核心单词 unexceptional，shadow，scream，suspend，crew，submit，awesome，telescope，angle，invisible，straightforward，self-discipline，fetch，muscle，pepper，sneeze，disc
重点短语 set foot on，become accustomed to，one's heart in one's mouth，take off，tune in，cast a shadow on over，call to，in reality，work out，at a/an...speed，reach for the stars，be engaged in, be composed of，make contact with，look back to，quest for，on board
重点句式 1.there is/was never any doubt that...毫无疑问…… 2.it作形式主语 3.the＋比较级(＋句子)，the＋比较级(＋句子)
单元语法 复习情态动词
主题写作 写一篇关于太空生活的日志
Section Ⅰ Understanding ideas
1．the black shadow黑影
2．scream with excitement 兴奋地大叫
3． suspend the experiment暂停实验
4．the officers and crew军官和全体机组人员
1．except v．不包括；不计→exception n．例外→exceptional adj.异常的，罕见的；杰出的→unexceptional adj.平常的
2．tragic adj.悲惨的→tragically adv.悲惨地，不幸地
3．suspend v．暂停，中止→suspension n．暂停，延缓
1．become accustomed to 习惯于(做)某事
2．cast a shadow on/over 给……蒙上阴影
3．set foot on 踏上，登上
4．take off 脱掉(衣服)；起飞；(使)离去；突然大受欢迎
5．tune in 收听，收看
6．on board 在飞机(火车、船)上
7．one's heart in one's mouth 提心吊胆；心提到了嗓子眼儿
8．call to 呼唤；向……喊
1．[句型公式] there is/was never any doubt that...毫无疑问……
But there was never any doubt that manned flights would continue，and on 29 September 1988，the space shuttle programme resumed with the successful launch of Discovery.
但是毫无疑问，载人飞行绝不会就此停止。1988年9月29日，随着“发现”号的成功发射，航天飞机项目重新启动。
2．[句型公式] “no matter＋疑问词”引导让步状语从句
The sacrifice of the Challenger calls to us，reminding us that we must continue to reach for the stars，no matter how distant they might seem．“挑战者”号的牺牲召唤着、提醒着我们，不管星空看起来多么遥不可及，我们都要持之以恒地去探索。
①set foot on 踏上，登上
②become accustomed to 习惯于(做)某事
③notion n．概念；观点；看法
④(be) aware of 意识到，明白
⑤arduous adj.艰难的；艰苦的
⑥hazardous adj.危险的，不安全的
⑦average adj.普通的，一般的
⑧unexceptional adj.平常的
⑨take off (飞机)起飞；脱掉(衣服)；突然大受欢迎；变得成功
⑩tune in 收听，收看
be about to do sth.打算做某事
demonstrate v．示范，演示
objective n．目标，目的
a sense of 一种……感
tragically adv.悲惨地，不幸地
explode v．爆炸
on board 在飞机(火车、船)上
assume v．认为
instantaneously adv.瞬间地
shadow n．坏影响，阴影
cast a shadow on 给……蒙上阴影
scream v．(因疼痛、惊恐、兴奋等)尖声大叫
suspend v．暂停，中止
investigate v．调查
component n．部件，组成部分
redesign v．重新设计
resume v．重新开始
crew n．(飞机上的)全体机组人员
sacrifice n．牺牲
The Call of the Challenger
[1]Ever since Neil Armstrong first set foot on① the Moon back on 20 July 1969，people have become accustomed to② the notion③ of space travel.[2]Millions watched that first lunar landing on black and white television sets，their hearts in their mouths，aware of④ how arduous⑤ and hazardous⑥ an undertaking it was，and of the many things that could go wrong.With Armstrong's now famous words “That's one small step for man，one giant leap for mankind”， what had once been considered impossible had now been achieved.Guided by a computer that was much less powerful than the ones used by today's average⑦ school students，all three astronauts of the Apollo 11 mission made it safely back to Earth.
[1]本句中ever since引导时间状语从句，从句用一般过去时，主句用现在完成时。
[2]本句中their hearts in their mouths为独立主格结构作状语；第三个and连接aware of后的并列宾语，前一部分为how引导的宾语从句，后一部分中the many things为介词of的宾语，that could go wrong为定语从句。
Following the Moon landings，space travel rapidly became unexceptional⑧ to the public，as innovations succeeded each other.[3] By the early 1980s，the great rockets previously used in the American space programme had been replaced by the space shuttle.When the Challenger space shuttle took off⑨ on 28 January 1986，the world seemed to have lost its wonder at the amazing achievements of the astronauts involved.But this was going to be no ordinary excursion，and millions of people tuned in⑩ to witness the take-off on TV.It was special because Christa McAuliffe aged 37，an ordinary teacher and mother，was about to become the first civilian in space.She planned to give two 15-minute lessons from orbit: the first to demonstrate the controls of the spacecraft and explain how gravity worked，and the second to describe the objectives of the Challenger programme.Christa hoped to communicate a sense of excitement and rekindle interest in the space programme.With the eyes of students across the nation upon her，she might have inspired an entirely new generation of astronauts and space scientists.
[3]第一个by后跟表示过去的时间状语，句子的谓语用过去完成时。
Tragically ， she never returned to her classroom as the shuttle exploded just over a minute after taking off in Florida，and all seven astronauts on board were killed.The world went into shock，most people having assumed that this space flight would be no more dangerous than travelling in an aeroplane.How wrong they had been! Instantaneously ， excitement and optimism turned into terror and failure.It was the most disastrous space accident ever，and it cast a shadow on people's hearts.
“I can remember that day so clearly，watching the take-off on TV at school，” said one student.“There was an ordinary teacher on the Challenger，and we were all very excited.We didn't have much patience waiting for the launch.We had seen the smiling faces of the astronauts waving to the world as they stepped into the shuttle.Then，little more than a minute after take-off，we saw a strange red and orange light in the sky，followed by a cloud of white smoke.The Challenger had exploded in mid-air and we all started screaming .”
[4]Following the shock of the Challenger disaster，space shuttle flights were suspended for nearly three years while the cause of the disaster was investigated ， and some of the shuttle's components were redesigned .But there was never any doubt that manned flights would continue，and on 29 September 1988，the space shuttle programme resumed with the successful launch of Discovery.
[4]following the shock of the Challenger disaster为动词-ing形式结构作状语；and为并列连词，连接并列的时间状语从句。
It has now been over 30 years since the loss of Challenger and although the lives of its crew were cut tragically short，they take their place alongside the other heroes of space exploration，such as Gagarin，Tereshkova，Armstrong and Yang Liwei.The memory of those seven will live forever，written in the stars，inspiring us to join them in humanity's greatest journey of exploration and discovery.[5] The sacrifice of the Challenger calls to us，reminding us that we must continue to reach for the stars，no matter how distant they might seem.
[5]the sacrifice of the Challenger calls to us为句子主干；reminding... 为动词-ing形式结构作状语，其中that引导宾语从句；no matter how引导让步状语从句。
“挑战者”号的呼唤
自从1969年7月20日尼尔·阿姆斯特朗首次登月以来，人们已习惯于太空旅行这个概念。数百万人在黑白电视机前观看了首次登月，为此激动得心都提到了嗓子眼儿，因为大家都明白这是一项多么艰难、多么危险的任务，许多地方都可能出错。伴随着阿姆斯特朗说出那句名言——“这是个人的一小步，却是人类的一大步”，曾被认为是不可能的事情如今已经实现了。执行“阿波罗11”号任务的三位宇航员在一台计算机的指导下都安全返回地球，这台计算机远不如当今普通学校的学生使用的计算机功能强大。
登月后，随着新事物接连出现，宇宙航行迅速成为公众眼中的寻常之事。20世纪 80 年代早期，美国太空计划中使用的大型火箭已被航天飞机所代替。当“挑战者”号航天飞机于 1986 年 1月28日发射时，对于宇航员所获得的令人惊叹的成就，全世界似乎已经失去了新鲜感。然而这将不是一次普通的航行，数百万人打开电视，共同见证这次发射。这次航行的特殊之处在于一位37岁名为克丽斯塔·麦考利夫的普通教师兼母亲将会成为第一位到访太空的普通公民。她计划在“挑战者”号沿轨道运行时讲两节课，每节15分钟。第一节课要展示航天器的操控装置，并解释一下引力是如何发挥作用的；第二节课要讲述“挑战者”号太空计划的目的。克丽斯塔希望借此传达她的激动之情，重新燃起人们对太空计划的兴趣。当全国学生的目光都聚集在她身上时，她或许能激发他们成为新一代宇航员和太空科学家的理想。
令人悲痛的是，她再也没能回到她的课堂。航天飞机在佛罗里达州发射仅一分多钟后就发生了爆炸，机上七名宇航员全部牺牲。全世界都震惊了！大多数人本以为这次太空航行不会比乘飞机旅行更加危险，但是所有人都大错特错了！激动和乐观瞬间化为恐惧和挫败，这是有史以来最惨烈的航天事故，给人们心里蒙上了阴影。
一个学生回忆道：“我非常清楚地记得那天，我在学校通过电视观看发射场景。有位普通教师在‘挑战者’号上，我们都非常激动，迫不及待地等着发射。我们看到宇航员笑容满面，向世界挥手致意，步入航天飞机。然后，发射仅仅一分多钟后，我们就看到空中奇异的红色和橙色的光芒，紧接着是一大团白烟。‘挑战者’号在半空中爆炸了，我们都开始尖叫。”
“挑战者”号令人震惊的灾难发生后，航天飞机航行中止了近三年时间，同时调查事故原因，重新设计飞行器的部分零件。但是毫无疑问，载人飞行绝不会就此停止。1988年9月29日，随着“发现”号的成功发射，航天飞机项目重新启动。
“挑战者”号失事至今已有30 多年了。虽然“挑战者”号的机组人员英年早逝，但他们与加加林、捷列什科娃、阿姆斯特朗和杨利伟等进行太空探索的英雄们一道，都在历史上占有一席之地。他们七位的事迹将永存于世，书写在漫天星辰中，激励我们加入他们，共同致力于人类最伟大的探索发现之旅。“挑战者”号的牺牲召唤着、提醒着我们，不管星空看起来多么遥不可及，我们都要持之以恒地去探索。
1．What's the main idea of the text
A．The space travel.
B．The Challenger disaster.
C．The great astronauts.
D．The Challenger spirit.
[答案] D
2．Read the text quickly and fill in the blanks.
Read the text carefully and then choose the best answer.
1．What were people's feelings when people watched that first lunar landing
A．Happy. B．Nervous.
C．Amazed. D．Proud.
2．What can we infer from paragraph 2
A．The Challenger wasn't so attractive as the first lunar landing to people.
B．Christa was the first to give lessons in space.
C．Before the 1980s，the space shuttle had appeared.
D．The disaster made a difference to people.
3．What happened after the Challenger disaster
A．People's attitude to space travel changed.
B．Space shuttle flights were suspended for nearly 3 years.
C．People succeeded in launching Discovery.
D．The disaster inspires people to continue space exploration.
4．What is the main idea of the last paragraph
A．The great people in space exploration.
B．The memory of the dead seven people.
C．The cause of the disaster.
D．The meaning of the disaster.
[答案] 1～4 BABD
细读课文并找出表达心情及情绪的句子
1．Millions watched that first lunar landing on black and white television sets，their hearts in their mouths，aware of how arduous and hazardous an undertaking it was，and of the many things that could go wrong.
2. The world went into shock，most people having assumed that this space flight would be no more dangerous than travelling in an aeroplane.
3．We didn't have much patience waiting for the launch.
4．The Challenger had exploded in mid-air and we all started screaming.
1．set foot on 踏上，登上
set about (doing) sth. 开始做某事，着手做某事
set aside 把……放到一边；省出，留出(钱或时间)
set out (to do sth.) 出发，动身；开始(做某事)
set up 建立，设立，开办
set apart 使与众不同；使突出
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/一句多译
①Our teachers advise setting aside a certain hour each day for reading.
②A new middle school has been set up in the village.
③我们一周前就开始为这个晚会做准备了。
a．We set about preparing for the party one week ago.(doing)
b．We set out to prepare for the party one week ago.(to do)
[温馨提示] set foot in 和set foot on用法类似，介词in强调进入某个空间，介词on强调踏上某个物体的表面。
2．become accustomed to 习惯于(做)某事
(1)accustom v. 使习惯于
accustom oneself/sb. to sth. 使某人习惯于……
(2)accustomed adj. 习惯于；通常的
be/get/become accustomed to doing sth. 习惯于做某事
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①He took his accustomed (accustom) seat by the fire and lit a cigarette.
②He had accustomed himself to the steep mountain，so he had no difficulty reaching the top.
③我习惯于乡村生活，总是觉得生活在城市很困难。
Accustomed to living in the countryside/Accustoming myself to country life，I always find it hard to live in the city.
3．take off (飞机)起飞；脱掉(衣服)；突然大受欢迎；变得成功
take away 减少，消除
take back 退回，撤回(说过的话)
take over 接管，接任
take in 收留，留宿，吸入，欺骗，理解
take a day off 请一天假
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①I'm going to take over the company one day.
②The doctor gave me some pills to take away the pain.
③He was homeless，so we took him in．
④我已决定下周请几天假。
I've decided to take a few days off next week.
