第四讲 词义猜测题
[命题特点]
词义猜测题基本上是阅读理解每年必考的题型。此类题目旨在考查考生根据上下文推断单词、短语、句子的本意或外延含义的能力,既可以考查生词的意义,也可以考查熟词的生义,还可以是对代词所指代内容的判断。阅读文章时,常常会遇到一些过去未见过的词,但这类生词的词义大都可以通过上下文推断出来。
[题型解读]
单词或短语猜测题可以是对一个单词的意义的推断,也可以是对一个短语意义的理解; 所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上,而要根据短文提供的语境,通过阅读上下文,根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或短语的含义。
[设问方式]
1.Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand” in Paragraph 1
2.What does the underlined word “conversation” in Paragraph 3 refer to
3.What do the underlined words “relate to” in Paragraph 2 mean
[技巧归纳]
[典例]
(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷,C篇片段)
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy:the digital declutter.This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.At the end of the thirty days,you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
( )29.What does the underlined word “declutter” in Paragraph 3 mean
A.Clear-up.
B.Add-on.
C.Check-in.
D.Take-over.
答案及剖析:A 词义猜测题。根据画线词后面的“step away from ”可知,画线词表示“清除,清理”,clear-up含义与画线词含义相近。故选A。
[题型解读]
句意猜测题一般出现在前后文有解释的特殊含义的语句或高度概括句中,要求考生用合适的句子解释这一语句或这一语句的某一部分。锁定语句、前后寻找,意义吻合是解题关键。
[设问方式]
1.What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph...mean
2.Which of the following best explains the underlined sentence in Paragraph...
[技巧归纳]
[典例]
(2019·浙江6月卷,B篇片段)
Money with no strings attached. It’s not something you see every day.But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month,a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read,“Give What You Can,Take What You Need.”
( )24.What does the expression “Money with no strings attached” in Paragraph 1 mean
A.Money spent without hesitation.
B.Money not legally made.
C.Money offered without conditions.
D.Money not tied together.
答案及剖析:C 句意猜测题。根据本段中的“Give What You Can,Take What You Need.”可知,附在木板上的钱是可以随意取走的,并不附带任何条件,故选C。
[题型解读]
代词指代题常出现在人物或事物变换多、动作转换频繁的语境中,考生应根据语境判断人称代词、不定代词和指示代词的指代对象。
解答这类题目的时候一定要遵循就近原则,找出离代词最近的名词、短语或句子等。代词多是“it,he,him,that”等,可以指代上文提到的人或物,it 和 that 还可以指代一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远,要认真查找;有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结,才能得出代词所指代的事物。
[设问方式]
1.What does the underlined word“this/it/them/which...” refer to
2.The underlined part“it/that/they/which...” in Paragraph...refers to “ ”.
[技巧归纳]
[典例]
(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷,C篇片段)
“We need something on the books that can change people’s behavior,” said Félix W.Ortiz,who pushed for the state’s 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said,“people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.”
( )10.What does the underlined word “something” in the last paragraph refer to
A.Advice. B.Data.
C.Tests. D.Laws.
答案及剖析:D 代词指代题。根据句中的“We need something on the books that can change people’s behavior”可知,something是能够改变人们的行为的事物;再根据下文的“If the Textalyzer bill becomes law,he said,‘people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.’”可知,人们的行为会改变的条件是当Textalyzer法案成为法律,受到法律的约束和惩罚,司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。故something指代的是法律。故选D。
综合运用演练
A
(2023·海南中学高三模拟)
Levon Biss was looking at insects from his garden through a microscope he bought for his son. For fun, they unintentionally placed an insect under the lens (镜片). “It is amazingly beautiful!” they both screamed.
The father had been making a career taking photographs for advertisements. But that experience gave him a new direction. Around the world, insect populations are in decline because of habitat loss and climate change. Biss thought that if people could see what he saw through his son’s microscope, they would care more about protecting insects.
So Biss turned to macrophotography: taking close-up pictures of small things, like flowers or bugs. His work has attracted attention not just for its unusual beauty. It also raises awareness about the need for conservation.
In 2016, Biss showed his first insect project, Microsculpture. The term refers to the features of an insect’s exoskeleton, or outer shell, which develops over time as the bug adapts to its environment.
Biss’s pictures capture the insects in all their microscopic details. Then he blows up the images until the insects become larger than life, some of them eight feet tall. But each image takes weeks to make. He uses a digital camera with a microscope lens. The camera is fixed on a computerized track, which allows Biss to take a shot, then move the camera by seven microns (微米) — a distance equals to about 1/10 the thickness of a human hair — for the next shot. In the end, Biss might take 10,000 shots of a bug. A computer combines these small pictures into a single image.
Biss’s latest exhibition is Extinct and Endangered at the American Museum of Natural History. He selected bugs that were extinct or endangered, hoping his photographs would serve as a better purpose. “I communicate visually,” he says. “The way I work is through pictures. But I think it’s my duty to shake things up and get people to pay attention.”
( )1.What made Levon Biss turn to macrophotography
A.Beautiful insects.
B.Attractive environment.
C.An expensive microscope.
D.An accidental observation.
( )2.How does Levon Biss manage to capture insects’ microscopic details
A.By taking a shot at them twice.
B.By adjusting the camera on a track.
C.By taking close-up pictures countless times.
D.By putting them in order on a computer.
( )3.What does the underlined phrase “shake things up” refer to in the last paragraph
A.Get rid of the prejudice.
B.Take action to save wildlife.
C.Spare no efforts to face difficulties.
D.Make people think about nature differently.
( )4.Which of the following best describes Levon Biss
A.Patient and responsible.
B.Wealthy and ambitious.
C.Polite and strong-willed.
D.Curious and easy-going.
