Section Ⅲ Developing ideas—Reading
1．poisonous substances有毒物质
2．drilling machine 钻床；钻孔机
3．this volume of essays这本文集
1．metre n．米→millimetre n．毫米
2．note v．注意；留意→notable adj.显要的；显著的；值得注意的→notably adv.明显地；尤其，特别
1．set sail 起航
2．continue to do 继续做
3．offer a window into 为……提供一个窗口
4．beyond the reach of 无法达到；超出……的能力
5．hold a record 保持纪录
6．be equivalent to 相当于，等于
1．[句型公式] 作表语的动词-ing形式置于句首引起的完全倒装句
Lying under waters across the globe are an estimated three million shipwrecks.
全球水域下大约有三百万艘沉船残骸。
2．[句型公式] if any省略结构
Today，some 500 years after the Esmeralda set sail，there is little—if any—land on our planet left unexplored.
如今，距离“埃斯梅拉达”号起航已有500多年，我们星球上尚未被人类探索的土地已经少之又少了。
①shipwreck n．失事的船；沉船
②represent v．代表
③unexplored adj.无人涉足的
④given prep.鉴于
⑤archaeological adj.考古学的；考古的
⑥find n．发现
⑦shallow adj.浅的
⑧beneath the waves在海浪下
⑨ruin n．残垣断壁，废墟
⑩remaining adj.剩下的，余下的
extreme adj.极度的，极端的
depth n．深处；深度
fragment n．碎片；片段
biological adj.生物的；生物学的
at the rate of 以……的速度
transparent adj.透明的
trench n．海沟
be equivalent to相当于，等于
stack v．(使)整齐地堆起；摞起
capacity n．能力，承受力
notable adj.显要的；显著的；值得注意的
substance n．物质
hold the record 保持纪录
conduct v．实施，执行
identify v．确定；找到，发现
a tough environment 恶劣的环境
enormous adj.巨大的
intense adj.十分强烈的，极度的
beyond the reach of 无法达到；超出……的能力
cooperation n．合作
mission n．任务，使命
frontier n．边疆；(学科或活动的)尖端，边缘
DIVING DEEP
Lying under waters across the globe are an estimated three million shipwrecks①.All of them represent② attempts over the centuries to explore Earth's furthest corners.[1] Among these is the Esmeralda，the earliest wreck from the age of the European exploration of Asia.Today，some 500 years after the Esmeralda set sail，there is little — if any — land on our planet left unexplored③.We have more detailed maps of the Moon，and even of Venus and Mars，than we do of Earth's own sea bed.
[1]本句为完全倒装句。the earliest wreck from the age of the European exploration of Asia为 Esmeralda的同位语。
[2]Given④ our limited knowledge，it is perhaps no surprise that exploration of the oceans continues to lead to discoveries in various scientific fields.As with the discovery of the Esmeralda，many archaeological⑤ finds⑥ are made in shallow⑦ waters near the coast.These may sometimes include whole cities buried beneath the waves⑧.One such find is the ancient Roman city of Neápolis，discovered off the coast of Tunisia.Believed to have been buried underwater by a tsunami in the fourth century AD，the ruins⑨ of Neápolis are almost 2，000 years old.The remaining⑩ streets and buildings offer a window into a fascinating period in our history.However，we are only beginning to overcome the challenges of pressure，darkness and extreme cold at vast depths .Fragments of the past lying deep beneath the oceans are still waiting to be discovered.
[2]句中that引导主语从句，it作形式主语。
Amazing biological discoveries are also being made.The dark zones of the oceans may contain up to 90 per cent of the planet's fish.[3] In these waters，more than 200 metres deep，where light cannot reach，are extraordinary creatures that appear as if they are straight out of science fiction.Imagine bone-white coral 6，000 metres below the ocean's surface，growing at the rate of only one or two millimetres per year.Some of these could be 4，000 years old.Swimming through these black depths is the barreleye，a strange fish with eyes that can look upwards through its transparent forehead.In the very deepest ocean trenches that are more than 8，000 metres below the surface，the pressure is equivalent to 50 aeroplanes stacked one on top of another.Yet there is still life to be found，even around the deep-sea volcanic openings.These discoveries all help us understand the capacity for life on our planet，even in the most extreme circumstances.
[3]本句为表示地点的介词短语位于句首的倒装句；where引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词waters；that引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词creatures；as if引导表语从句。
[4]Furthermore，the oceans are a valuable source of natural resources，some of which are completely new to us.Most notable of these is China's discovery of an ice-like substance ，known as “fire ice”， under the South China Sea.In addition，China's underwater vessels，such as the Jiaolong and Shenhai Yongshi，have been exploring waters at depths of thousands of metres.The Jiaolong even holds the record for the deepest dive by a manned submarine，at 7，062 metres，giving China its place alongside the world's top ocean explorers.[5] The research conducted by these vessels is giving scientists a greater understanding of how the sea bed was formed，as well as helping identify areas for deep-sea drilling，taking deep-sea exploration into a whole new era.