4．tune in 收听，收看
tune v. 调音；调频道；使协调
n. 曲调；曲子
tune in to... 收听，收看……
tune sth.to sth. 把……调到，将……调到
be in/out of tune (with sb./sth.) (与……)协调/不协调，融洽/不融洽
in/out of tune 音调正确/不正确；演奏合调/走调
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①Press this button and the television will be tunedto the next channel.
②The industry is in tune with changing demand.
③他感到与他的同学们格格不入。
He felt out of tune with his classmates．
5．cast a shadow on/over 给……蒙上阴影
cast down 不愉快；使沮丧(多用于被动语态)
cast out 驱逐出去；赶走
cast off 丢弃；抛弃
cast away 使(船遇难后的幸存者)流落某处；扔掉；浪费(多用于被动语态)
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①He was cast(cast) down by what his manager said.
②You must really cast off all these bad habits.
③总统的演讲给该国迅猛发展的网络经济的安全蒙上了阴影。
The president's speech cast a shadow on/over the safety of the country's fast expanding Internet economy.
6．suspend v．暂停，中止；推迟
(1)suspend sth./sb. (from sth.) (by/on sth.) 悬/挂/吊……在……上
suspend sth. 暂停/中止某事；推迟……
suspend sb. (from sth.) 使某人暂时停职(或停学等)
(2)suspension n. 暂令停职(或停学、停赛等)；暂缓，延迟
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①As the workers went on strike，the company was obliged to suspend (suspend) its operations.
②Julie was suspended (suspend) from her job shortly after that incident.
③这种药品在完成进一步检验之前将暂停销售。
Sales of the drug will be suspended until more tests are completed.
7．call to 呼唤；向……喊
call on sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事
call in 召来，叫来
call at 停留，停靠
call off 取消；停止进行
call for (去)接；需要；要求
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①The government then called in troops to deal with the disturbances.
②Please call for me when you go；don't leave me behind.
③David called to the children from the foot of the stairs.
④他要求工人们为争取权利而斗争。
He called on the workers to fight for their rights.
重点句式 there is/was never any doubt that...毫无疑问……
(教材P84)But there was never any doubt that manned flights would continue, and on 29 September 1988, the space shuttle programme resumed with the successful launch of Discovery.
但是毫无疑问，载人飞行绝不会就此停止。1988年9月29日，随着“发现”号的成功发射，航天飞机项目重新启动。
[句式分析]
本句中的there was never any doubt that... ＝there was no doubt that... “毫无疑问……”，that引导同位语从句，对doubt的内容进行解释说明，其中there不能用it代替。
There is no doubt that this candidate's advantage lies in his ability to communicate with foreigners in English.
毫无疑问，这位选手的优势在于他能用英语与外国人交流。
(1)doubt作名词用时，若用在否定句或疑问句中，后面接that引导的同位语从句；若用在肯定句中，后面接whether引导的同位语从句。
(2)doubt作动词用时，若用在否定句或疑问句中，后面接that引导的宾语从句；若用于肯定句中，后面一般接if或whether引导的宾语从句。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①There is no doubt that children's love of the Internet is going badly wrong.
②There is still some doubt whether the autumn sports meet will be held in our school.
③I don't doubt that she can do it well，but I doubt whether/if she is willing to do it.
④毫无疑问，近视在我们国家的年轻人中是一个严重的问题。
There is never any/no doubt that nearsightedness is a serious problem among the youth of our country.
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．The crew (全体机组人员)，as well as passengers，were quarantined (隔离) as soon as the plane landed.
2．A shadow (阴影) passed over the kind face of the old woman.
3．I'm so fed up I could scream (尖声大叫)!
4．In June，the officials suspended (中止) the company's export licence.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．Nowadays，travelling abroad is unexceptional (exceptional) to some people，as the transport has become more convenient.
2．It will not be long before you get accustomed to driving (drive) on the left side of the road in Britain.
3．To play in front of 40，000 screaming(scream) fans was a great experience.
4．As the sun went down we cast long shadows(shadow) on the lawn.
5．The school allows a partial suspension(suspend) of its rules on the last day of term.
Ⅲ.选词填空
cast a shadow on, set foot on, tune in, become accustomed to, take off
1．Although they are very tired，gradually，they become accustomed to the way of working overtime.
2．You can watch aircraft take off or land at close quarters.
3．The judgement cast a shadow on his future，so he felt angry and decided to appeal to a higher court.
4．The explorers failed to set foot on the land of Antarctica due to extreme weather.
5．We always tune in to the latest news at ten o'clock to know better about the world.
Ⅳ.课文语法填空
Ever since Neil Armstrong first set foot on the Moon back，people have become accustomed 1.to the notion of space travel.When the Challenger space shuttle took off，the world seemed to 2.have lost (lose) its wonder at the amazing 3.achievements (achievement) of the astronauts involved.But this was going to be no ordinary excursion because an ordinary teacher and mother was about 4.to become (become) the first civilian in space.5.Tragically (tragic)，she never returned to her classroom as the shuttle 6.exploded (explode) just over a minute after taking off，which cast 7.a shadow on people's hearts.Space shuttle flights were suspended for nearly three years until the launch of Discovery.Although it has now been over 30 years since the 8.loss (lose) of Challenger，the sacrifice calls to us，9.reminding (remind) us that we must continue to reach for the stars，no matter 10.how distant they might seem.
课时分层作业(十六)
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The answer varies，but to me there are，unexceptionally (unexceptional)，only three days，which are yesterday，today and tomorrow.
2．Unexpectedly，I'm face-to-face with the gorilla，who begins screaming (scream) at the top of her lungs.
3．He was tragically(tragic) killed in an accident earlier this year.
4．In the day of my trouble I will call to you，for you will answer me.
5．Most of the students have been accustomed (accustom) to getting up early after entering senior high school.
6．As soon as he set foot on the beach, Pinocchio give a leap and fell into the water.
7．He doesn't want to cast a shadow on their happiness.
8．Everything running (run) smoothly，more jobs created for people allow them to be independent of others.
9．No matter how far apart we are，my thoughts always find their way back to you.
10．The teacher knows that you are always the first to come (come)to the classroom.
Ⅱ.阅读理解
A
Dr John Wilkins was a natural philosopher who lived from 1614 until 1672.He was crazy about getting to the moon and meeting the people who surely lived there.Wilkins believed that anything as Earth-like as the moon must have been created for living beings，and he was determined to meet them — despite the fact that he was three centuries ahead of his time.
In the 1600s，the scientific understanding of gravity and outer space was limited.Wilkins believed，like many 17th-century scientists，that there was no difference between the atmosphere of Earth and the conditions in space，and that Earth's pull was due to magnetism (磁力)．It was only reasonable，then，that Wilkins believed a two-wheeled horse-drawn battle car with wings with enough speed could lift high enough off the ground to break free of Earth's magnetic pull and reach the moon.
Then Wilkins moved on to more pressing issues with his remarkable ability to think of new ideas: How would travellers feed themselves during the journey He theorized that the main cause of hunger was simply the act of working against gravity，so getting to the moon without being burdened by it would be able to be realized.There was some knowledge at that time about the fact that air gets thinner and colder the higher up you go，but he had a fix for that too，“moistened sponges (湿润的海绵) might help us against its thinness”．
By studying the way in which birds fly，which also happened to be part of the studies that led to planes and rockets centuries later，Wilkins put his theory to the test with the help of a colleague，Robert Hooke.Neither of the two ever recorded their attempts，but it's somewhat safe to say that it didn't work out.Hooke himself may have been the reason he gave up hope，in fact，since he was part of the team that discovered space was a place without oxygen.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。约翰·威尔金斯博士是一位自然哲学家，他疯狂地想要登上月球，并见到住在那里的生物，所以他为此在理论上做了很多准备。
1．What do we know about Dr John Wilkins
A．He dreamed of landing on the moon.
B．He wrote about people living on the moon.
C．He urged the public to know more about space.
D．He had a rich knowledge of space in the 1670s.
A [细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Dr John Wilkins was a natural philosopher who lived from 1614 until 1672.He was crazy about getting to the moon and meeting the people who surely lived there.”可知，约翰·威尔金斯博士梦想着登上月球，故选A。]
2．Which of the following might Wilkins agree with
A．The air on the moon is not fit for human beings.
B．People don't need to eat things on the moon.
C．Earth's magnetism can be changed easily.
D．Oxygen doesn't exist in outer space.
B [推理判断题。根据第三段中的“He theorized that the main cause of hunger was simply the act of working against gravity，so getting to the moon without being burdened by it would be able to be realized.”可知，威尔金斯同意人们不需要在月球上吃东西，故选B。]
3．What can be concluded from paragraphs 2 & 3
A．Wilkins had prepared a lot in theory.
B．Wilkins was ready for his moon-landing.
C．Wilkins made a great contribution to philosophy.
D．Wilkins was the greatest natural philosopher in history.
A [推理判断题。根据第二段中的“there was no difference between the atmosphere of Earth and the conditions in space，and that Earth's pull was due to magnetism”和第三段中的“He theorized that the main cause of hunger was simply the act of working against gravity”可推知，威尔金斯在理论上做了很多准备，故选A。]
B
The moon's permanently shadowed areas，nearly 384，000 kilometers away from home，are the closest water source outside the earth.The craters have been dark since billions of years ago.But now with student-developed technologies，more about them can be discovered.
Through the competitive Breakthrough，Innovative and Game-changing (BIG) Idea Challenge and the Space Grant project，NASA has awarded nearly $1 million to eight university teams.They will build sample lunar payloads and demonstrate innovative ways to study the moon's darkest areas.
“It's an exciting time for NASA and students across the country，” said Drew J．Hope，Program Manager of Game Changing Development program.“Thanks to our partnership with the Office of STEM Engagement，this is the most money NASA has awarded in a student challenge directly connected to Artemis.”
The chosen teams will work out ways to gather data in and around the craters，generate wireless power for future infrastructure，and enable autonomous mobility even in the most extreme environments.The research results could benefit NASA's Artemis program and be used to study the moon ahead of a human landing in 2024 or help establish a sustained presence by 2028.Each team will receive different quantities of grants，based on the concept and budget they propose.They will develop and test the technologies in simulated environments with the awards during the following 10 months，showing they are prepared for a possible lunar mission as early as 2023.Then in November，a panel of NASA and industry experts will examine the team's research and development results at a face-to-face design review.
“One of the most exciting things about this challenge is that several of the concepts，if proven to be viable as a result of these awards，could eventually be integrated and operated together on the surface of the moon，” according to Chad Rowe，Acting Manager of Space Grant Project.“These students are part of the Artemis generation and they are helping fulfill NASA's mission needs today，while developing relevant hands-on experience that will prepare them for aerospace careers after graduation.”
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。美国航天局选出了8个大学的团队，提供资金和奖励，辅助美国航天局进行对月球暗面的探索。
4．What can we know from paragraph 1
A．The moon can't serve as a water source for us.
B．Some students are working in NASA．
C．The moon is the only water source outside the earth.
D．We can explore more about the moon.
D [细节理解题。根据第一段的最后一句可知，人类对月球的探索还没有停止，有了科学技术，我们可以更深入地对月球进行研究。故选D。]
5．Why did NASA award those eight university teams
A．Because they stood out in a challenge and a project.
B．Because they demonstrated technologies to study the moon.
C．Because they explored the mystery of space.
D．Because they challenged NASA's Artemis program.
A [细节理解题。根据第二段第一句可知，这八支队伍是经过了一系列竞争性大的竞赛从而脱颖而出并进行后续研究的。故选A。]
6．What will the chosen teams work out according to paragraph 4
A．The way to create Wi-Fi on the moon for future use.
B．The way to ensure autonomous mobility can be used in space.
C．The way to examine the research and results face-to-face.
D．The way to collect information and statistics of the moon.
D [细节理解题。根据第四段第一句可知，这些队伍的其中一个研发方向就是寻找收集月球数据的方法。故选D。]
7．According to Chad Rowe，what benefit can the students get from the project
A．They can land on the moon.
B．They can get money while doing the job.
C．They can gain experience for their future careers.
D．They can work in NASA after graduation.
C [推理判断题。根据最后一段中Chad Rowe 所说的“These students are part of the Artemis generation... that will prepare them for aerospace careers after graduation.”可推断，这个项目可以为学生们积累以后的职业生涯所需要的经验。故选C。]
Ⅲ.阅读七选五
When thinking about placing a human being in space，one of the most important questions is how to design special clothing needed to protect the person from the dangers of the space environment. 1 The fierce heat of the sun can cause severe burns.The lack of the atmosphere can cause gases in the body to expand and even burst.With no oxygen to breathe，a human being will die in only a few moments. 2 So is damage from small pieces of rocks and objects like meteoroids (流星体)．In 1933，an American flyer，Wiley Post，designed one of the first successful devices to protect a pilot at extreme heights. 3 Astronauts in the American space agency flew the first American space flights in the early 1960s.The clothing was similar to that invented by Wiley Post.
4 It lets them move，do useful tasks，and stay outside their spacecraft in comfort and safety for several hours.The spacesuit is called the shuttle extravehicular mobility unit or EMU.It was designed to endure longer and to permit more movement than earlier spacesuits.The EMU has a number of parts that an astronaut can link together by using only one hand，which makes it possible for each astronaut to select the parts that fit correctly.Nowadays，NASA scientists are also considering the kind of spacesuit that would be needed for exploration on the planet Mars. 5 The equipment may also have to protect astronauts from particles carried in the wind on Mars.And，they must be easy to repair and keep clean during a longer flight to and from the red planet.