语篇解读:主题语境——人与自然 话题——保护昆虫 本文是记叙文。文章介绍了一名广告摄影师为保护昆虫而改变了自己的职业方向的故事。在无意间通过显微镜观察昆虫之后,Levon Biss决定转向微距摄影;他希望通过自己拍摄的作品唤起人们保护昆虫的意识。
答案及剖析:
1.D 细节理解题。根据第一段内容可知,Levon Biss给儿子买了一台显微镜,他和儿子无意间把一只昆虫放在显微镜下面,结果意外地发现了它的美丽。根据第二段中的“But that experience gave him a new direction.”可知,是这次意外的发现使Levon Biss后来改变了自己的职业方向。故选D。
2.C 细节理解题。根据第五段内容可知,Levon Biss使用带有显微镜镜片的数码摄像机对昆虫进行多次拍摄,最后再用电脑将这些小图片组成一张图像。故选C。
3.D 短语猜测题。根据画线部分前面的“duty”、后面的“and get people to pay attention”、第二段最后一句中的“they would care more about protecting insects”以及第三段中的“It also raises awareness about the need for conservation.”可知,Levon Biss希望他的作品能够改变人们目前对待自然的态度,引起他们对昆虫的保护意识。所以,画线部分的意思是“改变现状(即人们对于自然的漠视)”。故选D。
4.A 推理判断题。根据全文对摄影师Levon Biss的描写,特别是第五段中的“But each image takes weeks to make...A computer combines these small pictures into a single image.”可知,Levon Biss在对昆虫进行拍摄时花费了很长时间和很多功夫,由此推知他是有耐心的;又根据最后一段中的“But I think it’s my duty to shake things up and get people to pay attention.”可知,Levon Biss觉得通过他的作品唤起人们对昆虫的保护意识是自己的职责,由此推知他是有责任感的。故选A。
[疑难词汇解读]
1.blow up 放大(照片等)
2.take a shot 拍摄
B
We’ve all had a guilty pleasure or two. Maybe it was an awkward TV show that we enjoyed a little bit too much,maybe a song we listened to ironically until it became a bit too unironic. Perhaps a snack which was very disgusting but it wound up coming back around to be delicious,or a movie which was very egregious but it ended up being a fantastic one.Though we often wonder why we enjoy these things,we should really be asking ourselves why we feel guilty for enjoying them.
With the obvious exception of things that are harmful to people,our harsh judgment toward ourselves and others over what we enjoy does nothing but harms our individual expression and enjoyment.
It’s natural to want to appear “cool” to other people—whatever that may mean to you. With the cultural tendency and the means to share literally anything and everything you enjoy via social media, we perfectly curate (组织) the media we consume to match some sort of the imagined ideal aesthetic(美学)—a trap that’s much too easy to fall into.Don’t fall into the trap!
My point is,the things that hold us back from openly enjoying our “guilty pleasures” often come from completely unfounded places. This is especially true that a teenage girl would rather be misunderstood than admit she likes pink.Frankly,what’s the point Who are you proving yourself to,and why do you feel the need to prove yourself If you ’re not harming anyone,and you are getting happiness from something, then why bother holding yourself back from it just to preserve some kind of curated image of whom you’re supposed to be
Life is hard enough as it is.If you’ve found something that eases the stress of life even just a little bit, hold onto it for dear life.Read a super tacky(俗气的) romance novel.Throw that guilt right out of the window with absolutely no regrets, and do whatever makes you happy.
( )5.What does the underlined word “egregious” mean in the first paragraph
A.Moving. B.Unpopular.
C.Thrilling. D.Unbearable.
( )6.What can we learn from Paragraph 3
A.Most people want to gain recognition from others.
B.Social media has a bad impact on self-recognition.
C.The cultural tendency sets a standard for the ideal aesthetic.
D.People enjoy curating the media that they consume.
( )7.What would hold us back from enjoying “guilty pleasures”
A.The desire to lead a simple life.
B.The intention to show off ourselves.
C.The need to admit that we like pink.
D.The purpose to guard our ideal image.
( )8.Which of the following may the author agree with
A.Find ways to overcome hard life.
B.Set ourselves free from fixed opinions.
C.Have an in-depth talk with ourselves to find our souls.
D.Talk with people and make our own decisions.
语篇解读:主题语境——人与自我 话题——不惧世俗,尽情生活 本文是议论文。不要因为自己喜欢的事情不被世俗理解而感到罪恶,只要你喜欢的事情对别人无害、能让你快乐,就尽情去做吧。
答案及剖析:
5.D 词义猜测题。根据语境可知,画线词与“fantastic(极好的,了不起的)”意义相反,分析四个选项可知,D项“Unbearable(无法忍受的)”与画线词意义最为接近。moving“感人的”;unpopular“不受欢迎的”;thrilling“令人兴奋不已的”。
6.A 细节理解题。结合第三段中的“It’s natural to want to appear ‘cool ’to other people...we perfectly curate(组织) the media we consume to match some sort of the imagined ideal aesthetic(美学)”可知,我们总是想要维护自己的形象,期待得到别人的认可,故选A。
7.D 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“why bother holding yourself back from it just to preserve some kind of curated image of whom you’re supposed to be ”可以看出,维护自己的完美形象可能会阻碍自己去享受“罪恶乐趣”,故选D。
8.B 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“some sort of the imagined ideal aesthetic...Don’t fall into the trap!”和第四段中的“why bother holding yourself back...image of whom you’re supposed to be ”可知,作者建议读者不要掉入一些想象的理想美学的陷阱,而是要勇敢地摆脱固有看法,尽情享受生活,故选B。
文体突破,立足篇章大格局
篇章结构又称文体结构。篇章结构是作者对全文的谋篇布局,先确定主旨,布局篇章段落,然后再对段落的结构作出设计。《英语课程标准》明确指出研读语篇就是对语篇的主题、内容、文体结构、语言特点、作者观点等进行深入的解读。从文体结构入手,一些阅读障碍处可以凭文体的写作规律大致揣度出其意义和用意;同时掌握了文体的写作规律,可以放心大胆地使用跳读、略读的读文策略,提高得分效率。
文体一 应用文
一、文体特点
热点 话题 话题生活化、实用化和多样化。如产品宣传、服务介绍、学习机构、游览地、招生招聘等。
语言 特点 人名、地名、专用名词多;生词多;缩略词、祈使句、省略句多;结构不完整。
文章 结构 多为总分式,包括通知、广告、便条、申请书、个人简介、商品说明与介绍等,形式多样(如图示、表格等),题材各异。
命题 角度 其命题角度主要考查考生提取信息和处理信息的能力,既注重特定细节的筛选、类比、综合,又注重推理判断题的考查,题目设置相对较容易。
二、解题技巧
跳读法 先读题目,了解考点;明确目的,快速捕捉,获取信息。
根据题干关键词到文中定位答案信息范围,按照题目顺序依次而下,对号入座,通过同义替换、归纳事实等方法确定答案。
三、真题分析
(2023·全国甲卷,A篇)
Where to Eat in Bangkok
Bangkok is a highly desirable destination for food lovers.It has a seemingly bottomless well of dining options.Here are some suggestions on where to start your Bangkok eating adventure.