[4]本句为复合句。some of which... 为“代词＋介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句。
[5]本句为复合句。句子主干为The research is giving scientists a greater understanding of... as well as helping... ; conducted by these vessels为过去分词短语作后置定语；how the sea bed was formed为how引导的宾语从句。
Being a tough environment of complete darkness，enormous pressure and intense cold，the ocean depths have long been beyond the reach of human exploration.However，through closer international scientific，economic and cultural cooperation ，we are all becoming part of a global mission to open up our planet's final frontier .Humankind is entering a new age of oceanic discovery，and the world beneath the waves may one day be almost as familiar to us as the land we walk upon today.
潜入深海
全球水域下大约有三百万艘沉船残骸，每艘都代表了若干世纪以来探索地球最远端的努力尝试。其中就包括了“埃斯梅拉达”号，它是欧洲国家探索亚洲时代留下的最早的残骸。如今，距离“埃斯梅拉达”号起航已有500多年，我们星球上尚未被人类探索的土地已经少之又少了。然而，我们手中关于地球自身海底的地图，甚至比不上关于月球乃至金星、火星的天体图详尽。
基于我们有限的认知，探索海洋可以带来许多科学领域的新发现，这也许就显得不足为奇了。就像发现“埃斯梅拉达”号的残骸一样，很多考古学发现都发生在近海岸的浅水水域。这些发现有时会包括埋在海浪下的整座城市，其中之一便是在突尼斯近海发现的古罗马城市奈阿波利斯。据悉，在公元4世纪，奈阿波利斯被一场海啸淹没，其废墟至今已有近2 000年的历史。存留下来的街道、建筑为我们打开了一扇窗，让我们得以窥见那段精彩的历史。然而，我们才刚刚开始克服广袤的海洋深处的压强、黑暗和极寒所带来的挑战。过去的碎片仍深藏在大洋底部，等待被发现。
生物学领域也有惊人的发现。海洋的黑暗区域里或许生存着地球上多达90%的鱼类。在200多米以下，阳光照不到的深水水域里，住着一些看起来就像是直接从科幻小说中走出来的奇异生物。想象一下，在海平面下6 000米深处，骨白色的珊瑚以每年仅一到两毫米的速度缓慢生长着，它们中有些已经存活了4 000年。漆黑的深海里管眼鱼游来游去，这是种奇特的鱼，其眼睛可以透过透明的前额向上看。在海平面以下8 000多米处最深的海沟里，压强相当于50架飞机堆叠在一起。然而这里仍有生命的存在，甚至在深海海底的火山口周围也有生命。这些深海发现帮助我们理解地球上生命的承受力，甚至是在最极端的环境下的承受力。
此外，海洋还包含着珍贵的自然资源，其中一些对我们来说完全是新的资源。最值得一提的便是中国在南海发现的被称为“可燃冰”的冰状物质。此外，中国的水下舰艇如“蛟龙”号和“深海勇士”号，一直在数千米深的水域探索。“蛟龙”号甚至保持着载人潜舰的最深下潜纪录7 062米，使中国跻身于世界顶级海洋探索国之列。借助这些潜水器所完成的研究有利于科学家进一步了解海床的形成过程，帮助确定深海钻探区域，将深海勘探带入一个崭新的时代。
深海区域环境恶劣，完全黑暗、压强极大、极度寒冷，长期以来都是人类探索无法企及的区域。然而，通过更紧密的国际科学、经济以及文化合作，我们都在成为开拓地球最后疆域这一全球使命的参与者。人类正走向海洋发现的新时代，或许有朝一日，我们会像熟悉脚下的土地一样熟悉那海浪下的世界。
1．What is the main idea of the text
A．Humans have discovered lots of biological creatures under the waters.
B．Humans have been exploring Earth's furthest corners for centuries.
C．Humans will conquer the deep ocean in the future.
D．China has been alongside the world's top ocean explorers.
[答案] B
2．Read the text quickly and fill in the blanks.
Read the text carefully and then choose the best answer.
1．What is the author's attitude to ocean exploration
A．Indifferent. B．Optimistic.
C．Pessimistic. D．Cautious.
2．What can't we infer from the first paragraph
A．The Esmeralda set sail in the 16th century.
B．After the Esmeralda，humans have made much progress in exploring Earth's furthest corners.
C．The Esmeralda represents attempts to explore Earth's furthest corners.
D．There is still a little unexplored land on our planet.
3．The following have been discovered in the ocean depth EXCEPT ______．
A．natural resources
B．extraordinary creatures
C．shipwrecks
D．fragments of the past
4．Why does the author give the examples of China
A．To show how powerful our country is.
B．To show the progress our country has made.
C．To show the oceans can provide priceless natural resources.
D．To show how the sea bed is formed.
[答案] 1～4 BDDC
1．be equivalent to 相当于，等于
(1)equivalent adj. 等同的；等值的；相当的
n. 相等的东西；等量；对应词
the equivalent of/to sth. 等于
(2)equivalence n. (用途、功能、尺寸、价值等)相等，对等，相同
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①One kilometre is equivalent to two li.
②There is no straightforward equivalence (equivalent) between economic progress and social well-being.
③呼吸污染这么严重的空气等于每天抽十支烟。
Breathing such polluted air is the equivalent of/to smoking ten cigarettes a day.
2．hold a record 保持纪录
(1)break a record 打破纪录
keep a record 保持纪录
set a record 创造纪录
keep records/a record of 记录；把……记录下来
on record 有记录的，记录在案的
(2)it is recorded that... 据记载……
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①He planted a little apple tree and kept records (record) of its growth every month.
