(共45张PPT)
第三讲 逻辑关系
逻辑关系是阅读七选五的考查重点,掌握必要的逻辑关系对解题意义重大。常见的逻辑关系主要包括并列递进关系、转折对比关系、解释例证关系、因果关系、总分关系等。
并列递进关系
[典例]
(2023·全国乙卷)
Indoor plants might look as if they just sit around not doing much,but in many ways they are the unsung heroes of the home.36. ,but studies have shown that they can promote people’s wellbeing by improving their mood (心情),reducing stress and helping their memory.
What’s more,indoor plants are easy to look after and are not very expensive.
A.All plants are different
B.Not only do they look beautiful
C.There are many benefits to growing plants
indoors
D.Instead,they grow better inside,where it is
warmer
...
√
答案及剖析:B 本空考查not only...but(also)的结构。此句是在解释室内植物为什么是家里的无名英雄,即“它们不仅看起来很漂亮,而且研究表明,它们可以通过改善情绪、减轻压力和帮助提升记忆力来促进人们的健康”。故选B。
转折对比关系
[典例]
(2023·全国乙卷)
What are indoor plants
Indoor plants,also known as houseplants or pot plants,
are plants that like to grow indoors.Many of these species (物种) are not ideally suited to growing outside in the UK,especially in the winter.37. .
...
D.Instead,they grow better inside,where it is
warmer
E.Plants like peace lilies and devil’s ivy are
among the best
F.Changing the pot of your plant from time to
time will also help
G.Learning about the requirements of each plant
can be very rewarding
√
答案及剖析:D 上文说在英国许多这样的物种不适宜在室外生长,特别是在冬季,和D项“相反,它们在较温暖的室内长势更好”构成转折关系,符合语境。故选D。
解释例证关系
[典例]
(2023·全国乙卷)
Why are indoor plants good for you
Will Spoelstra,who works at the Royal Botanic Gardens,says,
“38.There are many benefits to growing plants indoors.I find during the winter months,plants around the house can really lift your mood.” Several studies have backed this up and found that indoor plants can improve creativity,focus and memory.There is also research showing that pot plants can clean the air around them by removing harmful gases,such as carbon dioxide.They also remove some harmful chemicals from paints or cooking.39. .
...
D.Instead,they grow better inside,where it is
warmer
E.Plants like peace lilies and devil’s ivy are
among the best
F.Changing the pot of your plant from time to
time will also help
G.Learning about the requirements of each plant
can be very rewarding
√
答案及剖析:E 空处位于段尾,与上文存在例证关系,上文说盆栽可以通过消除二氧化碳等有害气体来净化周围的空气,还可以消去一些来自油漆或烹饪的有害化学物质。E项中的和平百合和常春藤正是效果最好的植物。
因果关系
[典例]
(2023·浙江1月卷)
Arrive early.Most trains operate just once a day and some run only three times a week,so missing yours can be a disaster.39. Note: The times listed on the schedules are departure times,not arrival times.
...
C.The temperature on rail cars is often hard to
control.
D.That’s particularly true during busy summer
months.
E.You might have to wait longer than 24 hours to
catch the next one.
F.Chances are the cost will be a lot less than
the cost of one bedroom.
...
√
答案及剖析:E 本段提醒要早点到,错过时间是很麻烦的事情。E项中“You might have to wait longer”与前后文对应,说明错过火车导致的结果,因此推断E项“你可能要等上超过24小时才能坐上下一班车”符合语境。故选E。
Passage 1
(2023·辽宁实验中学高三模拟)
Essential first job tips for graduates
Graduates may be anxious as they enter the workplace.
And most bosses won’t teach you how to be a good employee.
1. .
Follow these four essential new job tips for graduates.
综合运用演练
That is something new workers must learn on their own.
Speak clearly.Many graduates mumble (嘟哝) or talk too quickly.It is common that people have to ask them to repeat themselves.Perhaps it is because they often speak to their peers who have super sharp hearing.But the customers you encounter in your new job may not.Good verbal communication skills are essential for most jobs.
Practice speaking slowly and clearly.2.
Avoid shouting,
but speak loudly enough to be heard.