Nahm
Offering Thai fine dining,Nahm provides the best of Bangkok culinary (烹饪的) experiences.It’s the only Thai restaurant that ranks among the top 10 of the world’s 50 best restaurants list.Head Chef David Thompson,who received a Michelin star for his London-based Thai restaurant of the same name,opened this branch in the Metropolitan Hotel in 2010.
Issaya Siamese Club
Issaya Siamese Club is internationally known as Thai chef Ian Kittichai’s first flagship Bangkok restaurant.The menu in this beautiful colonial house includes traditional Thai cuisine combined with modern cooking methods.
Bo.Lan
Bo.Lan has been making waves in Bangkok’s culinary scene since it opened in 2009.Serving hard-to-find Thai dishes in an elegant atmosphere,the restaurant is true to Thai cuisine’s roots,yet still manages to add a special twist.This place is good for a candle-lit dinner or a work meeting with colleagues who appreciate fine food.For those extremely hungry,there’s a large set menu.
Gaggan
Earning first place on the latest “Asia’s 50 best restaurants” list,progressive Indian restaurant Gaggan is one of the most exciting venues(场所) to arrive in Bangkok in recent years.The best table in this two-story colonial Thai home offers a window right into the kitchen,where you can see chef Gaggan and his staff in action.Culinary theater at its best.
( )21.What do Nahm and Issaya Siamese Club have in common
A.They adopt modern cooking methods.
B.They have branches in London.
C.They have top-class chefs.
D.They are based in hotels.
( )22.Which restaurant offers a large set menu
A.Gaggan. B.Bo.Lan.
C.Issaya Siamese Club. D.Nahm.
( )23.What is special about Gaggan
A.It hires staff from India.
B.It puts on a play every day.
C.It serves hard-to-find local dishes.
D.It shows the cooking process to guests.
21.C 结合题干可知,属于细节理解题→关键词:Nahm and Issaya Siamese Club have in common→根据文章结构,定位到Nahm和Issaya Siamese Club下的段落→根据Nahm的最后一句和Issaya Siamese Club 的第一句可知C选项正确。
22.B 结合题干可知,属于细节理解题→关键词:a large set menu→根据文章结构,定位到Bo.Lan下的段落→根据该段最后一句可知B选项正确。
23.D 结合题干可知,属于细节理解题→关键词:special about Gaggan→定位到Gaggan下的段落→根据该段第二句可知D选项正确。
文体二 记叙文
一、文体特点
热点 话题 新颖、生动、真实、典型、正面的人物介绍,新闻报道同样突出正面人物的品行。
语言 特点 有丰富的情感,有浓郁的生活气息,能勾画生活,语言有韵味,有底蕴,有张力。
文章 结构 顺叙、倒叙、插叙。新闻报道的形式通常为:标题+导语+正文+结束语。
命题 角度 命题角度主要集中在多个事件的先后顺序与人物的情感态度上。新闻报道的题目设置主要为观点推断题;考查语篇衔接,推断某一特定词或者短语的指代内容;考查主旨大意题较多。
二、解题技巧
明晰线 索法 故事情 节线索 根据记叙文“六要素”摸清事件发生的先后顺序
必要时,按时间或情节发展可以对事件排序
人物情 感线索 根据人物的处境和所做之事把握人物的情感
留意动词、形容词和副词的情景变化
三、真题分析
(2023·全国甲卷,B篇)
Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY (do-it-yourself).Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture,she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself.
She credits these skills to her late grandfather and builder Derek Lloyd.From the age of six,Terri,now 26,accompanied Derek to work during her school holidays.A day’s work was rewarded with ￡5 in pocket money.She says,“I’m sure I wasn’t much of a help to start with.But when Derek built our family house about eight years ago,I was heavily involved(参与),painting the rooms and putting down the flooring throughout the house.It took weeks and it was backbreaking work,but I know he was proud of my skills.”
Terri,who now rents a house with friends in Wandsworth,South West London,says DIY also saves her from losing any deposit when a tenancy (租期) comes to an end.She adds,“I’ve moved house many times and I always like to personalise my room and put up pictures.So,it’s been useful to know how to cover up holes and repaint a room to avoid any charges when I’ve moved out.”
With millions of people likely to take on DIY projects over the coming weeks,new research shows that more than half of people are planning to make the most of the long,warm summer days to get jobs done.The average spend per project will be around ￡823.Two thirds of people aim to improve their comfort while at home.A fifth wish to increase the value of their houses.Though DIY has traditionally been seen as a male hobby,the research shows it is women now leading the charge.
( )24.Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand” in Paragraph 1
A.An artist. B.A winner.
C.A specialist. D.A pioneer.
( )25.Why did Terri’s grandfather give her ￡5 a day
A.For a birthday gift.
B.As a treat for her work.
C.To support her DIY projects.
D.To encourage her to take up a hobby.
( )26.How did Terri avoid losing the deposit on the house she rented
A.By making it look like before.
B.By furnishing it herself.
C.By splitting the rent with a roommate.
D.By cancelling the rental agreement.
( )27.What trend in DIY does the research show
A.It is becoming more costly.
B.It is getting more time-consuming.
C.It is turning into a seasonal industry.
D.It is gaining popularity among females.