②Last summer was the wettest on record.
③这个年轻人在运动会中创造了一项新纪录。
The young man set a new record at the sports meeting.
3．beyond the reach of 无法达到；超出……的能力
beyond one's power 超出某人的能力/权力
beyond description 无法形容；难以描述
beyond belief 令人难以置信
beyond doubt 毫无疑问，的确
beyond (one's) control (某人)无法控制
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①The land of Yunnan is indeed filled with charm and beauty that is beyond our imagination.
②The beauty of the West Lake is entirely beyond description (describe)．
③他解谜的能力令人难以置信。
His ability to solve a puzzle is beyond belief．
重点句式1 作表语的动词-ing形式置于句首引起的完全倒装句
(教材P74)Lying under waters across the globe are an estimated three million shipwrecks.
全球水域下大约有三百万艘沉船残骸。
[句式分析]
本句是一个完全倒装句， An estimated three million shipwrecks are lying under waters across the globe.是其正常语序。
Look！Moving under the bridge are a group of sheep.
看！一群羊正在桥下走动。
作表语的过去分词或形容词，也可以移到句首，引起完全倒装。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①Standing (stand) in the front of the lecture hall was a famous scientist.
②Buried (bury) in the tomb was a king who died more than 2，000 years ago.
③躺在地板上的是一个受伤的农家男孩。
Lying on the floor is a wounded peasant boy.
重点句式2 if any省略结构
(教材P74)Today，some 500 years after the Esmeralda set sail，there is little—if any—land on our planet left unexplored.
如今，距离“埃斯梅拉达”号起航已有500多年，我们星球上尚未被人类探索的土地已经少之又少了。
[句式分析]
句中if any属于条件状语从句的省略结构，意为“如果有的话”。
Please let me know how many people are coming，if any.
请告诉我，如果有人要来的话，有多少？
此类省略结构还有：
if necessary 如果有必要的话
if possible 如果有可能的话
if ever 如果曾经有过的话
if so 如果这样的话
if not 如果不是这样的话
if anything 如果有的话
[即学即练] 完成句子
①你要那个蛋糕吗？如果你不要的话，我就要了。
Do you want that cake If not，I'll have it.
②你可以来北京度假。如果来的话，我将带你参观颐和园。
You can come to Beijing for a holiday.If so，I'll show you around the Summer Palace.
③如果有必要的话，我将和你一起去。
I will go with you if necessary．
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．Furthermore (此外)，I will consult a huge number of books to clarify whether they have something in common.
2．There's absolutely no regulation of cigarettes to make sure that they don't include poisonous substances(物质)．
3．It is said that she is still under investigation(调查)．
4．We all know that his eyes are his most notable(显著的)feature.
5．What do you think of the volume(册)of poetry on the desk
6．This machine part was built to a tolerance of 0.01 millimetres (毫米)．
7．The equipment can be used for deep-sea drilling(钻探)．
8．Stand with your feet apart and your hands facing upwards(朝上)．
Ⅱ.选词填空
set sail，beyond the reach of，be equivalent to，offer a window into，hold the record
1．Eight kilometres is roughly equivalent to five miles.
2．Which country holds the record for the marathon
3．The price is ten times what it normally is and totally beyond the reach of ordinary people.
4．It was a bright clear morning when we at last set sail in the ship.
5．Social networks offer a window into how people live their lives.
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
Lying under waters across the globe are an 1.estimated (estimate) three million shipwrecks.All of them represent attempts over the centuries 2.to explore (explore) Earth's furthest corners.Given our limited knowledge，it is perhaps no surprise 3.that exploration of the oceans continues to lead to discoveries in various 4.scientific (science) fields.Amazing biological discoveries are also being made.These discoveries all help us understand the capacity for life on our planet，even in the most extreme 5.circumstances (circumstance)．Furthermore，the oceans are a valuable source of natural resources，some of 6.which are completely new to us.Most 7.notable (note) of these is China's discovery of an ice-like substance，known 8.as “fire ice”， under the South China Sea.Humankind is entering a new age of 9.oceanic(ocean) discovery，and the world beneath the waves may one day be almost as familiar to us 10.as the land we walk upon today.
课时分层作业(十四)
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．There is one notable (note) example that I will point out here and describe briefly.
2．After months of drilling (drill)，oil was found off the coast.
3．The unknown is a place or thing that is not known about.
4．A working party has been set up to look into the problem.
5．The police are conducting an investigation(investigate) into the causes of the accident.
6．A millimetre (metre) is a unit for measuring length, which means a 1，000th of a metre.
7．It is a library of over 90，000 volumes (volume)．
8．Soil consists of various chemical substances(substance)．
Ⅱ.阅读理解
The pillage (掠夺) and destruction of ancient shipwrecks and sunken archaeological sites by treasure hunters seeking gold and other valuables may be illegal under the terms of an international treaty under discussion by UNESCO's 188 Member States.
“Protecting our underwater heritage is extremely important and increasingly urgent as no site or shipwreck is now out of bounds for treasure hunters.New technologies have made deep-water wrecks easily accessible and these technologies are getting cheaper，” warns Lyndel Prott.