A．Radiation from the sun is another risk in space.
B．The cold of space will freeze skin in a short time.
C．Today，astronauts wear very different protective clothing.
D．Special spacesuits have been used for exploration of Mars.
E．EMU has many parts that can be linked together by using two hands.
F．It was a large device that looked like a can surrounded the pilot's head.
G．Because of the gravity on Mars，spacesuits may have to be designed to be lighter than suits used in orbit or on the moon.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了当考虑把一个人放到太空时，最重要的问题之一是如何设计特殊的服装来保护这个人免受太空环境的危害。
1．B [第一段主要介绍了太空环境的危险因素，如空后讲的酷热、缺氧等。根据段意， B项(寒冷会在短时间内冻住皮肤。)也是太空环境的一项危险因素，符合语境。]
2．A [该空仍旧是列举太空环境的危险因素，结合下一句信息“So is damage from small pieces of rocks and objects like meteoroids.”可知，A项符合语境。]
3．F [根据上一句的信息词devices，并结合F项中的代词It和device等信息，可以判断F项符合语境。]
4．C [该空是该段的主题句。由后文可知，该段介绍的是有关太空防护服的事情。因此C项符合语境。]
5．G [根据该空前一句的信息词“the kind of spacesuit”以及后一句的意思可知，此空也应该表示一项防护措施，因此G项符合语境。]Section Ⅳ Developing ideas—Writing
写一篇关于太空生活的日志
本单元的写作任务是写太空生活日志，要求学生运用本单元所学词汇和表达，结合日志的写作特点，发挥想象力，描述太空生活。该类写作以叙述事件为主，是用来记叙一段时间中所发生的有意义的事情，主要描写生活中的细小事情，且使用活泼生动的语言，使读者在享受故事情节的同时有所感悟。
[写作要点]
太空生活日志属于记叙文范畴，形式等同于日记。写作时以叙述事件为主，记叙在太空里生活的事情，所以在写作时应注意以下几点：
1．内容：通常包括太空日常生活、做事的感受和印象最深的事情(最喜欢或最不喜欢等)；
2．人称：以第一人称为主；
3．时态：以一般过去时为主。
[常用表达]
(一)开头部分常用表达
1．I'm told that people are concerned about our life here in space.
我听说大家很关心我们在太空这里的生活。
2．They are curious about how we sleep and have meals in the space station.
他们很好奇我们在空间站内是如何睡觉和吃饭的。
3．For the astronauts，eating and drinking water are very difficult.
对于航天员来说，吃饭和喝水是非常困难的。
4．The schedule of life in space is reasonable.
太空生活的安排是合理的。
5．Just like entering a new home，I have to tidy up and put things away first.
就像进入新家一样，我首先要收拾整理，安放物品。
6．Because time is very precious，astronauts have a lot of tasks in space.
由于时间十分宝贵，航天员在太空的任务有很多。
(二)主体部分常用表达
1．As we were so busy in the morning，docking Shenzhou-11 and Tiangong-2 and then entering Tiangong-2 of the complex，we had no time for breakfast.
由于我们早上太忙了，忙着对接“神舟十一号”和“天宫二号”，然后进入复合体的“天宫二号”，我们没有时间吃早餐。
2．We eat only one meal for breakfast and lunch, which are largely ready-to-eat foods.
早餐和午餐我们是合并吃的，大部分都是即食食品。
3．I do a lot of statistics，observations and notes every few hours.
我每隔几个小时要进行大量的统计、观察和记录。
4．Although I was very tired today，I felt very excited.
尽管我今天很累，但我感觉很兴奋。
5．Life in space is wonderful and challenging!
太空生活真是奇妙又有挑战性！
6．Every day in space I experience unexpected and amazing things.
每天在太空中我都会经历令人意想不到的奇妙的事情。
(三)结尾部分常用表达
1．My favorite thing to do is take pictures of the earth.
我最喜欢做的事情是给地球拍照。
2．I would like to share my experiments with people on earth.
我愿意和地球上的人分享我的实验。
3．Eating in a space capsule is a lot of work，and that's my least favorite thing.
在太空舱中吃饭是很费事的一件事，这是我最不喜欢的事情。
4．We all thought the experience was valuable and that we should study hard to make contributions to our country in the future.
我们都认为这次经历是宝贵的，而且我们应该努力学习，将来为我们的国家做贡献。
假如你是李华，有幸参加了一个太空旅行项目，已经在太空生活了几天。请你用英语写一篇日志，向地球上的朋友们简单介绍一下你在太空中一天的生活场景，要包括吃饭、锻炼以及睡觉等几个方面。
[审题构思]
第一段：开门见山，直入主题；
第二段：按时间先后描述这一天发生的事情；
第三段：发表自己的感受以及对太空生活的看法。
[遣词造句]
1．由于没有地心引力，地球上最简单的日常工作在太空中可能会非常困难。(as 引导原因状语从句)
As there is no gravity，the most straightforward daily tasks on the earth can be very difficult in space.
2．起床后，我开始吃早餐。它包括一些面包和一袋果汁。
After getting up，I began to have breakfast.It consisted of some bread and a bag of fruit juice.
3．我必须取一个吸管来喝果汁，否则它会在飞船中到处飘。
I had to fetch a straw to drink the juice，otherwise it would float around in the spacecraft.
4．工作了两个小时后，我需要锻炼一段时间来保持肌肉强壮。
After I worked for two hours，I needed to work out for some time to keep my muscles strong.
5．我把腿系到一个特殊的机器上以便我不会飘走。
I tied my legs to a special machine so that I wouldn't float away．
6．到了睡觉的时间，我就去一个小橱柜，钻进固定在墙上的睡袋里。
When it was time to go to bed，I went into a small cupboard，and got into a sleeping bag tied to the wall．
[句式升级]
1．用独立主格结构改写句1
There being no gravity，the most straightforward daily tasks on the earth can be very difficult in space.
2．用非限制性定语从句改写句2
After getting up，I began to have breakfast，which consisted of some bread and a bag of fruit juice.
3．用动词-ing形式短语作时间状语改写句4
Having worked for two hours，I needed to work out for some time to keep my muscles strong.
[连句成篇]
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[参考范文]
Sunday，12 April
There being no gravity，the most straightforward daily tasks on the earth can be very difficult in space.
After getting up，I began to have breakfast，which consisted of some bread and a bag of fruit juice.I had to fetch a straw to drink the juice，otherwise it would float around in the spacecraft.Having worked for two hours，I needed to work out for some time to keep my muscles strong.I tied my legs to a special machine so that I wouldn't float away.When it was time to go to bed，I went into a small cupboard，and got into a sleeping bag tied to the wall.I think I must look like a big sausage.It is so funny，isn't it
Living in space is rather difficult but fun.I enjoy it very much.
课时分层作业(十八)
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
It is in human nature to explore new things.To that end，many countries have been exploring space for many decades，particularly the US，Russia，and countries in Europe.
Xi Jinping praised the success of the Chang'e 5 mission (使命) in bringing back the country's first samples (样本) collected from the moon.The whole country is proud of this breakthrough.The Chang'e 5 mission has achieved many significant breakthroughs，including China's first lunar (月球的) surface sampling，first lift off from the moon and the first spacecraft with the ability to gather and meet in lunar orbit with samples to re-enter the Earth's atmosphere.
The success of the Chang'e 5 mission marks a conclusion of China's current lunar exploration project.The successful re-entry and landing of the Chang'e 5 capsule (太空舱) have enabled China to obtain its first lunar samples，marking a new start for lunar and planetary research.With this achievement，China sets a new milestone in space exploration.
No matter how far China goes into space，it always stays true to its original mission—uncovering the secrets of the universe and contributing to human's peaceful use of space.China is a peace-loving country and will use its achievements for promoting peace around the globe.
China views these efforts as part of the world's lunar exploration.It chose a different landing site and is promising to share its samples to enrich the planet's knowledge.Some foreign scientists have shown particular interest.The exploration is not for commercial purposes，but international scientific research.Human beings shall explore the moon together，as it will finally need large projects requiring international cooperation.China will play a leadership role in the international scientific community.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了“嫦娥五号”任务的完成为中国在太空探索上树立了一个新的里程碑。
1．What made Chinese people feel proud according to the passage
A．Landing on the moon successfully.
B．Gaining admission to exploring the moon.
C．Strengthening the ability to promote the peace.
D．Bringing back first samples collected from the moon.
D [细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Xi Jinping praised the success of the Chang'e 5 mission in bringing back the country's first samples collected from the moon.The whole country is proud of this breakthrough.”可知，中国人为带回从月球上采集的第一批样本而感到骄傲。故选D项。]
2．Which of the following can best describe the Chang'e 5 mission
A．Horrible but romantic.
B．Fearful but successful.
C．Challenging but rewarding.
D．Dangerous but peaceful.
C [推理判断题。根据第二段第三句以及第三段第二句可判断，“嫦娥五号”的任务有挑战性但也是值得做的。故选C项。]
3．What is the text mainly about
A．The original mission remains unchanged.
B．Countries join together to explore the moon.
C．China takes pride in the achievements in space.
D．China sets a new milestone in space exploration.
D [主旨大意题。根据第三段中的“With this achievement，China sets a new milestone in space exploration.”及全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了中国在太空探索上树立了一个新的里程碑。故选D项。]
4．Where is this text most likely from
A．A poster. B．A leaflet.
C．A newspaper. D．A guidebook.
C [文章出处题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了“嫦娥五号”任务的完成为中国在太空探索上树立了一个新的里程碑，属于新闻报道，因此文章很有可能来自一份报纸。故选C项。]
B
The universe is expanding faster than it used to，meaning it's about a billion years younger than we thought，a new study by a Nobel Prize winner says.
At issue is a number called the Hubble constant，a calculation for how fast the universe is expanding.Some scientists call it the most important number in cosmology，the study of the origin and development of the universe.
Using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope，Johns Hopkins University astronomer Adam Riess concluded in this week's Astrophysical Journal that the figure is 9% higher than the previous calculation，which was based on studying leftovers from the Big Bang.
The trouble is，Riess and others think both calculations are correct.Confused That's OK，so are the experts.They find the conflict so confusing that they are talking about coming up with “new physics”，incorporating (合作) perhaps some yet-to-be-discovered particle or other cosmic (宇宙的) “fudge factors” like dark energy or dark matter.
“It's looking more and more like we're going to need something new to explain this，” said Riess，who won the 2011 Nobel in physics.
NASA astrophysicist John Mather，another Nobel winner，said this leaves two obvious options，“1.We're making mistakes we can't find yet.2.Nature has something we can't find yet.”
Even with the discovery，life continues on Earth the way it always has.But to astrophysicists trying to get a handle on our place in this expanding universe，this is a cosmic concern.In fact，the universe is really mystical (神秘的)．Scientists have done lots of study about it but there is still much they haven't discovered.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究发现宇宙比我们想象的要年轻10亿年。
5．What is the finding of the new study
A．The earth is younger than expected.
B．Many universal problems are rising.
C．The universe is growing faster than before.
D．The finding is based on previous scientists' calculations.
A [细节理解题。根据第一段内容可知，一位诺贝尔奖得主的一项新研究称，宇宙比过去膨胀得更快，这意味着它比我们想象的要年轻10亿年，故选A。]
6．What does the underlined word “it” refer to in paragraph 2
A．The Hubble constant.
B．The faster expanding universe.
C．The development of the universe.
D．The scientific research on the universe.
A [代词指代题。根据画线词前的“At issue is a number called the Hubble constant，a calculation for how fast the universe is expanding.”可知，争论的焦点是一个被称为哈勃常数的数字，它是用来计算宇宙膨胀速度的，因此此处是说一些科学家把哈勃常数称为宇宙学中最重要的数字，由此可知it指代的就是前面提到的“哈勃常数”，故选A。]
7．How do the experts respond to the conflict of the finding in paragraph 4
A．They want to raise a new theory.
B．They want to explore dark matter.
C．They want to further calculate the finding.
D．They want to mix together both calculations.
A [细节理解题。根据第四段中的“They find the conflict so confusing that they are talking about coming up with ‘new physics’”可知，他们发现这种冲突是如此令人困惑，以至于他们正在讨论“新物理学”理论，故选A。]
8．What can we infer from John Mather's words
A．We cannot find anything useful.
B．Astronomers are making many mistakes.
C．We need to learn about the universe.
D．We cannot find anything new from nature.
C [推理判断题。根据倒数第二段内容可知，另一位诺贝尔奖得主、美国宇航局天体物理学家约翰·马瑟说，这留下了两个明显的选择。一是我们正在犯我们还没发现的错误；二是大自然有我们还没有发现的东西。约翰·马瑟的话表明了我们对宇宙的了解还不够，需要进一步了解宇宙，故选C。]
Ⅱ.应用文写作
假定你是李华，正在伦敦读书。请你给你们学校的校长史密斯先生写一封信，建议学校开设天文学兴趣小组 (an astronomy interest group)，内容包括：
1.写信目的；
2.分析原因；
3.表达期待。
注意：1．词数80左右；
2．书信格式已给出(不计入总词数)；
3．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear Mr Smith，
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Yours，
Li Hua
[参考范文]
Dear Mr Smith，
I am Li Hua，a student of yours.I am now writing to put forward the suggestion that our school set up an astronomy interest group.