24.C 结合题干可知,属于词义猜测题→关键词:Paragraph 1和“a dab hand”→根据文章结构,定位到画线短语下文 →C选项正确。
25.B 结合题干可知,属于推理判断题→关键词:grandfather →根据文章结构,定位到第二段第一、二句以及最后一句 →B选项正确。
26.A 结合题干可知,属于细节理解题→关键词:losing the deposit→根据文章结构,定位到第三段最后一句→A选项正确。
27.D 结合题干可知,属于细节理解题→关键词:research →根据文章结构,定位到最后一段最后一句→D选项正确。
文体三 说明文
一、文体特点
热点 话题 实验报告、产品介绍、场馆介绍、社会现象、选材分析,以及语言文化、人文地理、生物的生存状况等。
语言 特点 语言平实,但词汇丰富、灵活,表述地道,句式复杂,专业性词汇略多。
文章 结构 总分式(事物说明文常用“总—分”式、“总—分—总”式结构);递进式(事理说明文由浅入深、形式由表及里、由现象到本质,逐层递进,剖析事理);并列式(文章各部分内容没有主次轻重之分);对照式(通过两个事物的对照和比较说明其异同)。
命题 角度 命题角度主要集中在细节理解题或推理判断题。出题人经常在长难句上做文章。
二、解题技巧
明晰 内容法 科普类 研究报告型:一项研究(一个观点)→研究人员→研究过程/研究方法→研究发现(与过去研究的对比、不同人员的研究发现)→结论
现象类 现象→产生的原因(如何产生)→后果
说明类 对象→如何产生→功能(注意事项)→趋势(前景)等
三、真题分析
(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷,C篇)
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism,including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works,and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so,I divided the book into two parts.In part one,I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism,starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable,before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy:the digital declutter.This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.At the end of the thirty days,you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one,I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter.In doing so,I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter.You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them,and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle.In these chapters,I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use.Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices,which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter.You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.
( )28.What is the book aimed at
A.Teaching critical thinking skills.
B.Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C.Solving philosophical problems.
D.Promoting the use of a digital device.
( )29.What does the underlined word “declutter” in Paragraph 3 mean
A.Clear-up. B.Add-on.
C.Check-in. D.Take-over.
( )30.What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A.Theoretical models.
B.Statistical methods.
C.Practical examples.
D.Historical analyses.
( )31.What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A.Use them as needed.
B.Recommend them to friends.
C.Evaluate their effects.
D.Identify the ideas behind them.
28.B 结合题干可知,属于细节理解题→关键词:aimed at→根据文章结构,定位到第一段 →B选项正确。
29.A 结合题干可知,属于词义猜测题→关键词:Paragraph 3→根据文章结构,定位到第三段画线词下文 →A选项正确。
30.C 结合题干可知,属于推理判断题→关键词:the final chapter of part one→根据文章结构,定位到第四段第一、二句 →C选项正确。
31.A 结合题干可知,属于推理判断题→关键词: in part two→根据文章结构,定位到最后一段最后一句→A选项正确。
文体四 议论文
一、文体特点
热点话题 中外广泛关注的社会话题和热点问题,内容包罗万象,社会生活类占据了绝大部分。
语言特点 议论文一般观点明确、论据充分、语言精练、论证合理,有严密的逻辑性。
文章结构 1.提出论点—分论点1—分论点2—分论点3……—结论; 2.引入段—得出结论—分点论述—结论; 3.提出问题—分析问题—解决问题; 4.提出反面观点—批驳反面观点—提出正面观点。
命题角度 议论文难度相对比较大,命题角度呈多样化,各种题型均有涉及。
二、解题技巧
明 晰 段 落 法 首段 议论文的主旨,即论点往往在首段,尤其是首段中有however,but等转折词时,其后的句子往往便是论点。
中间 段 中间段是文章的主体部分,即论证部分,作者会用两个或两个以上的段落引用事实和理论论据进行论证,常用的论证方法:举例、引用、对比、列数字等。这一部分往往与细节理解题的考查点相对应。
尾段 尾段是结论部分,要弄清楚作者最后得出了什么结论。
三、真题分析
(2021·全国甲卷,D篇)
Who is a genius This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let’s state clearly:Einstein was a genius.His face is almost the international symbol for genius.But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself.Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us And who are they
In the sciences and arts,those praised as geniuses were most often white men,of European origin.Perhaps this is not a surprise.It’s said that history is written by the victors,and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club.When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women,or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six,girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别) are “really,really smart.” Even worse,the study found that girls act on that belief:Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really,really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up It doesn’t take a genius to know the answer:absolutely not.
Here’s the good news.In a wired world with constant global communication,we’re all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear.And the more we look,the more we will see that social factors(因素) like gender,race,and class do not determine the appearance of genius.As a writer says,future geniuses come from those with “intelligence,creativity,perseverance(毅力),and simple good fortune,who are able to change the world.”
( )32.What does the author think of victors’ standards for joining the genius club
A.They’re unfair.
B.They’re conservative.
C.They’re objective.
D.They’re strict.
( )33.What can we infer about girls from the study in Science
A.They think themselves smart.
B.They look up to great thinkers.
C.They see gender differences earlier than boys.
D.They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs.
( )34.Why are more geniuses known to the public
A.Improved global communication.
B.Less discrimination against women.
C.Acceptance of victors’ concepts.
D.Changes in people’s social positions.
( )35.What is the best title for the text
A.Geniuses Think Alike
B.Genius Takes Many Forms
C.Genius and Intelligence
D.Genius and Luck
32.A 通读题干可知,属于推理判断题→关键词:victors’ standards及the genius club→定位:第三段→根据推断,A项“标准不公平”正确。
33.D 结合题干及infer可知,属于推理判断题→关键词:girls及from the study in Science→定位:第四段→根据推断,D项“她们可能受到了社会观念的影响”正确。
34.A 结合题干及Why可知,属于细节理解题→关键词:more geniuses known to the public→定位:最后一段第二句→A项“改进后的全球交流系统”正确。
35.B 根据title可知,属于标题归纳题→关键词:title→文章结构及论点→B项“天才有多种类型”适合作标题。(共103张PPT)
第四讲 词义猜测题
[命题特点]
词义猜测题基本上是阅读理解每年必考的题型。此类题目旨在考查考生根据上下文推断单词、短语、句子的本意或外延含义的能力,既可以考查生词的意义,也可以考查熟词的生义,还可以是对代词所指代内容的判断。阅读文章时,常常会遇到一些过去未见过的词,但这类生词的词义大都可以通过上下文推断出来。
[题型解读]
单词或短语猜测题可以是对一个单词的意义的推断,也可以是对一个短语意义的理解; 所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上,而要根据短文提供的语境,通过阅读上下文,根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或短语的含义。
[设问方式]
1.Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand”
in Paragraph 1
2.What does the underlined word “conversation”
in Paragraph 3 refer to
3.What do the underlined words “relate to” in
Paragraph 2 mean
[技巧归纳]
[典例]
(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷,C篇片段)
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy:the digital declutter.This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.At the end of the thirty days,
you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
( )29.What does the underlined word “declutter”
in Paragraph 3 mean
A.Clear-up.