Listen carefully.This is an important skill no matter what career you hope to have.3. .
.
When someone is talking,make eye contact to indicate that you are listening.And then ask appropriate questions to make sure you understand the directions or questions.
It requires being able to pay attention to the information another person is conveying.
Don’t interrupt unless it’s urgent.When a co-worker or boss is talking to a customer,don’t cut in unless what you have to share absolutely can’t wait.Use good judgement to determine the urgency of the situation.4. .
Say “excuse me”,and then wait to be acknowledged before you start speaking.
When it is necessary to interrupt a conversation,do so carefully.
5. Some employers have a pretty strict dress code,which takes the decision about what to wear to work.This rule could be quite helpful.Other bosses just tell their workers to “dress appropriately”.Remember,
though casual clothing is acceptable to some jobs,make sure your clothes are clean,without rips (裂口) or designs that may upset others.
Dress in a proper way.
A.Dress formally.
B.Dress in a proper way.
C.If it is urgent,interrupt without judgement.
D.Avoid shouting,but speak loudly enough to be
heard.
E.That is something new workers must learn on
their own.
F.When it is necessary to interrupt a conversation,
do so carefully.
G.It requires being able to pay attention to the
information another person is conveying.
语篇解读:主题语境——人与社会 话题——初入职场应注意什么 本文是说明文。文章介绍了初入职场的毕业生应该学习的四项重要技能。
答案及剖析:
1.E 上文提到大部分老板是不会教你如何成为一名好员工的,E项“这是新员工要自学的本领”承接上文,引出下文毕业生应该学习的职场技能。故选E。
2.D 上文提到在职场上与他人对话时要学会表达清晰,语速和缓,D项则补充在职场上与他人对话时还应做到声音不要太大,但要足以让别人能够听见就行。故选D。
3.G 上文提到要认真聆听,G项则具体说明认真聆听的时候要留意对方所传递的信息,其中,G项的“It”指代上文“Listen carefully.”,符合题意。故选G。
4.F 上文提到要有好的判断力,确定情况的紧迫性,F项进一步说明如果有必要打断对话时,应小心谨慎,下文则举出例子说明如何礼貌地打断对话。所以F项符合题意。故选F。
5.B 分析篇章结构可知,设空处的内容是毕业生必备的第四个职场技能。由下文提到着装要求和穿着谨记可知,该段落对应的技能是B项“穿着得体”,B项符合题意。故选B。
Passage 2
(2023·山东济宁高三模拟)
Growing plants is often seen as a very “green” thing to do,but like many products,they take a huge amount of energy to produce.1. .
For example,they use geothermal(地热的) energy to heat greenhouses and solar power to supply electricity and lighting.While domestic growing
doesn’t involve the same carbon footprint as commercial
growing,it’s important to consider what we can all do to minimize our own impact while still enjoying growing plants.
Many large-scale growers have used technology to minimize their impact on the environment.
Over-consumption of plants is a big issue.It’s so easy to get overexcited when you see all these incredible plants,and you can end up carrying home huge numbers of them.2. .
The more plants you have,the more limited your time and resources become,and plants can suffer.This leads to another issue—many people may end up throwing away their plants which don’t look perfect or stop flowering,in a similar way to the world of fast fashion.
3.
But large collections call for an enormous amount of work.
So it’s important to assess your collection and buy plants you have time to look after.
If you are ready and able to increase your collection,propagate(繁殖) from your own plants rather than buying more,and share plants with others.4. .
Meanwhile,we can build a community of like-minded,passionate plant people.
This removes the need to buy plants and encourages a sharing culture.
Recycling takes a huge amount of input,which can end up more damaging to the environment,so instead of buying something of lower quality that needs replacing every year,buy fewer things of a higher quality.5. .
And they can be passed down the generations.
These will last many years and be more cost-effective in the long term.
A.But large collections call for an enormous amount of
work.
B.Many commercial growers continue to market their produce.
C.This removes the need to buy plants and encourages a
sharing culture.
D.These will last many years and be more cost-effective
in the long term.
E.So it’s important to assess your collection and buy
plants you have time to look after.