Here are my reasons.First and foremost，many students are so keen on astronomy that even some of them dream of being astronauts in the future.What's more，such an interest group will certainly inspire students with enthusiasm to carry out some research about the universe，which will also do good to the study of astronomy.Last but not least，it can enrich students' school life and they can benefit a lot from it.
I am looking forward to your reply.
Yours，
Li HuaSection Ⅱ Using language
1．make contact with与……接触，与……联系
have contact with 与……有联系
keep in contact/touch with 与……保持联系
lose contact/touch with 与……失去联系
get in touch with 与……取得联系
come into contact with 与……接触
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①I have kept in contact with my relatives by telephone.
②I lost (lose) contact with my close friend several years ago.
③互联网有助于我与朋友们保持联系。
The Internet helps me to keep in contact/touch with my friends．
2．submit v．提交；呈递；顺从；屈服；不得已接受
submit to sb./sth. 屈从于……
submit oneself/sth.to sb./sth. 使……听命于……，不得已接受……
submit sth.to sb./sth. 把某物提交给……
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①The students must submit themselves (they) to the disciplines at school.
②If you want to share a story of your pets with the readers，you need to submit it to Smart Animals.
③他们没有向敌人屈服。
They didn't submit to the enemy．
P86
1．set out on a mission 开始一项任务
2．reach one's destination 到达目的地
3．over the following years 在接下来的几年里
4．meet an/a... end 以……方式终结
5．collide with 和……相撞/冲突
6．take to 转向，走向
7．no wonder 难怪
8．bid sb.goodbye 向某人告别
P87
1．take it in turns to do sth. 轮流做某事
2．make contact with 与……接触；与……联系
3．millions of 数百万的，大量的
4．communicate with 与……沟通
5．at the moment 此刻；当时
6．take short cuts 走捷径
7．the solution to ……的解决办法
8．travel in straight lines 走直线
P88
1．bring... back to one's attention 使……重新引起某人的注意
2．have the chance to do 有机会做某事
P89
1．can't wait to do 迫不及待做某事
2．sign up for 报名参加
3．give sth.a boost 提升
4．take in 去看，观看(电影等)；理解，领会，记住
5．zero gravity 零重力
6．be scared of 害怕
7．make the most of 充分利用
8．on one's way back to 在某人回……的路上
9．start out with 从……开始
10．put on 穿上；戴上；上演
复习情态动词
一、情态动词的概念
情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，表示说话人的情绪、态度或语气的动词，但不能单独作谓语，只能和其他动词原形连用，构成谓语。
二、情态动词知多少
常用的情态动词有：shall (should)，will (would)，can (could)，may (might)，must，ought to，dare，need，used to。
三、情态动词的位置
情态动词在句中放在谓语动词之前，谓语动词前若有助动词，则在助动词之前，疑问句中，情态动词则在主语之前。
四、情态动词的特点
1．情态动词无人称和数的变化。
2．情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形。
3．否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 “not”。
4．个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式，有时过去式用来表达更加客气、委婉的语气，时态性不强，可用于过去、现在或将来。
五、常用情态动词的用法
1．can与could的用法
(1)表示能力(could是过去式)。
My grandmother can do some shopping on the Internet，but she couldn't last year.
我奶奶会网购了，但是去年她还不会。
(2)can，could都可以表示现在的可能，只是后者在语气上较委婉。
Can/Could this news be true
这则消息会是真的吗？
Lightning can/could be dangerous.
闪电会有危险。
(3)表示请求和许可(could表示更委婉的语气，回答时只能用can)。
—Can/Could I go now
—Yes，you can.
——我现在可以走了吗？
——是的，可以。
(4)用于肯定的陈述句中，表示逻辑上的可能性。
As we all know，anyone can make mistakes.
我们都知道，任何人都可能犯错。
2．may与might的用法
(1)表示征询对方许可或表示允许。might在语气上比may更委婉。以may/might开头的问句在否定回答中要用mustn't/can't。
—May/Might I play the computer games after supper
—Yes，you may./No，you mustn't/can't.
——晚饭后我可以玩电脑游戏吗？
——是的，可以。/不，不行。
(2)表示把握不大的推测，意为“可能”，用于肯定句和否定句。might语气更加不肯定，指现在或将来，只有在宾语从句中might do (be)才表示过去的可能性。
I think he may come tomorrow.
我认为明天他可能会来。
He may not be serious.
他可能是在开玩笑。
(3)may用于祈使句表示祝愿。
May you succeed.
祝你成功。
3．must的用法
(1)表示必须，语气比should，ought to强烈。其否定形式为mustn't (不准，禁止)。
You mustn't do that，because you must keep your word.
你不能那么做，因为你得遵守诺言。
[温馨提示] 以must开头的一般疑问句的肯定回答中要用must，否定回答中要用needn't/don't have to。
—Must I finish the paper today
—Yes，you must./No，you needn't/don't have to.
——今天我必须完成论文吗？
——是的，你必须。/不，你不必。
(2)表示有把握的肯定推测，只能用在肯定句中，意为“一定，准是”。在否定句、疑问句中要用can't代替，表示“不可能会”。
You have worked hard all day.You must be tired.
辛苦工作了一整天，你一定累了。(对现在情况的肯定推测)
That can't be the only way.
那不可能是解决问题的唯一办法。(对现在情况的否定推测)
(3)表示必然，常指根据逻辑推理必然要发生某事。
Bad seeds must bring bad crops.
劣质的种子必然导致不好的收成。
4．will与would的用法
(1)表示意志、意愿和决心。用于各种人称，will指现在，would指过去。
I will never do that again.
我再也不那样做了。
They said that they would fight against the haze.
他们说要与雾霾作斗争。
(2)表示请求、建议。用于第二人称的疑问句，would表示更委婉的语气。
Will/Would you please take a message for me
你能帮我捎个口信吗？
(3)表示习惯。will指现在，would指过去。
She will listen to music for hours.
她总是听音乐一听就是几个小时。
We would sit around Grandpa after supper，listening to his stories.
过去，晚饭后我们总会坐在爷爷周围，听他讲故事。
[温馨提示] would与used to两者均表示“过去常常”，但would仅表示过去的习惯性动作(不表示状态)，现在有可能还如此，也可能不再那样；used to既表示过去的动作也表示过去的状态，不过现在不再做或不再有那种状态了。
He would take a walk near the forest in the evening.
以前，他晚间常在森林附近散步。(现在可能还在那里散步)
He used to take a walk near the forest in the evening.
他过去常在晚间到森林附近散步。(而现在已不在那里散步了)
(4)用于否定句，表示“不肯；不乐意”。will指现在，would指过去。
They won't lend us any more money.
他们不愿再借给我们钱了。
No matter what I said，he wouldn't listen to me.
无论我说什么，他就是不肯听我的。
5．shall与should的用法
(1)shall用于第一、第三人称的疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。
What shall I/we do next
我/我们下一步该做什么？
When shall my brother be able to leave hospital
我哥哥什么时候可以出院？
(2)shall用于第二、第三人称，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。
You shall go with me.
你跟我走。(命令)
You shall have a new dress for your birthday.
你在生日时会得到一件新裙子。(允诺)
He shall be punished.
他会受到惩罚的。(威胁)
(3)should表示劝告或建议，意为“应该”，其同义词是ought to；还可表示可能性或惊讶、愤怒、失望等特殊情感。
You should go to class right away.
你应该立刻去上课。
Don't ask me.How should I know
别问我。我怎么会知道？
6．need和dare的用法
(1)need既可以作实义动词，也可以作情态动词。作情态动词时，后跟动词原形，表示“需要，有必要”，无人称和数的变化，多用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中。
You needn't go there now.
你现在不必去那儿。
Need I go there now
我现在需要去那儿吗？
[温馨提示] ①由need开头的一般疑问句的肯定回答常用must或have to；否定回答常用needn't。
— Need I answer the question
— Yes，you must/have to./No，you needn't.
——我需要回答那个问题吗？
——是的，你得回答。/不，不必了。
②need作为实义动词，可用于各种句式，有时态、人称和数的变化，构成否定句和疑问句时要借助于助动词do。
(2)dare既可以作实义动词，也可以作情态动词。作情态动词时多用于疑问句、否定句、条件状语从句以及表示怀疑的名词性从句中，表示“敢……”。
I dare not walk through the wood at night.
夜间，我不敢在小树林里走。
How dare you talk to me like that
你竟敢那样对我说话？
[温馨提示] dare作实义动词用在否定句中，其后的不定式符号to也可以省略。
The children don't dare (to) make a sound while their parents are sleeping.
孩子们在父母睡觉时不敢发出声音。
六、“情态动词＋have＋过去分词”句型
1．must have done表示对过去发生的事情所作出的合理或很有把握的推测，意为“想必/准是/一定……”，只用于肯定句中，在否定句或疑问句中通常被can/can't have done代替。
From what you said，she must have told you all about it.
从你所说的来看，她一定把一切都告诉你了。
2．can have done一般用于疑问句和否定句中，用于表示对过去所发生事情的推测。could have done用于肯定句时，表示“可能已经做过某事”或“本有能力做某事而未做”。
Mr Smith can't have gone to Beijing，for I saw him in the library just now.
史密斯先生不可能去了北京，因为我刚才还在图书馆看见他了。
3．should/ought to have done表示“过去本应该做某事而(实际上)没有做”，含有责备或遗憾的语气；其否定形式表示“某种行为不该发生却发生了”。
You should have done more exercise before.
以前你应该多进行锻炼的。
4．need have done表示“本需要做某事而实际未做”；needn't have done表示“本不必做某事而实际做了”。
As it turned out to be a small family party，we needn't have dressed up so formally.
由于这是一个小型的家庭聚会，我们本来没必要穿得那么正式。
5．may/might have done表示对过去发生的事情的推测，意思是“也许已经做了某事，可能已经做了某事”，多用在肯定句中，用might时表示语气更加不肯定。
You might have read about the news in the papers.
你可能已经在报纸上看过这个消息了。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Jim says we can stay in his house as long as we leave it clean and tidy.
2．You can't imagine that a well-behaved gentleman should be so rude to a lady.
3．It's especially important that every piece of equipment should be checked before the experiment.
4．I'm sorry，but you must go wrong.There's no such man here.
5．Students shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected according to the regulation.
6．— Excuse me，do you mind if I open the window
— Well，if you must．I can put on more clothes.
7．Paul did a great job in the speech contest.He must have practised(practise) many times last week.
8．It may/might rain this afternoon.You'd better take a raincoat with you.
9．She asked the clerk if she could arrange the examination at about ten the next day.
10．He would/used to get up early when he lived in the country.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．工人们没有被组织好，否则他们用一半的时间就能完成任务。
The workers were not better organized，otherwise they would have accomplished the task in half the time.
2．外面肯定有无数个像我们地球一样的行星。
There must be millions and millions of planets like our Earth out there.
3．我过去常常骑车上班，但是现在我开车上班。
I used to go to work by bike，but now I go to work by car.
4．我的房间很乱，不过今晚在我出去之前，我没必要打扫它。我可以在明天早晨打扫。
My room is a mess，but I needn't clean it before I go out tonight.I can do it tomorrow morning.
5．昨天晚上他不可能看电视，因为他知道他快要考试了。
He couldn't have watched TV last night，for he knew he would have a test.Section Ⅲ Developing ideas—Reading
1．an ordinary telescope 一架普通的望远镜
2．angle his chair 把他的椅子倾斜
3．a straightforward process 一个简单的过程
4．fetch water 取水
5．work the muscles 锻炼肌肉
6．freshly ground pepper 新研磨的胡椒粉
7．give a violent sneeze 打一个猛烈的喷嚏
1．visible adj.看得见的→invisible adj.看不见的
2．discipline n．纪律→self-discipline n．自我约束，自律
1．in reality 事实上，实际上
2．work out 计算出；锻炼
3．at a/an... speed 以……的速度
4．be engaged in 从事于，忙于
5．be composed of 由……组成/构成
6．look back to 回顾……
7．quest for 追求，探索
8．reach for the stars 有崇高的目标，雄心勃勃
1．[句型公式] it作形式主语
Soon， it was understood that the Sun was just one star among billions in the galaxy we call the Milky Way.
很快，我们明白太阳只不过是银河系中数十亿计的恒星中的一颗。
2．[句型公式] the＋比较级(＋句子)，the＋比较级(＋句子)
The more we know，the more we feel our ignorance; the more we feel how much remains unknown.
我们知道的越多，就越感到自己无知；我们越是感到有多少东西是未知的。
①source of fascination 魅力源泉
②archeological adj.考古的
③in reality 事实上，实际上
④the naked eye 肉眼
⑤investigate v．调查，研究
⑥dramatically adv.巨大地；戏剧性地
⑦telescope n．望远镜
⑧angle v．斜置
⑨galaxy n．星系
⑩the Milky Way 银河系
cosmic adj.宇宙的
launch v．发射
breathtakingly adv.惊人地
image n．形象，影像
conceivably adv.可以相信地；可想象地
at an ever-increasing speed 以越来越快的速度
be engaged in从事于；忙于
advanced telescope 先进的望远镜
be composed of 由……组成/构成
subatomic particle 亚原子粒子
subatomic adj.亚原子的；原子内的
particle n．粒子
invisible adj.看不见的
construct v．建造，创建
quest for 探求，探索
EYES UPON THE NIGHT
The night sky has been an endless source of fascination① since the start of human history.For example，the mysterious large-eyed，bronze statues of the ancient Shu Kingdom，discovered at the Chinese archeological② site at Sanxingdui，were believed to have been able to look across great distances into the stars.In reality③， humans can see very little of the night sky with the naked eye④.And，for a long while，people were unable to understand what they could see.[1] Not knowing what the stars were，people in ancient times used their imaginations to create a world in the sky.