B.Add-on.
C.Check-in.
D.Take-over.
√
答案及剖析:A 词义猜测题。根据画线词后面的“step away from ”可知,画线词表示“清除,清理”,clear-up含义与画线词含义相近。故选A。
[题型解读]
句意猜测题一般出现在前后文有解释的特殊含义的语句或高度概括句中,要求考生用合适的句子解释这一语句或这一语句的某一部分。锁定语句、前后寻找,意义吻合是解题关键。
[设问方式]
1.What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph...
mean
2.Which of the following best explains the
underlined sentence in Paragraph...
[技巧归纳]
[典例]
(2019·浙江6月卷,B篇片段)
Money with no strings attached. It’s not something you see every day.But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month,a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read,“Give What You Can,
Take What You Need.”
( )24.What does the expression “Money with no strings
attached” in Paragraph 1 mean
A.Money spent without hesitation.
B.Money not legally made.
C.Money offered without conditions.
D.Money not tied together.
√
答案及剖析:C 句意猜测题。根据本段中的“Give What You Can,Take What You Need.”可知,附在木板上的钱是可以随意取走的,并不附带任何条件,故选C。
[题型解读]
代词指代题常出现在人物或事物变换多、动作转换频繁的语境中,考生应根据语境判断人称代词、不定代词和指示代词的指代对象。
解答这类题目的时候一定要遵循就近原则,找出离代词最近的名词、短语或句子等。代词多是“it,he,him,that”等,可以指代上文提到的人或物,it 和 that 还可以指代一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远,要认真查找;有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结,才能得出代词所指代的事物。
[设问方式]
1.What does the underlined word“this/it/them/
which...” refer to
2.The underlined part“it/that/they/which...”
in Paragraph...refers to “ ”.
[技巧归纳]
[典例]
(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷,C篇片段)
“We need something on the books that can change people’s behavior,” said Félix W.Ortiz,who pushed for the state’s 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said,“people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.”
( )10.What does the underlined word “something”
in the last paragraph refer to
A.Advice. B.Data.
C.Tests. D.Laws.
√
答案及剖析:D 代词指代题。根据句中的“We need something on the books that can change people’s behavior”可知,something是能够改变人们的行为的事物;再根据下文的“If the Textalyzer bill becomes law,he said,‘people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.’”可知,人们的行为会改变的条件是当Textalyzer法案成为法律,受到法律的约束和惩罚,司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。故something指代的是法律。故选D。
A
(2023·海南中学高三模拟)
Levon Biss was looking at insects from his garden through a microscope he bought for his son. For fun, they unintentionally placed an insect under the lens (镜片). “It is amazingly beautiful!” they both screamed.
综合运用演练
The father had been making a career taking photographs for advertisements. But that experience
gave him a new direction. Around the world, insect populations are in decline because of habitat loss and climate change. Biss thought that if people could see what he saw through his son’s microscope, they would care more about protecting insects.
So Biss turned to macrophotography: taking close-up pictures of small things, like flowers or bugs. His work has attracted attention not just for its unusual beauty. It also raises awareness about the need for conservation.
In 2016, Biss showed his first insect project, Microsculpture. The term refers to the features of an insect’s exoskeleton, or outer shell, which develops over time as the bug adapts to its environment.
Biss’s pictures capture the insects in all their microscopic details. Then he blows up the images until the insects become larger than life, some of them eight feet tall. But each image takes weeks to make. He uses a digital camera with a microscope lens. The camera is fixed on a computerized track, which allows Biss to take a shot, then move the camera by seven microns (微米) — a distance equals to about 1/10 the thickness of a human hair — for the next shot. In the end, Biss might take 10,000 shots of a bug. A computer combines these small pictures into a single image.
Biss’s latest exhibition is Extinct and Endangered at the American Museum of Natural History. He selected bugs that were extinct or endangered, hoping his photographs would serve as a better purpose. “I communicate visually,” he says. “The way I work is through pictures. But I think it’s my duty to shake things up and get people to pay attention.”
语篇解读:主题语境——人与自然 话题——保护昆虫 本文是记叙文。文章介绍了一名广告摄影师为保护昆虫而改变了自己的职业方向的故事。在无意间通过显微镜观察昆虫之后,Levon Biss决定转向微距摄影;他希望通过自己拍摄的作品唤起人们保护昆虫的意识。
( )1.What made Levon Biss turn to macrophotography
A.Beautiful insects.
B.Attractive environment.
C.An expensive microscope.
D.An accidental observation.
√
答案及剖析:
1.D 细节理解题。根据第一段内容可知,Levon Biss给儿子买了一台显微镜,他和儿子无意间把一只昆虫放在显微镜下面,结果意外地发现了它的美丽。根据第二段中的“But that experience gave him a new direction.”可知,是这次意外的发现使Levon Biss后来改变了自己的职业方向。故选D。
( )2.How does Levon Biss manage to capture
insects’ microscopic details
A.By taking a shot at them twice.
B.By adjusting the camera on a track.
C.By taking close-up pictures countless
times.
D.By putting them in order on a computer.
√
答案及剖析:
2.C 细节理解题。根据第五段内容可知,Levon Biss使用带有显微镜镜片的数码摄像机对昆虫进行多次拍摄,最后再用电脑将这些小图片组成一张图像。故选C。
( )3.What does the underlined phrase “shake
things up” refer to in the last paragraph
A.Get rid of the prejudice.