F.Throwing them away will greatly reduce your
gardening footprint on the environment.
G.Many large-scale growers have used technology
to minimize their impact on the environment.
语篇解读:主题语境——人与自然 话题——合理种植植物 本文是说明文。文章介绍了种植太多植物所带来的危害,以及我们该如何做。
答案及剖析:
1.G 上文提到种植植物需要大量的能量,下文举例说明种植者如何减少种植对环境的影响,G项“许多大规模种植者已经使用技术来尽量减少对环境的影响”符合语境,下文的“They”代指选项中的“Many large-scale growers”,故选G。
2.A 上文提到将大量植物带回家,下文指出将大量植物带回家所产生的后果,即为什么不要将大量植物带回家,由此可知,空处引起下文,和上文是转折关系,也是指出为什么不要将大量植物带回家,A项“但是大量的植物收藏需要大量的工作”符合语境,下文对此进行进一步解释,故选A。
3.E 上文提出将大量植物带回家的结果是最终会抛弃那些看起来不完美的植物,空处对本段进行总结,告诉我们正确的做法是什么,E项“因此,重要的是评估你的收藏且购买你有时间照顾的植物。”故选E。
4.C 上文提到要用自己的植物繁殖,并且与他人分享,空处承接上文,指出这么做的好处,C项“这消除了购买植物的需要,鼓励了一种分享文化。”符合语境,上文中的“share plants with others”呼应选项中的“a sharing culture”,故选C。
5.D 上文指出与其买一些质量较差的东西,每年都需要更换,不如少买一些质量较高的东西,空处承接上文,解释了这么做的原因,D项“这些东西将持续多年,而且从长远来看更具成本效益。”符合语境,“These”代指上文“fewer things of a higher quality”,故选D。
语篇分析,培养结构意识
七选五主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和把握。每篇文章总是按照一定的篇章结构来行文。高考常考的文体主要是说明文,其次是记叙文。无论是何种文体,我们只有站在语篇结构的高度上,才能厘清文章的脉络,弄清语篇结构,才能做出正确的选择。
语篇结构分两个层次 一是整体结构,主要体现为段际关系
二是段内关系,主要体现为句间关系及其功能
语篇结构与解题 “总—分(—总)”结构,
偶尔是“总—分—分”结构
↓
段际关系
↓
解答标题句类和主题句类大有帮助
段内关系
↓
解答段中题和段尾题的关键
[真题分析]
(2022·全国甲卷)
Important Things to Know When Dining Out
Cultural dining etiquette (礼节) might surprise you with some of its important rules.36. .
.Knowing some tips will help ensure that you have an enjoyable meal with friends or family — no matter where you are in the world.
Don’t get caught making an embarrassing mistake at a restaurant
Chopstick Rules
The way you handle chopsticks is important to avoid annoying your companions.When you put them down between bites,always put them down together so they are parallel with the edge of the table in front of you.37. .
.
Never stick them upright in your food or cross them as you use them
Hands or Utensils(餐具)
In India and the Middle East,it’s considered very rude to eat with your left hand.People in France expect you to eat with a utensil in each hand.38. .
,instead preferring to use their hands.In Chile,you may never touch any food with your fingers.People in Thailand generally use their forks only to push food onto their spoons.
Mexicans consider it inappropriate to eat with utensils
Making Requests
39. .
.In Portugal,this would be a serious mistake,because it shows the chef that you don’t like their seasoning skills.
Similarly,in Italy,never ask for extra cheese to add to your food.
It may seem like a simple request to ask for salt and pepper at a meal
Some of these cultural dining etiquette rules may seem random and strange,but they are important
in various countries.40. .
,the more comfortable you’ll begin to feel with its foreign cultural practices.