According to estimates by treasure hunters，there are some three million undiscovered shipwrecks scattered across the world's oceans.Even the figures for the known wrecks are impressive.The Northern Shipwrecks Database, for example, contains 65，000 ship loss records for North America alone from 1500 AD to the present.The Dictionary of Disasters at Sea by Charles Hocking (1969) lists 12，542 sailing ships and war vessels lost between 1824 and 1962.
Then there are sunken cities such as the trading town and pirate stronghold (海盗堡垒) of Port Royal in Jamaica，which disappeared beneath the waves after an earthquake in 1692.Or the remnants of ancient civilisations，such as the Lighthouse of Alexandria in Egypt，and the Neolithic villages being discovered under the Black Sea，which some believe could help explain Noah's great flood.
These treasures of cultural heritage are under serious threat.Technology now allows extraordinary access to the ocean depths for determined and well-financed treasure hunters.And the potential rewards are huge.In 1985，American treasure hunter Mel Fisher discovered the wreck of the Se ora de Atocha，a Spanish ship that sank off the Florida Keys in 1622 with her cargo of gold，silver and jewellery worth an estimated US $400 million.
An archaeologist can spend ten years or more studying a ship，conserving its objects and publishing its findings.We gain an enormous amount of information and knowledge from this work.With treasure hunters，all of this is lost.This is tragic，for humanity as a whole.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。频繁的海底探宝活动，极大地破坏了海底沉船或沉没的遗迹。现在联合国教科文组织准备立法，禁止掠夺海下遗迹。
1．Why is it important and urgent to protect our underwater heritage
A．Underwater heritage is easily accessible to treasure hunters.
B．Underwater heritage is out of reach of archaeologists.
C．New technology makes protection of underwater heritage easier.
D．There is no law to protect underwater heritage.
A [细节理解题。由第二段内容可知，因为现代科技的进步，探宝者很容易就能到达海下沉船，因此对沉船的保护迫在眉睫。]
2．What is the third paragraph mainly about
A．Shipwrecks discovered by treasure hunters.
B．The main cause of shipwrecks.
C．The history of sunken ships.
D．The figures of shipwrecks around the world.
D [段落大意题。综合分析第三段内容可知，本段介绍了已探明的和未探明的海底沉船数量。]
3．What happened to Port Royal in 1692
A．It was washed away by flood.
B．It was beneath the waves after an earthquake.
C．It was discovered under the Black Sea.
D．It was rebuilt by Noah.
B [细节理解题。从第四段第一句可知，Port Royal被地震后引起的洪水淹没。]
4．Why is Mel Fisher mentioned in the fifth paragraph
A．He risked his life in treasure hunting.
B．He was one of the most successful treasure hunters.
C．He made a great discovery of shipwrecks.
D．He had no trouble in finding a shipwreck.
B [推理判断题。分析第五段内容可知，Mel Fisher曾经发现了一艘满载珠宝的西班牙沉船，由此可知，他是最成功的探宝者之一。]
Ⅲ.完形填空
Some years ago on a hot summer day，a little boy decided to go for a swim in the lake behind his house.In a hurry to dive into the 1 water，he ran out of the back door.He flew into the water，not 2 that an alligator(鳄鱼) was swimming towards the 3 ．His mother in the house was 4 of the window and saw the alligator as it got closer and closer.In fear，she ran towards the water，yelling to her son as 5 as she could.
Hearing her voice，the little boy became 6 and made a return to swim to his mother.It was too 7 ．Just as he reached her，the alligator 8 him.From the shore，the mother grasped her little boy by the arms just as the alligator grasped his legs.That began an incredible tug-of-war (拔河) between the two.The alligator was much 9 than the mother，but the mother was much too struggling to let the boy go.A farmer happened to drive by，took aim and shot the alligator.
Luckily，after weeks in the hospital，the little boy 10 ．His legs were scarred by the animal and，on his arms，were 11 scratches where his mother's fingernails scratched.A newspaper reporter，who 12 the boy，asked if he would show him his 13 .The boy lifted his pant legs.And then，with obvious 14 ，he said to the reporter，“But look at my arms.I have great scars on my arms，too.I have them because my mom wouldn't let me go.They are my mother's 15 for me.”