B.Take action to save wildlife.
C.Spare no efforts to face difficulties.
D.Make people think about nature differently.
√
答案及剖析:
3.D 短语猜测题。根据画线部分前面的“duty”、后面的“and get people to pay attention”、第二段最后一句中的“they would care more about protecting insects”以及第三段中的“It also raises awareness about the need for conservation.”可知,Levon Biss希望他的作品能够改变人们目前对待自然的态度,引起他们对昆虫的保护意识。所以,画线部分的意思是“改变现状(即人们对于自然的漠视)”。故选D。
( )4.Which of the following best describes
Levon Biss
A.Patient and responsible.
B.Wealthy and ambitious.
C.Polite and strong-willed.
D.Curious and easy-going.
√
答案及剖析:
4.A 推理判断题。根据全文对摄影师Levon Biss的描写,特别是第五段中的“But each image takes weeks to make...A computer combines these small pictures into a single image.”可知,Levon Biss在对昆虫进行拍摄时花费了很长时间和很多功夫,由此推知他是有耐心的;又根据最后一段中的“But I think it’s my duty to shake things up and get people to pay attention.”可知,Levon Biss觉得通过他的作品唤起人们对昆虫的保护意识是自己的职责,由此推知他是有责任感的。故选A。
[疑难词汇解读]
1.blow up 放大(照片等)
2.take a shot 拍摄
B
We’ve all had a guilty pleasure or two. Maybe it was an awkward TV show that we enjoyed a little bit too much,
maybe a song we listened to ironically until it became a bit too unironic. Perhaps a snack which was very disgusting but it wound up coming back around to be delicious,or a movie which was very egregious but it ended up being a fantastic one.Though we often wonder why we enjoy these things,we should really be asking ourselves why we feel guilty for enjoying them.
With the obvious exception of things that are harmful to people,our harsh judgment toward ourselves and others over what we enjoy does nothing but harms our individual expression and enjoyment.
It’s natural to want to appear “cool” to other people—whatever that may mean to you. With the cultural tendency and the means to share literally anything and everything you enjoy via social media, we perfectly curate (组织) the media we consume to match some sort of the imagined ideal aesthetic(美学)—a trap that’s much too easy to fall into.Don’t fall into the trap!
My point is,the things that hold us back from openly enjoying our “guilty pleasures” often come from completely unfounded places. This is especially true that a teenage girl would rather be misunderstood than admit she likes pink.Frankly,what’s the point Who are you proving yourself to,and why do you feel the need to prove yourself If you ’re not harming anyone,and you are getting happiness from something, then why bother holding yourself back from it just to preserve some kind of curated image of whom you’re supposed to be
Life is hard enough as it is.If you’ve found something that eases the stress of life even just a little bit, hold onto it for dear life.Read a super tacky(俗气的) romance novel.Throw that guilt right out of the window with absolutely no regrets, and do whatever makes you happy.
语篇解读:主题语境——人与自我 话题——不惧世俗,尽情生活 本文是议论文。不要因为自己喜欢的事情不被世俗理解而感到罪恶,只要你喜欢的事情对别人无害、能让你快乐,就尽情去做吧。
( )5.What does the underlined word “egregious”
mean in the first paragraph
A.Moving. B.Unpopular.
C.Thrilling. D.Unbearable.
√
答案及剖析:
5.D 词义猜测题。根据语境可知,画线词与“fantastic(极好的,了不起的)”意义相反,分析四个选项可知,D项“Unbearable(无法忍受的)”与画线词意义最为接近。moving“感人的”;unpopular“不受欢迎的”;thrilling“令人兴奋不已的”。
( )6.What can we learn from Paragraph 3
A.Most people want to gain recognition from
others.
B.Social media has a bad impact on self-
recognition.
C.The cultural tendency sets a standard for
the ideal aesthetic.
D.People enjoy curating the media that they
consume.
√
答案及剖析:
6.A 细节理解题。结合第三段中的“It’s natural to want to appear ‘cool ’to other people...we perfectly curate(组织) the media we consume to match some sort of the imagined ideal aesthetic(美学)”可知,我们总是想要维护自己的形象,期待得到别人的认可,故选A。
( )7.What would hold us back from enjoying
“guilty pleasures”
A.The desire to lead a simple life.
B.The intention to show off ourselves.
C.The need to admit that we like pink.
D.The purpose to guard our ideal image.
√
答案及剖析:
7.D 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“why bother holding yourself back from it just to preserve some kind of curated image of whom you’re supposed to be ”可以看出,维护自己的完美形象可能会阻碍自己去享受“罪恶乐趣”,故选D。
( )8.Which of the following may the author
agree with
A.Find ways to overcome hard life.
B.Set ourselves free from fixed opinions.
C.Have an in-depth talk with ourselves to
find our souls.
D.Talk with people and make our own
decisions.
√
答案及剖析:
8.B 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“some sort of the imagined ideal aesthetic...Don’t fall into the trap!”和第四段中的“why bother holding yourself back...image of whom you’re supposed to be ”可知,作者建议读者不要掉入一些想象的理想美学的陷阱,而是要勇敢地摆脱固有看法,尽情享受生活,故选B。
文体突破,立足篇章大格局
篇章结构又称文体结构。篇章结构是作者对全文的谋篇布局,先确定主旨,布局篇章段落,然后再对段落的结构作出设计。《英语课程标准》明确指出研读语篇就是对语篇的主题、内容、文体结构、语言特点、作者观点等进行深入的解读。从文体结构入手,一些阅读障碍处可以凭文体的写作规律大致揣度出其意义和用意;同时掌握了文体的写作规律,可以放心大胆地使用跳读、略读的读文策略,提高得分效率。
一、文体特点
文体一 应用文
热点 话题 话题生活化、实用化和多样化。如产品宣传、服务介绍、学习机构、游览地、招生招聘等。
语言 特点 人名、地名、专用名词多;生词多;缩略词、祈使句、省略句多;结构不完整。
文章 结构 多为总分式,包括通知、广告、便条、申请书、个人简介、商品说明与介绍等,形式多样(如图示、表格等),题材各异。
命题 角度 其命题角度主要考查考生提取信息和处理信息的能力,既注重特定细节的筛选、类比、综合,又注重推理判断题的考查,题目设置相对较容易。
二、解题技巧
跳读法 先读题目,了解考点;明确目的,快速捕捉,获取信息。
根据题干关键词到文中定位答案信息范围,按照题目顺序依次而下,对号入座,通过同义替换、归纳事实等方法确定答案。
三、真题分析
(2023·全国甲卷,A篇)
Where to Eat in Bangkok
Bangkok is a highly desirable destination for food lovers.It has a seemingly bottomless well of dining options.Here are some suggestions on where to start your Bangkok eating adventure.
