustrations B．determinations C．attempts D．inspirations
94．A．Therefore B．Additionally C．For example D．However
95．A．amaze B．scare C．distress D．compliment
96．A．breaking up B．looking up C．standing up D．backing up
97．A．venture B．specialize C．explore D．relax
98．A．benefit from B．approve of C．stick with D．withdraw from
99．A．evaluate B．avoid C．overlook D．cut
100．A．human B．crazy C．sensible D．tricky
101．A．indication B．desire C．occasion D．recognition
102．A．accomplish B．upgrade C．modify D．maintain
103．A．prevent B．trigger C．relieve D．contract
104．A．researches B．choices C．changes D．resolutions
105．A．shortcut B．barrier C．guarantee D．pathway
（23-24高三上·上海宝山·期末）Ideally, childhood is a time of growth and learning, preparing for adulthood and also having fun. But for many children around the world, this time is cut short when they are forced to work, sometimes in dangerous conditions. 106 , the United Nations (U.N.), some national governments and other organizations 107 June 12 as the annual World Day Against Child Labor.
As of 2020, around 160 million children worked as child laborers, which means that one child in 10 was a child laborer. 108 , child labor has decreased over the past 20 years, but in recent years, this progress has stopped. Child labor is 109 from ordinary housework, helping with a family business or (for older children) working to earn pocket money when not in school. Work done by children is 110 as child labor when it harms the child physically, mentally, socially or 111 , or when it prevents the child’s education.
About 79 million children are engaged in hazardous child labor. Sometimes this means the work itself is dangerous because of heavy machinery or exposure to 112 . Hazardous child labor can also involve harsh conditions, long hours, or 113 to various kinds of abuse.
The primary goal of the World Day Against Child Labor is raising 114 of the issue and encouraging individuals, organizations and governments to bating (打击) child labor is a complex task. It involves social workers who identify child laborers and take action to provide these children and their families with other 116 . But it also involves change in communities as a whole, 117 the social regulations that can lead adults to make their children work.
Child labor and poverty often go hand in hand as parents feel removing their children from school is necessary to earn money for their survival. So, measures meant to fight 118 are also tied to preventing child labor. Ensuring that children have quality educational opportunities is also important. If more opportunities were 119 , more parents might give up the immediate benefit of a child’s paycheck to give that child an education.
Child labor is harmful to children and to communities, since it prevents children from growing into healthy, educated citizens who could make a(n) 120 in society. By highlighting the problem and offering a variety of solutions, the World Day Against Child Labor can make the situation a bit better.
106．A．In addition B．As a result C．Above all D．After all
107．A．recognize B．discover C．choose D．consider
108．A．Nevertheless B．Therefore C．Overall D．Moreover
109．A．distinguished B．transferred C．ranged D．evolved
110．A．evaluated B．classified C．combined D．separated
111．A．sincerely B．negatively C．positively D．morally
112．A．chemicals B．lights C．wastes D．gases
113．A．harm B．pollution C．exposure D．danger
114．A．value B．awareness C．status D．significance
115．A．take place B．take care C．take over D．take action
116．A．options B．questions C．elements D．examples
117．A．promoting B．urging C．challenging D．adjusting
118．A．disease B．disaster C．survival D．poverty
119．A．available B．sustainable C．accessible D．advisable
120．A．choice B．difference C．effort D．decision
（23-24高三上·上海静安·期末）Investors probably expect that following the suggestions of stock analysts would make them better off than doing the exact opposite. 121 , recent research by Nicola Gennaioli and his colleagues shows that the best way to gain excess return s would be to invest in the shares least favored by analysts. They compute that, during the last 35 years, investing in the 10 percent of U. S. stocks analysts were most 122 about would have yielded on average 3 percent a year. 123 , investing in the 10 percent of stocks analysts were most pessimistic about would have yielded a surprising 15 percent a year.
Gennaioli and colleagues shed light on this 124 with the help of cognitive sciences and, in particular, using Kahneman and Tversky's concept of representativeness. Decision makers, according to this view, 125 the representative features of a group or a phenomenon. These are defined as the features that occur more frequently in that group than in a baseline reference group.
After observing strong earnings growth—the explanation goes—analysts think that the firm may be the next Google. “Googles” are in fact more frequent among firms experiencing strong growth, which makes them 126 . The problem is that “Googles” are very 127 in absolute terms. As a result, expectations become too optimistic, and future performance 128 . A model of stock prices in which investor beliefs follow this logic can account both qualitatively and quantitatively for the beliefs of analysts and the dynamics (动态变化) of stock returns.
In related work, the authors also show that the same model can 129 booms and busts in the volume of credit and interest rate spreads.
These works are part of a research project aimed at taking insights from cognitive sciences and at 130 them into economic models. Kahneman and Tversky's concept of “representativeness” lies at the heart of this effort. “In a classical example, we 131 to think of Irishmen as redheads because red hair is much more
frequent among Irishmen than among the rest of the world,” Prof. Gennaioli says. “However, only 10 percent of Irishmen are redheads. In our work, we develop models of belief formation that show this logic and study the 132 of this important psychological force in different fields.”
Representativeness helps describe 133 and behavior in different fields, not only in financial markets. One such field is the formation of stereotypes about social groups. In a recent experimental paper, Gennaioli and colleagues show that representativeness can explain self-confidence, and in particular the 134 of women to compete in traditionally male subjects, such as mathematics. A slight prevalence of 135 male math ability in the data is enough to make math ability un-representative for women, driving their under confidence in this particular subject.