The more time you spend in any given country
A.The more friends you make in your lifetime
B.The more time you spend in any given country
C.Mexicans consider it inappropriate to eat with
utensils
D.Don’t get caught making an embarrassing
mistake at a restaurant
E.It’s a good sign for the chef if you make a
mess around your plate
F.Never stick them upright in your food or cross
them as you use them
G.It may seem like a simple request to ask for
salt and pepper at a meal
[文章结构]
[解题思维]
36.D 首段→总领段→细节句→承上启下→D选项正确。
37.F 第二段→段内关系→段尾句→与小标题和前文内容相呼应→F选项正确。
38.C 第三段→段内关系→段中句→与后半句内容形成对比→C选项正确。
39.G 第四段→段内关系→段首句→结合because后的原因→G选项正确。
40.B 第五段→段内关系→段中句→与下文句意呼应→
B选项正确。第三讲 逻辑关系
逻辑关系是阅读七选五的考查重点,掌握必要的逻辑关系对解题意义重大。常见的逻辑关系主要包括并列递进关系、转折对比关系、解释例证关系、因果关系、总分关系等。
并列递进关系
[典例]
(2023·全国乙卷)
Indoor plants might look as if they just sit around not doing much,but in many ways they are the unsung heroes of the home.36. ,but studies have shown that they can promote people’s wellbeing by improving their mood (心情),reducing stress and helping their memory.What’s more,indoor plants are easy to look after and are not very expensive.
A.All plants are different
B.Not only do they look beautiful
C.There are many benefits to growing plants indoors
D.Instead,they grow better inside,where it is warmer
...
答案及剖析:B 本空考查not only...but(also)的结构。此句是在解释室内植物为什么是家里的无名英雄,即“它们不仅看起来很漂亮,而且研究表明,它们可以通过改善情绪、减轻压力和帮助提升记忆力来促进人们的健康”。故选B。
转折对比关系
[典例]
(2023·全国乙卷)
What are indoor plants
Indoor plants,also known as houseplants or pot plants,are plants that like to grow indoors.Many of these species (物种) are not ideally suited to growing outside in the UK,especially in the winter.37. .
...
D.Instead,they grow better inside,where it is warmer
E.Plants like peace lilies and devil’s ivy are among the best
F.Changing the pot of your plant from time to time will also help
G.Learning about the requirements of each plant can be very rewarding
答案及剖析:D 上文说在英国许多这样的物种不适宜在室外生长,特别是在冬季,和D项“相反,它们在较温暖的室内长势更好”构成转折关系,符合语境。故选D。
解释例证关系
[典例]
(2023·全国乙卷)
Why are indoor plants good for you
Will Spoelstra,who works at the Royal Botanic Gardens,says,“38.There are many benefits to growing plants indoors.I find during the winter months,plants around the house can really lift your mood.” Several studies have backed this up and found that indoor plants can improve creativity,focus and memory.There is also research showing that pot plants can clean the air around them by removing harmful gases,such as carbon dioxide.They also remove some harmful chemicals from paints or cooking.39. .
...
D.Instead,they grow better inside,where it is warmer
E.Plants like peace lilies and devil’s ivy are among the best
F.Changing the pot of your plant from time to time will also help
G.Learning about the requirements of each plant can be very rewarding
答案及剖析:E 空处位于段尾,与上文存在例证关系,上文说盆栽可以通过消除二氧化碳等有害气体来净化周围的空气,还可以消去一些来自油漆或烹饪的有害化学物质。E项中的和平百合和常春藤正是效果最好的植物。
因果关系
[典例]
(2023·浙江1月卷)
Arrive early.Most trains operate just once a day and some run only three times a week,so missing yours can be a disaster.39. Note: The times listed on the schedules are departure times,not arrival times.
...
C.The temperature on rail cars is often hard to control.
D.That’s particularly true during busy summer months.
E.You might have to wait longer than 24 hours to catch the next one.
F.Chances are the cost will be a lot less than the cost of one bedroom.
...
答案及剖析:E 本段提醒要早点到,错过时间是很麻烦的事情。E项中“You might have to wait longer”与前后文对应,说明错过火车导致的结果,因此推断E项“你可能要等上超过24小时才能坐上下一班车”符合语境。故选E。
综合运用演练
Passage 1
(2023·辽宁实验中学高三模拟)
Essential first job tips for graduates
Graduates may be anxious as they enter the workplace.And most bosses won’t teach you how to be a good employee.1. Follow these four essential new job tips for graduates.