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一个惊险的故事：一位母亲为了挽救孩子做出了常人无法做出的事情——与鳄鱼比力气。
1．A．hot B．cool
C．polluted D．boiled
B [根据上文的“on a hot summer day”可知，小男孩跑出了后门，急急忙忙地跳进清凉的水里。]
2．A．resisting B．remembering
C．realising D．ignoring
C [此处指小男孩跳进了水里，却没有意识到一只鳄鱼正在向岸边游去。]
3．A．roadside B．entrance
C．exit D．shore
D [参见上题解析。下文中的“From the shore”也是提示。]
4．A．looking out B．giving out
C．picking out D．getting out
A [他的母亲在屋子里望着窗外，看到鳄鱼越来越近。]
5．A．politely B．exactly
C．loudly D．gently
C [根据常识可知，鳄鱼离儿子越来越近，母亲会大声叫喊提醒儿子。]
6．A．interested B．tired
C．moved D．alarmed
D [听到母亲的声音，小男孩变得惊恐起来，向他的母亲回游过去。]
7．A．late B．funny
C．kind D．nice
A [根据下文“just as the alligator grasped his legs”可知，已经太迟了。]
8．A．reached B．saved
C．helped D．loosed
A [根据下文“the mother grasped her little boy by the arms just as the alligator grasped his legs”可知，就在小男孩接近妈妈的时候，鳄鱼赶上了他。]
9．A．younger B．heavier
C．stronger D．cleverer
C [根据“but the mother was much too struggling to let the boy go”可知，鳄鱼比妈妈强壮得多，但妈妈更加努力地让男孩逃脱。]
10．A．died B．survived
C．appeared D．disappeared
B [根据上文的“Luckily，after weeks in the hospital”可知，小男孩幸存了下来。]
11．A．nice B．tall
C．expensive D．deep
D [根据上文的“The alligator was much ______ than the mother，but the mother was much too struggling to let the boy go.”可知，他的双腿被这只动物留下了伤疤，而在他的手臂上，是他母亲的手指甲抓的深深的抓痕。]
12．A．told B．doubted
C．interviewed D．warned
C [根据空前的“A newspaper reporter”可知，记者采访了这个男孩。]
13．A．power B．scars
C．ability D．spots
B [根据下文的“The boy lifted his pant legs.”可知，小男孩掀起裤腿，向记者展示他的疤痕。]
14．A．pride B．failure
C．success D．progress
A [根据下文的“I have them because my mom wouldn't let me go.”可知，小男孩让记者看他的疤痕时，很明显是自豪的。]
15．A．experience B．story
C．wish D．love
D [此处指这些疤痕是妈妈对小男孩的爱。]
Ⅳ.语法填空
Many great people in the world devote themselves to 1.________(improve) society in their own ways.For example，Jane Goodall，a woman from Britain，would rather spend time studying chimps in the wild in Africa than 2.________(lead) a comfortable life.For 40 years she 3.________(be) outspoken about making the rest of the world understand and respect the life of chimps.Lin Qiaozhi，a specialist in women's diseases，is another woman who has made great 4.________(achieve)．There was story after story of no matter 5.________tired after a day's work，she went late at night to deliver a baby for a poor family.It was because of her hard work and great consideration to her patients that hundreds of babies 6.________(deliver) safely by her.7.________third example is Yuan Longping，the first agricultural pioneer in the world 8.________(grow) super hybrid rice.Using his hybrid rice，farmers can produce harvests twice as large as before.Therefore，now the UN has more tools in the battle to rid the world 9.________hunger.In short，so 10.________(impress) is their work that they all deserve praising and learning from.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了世界上几位致力于改善社会的伟大人物。
1．improving [devote oneself to doing sth.表示“致力于做某事”，故填improving。]
2．lead [would rather do A than do B表示“宁愿做A也不愿做B”，故填lead。]
3．has been [根据时间状语For 40 years可知，空处用现在完成时，故填has been。]
4．achievements [空处作动词made的宾语应用名词，空前没有冠词，故用复数表示泛指。]
5．how [句意为：一个又一个的故事讲述着，不管一天的工作有多累，她都还要在深夜去给贫穷的家庭接生。no matter how＋adj.表示“不管多么……”，故填how。]
6．were delivered [事情发生在过去，deliver与babies之间又是动宾关系，所以用一般过去时的被动语态，故填were delivered。]
7．A [“a＋序数词”表示“又一，再一”，故填A，注意首字母大写。]
8．to grow [当被修饰词前有序数词修饰时，用不定式作后置定语，故填to grow。]
9．of [rid... of... 表示“去除，让……摆脱……”，故填of。]
10．impressive [本句是部分倒装句，空处作is的表语，应用形容词，故填impressive。]Section Ⅱ Using language
1．check out调查，检查；结账；(从图书馆等)借出
(1)check in (在旅馆、机场等)登记，报到
check up 核对；检验
(2)pay by check 用支票付款
make/have a check (of) 核对
[即学即练] 一词多义/完成句子
①The library allows you to check out six books at a time.(从图书馆等)借出
②The accountant checked out the bills and found them OK.检查，核对
③We loaded the car while Dad checked out at the desk.结账
④布莱恩在办理登机手续前需要见一个叫托尼的朋友。
Brain needed to meet a friend named Tony before he checked in for his flight.
2．set out动身踏上(漫长的)旅途，出发，开始
set off 动身，出发；使爆炸
set out to do sth.＝set about doing sth. 着手做某事
set down 记下，写下，放下
set aside 把……放到一旁；留出(钱或时间)
set sail (from/for) 起航；开航
set up 建立，创建；设立，设置
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①They succeeded in what they set out to do (do)．
②I set down everything that happened then.
③We need to set about finding (find) a way to deal with the problem.
④七月份，他们又扬帆起航了，为寻找新大陆向南方和西方航行。
In July they set sail again and headed south and west in search of new lands.
3．throw oneself into积极投入到……中去
throw away 抛弃；扔掉
throw off 脱去
throw up 举起；呕吐
throw out 抛出；扔出去
throw oneself on 扑倒在……上；完全依赖
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①People are recycling many things which they would have thrown away in the past.
②She entered the room and threw off her wet coat.
③很多年轻人积极投身于医院的志愿工作。
A lot of young people throw themselves into the voluntary work in hospitals actively.