121．A．Consequently B．Furthermore C．Nevertheless D．Meanwhile
122．A．curious B．controversial C．concerned D．optimistic
123．A．In brief B．By contrast C．In addition D．Without doubt
124．A．engagement B．concentration C．puzzle D．definition
125．A．memorize B．prioritize C．modernize D．fertilize
126．A．representative B．argumentative C．executive D．sensitive
127．A．harsh B．adaptable C．crucial D．rare
128．A．cheers B．disappoints C．stabilizes D．improves
129．A．account for B．count on C．suffer from D．hold up
130．A．pouring B．admitting C．integrating D．tempting
131．A．pretend B．afford C．offer D．tend
132．A．effects B．delights C．intervals D．codes
133．A．companions B．scales C．expectations D．findings
134．A．necessity B．involvement C．perseverance D．reluctance
135．A．equivalent B．exceptional C．mysterious D．distressing
（23-24高三上·上海·期中）In Mumbai, there’s the ceaseless clamor of car homes as drivers edge through traffic. There’s pounding and buzzing from the construction of office towers and apartment blocks. Drumbeats and trumpet melodies spill out from weddings and countless festivals. And it’s all topped off by bellowing (大声吼叫的) street vendors and garbage trucks blasting Bollywood songs. Living in Mumbai requires a huge 136 for noise.
When Sumaira Abdulali began campaigning against noise pollution in India’s financial capital two decades ago, friends, acquaintances and even her lawyers insisted it was 137 . “People told me it’s foolish to even
try, because Indians love noise,” she says. “We’re a noisy country.”
But in 2003, Abdulali won a lawsuit seeking to 138 environmental rules that had allowed loud music late into the night during a festival. 139 , the victory led to a ban on loudspeakers within 100 meters of schools, hospitals, courts and places of worship. And she has since won more than a dozen other actions both on her own and via the Awaaz Foundation (awaaz means “noise” in Hindi), which she launched in 2006.
The World Health Organization warns that noise is a top threat to human 140 , affecting not only hearing but also sleep, brain development and cardiovascular health. Abdulali claims Mumbai is the world’s 141 city. A study led by Ritesh Vijay, an expert from India’s National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, did find that noise levels in Mumbai and surrounding areas in 2020 dramatically exceed legal limits.
In recent years, the battle against noise has become increasingly 142 , with Abdulali often facing powerful interests who consider it an inevitable byproduct of growth. With increasing 143 , ever more people are exposed to continuous noise. In a rapidly expanding city such as Mumbai, with a population topping 12 million, demand for housing puts noise rules 144 development plans. Although sound barriers are required for construction projects, they’re expensive, so developers 145 installing them.
Traffic is a tougher problem. Noise on the road can reach 110 decibels (分贝) — a level that can lead to permanent hearing damage after just 15 minutes of exposure, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Luckily, 146 can help in the fight, Vijay says. He suggests devices that measure horn use, which would let officials offer 147 drivers rewards like deductions (扣除) on car insurance. Dynamic signaling, where sensors linked to stoplights detect traffic density, would improve vehicle flow and 148 the urge to resort to horns, he says. Local government also 149 . Mumbai decreed (颁布) India’s first “No-Honking” day in 2008, with police handing out booklets to raise awareness about traffic noise and imposing fines up to 1,000 rupees ($12) on offending motorists.
Far more important is the longer-term impact of the day-to-day noise, so that’s where Vijay believes activists should focus their energy. “In India we celebrate festivals with lots of noise,” he says. “But our 150 noise itself is beyond the allowed limit.”
136．A．talent B．potential C．demand D．tolerance
137．A．encouraging B．reasonable C．ridiculous D．depressing