Speak clearly.Many graduates mumble (嘟哝) or talk too quickly.It is common that people have to ask them to repeat themselves.Perhaps it is because they often speak to their peers who have super sharp hearing.But the customers you encounter in your new job may not.Good verbal communication skills are essential for most jobs.Practice speaking slowly and clearly.2.
Listen carefully.This is an important skill no matter what career you hope to have.3. When someone is talking,make eye contact to indicate that you are listening.And then ask appropriate questions to make sure you understand the directions or questions.
Don’t interrupt unless it’s urgent.When a co-worker or boss is talking to a customer,don’t cut in unless what you have to share absolutely can’t wait.Use good judgement to determine the urgency of the situation.4. Say “excuse me”,and then wait to be acknowledged before you start speaking.
5. Some employers have a pretty strict dress code,which takes the decision about what to wear to work.This rule could be quite helpful.Other bosses just tell their workers to “dress appropriately”.Remember,though casual clothing is acceptable to some jobs,make sure your clothes are clean,without rips (裂口) or designs that may upset others.
A.Dress formally.
B.Dress in a proper way.
C.If it is urgent,interrupt without judgement.
D.Avoid shouting,but speak loudly enough to be heard.
E.That is something new workers must learn on their own.
F.When it is necessary to interrupt a conversation,do so carefully.
G.It requires being able to pay attention to the information another person is conveying.
语篇解读:主题语境——人与社会 话题——初入职场应注意什么 本文是说明文。文章介绍了初入职场的毕业生应该学习的四项重要技能。
答案及剖析:
1.E 上文提到大部分老板是不会教你如何成为一名好员工的,E项“这是新员工要自学的本领”承接上文,引出下文毕业生应该学习的职场技能。故选E。
2.D 上文提到在职场上与他人对话时要学会表达清晰,语速和缓,D项则补充在职场上与他人对话时还应做到声音不要太大,但要足以让别人能够听见就行。故选D。
3.G 上文提到要认真聆听,G项则具体说明认真聆听的时候要留意对方所传递的信息,其中,G项的“It”指代上文“Listen carefully.”,符合题意。故选G。
4.F 上文提到要有好的判断力,确定情况的紧迫性,F项进一步说明如果有必要打断对话时,应小心谨慎,下文则举出例子说明如何礼貌地打断对话。所以F项符合题意。故选F。
5.B 分析篇章结构可知,设空处的内容是毕业生必备的第四个职场技能。由下文提到着装要求和穿着谨记可知,该段落对应的技能是B项“穿着得体”,B项符合题意。故选B。
Passage 2
(2023·山东济宁高三模拟)
Growing plants is often seen as a very “green” thing to do,but like many products,they take a huge amount of energy to produce.1. For example,they use geothermal(地热的) energy to heat greenhouses and solar power to supply electricity and lighting.While domestic growing doesn’t involve the same carbon footprint as commercial growing,it’s important to consider what we can all do to minimize our own impact while still enjoying growing plants.
Over-consumption of plants is a big issue.It’s so easy to get overexcited when you see all these incredible plants,and you can end up carrying home huge numbers of them.2. The more plants you have,the more limited your time and resources become,and plants can suffer.This leads to another issue—many people may end up throwing away their plants which don’t look perfect or stop flowering,in a similar way to the world of fast fashion.3.
If you are ready and able to increase your collection,propagate(繁殖) from your own plants rather than buying more,and share plants with others.4. Meanwhile,we can build a community of like-minded,passionate plant people.
Recycling takes a huge amount of input,which can end up more damaging to the environment,so instead of buying something of lower quality that needs replacing every year,buy fewer things of a higher quality.5. And they can be passed down the generations.
A.But large collections call for an enormous amount of work.
B.Many commercial growers continue to market their produce.
C.This removes the need to buy plants and encourages a sharing culture.
D.These will last many years and be more cost-effective in the long term.
E.So it’s important to assess your collection and buy plants you have time to look after.
F.Throwing them away will greatly reduce your gardening footprint on the environment.
G.Many large-scale growers have used technology to minimize their impact on the environment.