[1]not knowing what the stars were为动词-ing形式短语的否定形式，在句中作状语；what引导宾语从句，并在从句中作表语。
[2]Our power to investigate⑤ and thus understand space changed dramatically⑥ when the first telescope⑦ was angled⑧ at the night sky，increasing as it did the power of the human eye and enabling us to understand that the universe is far larger than was previously imaginable.The planets were seen to be worlds similar to our own，many of them even having their own moons.Soon，it was understood that the Sun was just one star among billions in the galaxy⑨ we call the Milky Way⑩.Some 300 years later，we learnt that the Milky Way itself was just one galaxy among billions of others，spread across the blackness of space like great islands of light and matter floating in a vast cosmic ocean.
[2]本句句子主干为our power to investigate and thus understand space changed dramatically，主语中心词为our power，动词不定式作后置定语；when引导时间状语从句；第二个and连接并列的结果状语。
Almost 400 years after the first Earth-based telescope was invented，the Hubble Space Telescope was launched into orbit，giving astronomers — indeed all of us — the first breathtakingly beautiful images of our universe taken from beyond Earth.Nothing in history has allowed us to see so much over such great distances，[3]from enormous clouds of gas where stars are being born，to huge black holes，and even to new planets where we might conceivably find life．Not only that — it has also helped us to work out the age and nature of the universe，and [4]discover the incredible fact that the universe is expanding at an ever-increasing speed ．
[3]句中的两个where引导的从句均为定语从句，分别修饰gas和planets。
[4]句中that引导同位语从句。
To see even further into the universe，many countries are now engaged in building ever more advanced telescopes .Currently，China operates the world's largest and most powerful radio telescope，the FAST telescope，completed in 2016.The 500-metre dish of the “Eye of Heaven”，as it is known，is being used in the search for dark matter，thought to be composed of subatomic particles invisible to ordinary telescopes.This vast dish also has the ability to explore regions of space billions of light years away，right at the edge of the visible universe.
The Hubble and the space telescopes constructed after it will allow us to see further and further into space.We will view stars and galaxies billions of light years away and look back at a past that was billions of years ago.Using ever-larger radio telescopes as our eyes，we will one day be able to look back to a time in the very early universe，before the existence of light.But the human quest for knowledge reaches even beyond that.So much of the universe remains unexplored that we are still close to the start of this incredible journey of discovery.
眺望夜空的眼睛
从人类有史以来，夜空就一直是让人浮想联翩的不竭源头。例如在中国考古遗址三星堆发掘的古蜀国神秘的巨目铜像，古时的人们认为它能够看到遥远的星空。事实上，人类仅凭肉眼只能看到夜空很小的一部分。并且在很长一段时间里，人们都无法理解他们所看到的事物。古时的人们并不知道星星到底是什么，所以他们便凭着想象去创造了一个空中世界。
当第一台望远镜对准夜空时，我们探索进而理解太空的能力就发生了巨大变化，它不仅增强了人类肉眼观测的能力，而且也让我们明白宇宙要比之前想象的大得多。每个行星都可以被视为和我们地球类似的星球，其中许多行星甚至有它们自己的卫星。很快，我们明白太阳只不过是银河系中数十亿计的恒星中的一颗。大约300年后，我们又得知，银河系只是数十亿个散落在黑色太空中的星系之一，就像漂浮在宇宙汪洋中的一座光与物质组成的大型岛屿。
第一个地基望远镜问世将近400年之后，哈勃空间望远镜发射入轨，不仅让宇航员，事实上还让我们所有人，都看见了来自地球之外令人叹为观止的宇宙美景。它让我们史无前例地看到了如此遥远的景观——从星体诞生的巨大气体云团，到巨型黑洞，甚至到可能会发现生命迹象的新行星。不仅如此，它还帮助我们测算宇宙的年龄并分析宇宙的本质，且发现了惊人的事实——宇宙正在以不断增加的速度扩大。
为了能更加深入地观察宇宙，很多国家开始投入研发更先进的望远镜。近来，中国研发了世界最大、功能最强的射电望远镜——FAST望远镜，于2016年建成。众所周知，这个被称为“天眼”的500米口径巨盘用于探寻暗物质。暗物质被认为由亚原子粒子组成，一般望远镜是观测不到的。这个巨盘还能探索数十亿光年之外的太空领域，那里是看得到的宇宙的边界。
哈勃望远镜以及在它之后建成的太空望远镜将使我们能看见更加遥远的太空。我们将能观察几十亿光年外的星体和星系，回看数十亿年之前的过去。终将有一天，我们会使用更巨大的射电望远镜当作人类之眼，回看在光产生之前的宇宙的最早时期。但人类对知识的渴望不止于此。宇宙还有很多的未知领域，我们才刚刚接近这段奇幻发现之旅的起点。
1．What is the main idea of the text
A．The night sky.
B．Development of telescopes.
C．The Hubble Space Telescope.
D．The first Earth-based telescope.
[答案] B
2．Read the text quickly and fill in the blanks.
Read the text carefully and then choose the best answer.
1．How did ancient people create a world in the sky
A．By their naked eyes.
B．By telescope.
C．By their imagination.
D．By passing from mouth to mouth.
2．How does the author organize the text
A．By the order of time.
B．By the order of space.
C．By giving examples.
D．By listing numbers.
3．Why is the “Eyes of Heaven” referred to in paragraph 4
A．To compare the technology between our country and other countries.
B．To show the effect it has on space exploration.
C．To prove its advantages over other telescopes.
D．To show the effort our country has made to see even further into space.
4．What can't we infer from the text
A．The first telescope made much difference to watching the night sky.
B．The Hubble Space Telescope came into being 400 years ago.
C．“Eyes of Heaven” has the ability to make discoveries beyond our imaginations.
D．There are still much of the universe to be explored.
[答案] 1～4 CCDB
1．in reality 事实上，实际上
(1)reality n. 现实；实际情况；事实
transform... into reality 把……变为现实
bring sb. back to reality 使某人回到现实中来；使某人面对现实
(2)escape reality 逃避现实
face reality 面对现实
virtual reality 虚拟现实
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①The reality (real) is that there is not enough money to pay for this project.
②She was brought back to reality by the pain in her ankle.
③表面上她好像挺自信，可实际上她非常紧张。
Outwardly she seemed confident but in reality she felt badly/extremely nervous．
2．angle v．斜置，斜移；以(某角度)报道，以(某观点)提供信息 n．斜角，角度；观点，立场
at an angle 成一定角度的；斜的
from a new angle 从新的角度
right angle 直角
slope angle 斜角
[即学即练] 写出下列句中angle的词性和词义/完成句子
①The photographer kept moving around to find the best angle for the picture.
n.角度
②We need a new angle for our next advertising campaign. n.观点，立场
③He angled his chair so that he could sit and watch her. v.斜置，斜移
④The programme is angled towards younger viewers.
v.以(某角度)报道，以(某观点)提供信息
⑤从这个角度看自己，她意识到她多么像自己的母亲。
Seeing herself from this angle，she realized how alike her mother she looked.
3．work out 算出；理解；思考，计划；解决；锻炼身体
work on/at 从事于；致力于
at work 在工作；在运转
out of work 失业
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①If you work out in the morning，you'll be likely to be as fresh as a daisy (雏菊) all day.
②He spent most of his time watching the fishermen at work.
③这个小男孩能够算出那么难的一道题，真令人难以置信。
It was beyond belief that the little boy could work out such a difficult problem.
4．at a/an... speed 以……的速度
(1)high speed 高速
low speed 低速；慢速
full speed 全速
top speed 最高速
an average speed 平均速度
reach a speed of 达到……速度
(2)speed v. 加速
speed up 加速；使加速
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①The instructor kept repeating the words，“Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turn left！”
②At that time he was driving at a speed of 80 kilometres an hour.
③那个喝醉的司机以惊人的速度逃离现场。
That drunk driver fled from the scene at a frightening speed．
5．invisible adj.看不见的
(1)be invisible to 对……是不可见的
(2)visible adj. 看得见的，可见的
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①The bacteria，which is invisible (visible) to the naked eye，can be harmful to our body.
②You can see the stars on a clear night，but in the daytime they are invisible (visible)．
③我在人群中瞥见了她，但很快她就消失了。
I caught a glimpse of her in the crowd，but soon she was invisible．
6．look back to/on/at 回顾……
look forward to 期待，盼望
look into 向里看；调查
look up 查阅；抬头往上看
look down on/upon 轻视，瞧不起
look out (＝watch out) 小心，当心
look out for 注意察看，留心
look through 快速查看，浏览
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①Mr Garcia looks down on/upon anyone who has no college education.
②My mother says she's looking forward to meeting(meet) you.
③我翻阅了所有文件，但依然找不到那份合同。
I've looked through all my papers ，but I still can't find the contract.
重点句式1 it作形式主语
(教材P90－91)Soon，it was understood that the Sun was just one star among billions in the galaxy we call the Milky Way.
很快，我们明白太阳只不过是银河系中数十亿计的恒星中的一颗。
[句式分析]
it was understood that意为“人们知道；人们认识到”，在此句型中it为形式主语，that引导的从句是真正的主语。
It's said that a large number of paper-cutting works by experts throughout China will be on show.
据说大量来自全中国的专家的剪纸作品将被展出。
常用于这种结构的动词还有think，believe，report，say，know，suggest，announce等。
it作形式主语而that从句是真正主语的常见句式：
It is a shame/a pity/no wonder that... 令人感到羞耻的是/令人感到遗憾的是/难怪……
It is likely/surprising/interesting that... 很可能/令人吃惊的是/令人感兴趣的是……
It is said/believed/reported that... 据说/据信/据报道……
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①It has been announced that another manned space shuttle will be sent up into space next year.
②Would it be convenient for you to pick me up at four o'clock this afternoon
③很遗憾，这些建于19世纪的工业城市对游客并没有吸引力。
It is a pity that the industrial cities built in the nineteenth century do not attract visitors.
重点句式2 the＋比较级(＋句子)，the＋比较级(＋句子)
(教材P93)The more we know，the more we feel our ignorance; the more we feel how much remains unknown.
我们知道的越多，就越感到自己无知；我们越是感到有多少东西是未知的。
[句式分析]
本句型中前面的句子相当于状语从句，后面的句子相当于主句。the用在形容词或副词的比较级前，more代表形容词或副词的比较级。
The more meaningful social activities you participate in，the more social skills you will accumulate.
你参加的有意义的社交活动越多，你积累的社交技能就会越多。
(1)“the more... ，the more... ”句型中，若主句的谓语动词用一般将来时，从句的谓语动词要用一般现在时表示将来。
(2)“比较级＋and＋比较级”意为“越来越……”，表示本身程度的变化。
[即学即练] 完成句子
①这是很重要的，因为你说英语越多，你的英语就会越好。
This is important because the more you speak English，the better your English will become.
②你越努力用功，你取得的进步就会越大。
The harder you work，the greater progress you will make．
③如今，越来越多的汽车在街上行驶，在这种情况下将会有越来越多的废气被排放到空气中。
More and more cars are running in the streets today，in which case more and more waste gases will be sent into the air.
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．A low-power telescope (望远镜) is enough if you only want to look at the moon.
2．There is no straightforward (简单的) equivalence between economic progress and social well-being.
3．Exercising at home alone requires a tremendous amount of self-discipline (自律)．
4．Keeping your muscles (肌肉) strong and in tone helps you to avoid back problems.
5．The mirror was angled(斜置) to reflect light from a window.
6．Shannon went upstairs to fetch (拿来) some blankets.
7．Put a handkerchief over your mouth when you sneeze (打喷嚏)．
8．I just bought this awesome new disc(光盘)．
9．A lot of stars are invisible(看不见的) to the naked eye in the universe.
10．There's certainly too much pepper (胡椒粉) in that soup!
Ⅱ.选词填空
quest for，be composed of，in reality，be engaged in，work out
1．The sea water is composed of water and salt.
2．You should not be afraid to aim high in the quest for an improvement in your income.
3．In reality，the people that surround you have a huge impact on your current mood.
4．We are engaged in a great and most glorious cause at present，never undertaken by our forefathers.
5．The old man works out regularly to keep fit.
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
Not knowing 1.what the stars were，people in ancient times used their imaginations to create 2.a world in the sky.When the first telescope 3.was angled (angle) at the night sky，we learnt the Sun was just one star 4.among billions in the galaxy we call the Milky Way.The Milky Way 5.itself (it) was just one galaxy among billions of others.Later，the Hubble Space Telescope gave us the first 6.breathtakingly (breathtaking) beautiful images of our universe.It can work out the age and nature of the universe，and discover the universe is expanding.Currently，China uses the FAST telescope 7.to search (search) for dark matter and explores 8.regions (region) of space billions of light years away.The space telescopes will allow us to see further and further into space.9.Using (use) radio telescopes，we will one day be able to look back to a time in the very early universe.However，so much of the universe remains unexplored that we are still close to the start of this 10.incredible (credible) journey of discovery.
课时分层作业(十七)
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Space travel can be so delightful, but at the same time invisibly (invisible) dangerous.
2．Radio telescopes (telescope) can be used for finding stars and the position of spacecraft.