138．A．take advantage of B．put an end to C．lay emphasis on D．throw light on
139．A．Therefore B．Similarly C．Subsequently D．However
140．A．well-being B．intelligence C．interaction D．behavior
141．A．largest B．busiest C．loudest D．richest
142．A．difficult B．successful C．diverse D．easy
143．A．availability B．capitalization C．urbanization D．convenience
144．A．in pace with B．in contact with C．in league with D．in conflict with
145．A．recommend B．justify C．resist D．advocate
146．A．government B．technology C．finance D．psychology
147．A．quiet B．brave C．safe D．alert
148．A．trigger B．satisfy C．reduce D．maintain
149．A．steps in B．takes over C．cuts in D．takes off
150．A．traffic B．construction C．ceremony D．background
参考答案：
1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D 5．B 6．C 7．A 8．B 9．D 10．C 11．A 12．D 13．B 14．C 15．C
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了四天工作制的优点和缺，并提出了一些可能的解决方案，如更有效的组织员工，灵活安排工作时间和提高生产力等。
1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：大萧条后来促使雇主支持每周工作五天。A. cancel取消；B. restore恢复；C. back支持；D. deny否认。根据上文“In 1919, in the aftermath of war, the International Labour Organization used its first convention to limit working hours to eight a day and 48 a week.”可知，大萧条后国际劳工组织把工作时间限制在每天8小时和每周48小时，后来雇主支持每周工作五天。故选C。
2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：最近的这场危机对就业岗位的设计产生了类似的冲击。A. similar相似的；B. mild温和的；C. psychological心理学的；D. distinct不同的。根据下文“As well as struggling with the challenges of hybrid work, some businesses are now 　　3　　 paying staff the same salary for a four-day working week, once as weird a concept as an eight-hour day. ”可知，这次的危机导致一些企业现在正在考虑向员工支付每周四天工作的相同工资，所以和大萧条时对就业造成了类似的冲击。故选A。
3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：除了努力应对混合工作的挑战外，一些企业现在正在考虑向员工支付每周四天工作的相同工资，这曾经是一个与每天八小时工作一样奇怪的概念。A. stopping停止；B. considering考虑到；C. continuing继续；D. forbidding禁止。根据“It accelerated the use of technology to help them stay productive.”可知，疫情时许多雇主实施远程工作，看到了技术的加速使用保持了生产力，所以一些企业正在考虑向员工支付每周四天工作的相同工资。故选B。
4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：承诺的好处包括改善福利、更好地集中注意力、男女更公平地分担育儿，甚至减少碳足迹。A. features特征；B. awards奖项；C. challenges挑战；D. benefits利益。根据空后“include improved wellbeing, better focus, fairer sharing of childcare between men and women, and even a lighter carbon footprint”可知，改善福利、更好地集中注意力、男女更公平地分担育儿，甚至减少碳足迹都是这一改变带来的好处。故选D。
5．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，企业不能因为害怕错过最新趋势而忽视重要的障碍和
缺点。A. therefore因此；B. however然而；C. besides除了；D. otherwise否则。根据空前“Fear of missing out on the latest trend must not”和空后“blind companies to important obstacles and drawbacks.”可知，此处表示公司可能因此忽视重要的障碍和缺点，和前文中带来的好处为转折关系。故选B。
6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在国家层面上抵消一周工作四天的成本似乎很难实现。A. optimistic乐观的；B. essential必要的；C. hard困难的；D. instant立即的。根据下文“　　7　　 working hours nationwide, like France’s 35-hour working week, is not realistic or even desirable, because any cap needs to be adapted to the needs of different sectors (行业)”可知，在法国，一周工作35个小时是不现实并未不可取的，所以国家很难实现让人们一周工作四天。故选C。
7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：像法国的每周35小时工作制一样，在全国范围内限制工作时间是不现实的，甚至是不可取的，因为任何上限都需要适应不同部门的需求。A. capping限制；B. eliminating消除；C. revising修改；D. promoting促进。根据下文“because any cap needs to be adapted to the needs of different sectors (行业)”可知，全国范围内限制工作时间是不可实现的。故选A。
8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：科学研究基金会威康信托基金会在2019年决定，即使是试验也会很麻烦，部分原因是其工作人员身兼数职。A. effective有效的；B. troublesome麻烦的；C. consequential相应的；D. apparent显然的。根据下文“Some jobs were hard to confine to four days.”可知，四天工作制是不可实现的，所以即使是实验实施四天工作制也是非常麻烦的。故选B。
9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：已经每周工作四天的兼职人员担心他们可能会失败。A. Professionals专业人士；B. Full-timers专职工作人员；C. Amateurs业余爱好者；D. Part-timers兼职人员。根据上文“partly because its staff performed a mix of roles”可知，有人身兼数职，所以是兼职人员担心他们可能会失败。故选D。
10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：封锁暴露了灵活在家工作的专业人员与一线“随时待命”的一线员工之间的差距。A. industrious勤奋的；B. goal-driven目标驱动的；C. always-on总是的；D. decisive关键的。根据上文“Lockdowns exposed the gap between flexible homeworking professionals”可知，疫情带来的封锁让人们看到了灵活在家的工作人员和总是在一线“待命”的工作人员的区别。故选C。