语篇解读:主题语境——人与自然 话题——合理种植植物 本文是说明文。文章介绍了种植太多植物所带来的危害,以及我们该如何做。
答案及剖析:
1.G 上文提到种植植物需要大量的能量,下文举例说明种植者如何减少种植对环境的影响,G项“许多大规模种植者已经使用技术来尽量减少对环境的影响”符合语境,下文的“They”代指选项中的“Many large-scale growers”,故选G。
2.A 上文提到将大量植物带回家,下文指出将大量植物带回家所产生的后果,即为什么不要将大量植物带回家,由此可知,空处引起下文,和上文是转折关系,也是指出为什么不要将大量植物带回家,A项“但是大量的植物收藏需要大量的工作”符合语境,下文对此进行进一步解释,故选A。
3.E 上文提出将大量植物带回家的结果是最终会抛弃那些看起来不完美的植物,空处对本段进行总结,告诉我们正确的做法是什么,E项“因此,重要的是评估你的收藏且购买你有时间照顾的植物。”故选E。
4.C 上文提到要用自己的植物繁殖,并且与他人分享,空处承接上文,指出这么做的好处,C项“这消除了购买植物的需要,鼓励了一种分享文化。”符合语境,上文中的“share plants with others”呼应选项中的“a sharing culture”,故选C。
5.D 上文指出与其买一些质量较差的东西,每年都需要更换,不如少买一些质量较高的东西,空处承接上文,解释了这么做的原因,D项“这些东西将持续多年,而且从长远来看更具成本效益。”符合语境,“These”代指上文“fewer things of a higher quality”,故选D。
语篇分析,培养结构意识
七选五主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和把握。每篇文章总是按照一定的篇章结构来行文。高考常考的文体主要是说明文,其次是记叙文。无论是何种文体,我们只有站在语篇结构的高度上,才能厘清文章的脉络,弄清语篇结构,才能做出正确的选择。
语篇结构分两个层次 一是整体结构,主要体现为段际关系 二是段内关系,主要体现为句间关系及其功能
语篇结构与解题 “总—分(—总)”结构, 偶尔是“总—分—分”结构 ↓ 段际关系 ↓ 解答标题句类和主题句类大有帮助
段内关系 ↓ 解答段中题和段尾题的关键
[真题分析]
(2022·全国甲卷)
Important Things to Know When Dining Out
Cultural dining etiquette (礼节) might surprise you with some of its important rules.36. .Knowing some tips will help ensure that you have an enjoyable meal with friends or family — no matter where you are in the world.
Chopstick Rules
The way you handle chopsticks is important to avoid annoying your companions.When you put them down between bites,always put them down together so they are parallel with the edge of the table in front of you.37. .
Hands or Utensils(餐具)
In India and the Middle East,it’s considered very rude to eat with your left hand.People in France expect you to eat with a utensil in each hand.38. ,instead preferring to use their hands.In Chile,you may never touch any food with your fingers.People in Thailand generally use their forks only to push food onto their spoons.
Making Requests
39. .In Portugal,this would be a serious mistake,because it shows the chef that you don’t like their seasoning skills.Similarly,in Italy,never ask for extra cheese to add to your food.
Some of these cultural dining etiquette rules may seem random and strange,but they are important in various countries.40. ,the more comfortable you’ll begin to feel with its foreign cultural practices.
A.The more friends you make in your lifetime
B.The more time you spend in any given country
C.Mexicans consider it inappropriate to eat with utensils
D.Don’t get caught making an embarrassing mistake at a restaurant
E.It’s a good sign for the chef if you make a mess around your plate
F.Never stick them upright in your food or cross them as you use them
G.It may seem like a simple request to ask for salt and pepper at a meal
[文章结构]
[解题思维]
36.D 首段→总领段→细节句→承上启下→D选项正确。
37.F 第二段→段内关系→段尾句→与小标题和前文内容相呼应→F选项正确。
38.C 第三段→段内关系→段中句→与后半句内容形成对比→C选项正确。
39.G 第四段→段内关系→段首句→结合because后的原因→G选项正确。
40.B 第五段→段内关系→段中句→与下文句意呼应→B选项正确。