Nahm
Offering Thai fine dining,Nahm provides the best of Bangkok culinary (烹饪的) experiences.
It’s the only Thai restaurant that ranks among the top 10 of the world’s 50 best restaurants list.Head Chef David Thompson,who received a Michelin star for his London-based Thai restaurant of the same name,opened this branch in the Metropolitan Hotel in 2010.
Issaya Siamese Club
Issaya Siamese Club is internationally known as Thai chef Ian Kittichai’s first flagship Bangkok restaurant.The menu in this beautiful colonial house includes traditional Thai cuisine combined with modern cooking methods.
Bo.Lan
Bo.Lan has been making waves in Bangkok’s culinary scene since it opened in 2009.Serving hard-to-find Thai dishes in an elegant atmosphere,the restaurant is true to Thai cuisine’s roots,yet still manages to add a special twist.This place is good for a candle-lit dinner or a work meeting with colleagues who appreciate fine food.For those extremely hungry,there’s a large set menu.
Gaggan
Earning first place on the latest “Asia’s 50 best restaurants” list,progressive Indian restaurant Gaggan is one of the most exciting venues(场所) to arrive in Bangkok in recent years.
The best table in this two-story colonial Thai home offers a window right into the kitchen,where you can see chef Gaggan and his staff in action.Culinary theater at its best.
( )21.What do Nahm and Issaya Siamese Club
have in common
A.They adopt modern cooking methods.
B.They have branches in London.
C.They have top-class chefs.
D.They are based in hotels.
√
21.C 结合题干可知,属于细节理解题→关键词:Nahm and Issaya Siamese Club have in common→根据文章结构,定位到Nahm和Issaya Siamese Club下的段落→根据Nahm的最后一句和Issaya Siamese Club 的第一句可知C选项正确。
( )22.Which restaurant offers a large set menu
A.Gaggan. B.Bo.Lan.
C.Issaya Siamese Club. D.Nahm.
√
22.B 结合题干可知,属于细节理解题→关键词:a large set menu→根据文章结构,定位到Bo.Lan下的段落→根据该段最后一句可知B选项正确。
( )23.What is special about Gaggan
A.It hires staff from India.
B.It puts on a play every day.
C.It serves hard-to-find local dishes.
D.It shows the cooking process to guests.
√
23.D 结合题干可知,属于细节理解题→关键词:special about Gaggan→定位到Gaggan下的段落→根据该段第二句可知D选项正确。
一、文体特点
文体二 记叙文
热点 话题 新颖、生动、真实、典型、正面的人物介绍,新闻报道同样突出正面人物的品行。
语言 特点 有丰富的情感,有浓郁的生活气息,能勾画生活,语言有韵味,有底蕴,有张力。
文章 结构 顺叙、倒叙、插叙。新闻报道的形式通常为:标题+导语+正文+结束语。
命题 角度 命题角度主要集中在多个事件的先后顺序与人物的情感态度上。新闻报道的题目设置主要为观点推断题;考查语篇衔接,推断某一特定词或者短语的指代内容;考查主旨大意题较多。
二、解题技巧
明晰线 索法 故事情 节线索 根据记叙文“六要素”摸清事件发生的先后顺序
必要时,按时间或情节发展可以对事件排序
人物情 感线索 根据人物的处境和所做之事把握人物的情感
留意动词、形容词和副词的情景变化
三、真题分析
(2023·全国甲卷,B篇)
Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY (do-it-yourself).Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture,she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself.
She credits these skills to her late grandfather and builder Derek Lloyd.From the age of six,Terri,now 26,
accompanied Derek to work during her school holidays.
A day’s work was rewarded with ￡5 in pocket money.She says,“I’m sure I wasn’t much of a help to start with.
But when Derek built our family house about eight years ago,I was heavily involved(参与),painting the rooms and putting down the flooring throughout the house.It took weeks and it was backbreaking work,but I know he was proud of my skills.”
Terri,who now rents a house with friends in Wandsworth,South West London,says DIY also saves her from losing any deposit when a tenancy (租
期) comes to an end.She adds,“I’ve moved house many times and I always like to personalise my room and put up pictures.So,it’s been useful to know how to cover up holes and repaint a room to avoid any charges when I’ve moved out.”
With millions of people likely to take on DIY projects over the coming weeks,new research shows that more than half of people are planning to make the most of the long,
warm summer days to get jobs done.The average spend per project will be around ￡823.Two thirds of people aim to improve their comfort while at home.A fifth wish to increase the value of their houses.Though DIY has traditionally been seen as a male hobby,the research shows it is women now leading the charge.
( )24.Which is closest in meaning to “a dab
hand” in Paragraph 1
A.An artist. B.A winner.
C.A specialist. D.A pioneer.
√
24.C 结合题干可知,属于词义猜测题→关键词:Paragraph 1和“a dab hand”→根据文章结构,定位到画线短语下文 →C选项正确。
( )25.Why did Terri’s grandfather give her
￡5 a day
A.For a birthday gift.
B.As a treat for her work.
C.To support her DIY projects.
D.To encourage her to take up a hobby.
√
25.B 结合题干可知,属于推理判断题→关键词:grandfather →根据文章结构,定位到第二段第一、二句以及最后一句 →B选项正确。
( )26.How did Terri avoid losing the deposit
on the house she rented
A.By making it look like before.
B.By furnishing it herself.
C.By splitting the rent with a roommate.
D.By cancelling the rental agreement.