11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：一周工作四天可能会扩大范围。A. widen范围扩大；B. bridge架桥；C. fill填充；D. leave离开。根据上文“Lockdowns exposed the gap between flexible
homeworking professionals and front-line “　　10　　” staff.”可知，疫情带来的封锁让人们看到了灵活在家的工作人员和总是在一线“待命”的工作人员的区别。一周工作四天会扩大这种区别。故选A。
12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：除了两层员工的风险和选择自由的减少之外，还增加了超负荷的危险。A. boredom无聊；B. invasion入侵；C. distraction分心；D. overload使负荷过重。根据上文“Some staff want or need to work extra hours.”可知，有一些员工想要或需要加班，所以做两种工作的人面对超负荷的风险。故选D。
13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如果领导者决心实现同样的目标，迫使员工每天工作4天，每天工作10个小时，将工作量重新转移到漫长的周末，匆忙完成需要更多时间的工作，或者雇佣额外的人手来填补空缺，那么为员工提供更多自由时间的一些好处将很快消失。A. short短的；B. long长的；C. early早期的；D. late晚的。根据上文“forces staff to work four 10-hour days”以及下文“to rush jobs that require more time”可知，一周工作四天的制度也就意味着拥有更长的周末，但是雇员会在周末完成他们没有完成的工作。故选B。
14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：对于每一个反对意见，支持者都有答案。A. distinctions区别；B. impacts影响；C. objections反对意见；D. suggestions建议。根据下文“advocates have an answer”可知，支持这一制度的人对反对意见都会找到答案。故选C。
15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：就其本身而言，更好的管理将提高生产力。A. judgment判决；B. standard标准；C. management管理；D. method方法。根据上文“One is that companies just need to organise staff more efficiently.”可知，一周四天的工作制度有很大的弊端，但是如果公司有更好的管理，有效的组织员工，也能发挥其长处。故选C。
16．B 17．C 18．D 19．B 20．A 21．B 22．C 23．A 24．D 25．A 26．A 27．B 28．A 29．D 30．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了医生在面对痴呆患者时是否应该说谎的问题。作者指出，尽管医生对患者撒谎可能违背诚实原则，但在某些情况下，为了减轻病人的痛苦，适当的谎言是必要的。
16．考查名词词义辨析。句意：公众对医生的基本期望之一是诚实。A. expressions表达；B. expectations期望；C. reputations名声；D. regulations规定。根据上文“If doctors lie, it is surely inexcusable.”和下文“the public have of doctors is honesty”可知，医生撒谎是不可原谅的，所以
公众对医生的基本期望之一是诚实。故选B。
17．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但如果我告诉你，研究表明70%的医生承认对病人撒谎，你会怎么想 A. objected反对；B. contributed贡献；C. admitted承认；D. appealed吸引。根据转折连词“But”和下文“If I am honest, I have told lies to my patients.”可推知，公众的期望与现实并不一致，很多医生都承认对病人撒过谎，作者也承认了这一点。故选C。
18．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：沃尔顿夫人八十多岁了，非常想见她的丈夫。A. ashamed羞愧的；B. delighted高兴的；C. nervous紧张的；D. desperate渴望的。根据下文“She would try to get up to find him, despite being at risk of falling”可知，尽管有摔倒的危险，沃尔顿夫人也要去见他的丈夫，说明她非常渴望见到他。故选D。
19．考查名词词义辨析。句意：真相是，如果我可以用这个词的话，有时说谎是一种善行。A. cruelty残忍；B. kindness善行；C. pain疼痛；D. pleasure高兴。根据上文““He’s on his way, don’t worry,” the nurses would say this to calm her down. I said the same thing to her. But it was a lie. He died two years ago.”可知，沃尔顿夫人的丈夫已经去世两年了，所以作者和护士说她丈夫正在来的路上是一种善意的撒谎，是一种善行。故选B。
20．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：沃尔顿夫人是一名痴呆症患者，她失去了短期记忆和对近期事件的记忆，但保留了对遥远过去的记忆。A. recent最近的；B. popular受欢迎的；C. distant遥远的；D. major主要的。根据连词“but”可知，上下文之间是转折关系。下文说痴呆症患者保留了对遥远过去的记忆，上文说他们失去了短期和对近期事件的记忆，构成转折关系。故选A。
21．考查名词词义辨析。句意：患者永远被困在一个令人困惑的过去中，许多人意识到与现在没有什么联系，但却无法解释。A. opposition反对；B. connection连接；C. attention注意力；D. similarity相似。根据下文“Those with dementia often feel upset, scared and confused that they are in a strange place, 7 by strange people”可知，痴呆症患者被困在陌生的过去，周围是陌生的人，与相现在没有联系。故选B。
22．考查动词词义辨析。句意：痴呆症患者经常感到不安、害怕和困惑，因为他们在一个陌生的地方，周围都是陌生的人，即使他们和家人在自己的家中，因为他们已经回到了几十年前。A. attacked攻击；B. isolated隔离；C. surrounded包围；D. attracted吸引。根据上文“they are in a strange place”可推知，痴呆症患者在陌生的地方被陌生的人包围。故选C。
23．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们困惑地看着自己的成年子女，想知道他们会是谁，因为他们认为自己的孩子还是小孩子。A. puzzled困惑的；B. satisfied满意的；C. amused娱乐
的；D. motivated有动机的。根据下文“wonder who they could be because they think their children are still little kids”可知，痴呆症患者的记忆被困在了过去，那时他们的孩子们还很小，所以不认识现在身边的成年子女，会感到困惑。故选A。
24．考查动词短语辨析。句意：我接触过无数的家庭，他们的亲人离他们越来越远，回到了遥远的过去，他们被留在了现在，他们不知道该如何应对。A. cut off切断；B. thrown away扔掉；C. put down放下；D. left behind被留下。根据上文“their loved one moves further away from them back into their distant past”可知，痴呆症患者的记忆回到他们遥远的过去，他们的亲人却被留在现在。故选D。