3．They were impressed by his sincerity and straightforwardness (straightforward)．
4．He angled (angle) the question so that only one answer was possible.
5．It takes a lot of self-discipline (discipline) to go jogging in winter.
6．“Well，it's time we were all in bed，” said the Badger，getting up and fetching (fetch) flat candlesticks.
7．We all had colds and couldn't stop sniffing and sneezing (sneeze)．
8．It is said that this exercise will work the muscles (muscle) of the lower back.
Ⅱ.阅读理解
“We are running out of space and the only places to go to are other worlds... Spreading out may be the only thing that saves us from ourselves.I'm convinced that humans need to leave Earth.” These are the words of the famous scientist Stephen Hawking，spoken at a science festival in Norway in 2017，a year before his death.
Hawking was not alone in this view.Many experts feel that the only way for humanity to last far into the future is to colonize (移民于) other planets.That way，if a terrible disease，nuclear war or some other disaster strikes Earth，civilization as we know it would still have a chance.Mars is one of the most attractive destinations.NASA，the private company SpaceX，and the organization Mars One all have plans to send humans there.“Either we spread Earth to other planets，or we risk going extinct，” SpaceX founder Elon Musk said at a conference in 2013.
But not everyone agrees that colonizing Mars or any other planet is such a great plan.The most common argument against going is that it's just too expensive or dangerous.It will take huge amounts of money and other resources just to get people there，let alone set up a place for them to live.It's not even clear if humans could survive on Mars.One of the biggest dangers there is deadly radiation that ruins the planet.
Maybe all the time and money people would pour into a Mars mission would be better spent on more urgent projects here on Earth，like dealing with poverty or climate change.Some experts argue that handling a problem like an asteroid (小行星) strike or disease outbreak while staying here on Earth would be much easier and less expensive than surviving on a new planet.
In addition，moving to a new planet could harm or destroy anything that already lives there.Mars seems uninhabited，but it could possibly host micro-organism like.Human visitors may destroy this life or permanently change or damage the Martian environment.Some feel that's too much of a risk to take.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。对于人类是否应该移民到火星或其他星球，持不同观点的专家们给出了各自的理由。
1．Why did the author mention NASA，the United Arab Emirates，SpaceX and Mars One
A．To stress the risk of dying out on Earth.
B．To provide evidence for Hawking's theory.
C．To show growing intention of moving to Mars.
D．To explain the advanced technology in astronomy.
C [推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Mars is one of the most... conference in 2013.”可知，作者提到他们，是在说明越来越多的国家都有移民火星的意愿，故选C。]
2．What can we learn from the passage
A．It is costly and risky to colonize Mars.
B．Civilization is difficult to maintain on Earth.
C．Poverty is the most urgent problem to handle.
D．All the time and money should be spent on Earth.
A [推理判断题。根据第三段中的前两句可知，移民火星费用高，风险大，故选A。]
3．What does the underlined word “uninhabited” mean in the last paragraph
A．Not steady to keep.
B．Not fit to live on.
C．Not easy to approach.
D．Not safe to set foot on.
B [词义猜测题。根据下文“but it could possibly host micro-organism like”可推测，上文意思是火星上没有人居住，和下文构成转折关系，故猜测uninhabited意为“不适合人类生活的”，故选B。]
4．What's the best title of passage
A．Leaving Earth to Other Planets
B．Should We Colonize Mars
C．New Home on New Planet
D．A Mars Mission Is on the Way
B [标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了人类是否应该移民到其他星球，例如火星，持不同观点的专家们给出了各自的理由。所以B选项“我们是否应该移民火星”符合文章大意，适合作标题，故选B。]
Ⅲ.完形填空
I started cooking when I was thirteen.Both of my parents worked，so I was usually 1 after school.One day，my parents forgot to 2 dinner before they went to work.As we were short of money，eating out was beyond 3 ．So I decided to be the 4 of the day.
A few moments later，I 5 to cook fried rice，the best option out of 6 resources，including my cooking knowledge.After 7 a pan on the stove and turning up the heat，it soon began to sizzle.I was so hungry that I 8 and threw everything into the pan all together.In went rice，pieces of meat and vegetables.Little did I know that the 9 of ingredients (食材) was crucial in cooking.I 10 waited for the meat to be thoroughly cooked，but other ingredients were 11 ．At first，I mistook it as a steam from cooking，but I soon 12 something went horribly wrong when smoke 13 to fill the kitchen.
Later that day，my mother told me，“You cannot rush yourself when cooking.” Rather，I should take steps，turning to the basics，such as learning about the ingredients and 14 the recipe.
I've learned that the first 15 seems hard but we should just start and let the journey teach us.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者自己第一次做饭的经历。
1．A．alone B．energetic
C．anxious D．excited
A [句意：我的父母都在工作，所以放学后我通常是一个人。根据上文“Both of my parents worked”可知，作者的父母都在工作，所以说放学后没人陪作者，作者独自在家。故选A项。]
2．A．enjoy B．prepare
C．serve D．take
B [句意：有一天，我的父母去上班前忘了准备饭。根据下文“So I decided to be the ________of the day.”可知，作者要自己当厨师，所以说是父母没有准备饭给作者，作者只好自己做饭吃。故选B项。 ]
3．A．expectation B．control
C．description D．budget
D [句意：由于我们缺钱，外出就餐超出了预算范围。根据上文“As we were short of money”可知，作者家里缺钱，所以出去吃饭太贵了，超出预算范围。故选D项。]
4．A．owner B．ruler
C．chef D．researcher
C [句意：所以我决定当天自己当厨师。根据上文“One day，my parents forgot to ________dinner before they went to work.As we were short of money，eating out was beyond ________．”可知，父母没有给作者做饭，作者家里又缺钱，不能外出吃饭，所以作者只有自己当厨师做饭吃。故选C项。 ]
5．A．agreed B．settled
C．failed D．switched
B [句意：过了一会儿，我决定做炒饭，这是在有限的资源中最好的选择，包括我的烹饪知识在内。根据上文“So I decided to be the ________of the day.”可知，作者要自己当厨师，所以作者想了一会儿之后，做出决定。故选B项。 ]
6．A．various B．delicious
C．pricey D．limited
D [根据上文“A few moments later，I ________to cook fried rice”和下文“including my cooking knowledge”可知，作者决定做炒饭。因为做炒饭比较简单，作者又是第一次做饭，没有什么烹饪知识，所以说资源有限。故选D项。 ]
7．A．placing B．covering
C．washing D．breaking
A [句意：在炉子上把平底锅放好，加热后，它很快开始嘶嘶作响。根据常识和下文“and turning up the heat”可知，做饭要先把锅放在炉子上，再加热。故选A项。]
8．A．quit B．slept
C．rushed D．collapsed
C [句意：我太饿了，所以我仓促地把所有的东西都扔进了锅里。根据上文“I was so hungry”可知，作者很饿，很着急把饭做好，所以作者很仓促，表明作者急迫的心情。故选C项。]
9．A．standard B．order
C．quality D．amount
B [句意：我几乎不知道食材的顺序在烹饪中至关重要。根据下文可知，作者把食材一起都放进锅里了，所以说作者几乎不知道食材的顺序在烹饪中至关重要，才会这样做。故选B项。]
10．A．proudly B．unconsciously
C．fearfully D．eagerly
D [句意：我热切地等待着肉被完全煮熟，但其他的配料都烧焦了。根据上文“So I decided to be the ______of the day.”可知，自己第一次当厨师，所以作者热切地等待着肉被完全煮熟。故选D项。 ]
11．A．burning B．exploding
C．disappearing D．mixing
A [根据下文“At first，I mistook it as a steam from cooking”和“when smoke ________to fill the kitchen”可知，正在做的菜在冒白烟，所以说菜被烧焦了。故选A项。 ]
12．A．insisted B．declared
C．grasped D．explained
C [句意：但是当知道是烟充满厨房时，我很快就明白了这是发生了可怕的事情。根据下文“when smoke ________to fill the kitchen”可知，开始作者误以为这是烹饪过程中产生的蒸汽，所以当知道是烟充满厨房时，作者很快就明白了真相。故选C项。 ]
13．A．stopped B．reduced
C．existed D．emerged
D [根据“when smoke ______to fill the kitchen”可知，开始作者误以为这是烹饪过程中产生的蒸汽，所以后来烟充满厨房时才知道不是蒸汽，而是菜烧焦了产生的烟。故选D项。 ]
14．A．working on B．fixing on
C．referring to D．contributing to
C [句意：相反，我应该按照步骤，转向基础知识，比如学习配料和参考食谱。根据上文“Rather，I should take steps，turning to the basics”可知，作者要学做饭应该先学基础知识，所以要参考食谱。此处有“such as”提示，学习配料和参考食谱都属于基础知识。故选C项。]
15．A．race B．try
C．route D．ride
B [句意：我知道第一次尝试似乎很难，但我们总应该开始，让这个过程教会我们。根据上文“So I decided to be the ________of the day.”可知，作者要自己当厨师，所以这是作者的第一次当厨师的尝试。故选B项。 ]
Ⅳ.语法填空
A photo taken on March 23，2022 shows students attending a live streamed popular-science lecture given by the Shenzhou-13 crew members.1.________class began at 3：40 p．m.and was attended by students from three classrooms across China.
Wang Yaping，2.________was assisted by the other two crew members，conducted several scientific experiments.One of the most 3.________(appeal) experiments was the “ice ball” experiment.As she showed，4.________the space station maintains a fixed temperature at all times，she can transform water into “ice” with only a “tap”．It turned out to be a crystallization (结晶) effect 5.________(cause) by the micro-gravity environment in space.Students 6.________(enthusiastic) raised questions concerning their daily lives.The live stream was broadcast by China Central Television，7.________(draw) a total of 3.3 million views.
A number of countries have engaged in space lectures，but only China and the US 8.________(realize) the live streaming of lectures with smooth two-way connections between Earth and space so far.It will not only promote 9.________(man) understanding toward the values of manned space flight，but more importantly，serve as an 10.________(inspire) to youngsters and boost the country's talent reserve in the fields of science and technology.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍了航天员王亚平等三人在神舟十三号上进行的天宫课堂直播授课。
1．The [考查冠词。句意：下午3点40分开始上课，来自中国各地三个教室的学生参加了这堂课。空处用定冠词the特指前面的“a live streamed popular-science lecture”，位于句首，首字母大写，故填The。]
2．who [考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导的是非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，先行词Wang Yaping是指人，因此空处用关系代词who，故填who。]
3．appealing [考查形容词。空处用形容词作定语，修饰名词experiments，appeal的形容词是appealing，意为“吸引人的”，空前有the most，因此空处用形容词原级，故填appealing。]
4．while/although/though [考查连词。句意：正如她所展示的，虽然空间站一直保持着固定的温度，但她只需要一个“轻扣”就能把水变成“冰”。空处表示“尽管”，引导让步状语从句，故填while/although/though。]
5．caused [考查非谓语动词。句意：原来是太空微重力环境造成的结晶效应。分析句子结构可知，句中谓语是turned out，空处为非谓语动词，由by可知，空处用过去分词caused表被动，故填caused。]
6．enthusiastically [考查副词。句意：学生们热情地提出了有关日常生活的问题。空处用副词修饰动词raised，enthusiastic的副词是enthusiastically，意为“热情地”，故填enthusiastically。]
7．drawing [考查非谓语动词。句意：该直播由中国中央电视台转播，吸引了总量达330万次观看。分析句子结构可知，句中谓语是“was broadcast”，空处用非谓语动词，“The live stream”和“draw”之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，因此空处用动词-ing形式，故填drawing。]
8．have realized [考查时态和主谓一致。由前面的“have engaged”可知，空处所在句子时态是现在完成时，强调现在的结果，主语“China and the US”是两个国家，因此谓语动词用复数。故填have realized。]
9．man's [考查名词所有格。句意：它不仅可以促进人类对载人航天意义的理解，更重要的是，它可以激励年轻人，增加国家在科技领域的人才储备。man和understanding之间是所属关系，因此空处用名词所有格man's，表示“人类的”，故填man's。]
10．inspiration [考查名词。an后跟可数名词的单数形式，inspire的名词是inspiration，意为“激励人的事物”，故填inspiration。]Section Ⅴ
1．unexceptional adj.平常的
2．shadow n．坏影响，阴影
3．scream v．(因疼痛、惊恐、兴奋等)尖声大叫
4． suspend v．暂停，中止
5．crew n．(飞机上的)全体机组人员
6．submit v．提交
7．awesome adj.很好的，了不起的
8．telescope n．望远镜
9．angle v．斜置
10．invisible adj.看不见的
11．straightforward adj.简单的
12．self-discipline n．自我约束，自律
13．fetch v．(去)拿来
14．muscle n.肌肉
15．pepper n．胡椒粉
16．sneeze v．打喷嚏
17．disc n．激光唱片；光碟，光盘
1．except v．不包括；不计→exception n．例外→exceptional adj.异常的，罕见的；杰出的→unexceptional adj.平常的
2．tragic adj.悲惨的→tragically adv.悲惨地，不幸地
3．suspend v．暂停，中止→suspension n．暂停，延缓
4．awe n．敬畏；惊叹 v．使敬畏；使惊叹→awesome adj.很好的，了不起的
5．visible adj.看得见的→invisible adj.看不见的
6．discipline n．纪律→self-discipline n．自我约束，自律
1．be accustomed to 习惯于(做)某事
2．cast a shadow on/over 给……蒙上阴影
3．set foot on 踏上，登上
4．take off (飞机)起飞；脱掉(衣服)；突然大受欢迎；变得成功
5．tune in 收听，收看
6．on board 在飞机(火车、船)上
7．one's heart in one's mouth 提心吊胆；心提到了嗓子眼儿
8．call to 呼唤；向……喊
9．make contact with 与……接触；与……联系
10．in reality 事实上，实际上
11．work out 算出；锻炼身体
12．at a/an...speed 以……的速度
13．reach for the stars 有崇高的目标，雄心勃勃
14．be engaged in 从事于，忙于
15．be composed of 由……组成/构成
16．look back to 回顾……
17．quest for 探求，探索
1．[句型公式] there is/was never any doubt that...毫无疑问……
But there was never any doubt that manned flights would continue，and on 29 September 1988，the space shuttle programme resumed with the successful launch of Discovery.