4．look into调查(问题)
look ahead (to sth.) 向前看(某物)；为将来打算
look down upon/on 看不起，轻视
look forward to 盼望；期望
look through 快速查看；浏览
look up 往上看；查阅
look up to 尊敬，敬仰
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①I'm looking forward to hearing (hear) the good news.
②The time has come when we should look ahead to the future.
③Her mother tells her not to look down upon/on the poor.
④警察已接到举报，现在正在调查这件事。
The police have received the complaint，and now they are looking into it.
5．investigation n．调查
(1)conduct/carry out an investigation 开展调查
under investigation 在调查研究中
investigation into 对……的调查
(2)investigate v. 调查；研究
investigate and survey 调研
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①The manager got down to investigating (investigate) the matter that made them in a dilemma.
②As far as I know，he is still under investigation.
③警方已完成对这次事故的调查。
The police have completed their investigation into the accident．
重点句式 There is no need (for sb.)to do sth.“(某人)没有必要做某事”
(教材P71)While there is no need for us to shrink from new situations，we should always look into things first and consider our options.
虽然我们没有必要回避新的情况，但我们应该总是先看问题，并考虑我们的选择。
There is no hurry to do sth. 不用急于做某事
There is no work to do 没有工作要做
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①Everything is all right; there is no need to worry (worry) at all.
②There is no hurry to do the job；we have plenty of time.
③你没必要担心我们。
There is no need for you to worry about us．
P70
1．long to do sth. 渴望做某事
2．it seems that... 似乎/好像……
3．work out 弄清楚，弄明白
4．depend on 由……决定；取决于
P71
1．kick in 开始生效/见效
2．make a getaway 逃跑，逃走
3．understandable natural response 可以理解的本能反应
4．date back to 追溯到
5．run for one's life 逃命
6．be tempted to do... 忍不住做……
7．check out 调查，检查
8．test the waters 试水，试探
9．steer clear of 避开……；从……处脱身
10．instead of 代替，而不是
11．retreat to... 撤退到……
12．pursue the unknown 探索不为人知的地方/人类尚未到达的地方
13．for instance 例如
14．in more recent times 在更近的时期
15．set out 动身踏上(漫长的)旅途
16．uncharted territory 未知的领域
17．throw oneself into 积极投入到……中去
18．think twice 再三考虑，慎重考虑
19．take action 采取行动
20．shrink from 避免做，不愿做
21．look into 调查(问题)
P72
1．the center of the nervous system 神经系统的中心
2．be involved with 与……有关联
3．be involved in 被卷入；涉及……
4．amount to 相当于，总计
P73
1．sleep-related mysteries 与睡眠有关的奥秘
2．ways of improving sleep quality 提高睡眠质量的方法
3．interpret dreams 解梦
4．give a lecture to 给……讲课
5．an investigation into 一项对……的调查
复习名词性从句
名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句，多由连词that，whether，if，连接代词(who，whose，which，what，whoever，whatever，whichever)和连接副词(when，where，how，why，whenever，wherever，however)等引导。
一、主语从句
在复合句中作主语的从句叫作主语从句。
1．连词that引导的主语从句
that在从句中无意义，不作任何成分。
That the heavy haze is harming our health is quite apparent.
浓重的雾霾正在危害我们的健康，这是很明显的。
2．连词whether引导的主语从句
whether在从句中不作成分，意为“是否”。
Whether they will have the meeting hasn't been decided yet.
他们是否要开会还没有定下来。
3．连接代词和连接副词引导的主语从句
连接代词或连接副词在从句中有意义，作成分。
Whoever comes will be welcome.
无论谁来都将受到欢迎。
4．it作形式主语，主语从句后移
有时为了使句子结构平衡，避免“头重脚轻”，常用it作形式主语，而把主语从句，即真正的主语，放在后面。
It is a pity that she has made such a mistake.
她犯了这样一个错误，真是遗憾。
二、宾语从句
宾语从句在复合句中作及物动词或介词的宾语。引导宾语从句的词有连词that，if/whether；连接代词who，whose，what，which等；连接副词when，where，how，why等。语序为陈述句语序。
1．连词that引导的宾语从句
that在宾语从句中不充当任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中可以省略。
He told me (that) he would go to college the next year.
他告诉我他明年将去上大学。
[温馨提示] 在以下情况中that不能省略：
(1)动词后有两个或两个以上由that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that可省略，其余的that一般都不能省略。
We all think (that) she is working very hard and that she will surely go to a very good university.
我们都认为她学习非常努力，一定能上一个非常好的大学。
(2)当主句的谓语动词与that引导的宾语从句之间有插入语时，that一般不可省略。
Just then I noticed，for the first time，that our teacher was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.
那时我第一次注意到我们的老师穿着他的好看的绿色大衣并戴着黑色丝帽。
2．whether/if引导的宾语从句
由whether/if引导的宾语从句，实际上是由一般疑问句演变而来的。一般来说，whether与if可以互换使用。
I wonder whether/if they will come to our party.
我想知道他们是否会来参加我们的派对。
[温馨提示] 宾语从句只能用whether，不能用if引导的情况：
(1)在介词的后面
I'm thinking of whether we should go to see the film.
我正在考虑我们是否应该去看这部电影。
(2)与or not连用时
I can't say whether or not they'll come.
我不敢说他们是否会来。
3．宾语从句的一些注意事项
(1)动词find，consider，think，feel，believe，make等后有宾语补足语时，常用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语从句后置。
I've made it clear that I won't accept this job.