25．考查名词词义辨析。句意：作为照顾这些病人的医生或护士，如何管理因不了解你过去10年或20年的生活而产生的愤怒和痛苦的爆发 。A. knowledge知悉，了解；B. control控制；C. imagination想象；D. record记录。根据上文和下文“of your life for the past ten or 20 years”可知，痴呆症患者的记忆回到他们的过去，而照顾这些病人的医生或护士无法了解他们过去的生活。故选A。
26．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：医生、护士和家属对这些病人说的谎言并不是精心编造的大谎言——它们是为了让病人平静下来、让话题迅速转移而做出的短暂安慰。A. brief短暂的；B. constant持续的；C. permanent永恒的；D. secret秘密的。根据上文“are not big, elaborate lies”可知，这些谎言只是短暂的安慰，旨在安抚和让话题迅速转移。故选A。
27．考查动词词义辨析。句意：与他们一起策划这个虚假的现实并不是无情或不专业的——这实际上是善意的。A. Competing比赛；B. Plotting谋划；C. Matching匹配；D. Mixing混合。根据上文可知，作者认为医生、护士和家属对这些病人说的谎言只是短暂的安慰，旨在安抚和让话题迅速转移，所以大家一起策划了这些谎言，且是善意的行为。故选B。
28．考查副词词义辨析。句意：这并不是说对痴呆症患者不必要的撒谎是正确的或可以辩护的。A. unnecessarily没有必要地；B. inaccurately不准确地；C. impatiently没有耐心地；D. impolitely不礼貌地。根据上文可知，医生、护士和家属是谎言是善意的安抚，但这种善意的谎言并不是必须的。故选A。
29．考查介词短语辨析。句意：但有哪个仁慈的人会让另一个人经历难以想象的痛苦，一次又一次地知道他们失去了亲人。A. ahead of time提前；B. in no time立刻；C. for the last time最后一次；D. for the first time第一次。结合常识可知，痴呆症患者会不断忘记现在的事情，所以如果告知沃尔顿夫人真相，就相当于让她一次又一次经历失去了亲人的痛苦，所以每一次知道真相对她来说都是“第一次”。“for the first time again and again”是指痴呆患者无数次地
重新体验失去亲人的痛苦，仿佛每次都是第一次经历一样。故选D。
30．考查副词词义辨析。句意：有时候，诚实的确不是上策。A. mostly大多数地；B. informally非正式地；C. simply的确；D. finally最后。根据上文可知，作者在文中指出，尽管医生对患者撒谎可能违背诚实原则，但在某些情况下，为了减轻病人的痛苦，适当的谎言是必要的。所以文章最后说有时候，诚实的确不是上策。故选C。
31．B 32．A 33．D 34．A 35．A 36．B 37．C 38．D 39．A 40．B 41．A 42．D 43．A 44．B 45．D
【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了美国国家海洋和大气管理局的研究人员表示，上个月全球表面温度比20世纪的平均温度60.1度高出2.25度，打破了自2016年8月以来的记录，高出了半度以上。同时，文章也讲述了全球气温升高带来的一系列问题。
31．考查名词词义辨析。句意：“对我来说，这是从一个记录到下一个记录的巨大飞跃，”NOAA国家环境信息中心的物理科学家埃伦·巴托(Ellen Bartow)说。A. distance距离； B. jump飞跃；C. travel旅游；D. flight飞行。根据上文“breaking previous records, from August 2016. by more than half a degree, according to NOAA researchers.”可知此处指的是从一个记录到下一个记录的巨大飞跃。故选B项。
32．考查动词词义辨析。句意：该报告证实了近几个月来数百万人所经历的事情，包括几乎触及全球每个角落的创纪录的热浪。A. confirms证实；B. emerges出现；C. quotes引用；D. argues争论。根据下文“what millions of people have experienced in recent months, including record-breaking heatwaves that have touched almost every corner of the globe.”可知，该报告证实了这些情况。故选A项。
33．考查动词词义辨析。句意：报告称，亚洲、非洲、北美和南美经历了有记录以来最热的8月，北极、欧洲和大洋洲(包括澳大利亚在内的地区)也经历了有记录以来第二热的8月。A. holds握着；举起；B. touches触摸；C. surrounds围绕；D. includes包括。根据上文“a region”以及下文“Australia-had their second-warmest August on record”可知，此处应表示包括澳大利亚在内的地区也经历了有记录以来第二热的8月。故选D项。
34．考查动词词义辨析。句意：高温炙烤的不仅仅是陆地：8月份创下了月度海洋表面温度异常最高的记录——比平均温度高1.85度。A. boiled沸腾、高温炙烤；B. cooled冷却；C. stricken打击；D. disappeared消失。根据上文“Asia, Africa, North America and South America had
their warmest August on record, as did the Arctic, Europe and Oceania — a region that____3____ Australia — had their second-warmest August on record, the report said.”以及下文“August set a record for the highest monthly sea surface temperature abnormally”可知，高温炙烤的不仅仅是陆地，海洋温度也异常的高。故选A项。
35．考查动词短语辨析。句意：海洋变暖导致海冰萎缩，南极洲海冰面积连续第四个月处于有记录以来的最低水平。A contributed to导致；B. suffered from遭受；C. resulted from由……引起；D. devoted to致力于。根据上文“The warming oceans”以及下文“shrinking sea ice”可知此处指的是海洋变暖导致海冰面积连续第四个月萎缩。故选A项。
36．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：海洋变暖导致海冰萎缩，南极洲海冰面积连续第四个月处于有记录以来的最低水平。A. slowest最慢的；B. lowest最低的；C.highest最高的；D.fastest最快的。根据上文“with Antarctica experiencing its fourth continuous month”以及下文的“sea ice extent on record.”可知此处指的是南极海冰面积达到了历史最低水平。故选B项。
37．考查动词词义辨析。句意：Bartow-Gillies说：“我们在全球海洋中看到了前所未有的温暖，这绝对是令人担忧的，因为它的影响超出了海洋的范围。”A. enlarge扩大；B. discharge释放；解雇；C. extend扩展；延伸；D. undertake承担。根据下文“beyond just the scope of the ocean”可知，前所未有的温暖的影响超出了海洋的范围。extend beyond“超出，超越”。故选C项。
38．考查动词词义辨析。句意：你不仅扰乱了海洋栖息地，还影响了风暴的产生，在一些地区造成了更多的不稳定，在其他地区造成了洪水事件。A creating创造；B. saving节省；C. remaining仍旧；D. disturbing干扰。根据下文“marine habitats, you’re creating more instability in some areas, and you’re creating flooding events in other areas.”可知此处指的是前所未有的温暖，不仅扰乱了海洋栖息地，还影响了风暴的产生。故选D项。
39．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们所看到的海洋表面温度升高带来了一系列问题。A. issues问题；B. debates争论；C. events事件；D. proposals建议。根据上文“Not only are you ____8____ marine habitats, but you’re affecting storm creation, you’re creating more instability in some areas, and you’re creating flooding events in other areas.”以及下文“these warmer ocean surface temperatures that we’re seeing”可知，我们所看到的海洋表面温度升高带来了一系列问题。故选A项。