√
26.A 结合题干可知,属于细节理解题→关键词:losing the deposit→根据文章结构,定位到第三段最后一句→A选项正确。
( )27.What trend in DIY does the research show
A.It is becoming more costly.
B.It is getting more time-consuming.
C.It is turning into a seasonal industry.
D.It is gaining popularity among females.
√
27.D 结合题干可知,属于细节理解题→关键词:research →根据文章结构,定位到最后一段最后一句→D选项正确。
一、文体特点
文体三 说明文
热点 话题 实验报告、产品介绍、场馆介绍、社会现象、选材分析,以及语言文化、人文地理、生物的生存状况等。
语言 特点 语言平实,但词汇丰富、灵活,表述地道,句式复杂,专业性词汇略多。
文章 结构 总分式(事物说明文常用“总—分”式、“总—分—总”式结构);递进式(事理说明文由浅入深、形式由表及里、由现象到本质,逐层递进,剖析事理);并列式(文章各部分内容没有主次轻重之分);对照式(通过两个事物的对照和比较说明其异同)。
命题 角度 命题角度主要集中在细节理解题或推理判断题。出题人经常在长难句上做文章。
二、解题技巧
明晰 内容法 科普类 研究报告型:一项研究(一个观点)→研究人员→研究过程/研究方法→研究发现(与过去研究的对比、不同人员的研究发现)→结论
现象类 现象→产生的原因(如何产生)→后果
说明类 对象→如何产生→功能(注意事项)→趋势(前景)等
三、真题分析
(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷,C篇)
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism,including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works,and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so,I divided the book into two parts.
In part one,I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism,starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable,before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy:the digital declutter.This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.
At the end of the thirty days,you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one,I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter.In doing so,I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter.You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them,and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle.In these chapters,I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use.Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices,which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter.You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.
( )28.What is the book aimed at
A.Teaching critical thinking skills.
B.Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C.Solving philosophical problems.
D.Promoting the use of a digital device.
√
28.B 结合题干可知,属于细节理解题→关键词:aimed at→根据文章结构,定位到第一段 →B选项正确。
( )29.What does the underlined word “declutter”
in Paragraph 3 mean
A.Clear-up. B.Add-on.
C.Check-in. D.Take-over.
√
29.A 结合题干可知,属于词义猜测题→关键词:Paragraph 3→根据文章结构,定位到第三段画线词下文 →A选项正确。
( )30.What is presented in the final chapter
of part one
A.Theoretical models.
B.Statistical methods.
C.Practical examples.
D.Historical analyses.
√
30.C 结合题干可知,属于推理判断题→关键词:the final chapter of part one→根据文章结构,定位到第四段第一、二句 →C选项正确。
( )31.What does the author suggest readers do
with the practices offered in part two
A.Use them as needed.
B.Recommend them to friends.
C.Evaluate their effects.
D.Identify the ideas behind them.
√
31.A 结合题干可知,属于推理判断题→关键词: in part two→根据文章结构,定位到最后一段最后一句→A选项正确。
一、文体特点
文体四 议论文
热点话题 中外广泛关注的社会话题和热点问题,内容包罗万象,社会生活类占据了绝大部分。
语言特点 议论文一般观点明确、论据充分、语言精练、论证合理,有严密的逻辑性。
文章结构 1.提出论点—分论点1—分论点2—分论点3……—结论;
2.引入段—得出结论—分点论述—结论;
3.提出问题—分析问题—解决问题;
4.提出反面观点—批驳反面观点—提出正面观点。
命题角度 议论文难度相对比较大,命题角度呈多样化,各种题型均有涉及。
二、解题技巧
明 晰 段 落 法 首段 议论文的主旨,即论点往往在首段,尤其是首段中有however,but等转折词时,其后的句子往往便是论点。
中间段 中间段是文章的主体部分,即论证部分,作者会用两个或两个以上的段落引用事实和理论论据进行论证,常用的论证方法:举例、引用、对比、列数字等。这一部分往往与细节理解题的考查点相对应。
尾段 尾段是结论部分,要弄清楚作者最后得出了什么结论。
三、真题分析
(2021·全国甲卷,D篇)
Who is a genius This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let’s state clearly:Einstein was a genius.His face is almost the international symbol for genius.But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself.Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us And who are they
In the sciences and arts,those praised as geniuses were most often white men,of European origin.Perhaps this is not a surprise.It’s said that history is written by the victors,and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club.When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women,or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged
and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six,girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别) are “really,really smart.” Even worse,the study found that girls act on that belief:Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really,really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up It doesn’t take a genius to know the answer:absolutely not.
Here’s the good news.In a wired world with constant global communication,we’re all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear.And the more we look,the more we will see that social factors(因素) like gender,
race,and class do not determine the appearance of genius.
As a writer says,future geniuses come from those with “intelligence,creativity,perseverance(毅力),and simple good fortune,who are able to change the world.”
( )32.What does the author think of victors’
standards for joining the genius club
A.They’re unfair.
B.They’re conservative.
C.They’re objective.
D.They’re strict.
√
32.A 通读题干可知,属于推理判断题→关键词:
victors’ standards及the genius club→定位:第三段→根据推断,A项“标准不公平”正确。
( )33.What can we infer about girls from the
study in Science
A.They think themselves smart.
B.They look up to great thinkers.
C.They see gender differences earlier
than boys.
D.They are likely to be influenced by
social beliefs.
√
33.D 结合题干及infer可知,属于推理判断题→关键词:
girls及from the study in Science→定位:第四段→根据推断,D项“她们可能受到了社会观念的影响”正确。
( )34.Why are more geniuses known to the public
A.Improved global communication.
B.Less discrimination against women.
C.Acceptance of victors’ concepts.
D.Changes in people’s social positions.
√
34.A 结合题干及Why可知,属于细节理解题→关键词:more geniuses known to the public→定位:最后一段第二句→A项“改进后的全球交流系统”正确。
( )35.What is the best title for the text
A.Geniuses Think Alike
B.Genius Takes Many Forms
C.Genius and Intelligence
D.Genius and Luck
√
35.B 根据title可知,属于标题归纳题→关键词:title→
文章结构及论点→B项“天才有多种类型”适合作标题。