我已表明我不会接受这份工作。
(2)有些动词(短语)，如enjoy，love，like，hate，appreciate，take，hide，see to，insist on，depend on，rely on等后接宾语从句时，习惯在从句前加形式宾语it。
I would appreciate it if you could give us some advice.
如果你能给我们一些建议，我将不胜感激。
(3)宾语从句的时态
宾语从句的时态常受到主句时态的影响。主句是现在或将来时态时，从句可用任何所需要的时态；如果主句是过去时，从句通常与主句一致用过去的某种时态。
The teacher pointed out where she was wrong.
老师指出她错的地方。
三、表语从句
表语从句在复合句中作表语，位于系动词之后。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be，look，remain，seem等。引导表语从句的有连词that，whether，as if/though，because；连接代词who，what，which等；连接副词when，where，how，why等。
[温馨提示] (1)在非正式文体中，引导表语从句的that通常可省略。
All I can tell you is (that) he gives me the creeps every time I pass him.
我能告诉你的是每次我从他身旁经过时他都让我惊慌。
(2)表语从句用陈述句语序。
The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.
问题是他什么时候可以到达酒店。
(3)引导表语从句时，用whether，不用if。
The question is whether he can make it.
问题是他能否成功。
(4)reason作主语时，表语从句要用that引导。常用句式为The reason is that... 。
He didn't attend the party.The reason was that he was ill.
他没有参加聚会，原因是他生病了。
四、同位语从句
在复合句中用作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。它一般位于fact，news，idea，truth，hope，problem，information，belief，thought，doubt，promise，question等抽象名词的后面，对前面的名词做进一步的解释，或说明前面名词的具体含义。
1．同位语从句的连接词
引导同位语从句的有连词that，whether；连接代词what，who等和连接副词when，where，why，how等。that，whether不作成分，that无意义，whether意为“是否”；其他连接词均具有意义，同时在同位语从句中作一定成分。引导同位语从句的连接词一般都不省略。
The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.
他们比赛获胜的消息很快传遍了整个学校。
He hasn't made the decision whether he will go there.
他还没有做出决定是否去那里。
2．分隔式同位语从句
有时同位语从句与其所解释说明的名词会被其他成分隔开，从而形成分隔式同位语从句。这是为了保持平衡，避免头重脚轻。
A saying goes that practice makes perfect.(从句被谓语goes分开)
常言道，熟能生巧。
3．同位语从句和定语从句的区别
引导词 同位语从句 定语从句
解释说明名词表示的具体内容 限定名词的性质、特征、来源等
that 不作成分，通常不可省略 作主语、宾语、表语或状语，起连接作用，并且作宾语时可省略
whether，how，what whether(是否)不作成分，而how和what作成分 不引导定语从句
who，when，where，why 作成分；有自己的含义，但与其修饰的名词无关 作成分；与先行词有一定的关系，如when的先行词为时间名词
[温馨提示] 判定同位语从句的简易方法：
我们可以在名词和从句之间加be动词，使之构成一个新句子，如果合乎逻辑、句子通顺，则是同位语从句。
The news that she told me is that Tom will go abroad next year.(that she told me是定语从句)
她告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。(不可以说The news was that she told me... )
The news that Tom would go abroad was told by her.(that Tom would go abroad是同位语从句)
汤姆将出国的消息是她说的。(可以说The news was that Tom would go abroad.)
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．What they make in this factory is TV sets.
2．Whether they would support us was a problem.
3．Whatever you want is yours.
4．She always thinks of how she can work well.
5．He will tell us what/whatever happened to him during our absence.
6．He told me that he would go sightseeing the coming week.
7．The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.
8．Along with the letter was his promise that he would visit me this coming weekend.
9．The question is whether/how they can pass the exam.
10．That was because he didn't understand me.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．毫无疑问，政府会采取措施来阻止疾病的蔓延。
There is no doubt that the government will take measures to prevent the disease from spreading.
2．令我惊奇的是有这么多人通过努力打破了世界纪录。
What makes me surprised is that so many people broke the world records with efforts.
3．明天是否举行运动会取决于天气。
Whether the sports meeting will be held tomorrow depends on what the weather is like．
4．我不在乎他后天来不来。
I don't care whether he will come or not the day after tomorrow.