40．考查名词词义辨析。句意：事实上，该报告是在全球范围内一系列严重的自然灾害之后发布的。A. floods洪水；B. disasters灾难；C. storms暴风；D. earthquakes地震。根据下文“This
week, a Mediterranean storm caused serious flooding in Libya, killing more than 11,000 people. In Canada, wildfires burned through more than 42 million acres of forests this summer, and several are still burning.”以及“global warming was not the singular cause of any of these disasters,”可知，此处指的是全球范围内一系列严重的自然灾害。故选B项。
41．考查连词词义辨析。句意：虽然全球变暖不是造成这些灾害的唯一原因， 但地球变暖继续增加世界范围内极端天气事件和野火发生的可能性。A.Though虽然；B. Because因为；C. Unless除非；D. When当……时候。根据下文“global warming was not the singular cause of any of these disasters”以及“the likelihood of extreme weather events and wildfire worldwide.”可知此处上下文的语意为让步转折关系，应用表示让步转折的连词though。故选A项。
42．考查动词词义辨析。句意：虽然全球变暖不是造成这些灾害的唯一原因， 但地球变暖继续增加世界范围内极端天气事件和野火发生的可能性。A. damage伤害；B. destroy破坏；C. decrease减少；D. increase增加。根据下文“the likelihood of extreme weather events and wildfire worldwide.”可知全球变暖会继续增加世界范围内极端天气事件和野火发生的可能性。故选D项。
43．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：科学证据是不可抗拒的。A. irresistible不可抗拒的；B. unchangeable无法改变的；C. inaccessible难到达的；D.unbearable无法忍受的。根据下文“we will continue to see more climate records and more intense and frequent extreme weather events”可知，此处指的是我们将继续看到更多的气候记录和更强烈、更频繁的极端天气事件，因此科学证据是不可抗拒的。故选A项。
44．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们将继续看到更多的气候记录和更强烈、更频繁的极端天气事件影响社会和生态系统，直到我们停止释放温室气体。A. conveying传达；B. releasing释放；C. relieving减轻；D. dismissing解雇。根据上文“we will continue to see more climate records and more intense and frequent extreme weather events impacting society and ecosystems, until we stop”以及下文“greenhouse gases”可知此处指的是直到我们停止释放温室气体，这些情况才有可能有所改观。故选B项。
45．考查动词词义辨析。句意：该中心也确定今年夏天是有记录以来最热的。A predicted预计；B. expected期待；C. doubted怀疑；D. determined确定。根据下文“this summer was the hottest on record”以及空前的“also”可知，该中心也确定今年夏天是有记录以来最热的。故选D项。
46．D 47．A 48．B 49．B 50．C 51．A 52．B 53．C 54．B
55．D 56．B 57．A 58．C 59．B 60．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了2000年后出生的这一代人在网络时代成长起来，生活方式与以往的人们不一样，并且成为社会主流人群，开始影响社会文化。
46．考查动词词义辨析。句意：历史还没有揭示我们将确切地把现在美国的人数已经超过6000万的后千禧一代的人称之为什么。根据后面的宾语“what we will definitively call the postmillennial cohort”可知，2000年后出生的人历史上会把他们称作什么还不明确，因为还没有成为历史，动词reveal指揭示事实，符合语境，事实还不明朗。A. remarked评论；B. convinced使信服；C. guaranteed担保；D. revealed揭露；证明，展示。故选D项。
47．考查动词词义辨析。句意：历史还没有揭示我们将确切地把现在美国的人数已经超过6000万的后千禧一代的人称之为什么。A. numbers总计；B. houses提供住所；C. accommodates提供住宿；D. contains包含；含有；容纳。该空为that引导定语从句的谓语动词，that指代先行词the postmillennial cohort 做主语，后面宾语是“more than 60 million people”，这里应该是指2000年后出生的人总计达到了6000万。动词number意为“总计”。故选A项。
48．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些对没有互联网的生活毫无概念的孩子和青少年迄今为止被称为应用程序一代和z一代。A. peers同领人；B. adolescents青少年；C. folks家人；人们；D. guys家伙，小伙子；兄弟，伙计。2000年后出生的人都是小孩子和青少年，年龄都还不大。故选B项。
49．考查介词词义辨析。句意：这些对没有互联网的生活毫无概念的孩子和青少年迄今为止被称为应用程序一代和z一代。A. over超过；B. without没有；C. besides除…以外；D. beyond超出。该空介词及其宾语“the Internet”作life的后置定语，根据life前的“with no concept of”可知，这里指00后对于没有网络的生活一无所知，因为他们一出生就接触到了网络。故选B项。
50．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们也被贴上了the Plurals(多元一代)的标签，因为他们在历史上的多元化，以及the Founders(始创者)，至少在MTV频道上。A. diagnosed诊断；B. dismissed解散；开除；驳回；C. labeled贴标签；D. coined创造新词，首次使用；铸币，造币。根据上一句“These kids and 　　3　　 with no concept of life 　　4　　 the Internet have so far been called the App Generation and Generation Z. They’ve been referred to as Homelanders, having grown up under the ghost of terorism.”中的“the App Generation and Generation Z”和“Homelanders”是一些人们对00后一代的一些称谓，本句中的“the Plurals和 the Founders”也
是给他们专有称谓，他们被贴标签，labeled符合语境与上一句中called和referred to意义一致。故选C项。
51．考查动词短语辨析。句意：不管我们最终给他们起什么名字，营销人员和学术机构都把注意力转向了这个拥有数十亿美元的群体，他们已经在塑造文化。A. end up结束；B. consider about考虑；C. appeal for呼吁，恳请；D. approve of赞成。本文首句表示历史对00后这一代人还没有明确的称呼，但是很多机构已经给出了很多说法。end up doing意为“最终会做某事”，这里指最终历史会给这代人一个什么样的称呼。故选A项。