但是毫无疑问，载人飞行绝不会就此停止。1988年9月29日，随着“发现”号的成功发射，航天飞机项目重新启动。
2．[句型公式] “no matter＋疑问词”引导让步状语从句
The sacrifice of the Challenger calls to us，reminding us that we must continue to reach for the stars，no matter how distant they might seem．“挑战者”号的牺牲召唤着、提醒着我们，不管星空看起来多么遥不可及，我们都要持之以恒地去探索。
3．[句型公式] it作形式主语
Soon， it was understood that the Sun was just one star among billions in the galaxy we call the Milky Way.
很快，我们明白太阳只不过是银河系中数十亿计的恒星中的一颗。
4．[句型公式] the＋比较级(＋句子)，the＋比较级(＋句子)
The more we know，the more we feel our ignorance; the more we feel how much remains unknown.
我们知道的越多，就越感到自己无知；我们越是感到有多少东西是未知的。
读后续写材料积累——动作不同的“走”和“跑”
Ⅰ.词汇积累
stroll，mince，tiptoe，shuffle，march，stride，sneak，pace，limp，stumble，stagger，trudge，plod，dash，wander，saunter，jog，rush，bolt，dart，tear，sprint
Ⅱ.词块必记
1．sneak out of the house偷偷溜出房子
2．dart across the road窜过马路
3．go jogging every morning每天早晨慢跑
4．bolt down an alley从小巷逃走
5．dash back 冲回到……
6．pace restlessly 不安地走动
7．wander aimlessly around the streets在街上漫无目的地到处游荡
8．limp along一瘸一拐地前行
9．stagger the last few steps跌跌撞撞走了最后几步
10．plod down the muddy track 沿着泥泞小路艰难地行走
Ⅲ.佳句背诵
1．He jumped up and rushed out of the living room.
他跳起来冲出客厅。
2．That man is hurt and limping.
那个男人受伤了，一瘸一拐地走着。
3．He was so drunk that he staggered all the way home.
他喝醉了，以至于一路蹒跚回家。
4．She stumbled upstairs and into bed.
她跌跌撞撞地上楼，然后上床睡觉。
5．She tiptoed to the bed so as not to wake the baby.
她蹑手蹑脚地走到床前，以免吵醒婴儿。
6．They are often found to wander around the park.
人们经常发现他们在公园里闲逛。
7．The boy sneaked in without paying.
男孩没付钱就偷偷溜进来了。
8．I must dash or I'll miss the train.
我必须猛跑，否则我会错过火车。
9．He came striding along to meet me.
他大步走上前来见我。
10．The middle-aged man goes jogging every morning.
这位中年男子每天早上都进行慢跑锻炼。
单元综合检测(六)
第一部分 阅读
第一节
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、 D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
How to Be a Space Explorer
$17.99
Ships in 1－2 business days
Buckle up! How to Be a Space Explorer is a practical book for all aspiring(有抱负的) astronauts，packed with jaw-dropping stories from real-life space exploration.Learn how to navigate black holes，slingshot around Jupiter and survive the freezing depths of space.Suitable for children ages 8－12.
Adventures in Cold Places
$9.99
Ships in 1－2 business days
Brrr，come and explore some of the coldest places in the world! Explore reindeer in Russia，penguins in Antarctica! Decorate real-life locations，like the wintery scene in Montreal，chilly ice sculptures(雕塑)in China，polar bears in the North Pole and more cold places with over 250 reusable stickers.Suitable for children ages 3－5.
My Travel Journal
$12.99
Ships in 1－2 business days
Never forget an adventure with this bright and bold journal from Lonely Planet Kids.Packed with writing topic suggestions，lists to complete，ideas for getting the creative juices flowing and lots more fill-in fun，this is the perfect way for young travellers to record their memories from a trip.Suitable for children ages 5－7.
Adventures around the Globe
$12.99
Ships in 1－2 business days
Come and explore the ruins of Machu Picchu，the canals of Venice and the bright lights of New York.Decorate real-life locations，like the sacred river Ganges in India or the mosaics of Park Guell in Spain.With over 250 stickers，your globe-trotting adventure is about to begin! Enjoy hours of fun games，maps and puzzles.Suitable for children ages 3－5.
【语篇解析】本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了探索冒险类的四本书籍。
1．Who would like to read How to Be a Space Explorer
A．Astronauts who are young.
B．Students who like travelling around.
C．People who love reading very much.
D．Children who are interested in space.
D [推理判断题。根据文中第一段可知，《如何成为太空探索者》是一本适合所有想成为宇航员的人的实用书籍，书中充满了现实生活中太空探索的令人瞠目结舌的故事。由此判断出，对太空感兴趣的孩子想要读《如何成为太空探索者》。故选D。]
2．What is the cheapest book mentioned in the text
A．My Travel Journal.
B．Adventures in Cold Places.
C．How to Be a Space Explorer.
D．Adventures around the Globe.
B [细节理解题。本文中每本书的介绍都涉及相关的价格，通过比较发现，Adventures in Cold Places的价格“$9.99”是最便宜的。故选 B。]
3．What is special about My Travel Journal
A．It has space to write，draw and color.
B．It offers a lot of popular destinations.
C．It shows several great places of interest.
D．It is packed with many records to listen to.
A [推理判断题。根据My Travel Journal这本书的介绍可知，对于年轻的旅行者来说，写下有趣的想法和建议是一种完美的方式，可以让他们的旅行充满乐趣。由此判断出，该书有留下的版面让读者去写、画或涂色。故选A。]
B
On 22 January 2022，the British-Belgian 19-year-old，Rutherford，successfully landed her microlight aircraft back at the Airport，from where she had departed 155 days ago，fulfilling her dream to be the youngest woman to fly around the world solo.
“I feel incitant not only to break the Guinness World Record，but also to narrow the gender gap by 11 years between the current youngest man record holder，18 at the time of his record，and the previous woman record holder，who was 30 when she completed her ‘Dreams Soar’around-the-world flight，” Rutherford wrote on her blog.Rutherford's journey crossing five continents and 52 countries began on 18 August 2021.She met many unexpected delays along the way.They included an unscheduled stop in California，due to the fierce wildfires and a stop in Alaska，to renew her visa.She also faced several challenges in the air.Despite the severe difficulties，the determined young pilot never gave up on her dream.
Rutherford grew up around airplanes.Her British father flies commercially，while her Belgian mother is also a pilot.The young girl began learning how to fly at age 14 and got her flight license in 2020.With her goal of flying around the world completed，Rutherford now has her sights set even higher.She wants to become an astronaut and explore space.
She hopes that her journey will encourage more young women to pursue careers in flight.Currently the number of women pilots is just 5 percent.Rutherford says，“It's an easy thing to say，but just go for it.If you don't try and see how high you can fly，then you'll never know.”
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。19岁的比利时裔英国人Rutherford成功地实现了她成为独自环球飞行的最年轻女性的梦想。她的故事激励着更多的人树立远大目标，克服困难，努力奋斗去实现自己伟大的梦想。
4．What does the underlined word “incitant” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A．Unhappy. B．Excited.
C．Surprised. D．Frightened.
B [词义猜测题。根据语境可知，Rutherford取得了非常好的成绩，打破了吉尼斯世界纪录，实现了自己的梦想。由此可知，Rutherford心中应该是激动的、兴奋的。]
5．Why did Rutherford have to stop in California
A．The wildfires were too fierce.
B．Her visa was due (到期的)．
C．The weather was too severe.
D．Her engine broke down.
A [细节理解题。根据第二段中的“They included an unscheduled stop in California，due to the fierce wildfires and a stop in Alaska，to renew her visa.”可知，Rutherford因为野火太猛烈不得不在加利福尼亚停留。 ]
6．What's the purpose of paragraph 3
A．To turn to a new topic.
B．To state her admirable talents.
C．To summarize her achievements.
D．To add some background information.
D [推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Rutherford grew up around airplanes.Her British father flies commercially，while her Belgian mother is also a pilot.The young girl began learning how to fly at age 14 and got her flight license in 2020.”可知，本段的目的是增加一些背景信息。 ]
7．What does the passage try to convey
A．Dream big and aim high.
B．Life is not all roses.
C．Not to advance is to go back.
D．The greatest talkers，the least doers.
A [主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了19岁的比利时裔英国人Rutherford成功地实现了她成为独自环球飞行的最年轻女性的梦想。她的故事激励着更多的人树立远大目标，克服困难，努力奋斗去实现自己伟大的梦想。]
C
The company SpaceX has already launched hundreds of its Starlink satellites，with plans to put as many as 42，000 of them into the earth's orbit. Its goal is to provide the high-speed Internet for billions of people. Moving toward that kind of access is important, but it comes at a cost. Glittering with reflected sunlight, these first orbiters, sent up in the past year, are brighter than 99 percent of the 5，000 or so other satellites now circling Earth, and obviously there are going to be a lot more. This sudden increase is bad for astronomy: the probability of a Starlink satellite crossing a telescope's field of view and ruining an observation will be quite high near sunset. For that reason, my fellow astronomers have signed a petition (请愿书) calling for governments to protect the night sky from this invasion.
In response to protests, SpaceX has promised to address the visibility problem by, for example, applying experimental coatings—essentially painting the satellites black—but the company's aggressive launch schedule remains unchanged. And the satellites' illuminated (被照亮的) surfaces are mostly their solar panels—exactly the part that cannot be painted over.
Unfortunately, at present no regulations govern how bright a single satellite can be, let alone thousands of them together. Even if there were such regulations, one nation's laws could not hinder (阻碍) another country's launches. Space literally has no borders, and the sky will need to be protected at an international level. As a consequence, we hope that the United Nations will find a way to think outside of the box to save the sky for everyone.
When I was growing up in Montana, it was a game to be the first to find a moving satellite among a host of stars in the night sky. Soon it could be a game to recognize the constellations (星座) behind a swarm of moving points of light.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Starlink卫星的发射造成的光污染。
8．What is the writer's attitude toward SpaceX's launching plans
A．Indifferent. B．Doubtful.
C．Optimistic. D．Disapproving.
D [观点态度题。根据文章第一段中的“but it comes at a cost”和“This sudden increase is bad for astronomy”可知，作者是反对SpaceX公司的发射计划的。故选D项。]
9．Why have the writer's fellow astronomers signed the petition
A．SpaceX plans to send too many Starlink satellites into space.
B．The Starlink satellites will possibly ruin an observation near sunset.
C．The first orbiters are brighter than most of other satellites circling Earth.
D．SpaceX fails to provide the high-speed Internet for people around the world.
B [细节理解题。根据第一段中的“the probability of a Starlink satellite crossing a telescope's field of view and ruining an observation will be quite high near sunset... this invasion”可知，作者的宇航员同事签请愿书是因为Starlink卫星在日落时毁了天文观测的可能性将会很大。故选B项。]
10．According to the writer, who should shoulder the responsibility to save the sky
A．The United States.
B．The United Nations.
C．The company SpaceX.
D．Just one nation.
B [推理判断题。根据第三段中的“As a consequence, we hope that the United Nations will find a way to think outside of the box to save the sky for everyone.”可知，作者觉得联合国应该肩负起拯救天空的责任。故选B项。]
11．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Preserve the Night Sky
B．Ban Starlink Satellites
C．Observe Stars Attentively
D．Protest Against SpaceX
A [标题归纳题。根据全文内容可知，作者对Starlink卫星对夜空的光污染表示担忧，并希望能够保护夜空。故选A项。]
D
Wherever we humans go，we leave behind a mess.That goes for space，too.An estimated 500，000 pieces of debris (碎片) litter the Earth's orbit as a result of man's explorations of space.Some satellites have been hit by fast-moving pieces of junk.The remains of old rockets can be the size of a bus，while other debris pieces are simply tiny spots of paint.
Today，our species is responsible for the junk dashing around Earth at high speeds，and if we don't start actively removing the largest pieces，the risk of collisions will only grow worse.“Imagine how dangerous sailing the high seas would be，if all the ships ever lost in history were still floating on top of the water，” says Jan W rner，ESA director general.“That is the current situation in orbit，and it cannot be allowed to continue.”
It's almost as if we need a truck to remove all of failed satellites from our orbit.By 2025，the agency plans on launching the world's first orbiting junk collector，a four-armed robot that tracks down space waste.The first-of-its-kind task，known as ClearSpace-1，will start collecting only a single piece of space junk to prove the concept works.The target in this case is called Vespa，a leftover from ESA's Vega rocket launch in 2013.This piece of junk weighs roughly the same as a small satellite and has a simple shape that should make it easy to grab with four robotic arms.Once it's safely in the arms of the garbage collector，it will then be dragged out of orbit and allowed to burn up in the atmosphere.