52．考查名词短语辨析。句意：不管我们最终给他们起什么名字，营销人员和学术机构都把注意力转向了这个拥有数十亿美元购买力的群体，他们已经在塑造文化。A. distribution force分布力；B. purchasing power购买力；C. global view全球视野；D. unique outlooks独特的观点。空前的主语which指代先行词the group，空前的billions应该指的是钱数，指的是00后一代人的消费能力，购买力，他们已经成为社会不容忽视的群体，“marketers”关注的应该是消费者的消费能力。故选B项。
53．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：像罗森这样的专家对这些孩子受到谷歌启发的期望感到担忧，他们认为所有东西都能立即获得。 A. vivid生动的；B. instructive有教育意义的，有启发的；C. instant立即的；即时的；D. profitable有利可图的，盈利的。“that everything be 　　8　　.”为expectations的同位语从句，谷歌的特点就是反馈“快”，所以这些孩子会期待一切都应该立即得到反应，回应。呼应下一句“their inability to 　　9　　 even five seconds of boredom”的说法，认为他们忍受不了5秒钟的无聊等待。故选C项。
54．考查动词短语辨析。句意：他们担心自己无法忍受哪怕五秒钟的无聊。 A. feed up with厌倦；B. put up with容忍；C. make up for弥补；D. identify with认同，产生共鸣。该空动词短语的宾语是“even five seconds of boredom”，专家担心这些生活在网络时代的孩子会认为一切都应该快速得到回复，有可能五分钟的无聊也忍受不了。故选B项。
55．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们还担心在Facebook、Twitter和Snapchat等网站上保持多重身份所带来的要求。A. faking伪造，冒充；不懂装懂；B. revising修改；C. illustrating阐明；加插图；D. maintaining保持。网络时代长大的这些孩子在各社交媒体网站都有账户ID，他们得要维护这些网站上自己的身份。故选D项。
56．考查动词词义辨析。句意：年轻人的压力太大了，他们还在形成自己的身份，要在网上展示这种具体化、理想化的身份。A. supervising指导，监督；B. forming形成，组成；C. representing代表，象征；D. promoting促进；宣传；晋升，提拔。现在孩子们还可能会因为
有新的社交媒体，可能还会形成新的身份。故选B项。
57．考查名词词义辨析。句意：历史学家尼尔·豪(Neil Howe)看到了与“沉默的一代”(Silent Generation)的相似之处，“沉默的一代”是在大萧条和第二次世界大战期间长大的、被宠坏的、不愿冒险的“好”一代，尽管他们也发现了一些明显的差异。A. parallels相似的手法，相似之处；B. contrasts对比，对照；C. comparisons比较；D. reservations预定。根据下文“although some marked differences are found”可知，虽然这两代人有明显的差异，但是他们看到了他们之间的相似之处。parallels与differences呼应。故选A项。
58．考查连词词义辨析。句意：他说，如今的年轻人也是在地缘政治问题和对经济的担忧中长大的，而学校则强调对其他孩子有着强烈而深远的敏感性。A. because因为；B. although尽管；C. while当……时候；而却；D. when当……的时候。这里指社会和学校对孩子的要求进行对比，并列连词while可以表示前后对比。故选C项。
59．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他怀疑这一代人将以举止得体而闻名，也许会因为行事谨慎而令文化感到厌烦。A. emphasis强调；B. generation一代，一辈儿；C. intensity强烈；强度；D. cultivation耕作，开垦；培养。根据“will be known for being well behaved ”可知，该句主语应该是人，这里指00后这一代人。故选B项。
60．考查名词词义辨析。句意：“有一些典型的例子反复出现，”Howe说，“即使它们有不同的名字。”A. routes路线；B. schemes计划，方案；C. names 姓名；名义；D. definitions定义。在even if的从句中主语they指代typical examples ,by...names或by the name of 意为“以……的名义”或使用……的名字，符合语境。这里指这一代人中的典型例子有可能会有各种不同的名称，呼应第一段中的“the App Generation and Generation Z”和“Homelanders”“the Plurals和 the Founders”。故选C项。
61．B 62．A 63．C 64．A 65．C 66．D 67．B 68．A 69．B 70．C 71．D 72．A 73．C 74．B 75．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了天井这一传统结构的起源和发展，阐述了天井的实际功能，并表明了在当今中国传统建筑恢复存在的背景下，天井又开始出现在人们视野当中。
61．考查形容词短语辨析。句意：与中国北方的庭院或“院子”不同，天井更小，更少暴露在户外环境中。A. Parallel with与……平行；B. Different from与……不同；C. Close to离……近；D. Symbolic of……的象征。根据上文“A skywell, or "tian jing", is a typical feature of a
traditional home in China.”以及下文“a skywell is smaller and less exposed to the outdoor environment.”可知天井与北方庭院不同。故选B项。
62．考查副词词义辨析。句意：它们常见于明清时期的房屋中，这些房屋是为不同世代的亲属而设计的。A. commonly通常地；B. rarely很少地；C. apparently明显地；D. currently目前。根据下文“Though existing in China for hundreds of years, in recent times they have often been forgotten by people who prefer modern 14 .”可知天井在中国存在了数百年，进而可推知天井常见于明清时期的房屋中。故选A项。
63．考查动词词义辨析。句意：它们常见于明清时期的房屋中，这些房屋是为不同世代的亲属而设计的。A. bind结合；B. gather聚集；C. house容纳D. honor荣誉。根据下文“Because outdoor air is often cooler than indoor air, the 5 breeze travels down the walls to the lower storeys and create air 6 by replacing warmer indoor air, which rises and leaves through the opening.”可知有天井的房屋是有多层结构的，可推知房屋可容纳几代人。故选C项。
64．考查动词词义辨析。句意：尽管天井的大小和设计因地区而异，但它始终是矩形的，位于房屋的核心，要么由四面的房间包围，要么由三面加一堵墙包围。A. enclosed包围；B. separated分离；C. accompanied伴随；D. replaced替代。根据下文“or three sides plus a wall”可知天井被四面包围。故选A项。
65．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：因为室外空气通常比室内空气凉爽，所以进来的微风沿着墙壁传播到较低的楼层，并通过取代温暖的室内空气来创造空气循环，室内空气通过开口上升和离开。A. calming令人冷静的；B. refreshing清新的；C. incoming进来的；D. upcoming即将到来的。根据前文“Because outdoor air is often cooler than indoor air”可知进来的是凉爽的风。故选C项。
66．考查名词词义辨析。句意：因为室外空气通常比室内空气凉爽，所以进来的微风沿着墙壁传播到较低的楼层，并通过取代温暖的室内空气来创造空气循环，室内空气通过开口上升和离开。A. pollution污染；B. pressure压力；C. current目前的；D. circulation循环。根据前文“outdoor air is often cooler than indoor air”以及后文“replacing warmer indoor air, which rises and leaves through the opening.”可知凉爽的风进来，温暖的风出去，构成循环。故选D项。
67．考查动词词义辨析。句意：天井的主要用途是采光，改善通风并收集雨水。A. promise承诺；B. harvest收获；C. stop阻止；D. process处理。根据下文“In the past, Huizhou families collected rainwater in their skywells because they believed this could safeguard and boost their wealth.”可知天井的作用是可以收集雨水。故选B项。
68．考查动词短语辨析。句意：在惠州，天井虽小但很高，周围的房间可以挡住在炎热日子里的阳光照射，使天井底部保持凉爽。A. block out封锁，遮挡；B. bathe in沐浴在……中；C. allow for考虑到；D. let out放出。根据下文“enabling the bottom of the skywell to stay cool”可知天井挡住阳光照射，因此使得天井底部保持凉爽。故选A项。
69．考查副词词义辨析。句意：与此同时，房子里的热空气可以上升并通过天井上方的开口排出，天井“就像烟囱一样工作”。A. Nevertheless然而；B. Meanwhile同时；C. Similarly相似地；D. Rather相当地。根据下文“hot air inside the house can rise and escape through the opening above the skywell”可知，天井阻挡阳光照射和凉热空气循环是同时进行的。故选B项。
70．考查名词词义辨析。句意：与此同时，房子里的热空气可以上升并通过天井上方的开口排出，天井“就像烟囱一样工作”。A. well井；B. column栏杆；C. chimney烟囱；D. ceiling天花板。根据前文“hot air inside the house can rise and escape through the opening above the skywell”可知热空气上升通过天井排放，这种工作原理与烟囱相似。故选C项。
71．考查名词词义辨析。句意：作为室内生活和室外环境之间的过渡空间，天井起到了有效的热缓冲作用以保护居民免受室外热空气的影响。A. ideal理想；B. leisure闲暇时光；C. alternative选择；D. transition过渡。根据后文“a skywell acts as an effective heat buffer(缓冲)to shield residents from the hot air outside”可知，天井是一个过渡空间，起到了缓冲作用保护居民免受室外热空气的影响。故选D项。
72．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：蒸发水冷却热空气，这一过程被称为蒸发冷却，得到了很好的反响。A. well-reflected反响良好的；B. well-shaded遮荫良好的；C. well-developed发展良好的；D. well-organized组织良好的。根据后文“Over the past two decades, however, due to a 15 of traditional Chinese architecture, skywell buildings have been making a comeback.”可知天井建筑是收到良好反响的，正在卷土重来。故选A项。
73．考查动词词义辨析。句意：因此，天井周围有排水沟，用来排出屋顶的雨水。A. collect收集；B. purify净化；C. drain排水； D. evaporate蒸发。根据前文“In the past, Huizhou families collected rainwater in their skywells because they believed this could safeguard and boost their wealth.”以及转折词however可知后句与前句构成对立关系，可推知现在不再收集雨水，而是将雨水排出。故选C项。
74．考查名词词义辨析。句意：尽管它们在中国已经存在了数百年，但近年来，它们经常被那些喜欢现代化设施的人遗忘。A. techniques技术；B. facilities设施；C. styles风格；D. inventions发明。根据后文“Over the past two decades, however, due to a 15 of traditional
Chinese architecture, skywell buildings have been making a comeback.”可知天井正在卷土重来，以及前句“forgotten by people who prefer modern 14 ”可知天井被喜欢现代化设施的人遗忘。故选B项。
75．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，在过去的二十年里，由于中国传统建筑的更新，天井建筑正在卷土重来。A. reunion重聚；B. reminder提醒；C. renewal恢复；D. rearrangement重新安排。根据后文“skywell buildings have been making a comeback”可知天井正在卷土重来，是因为过去二十年里，中国传统建筑开始恢复在人们视野当中了。故选C项。
76．B 77．A 78．D 79．A 80．A 81．B 82．C 83．D 84．A 85．B 86．A 87．D 88．A 89．B 90．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了美国国家海洋和大气管理局的研究人员表示，上个月全球表面温度比20世纪的平均温度60.1度高出2.25度，打破了自2016年8月以来的记录，高出了半度以上。同时，文章也讲述了全球气温升高带来的一系列问题。
76．考查名词词义辨析。句意：对我来说，这是从一个记录到下一个记录的巨大飞跃。A. distance距离；B. jump飞跃；C. travel旅游；D. flight飞行。上文“breaking previous records, from August 2016, by more than half a degree, according to NOAA researchers.”提到打破记录，因此这是从一个记录到下一个记录的巨大飞跃。故选B项。
77．考查动词词义辨析。句意：该报告证实了近几个月来数百万人所经历的事情，包括几乎触及全球每个角落的创纪录的热浪。A. confirms证实；B. emerges出现；C. quotes引用；D. argues争论。根据下文“what millions of people have experienced in recent months, including record-breaking heatwaves that have touched almost every corner of the globe.”可知，该报告证实了这些情况。故选A项。
78．考查动词词义辨析。句意：报告称，亚洲、非洲、北美和南美经历了有记录以来最热的8月，北极、欧洲和大洋洲(包括澳大利亚在内的地区)也经历了有记录以来第二热的8月。A. holds握着，举起；B. touches触摸；C. surrounds围绕； D. includes包括。根据上文“a region”以及下文“Australia - had their second-warmest August on record”可知，此处应表示包括澳大利亚在内的地区也经历了有记录以来第二热的8月。故选D项。
79．考查动词词义辨析。句意：沸腾的不仅仅是陆地：8月份创下了月度海洋表面温度异常最高的记录——比平均温度高1.85度。A. boiled沸腾；B. cooled冷却；C. stricken受损；
D. disappeared消失。根据上文提到的很多地区都经历了有记录以来最热的8月，以及下文“August set a record for the highest monthly sea surface temperature abnormally”创下了月度海洋表面温度异常最高的记录，由此可知，沸腾的不仅仅是陆地，海洋温度也异常的偏高。故选A项。
80．考查动词短语辨析。句意：海洋变暖导致海冰面积连续第四个月萎缩，南极海冰面积创历史新低。A. contributed to导致；B. suffered from遭受；C. resulted from由……引起； D. devoted to致力于。根据上文“The warming oceans”以及下文“shrinking sea ice”可知，海洋变暖导致海冰面积连续第四个月萎缩。故选A项。
81．考查形容