In addition，an Australian company，Electro Optic Systems，has received a $3.5 million government fund to develop the world's first laser tracking (激光跟踪) technology.It would replace existing radar (雷达) networks that currently monitor that part of space.The goal is to track small objects with great accuracy.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了人类的太空垃圾清理计划。
12．Why does Jan W rner refer to ships on the high seas
A．To explain the danger of space debris.
B．To describe the universe's huge space.
C．To praise man's explorations of space.
D．To compare the oceans with the universe.
A [推理判断题。根据第二段内容可知，Jan W rner用公海上的船只来解释空间碎片的危险。故选A。]
13．How do humans plan to handle debris
A．By ClearSpace-1 and Vespa.
B．By ESA's Vega rocket launch and radar networks.
C．By the orbiting junk collector and the first laser tracking technology.
D．By truck to remove all of failed satellites and track small objects.
C [细节理解题。根据第三段第二句及最后一段中的“to develop the world's first laser tracking technology”和“The goal is to track small objects with great accuracy.”可知，人类计划通过轨道垃圾收集器和首个激光跟踪技术来处理太空垃圾。故选C。]
14．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Dangerous Space Exploration
B．Cleaning up Space Junk Pieces
C．Developing Space Technology
D．Launching a Four-armed Robot
B [标题归纳题。根据第一段中的“Wherever we humans go，we leave behind a mess.That goes for space，too.”及下文对太空垃圾清理计划的介绍可知，本文主要介绍了人类的太空垃圾清理计划。故选B。]
15．Where is this text probably from
A．An astronomy report.
B．A travel guidebook.
C．A science fiction.
D．An environmental magazine.
D [文章出处题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了人类的太空垃圾清理计划，以保证太空飞行器有一个安全的太空环境。由此可知，这篇文章可能来自一本环境杂志。故选D。]
第二节
阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Exploring the planets with an amateur telescope
If you're a new telescope owner，the whole sky is your playground. 16 The brightest ones stand out in the night sky and are easy to spot through your telescope.
17 In general，small telescopes with low magnification (放大率) will not show as much detail as larger amateur telescopes at higher magnification.
Many experienced amateur observers let their telescopes get used to outside temperatures. 18 While the equipment is cooling down，observers gather their star charts，warm clothes，and other accessories (配件)．
Most telescopes come with eyepieces.It's always best to check the guide to see which one is best for planetary viewing.In general，look for eyepieces with names like Pl ssl or Orthoscopic，in lengths of three to nine millimeters. 19
If this all seems confusing，it's always a good idea to take the telescope to a local astronomy club，a camera store，or a planetarium (天文馆) for advice from more experienced observers. 20
It's important to research which stars will be in the sky at any given time.Magazines such as Sky & Telescope publish charts each month on their websites showing what's visible.Astronomy software packages，hike Stellarium，have much of the same information.There are also smartphone apps that provide star charts at your fingertips.
A．This takes about 30 minutes.
B．There's a wealth of information available online，too.
C．There's no “one size fits all” solution to planet-gazing.
D．Which one to choose depends on the size and focal length of the telescope.
E．But if you're a beginner，you may want to start by looking for planets.
F．The easiest object in the sky to observe with a telescope is the Moon.
G．Magnification means how many times larger a telescope will make an object look.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要针对刚刚买了望远镜想要观察星空的初学者给出了一些建议。
16．E [上文“If you're a new telescope owner，the whole sky is your playground.”引出话题，说明有了新望远镜就可以探索星空。下文“The brightest ones... to spot through your telescope.”说明用望远镜可以看到夜空中最亮的星星。E项(但如果你是初学者，你可能想从寻找行星开始。)和上文形成转折关系，语义相衔接，下文中的“The brightest ones”指代该项中的“planets”。故选E项。]
17．C [本段内容从另一个侧面说明，在观测过程中，并不能保证所有的条件都完美，并没有可以解决一切问题的方案。C项(对于行星凝视，没有“一刀切”的解决方案)对下文进行总结性的解释，和下文语义衔接，符合语境。故选C项。]
18．A [结合上下文可知，该段主要讲述经验丰富的业余观察员通常会在室外调试望远镜以适应室外温度，然后再开展相关观测工作。而这中间就需要讲到冷却时间。A项(这大约需要30分钟。)承上启下。故选A项。]
19．D [本段内容说明要选择最适合行星观赏的目镜。D项(选择哪一个取决于望远镜的大小和焦距。)承接上文，符合语境。故选D项。]
20．B [本段内容说明对于以上提到的“室外调试”“目镜选用”等建议还有困惑的情况下，可以去天文俱乐部、相机商店或天文馆等地方寻求帮助。B项(网上也有丰富的可获得的信息。)和上文承接，说明如果不想去实地的话，上网也可以查到相关信息。故选B项。]
第二部分 语言运用
第一节
阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
As the temperature approached as high as 90°F last July 4，three police officers went into a food market to get something 21 to drink.Once inside，they were asked by a security guard to help with a 22 woman.The woman in question was obviously 23 ，and her cheeks were wet with tears.The officers looked inside her bag.All they saw were containers of 24 ．
“I'm hungry，” she explained 25 ．Caught red-handed，the woman no doubt expected to be treated as a 26 ．But the police had other 27 .“We'll pay for her food，” one of them told the 28 security guard.“She would not be 29 .”
Drying her wet 30 ，the woman repeated，“Thank you，thank you.” She wasn't the only one touched by this act of 31 ．Customers at the store were so impressed by what they'd 32 that some even posted a photo on the Internet. 33 ，attention was never what the officers sought.They were 34 by a far more common emotion.When we look at someone's face and see that they need you，it's pretty 35 as a human being to walk away from something like this.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了当气温接近90华氏度，三名警察进入一个食品商场去买饮料时，在商场内发生的一件让人意想不到的事情。
21．A．safe B．sweet
C．clean D．cold
D [根据上文可知，天气温度很高，所以他们想喝点冷饮。]
22．A．wounded B．suspected
C．reported D．wronged
B [根据下文“in question”可知，应该是这位女士被怀疑。]
23．A．scared B．disappointed
C．puzzled D．annoyed
A [根据下文可知，这位女士因为害怕才会哭泣。]
24．A．clothes B．medicine
C．toys D．food
D [下文中提到她说她饿，所以她拿的应该都是食物。]
25．A．politely B．loudly
C．seriously D．helplessly
D [此处指女士处于被质问的一方，她很无助地解释说自己饿。]
26．A．thief B．beggar
C．victim D．customer
A [女士被当成了小偷，保安叫了警察。]
27．A．facts B．secrets
C．ideas D．reasons
C [根据下文警察没有逮捕她而是帮她支付了食物的费用可知，警察有其他的主意。]
28．A．rude B．surprised
C．patient D．embarrassed
B [根据警察说要帮女士付钱可知，保安此时对警察的处理方式应该感到很惊讶。]
29．A．arrested B．employed
C．kept D．doubted
A [警察并没有逮捕女士，而是帮她付了钱。]
30．A．bag B．hands
C．packet D．cheeks
D [根据上文，她哭了，因此这里应该是擦干湿润的脸颊，第一段的“her cheeks”亦是提示。]
31．A．caution B．sympathy
C．justice D．faith
B [女士被感动，这应该是同情的行为。]
32．A．ignored B．expected
C．witnessed D．recognised
C [商店里的顾客被他们亲眼所看到的场景打动了，有些人甚至在推特上发布了一张照片。]
33．A．However B．Therefore
C．Besides D．Instead
A [上文说有人在推特上发布照片，下文说警察并不想引起注意，故此处为转折关系。]
34．A．attracted B．controlled
C．required D．driven
D [此处指他们是被一种共同的情感驱使的。]
35．A．typical B．amazing
C．difficult D．silly
C [此处指当我们看着别人的脸，看到他们需要你的时候，作为一个人，很难从这样的事情中一走了之。]
第二节
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Millions of Americans are mourning the death of astronaut John Glenn who passed away 36.________ (peaceful) on December 8, 2016 at the age of 95.
Glenn 37.________ (start) his flying career as a fighter pilot.In 1959 Glenn became one of the seven test pilots 38.________(choose)to take part in the first space program of the US.
Glenn rose to fame in 1962 when he became the first American 39.________ (circle) the Earth in a spaceship.The journey made him 40.________American hero.As a member of the Democratic Party，Glenn first won the election to the Senate (参议院) in 1974 and served for 24 years 41.________January 3, 1999.
Glenn was known for his modesty，refusing to see 42.________ (he) as a hero.He preferred to focus on his work，saying，“The greatest people are those 43.________devote themselves to something 44.________ (important) than merely their own self-interest.”
On October 29, 1998，when Glenn was 77，he returned to space and stayed there for nine days，thus 45.________(set) the record of being the oldest person in space.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了2016年12月8日美国首位绕地球飞行的宇航员约翰·格伦去世，享年95岁。富有传奇色彩的是，他创下了两次太空飞行间隔最长及年龄最大的宇航员纪录。
36．peacefully [考查副词。空处在句中作状语，因此需要用副词形式peacefully。]
37．started [考查时态。此处表示过去发生的事情，故用一般过去时。]
38．chosen [考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处作定语修饰test pilots，且choose与被修饰词之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，因此用过去分词形式。]
39．to circle [考查非谓语动词。序数词或由序数词修饰的中心词后常用不定式作定语。]
40．an [考查冠词。an American hero意为“一位美国英雄”，此处表示泛指，且American的发音是以元音音素开头，故用不定冠词an。]
41．until/till [考查介词。由句意可知，设空处表示“直到……为止”。]
42．himself [考查代词。这里指的是Glenn自己本人，故用he的反身代词。]
43．who [考查定语从句。空处引导定语从句，先行词为those，指人，且定语从句中缺少主语，故填关系代词who。 ]
44．more important [考查比较级。由空后的than可知，此处应用important的比较级形式。]
45．setting [考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处作状语，表示结果，且set与逻辑主语he之间是主谓关系，因此用动词-ing形式。]
第三部分 写作
第一节
假定你是李华，今天你校组织高二学生参观了市博物馆举办的“中国航天成就展”。请在你的博客上用英语写一篇博文，分享此次活动，内容包括：
1.参加人员；
2.活动内容(聆听讲座、观看视频、体验太空漫步等)；
3.个人感想。
注意：写作词数应为80左右。
Achievement Expo of China Aerospace
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[参考范文]
Achievement Expo of China Aerospace
Today's trip to the City Museum is really a memorable experience and this will be engraved in my mind forever.
All senior 2 students visited an exhibition themed on “Achievements of China Aerospace”．First，we attended informative lectures and watched extremely exciting videos about launching rockets，which allowed us to get deeper insights into China Aerospace.Then came the highlight，experiencing thrilling and funny spacewalks in almost zero gravity.
Amazed by the outstanding achievements and touched by the spirit of China Aerospace experts，I'll apply myself to study so that I can make contributions to our country like them one day.
第二节
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
I was invited to a cookout on an old friend's farm in western Washington. I parked my car outside the farm and walked past a milking house which had apparently not been used in many years.A noise at a window caught my attention，so I entered it.It was a hummingbird (蜂鸟)，desperately trying to escape.She was covered in spider-webs(蛛网) and was barely able to move her wings.She ceased her struggle the instant I picked her up.
With the bird in my cupped hand，I looked around to see how she had gotten in.The broken window glass was the likely answer.I stuffed a piece of cloth into the hole and took her outside，closing the door securely behind me.
When I opened my hand，the bird did not fly away; she sat looking at me with her bright eyes.I removed the sticky spider-webs that covered her head and wings.Still，she made no attempt to fly.Perhaps she had been struggling against the window too long and was too tired Or too thirsty
As I carried her up the blackberry-lined path towards my car where I kept a water bottle，she began to move.I stopped，and she soon took wing but did not immediately fly away.Hovering(悬停)，she approached within six inches of my face.For a very long moment，this tiny creature looked into my eyes，turning her head from side to side.Then she flew quickly out of sight.
During the cookout，I told my hosts about the hummingbird incident.They promised to fix the window.As I was departing，my friends walked me to my car.I was standing by the car when a hummingbird flew to the centre of our group and began hovering.She turned from person to person until she came to me.She again looked directly into my eyes，then let out a squeaking call and was gone. For a moment，all were speechless. Then someone said，“She must have come to say goodbye.”
注意：1．续写词数应为150左右；
2．请按如下格式作答。
A few weeks later，I went to the farm again._____________________________
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I was just about to leave when the hummingbird appeared._________________
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[参考范文]
A few weeks later，I went to the farm again.Having finished visiting my friend，I wandered alone the path，kicking pebbles.Memories with the hummingbird occurred to me when I walked to the blackberry-lined path.Was she alright？Would she remember me？Unknowingly，the milking house appeared in my vision, in which I spotted that the broken window had been repaired.My head went blank.I couldn't help missing her at the prospect of our precious friendship.The sky seemed to turn cloudy then.
I was just about to leave when the hummingbird appeared.There she was！Delightedly，the clouds in my heart soon cleared.Hands waving，I dashed towards the bird，yelling to make myself noticed.She hovered cheerfully and lowered to stand on my shoulder.It was not until the moment she got closer that I saw the raspberries held in her sharp mouth.What a kind bird！Even animals know returning.Apparently，a good deed deserves another one.Solid bridges can be built between species.