5．问题是我们怎样弄到足够的金钱去帮她。
The question is how we can get enough money to help her．核心单词 civilisation，bury，astronomy，canal，ruin，abandon，dismiss，expansion，investigation，millimetre，substance，drilling，volume
重点短语 fall into ruin，correspond to，be based on，apply...to，deal with，on top of，lead to，at something's peak，make a getaway，run for one's life，check out，test the waters，steer clear of，set out，throw oneself into，think twice，shrink from，look into，set sail，continue to do，offer a window into，beyond the reach of，hold a record，be equivalent to
重点句式 1.动词-ing形式短语作结果状语 2.作表语的动词-ing形式置于句首引起的完全倒装句 3.if any省略结构
单元语法 复习名词性从句
话题任务 写一篇关于不解之谜的文章
Section Ⅰ Understanding ideas
1．bury the seed in the soil 将种子埋在土壤中
2．dig huge canal system 开凿大运河系统
3．dismiss the plan 否定这个计划
1．civil adj.平民的→civilian n．平民→civilise v．使文明→civilised adj.文明的→civilisation n．文明(社会)
2．astronomy n．天文学→astronomer n．天文学家
3．abandon v．离弃，逃离→abandoned adj.被遗弃的，被抛弃的→abandonment n．离弃，遗弃，抛弃；放弃
4．expand v．扩大；增加→expansion n．扩大；增加
1．fall into ruin (因无人照料而)衰落，败落
2．correspond to 与……相符；类似于
3．be based on 以……为基础
4．apply...to 把……应用于
5．deal with 处理，应付
6．on top of 在……上方； 除……之外
7．lead to 引起；导致
8．at something's peak 在……的顶峰
[句型公式] 动词-ing形式短语作结果状语
Its once-great cities fell into ruin，leaving various mysteries for later people to solve．
曾经恢宏的城市沦为废墟，留下各种谜团等待后人解开。
①intrigue v．(因奇特或神秘而)激起……的兴趣，引起……的好奇心
②civilisation n．文明(社会)
③an incredible discovery 一个惊人的发现
④comparison n．对比，比较
⑤correspond to 与……相符；类似于
⑥spot v．发现
⑦dismiss v．拒绝考虑，否定
⑧representative adj.典型的，有代表性的 n．代表
⑨power n．力量
⑩mathematics n．数学
astronomy n．天文学
apply v．应用
apply...to 把……应用于
accurate adj.精确的
character n．字母；符号
represent v．代表
syllable n．音节
interpret v．诠释；说明
primitive adj.原始的
at something's peak 在……的顶峰
a couple of generations 几代
decline v．衰落，衰弱，衰败
riches n．[pl.]财富；财产
claim its riches 索取它的财富
settlement n．定居点
collapse v．崩溃，瓦解；倒塌，坍塌
deadly adj.致命的
a combination of ……的结合
indicate v．暗示；表明
downfall n．衰败
unknowingly adv.未意识到地，不知不觉地
tropical cyclone 热带气旋
the rise and fall 兴衰
The Mysteries of THE MAYA
[1]Intrigued① by Maya civilisation② from a very young age，15-year-old Canadian William Gadoury thought he had made an incredible discovery③ from his study of ancient star charts.Through comparison④， he found that the locations of the 117 known Maya cities correspond to⑤ the positions of the stars.Based on this，he believed he had spotted⑥ an unknown Maya city buried deep in the jungle.[2] Although his theory has been dismissed⑦ by scholars，it shows how powerful the secrets of Ancient Maya civilisation are among people.
[1]intrigued by... 为过去分词短语作原因状语，表示“被……所吸引”。
[2]本句为主从复合句。although引导让步状语从句；how引导宾语从句。
It isn't difficult to see why.Extending south from parts of what we now know as Mexico into Central America，Maya civilisation has been surrounded by mystery since its rediscovery in the 19th century.The Maya built impressive palaces and temples，including their representative⑧ step pyramids.What is most extraordinary about these complex structures is how they were built without the use of wheels，metal tools or even animal power⑨.The Maya's understanding of mathematics⑩ and astronomy was also quite amazing.They applied this understanding to the Maya calendar，which was accurate to within 30 seconds per year.[3]On top of all this was an achievement unique in the Americas at that time: a true writing system.It contained more than 800 characters ， [4]with some signs representing animals， people and objects and others representing syllables ．It was a writing system so complicated that，so far，no one has been able to interpret it completely.
[3]本句是一个完全倒装句。
[4]此处为with的复合结构作状语。
[5]The fact that Maya society was technologically primitive makes its achievements all the more incredible and mysterious.[6]But the greatest mystery of all is what caused the Maya to abandon most of their great cities. By 700 AD，Maya civilisation was at its peak .Yet，within just a couple of generations ， it began to mysteriously decline .The cities were left to be taken back by the jungle.When Europeans arrived in Central America in the early 16th century to claim its riches ，the remaining Maya people were living in small settlements .
[5]本句中that引导同位语从句；另外，本句还包含一个“make＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构，its achievements为宾语，all the more incredible and mysterious为宾语补足语。
[6]本句中what引导表语从句。
[7]Why Maya civilisation collapsed remains a mystery.Was it a natural disaster A deadly disease Conflicts between cities Or was it a combination of several different factors Some research seems to indicate that the Maya people themselves may have played a part in their downfall .They had turned wetlands into fields for growing grains，and had dug huge canal systems.As their population expanded，yet more land was needed for agriculture and more trees for construction.[8]By changing the landscape in this way，it is possible that the Maya people unknowingly reduced their ability to deal with natural disasters.
[7]本句中why引导主语从句。
[8]本句含有主语从句，it作形式主语，真正的主语为that从句。
Research also suggests that those natural disasters may have led to the decline of the Maya.Some recent studies have found that there were far fewer tropical cyclones than usual between 700 AD and 1000 AD．This is likely to have led to a series of droughts，each lasting for a couple of years，including a “megadrought” around 900 AD．[9]Many scientists believe that these droughts were the main reason why Maya civilisation began to collapse at different rates in different places.These droughts would have led to food shortages，conflicts and，ultimately，the downfall of the cities.
[9]本句中that引导宾语从句；why引导定语从句，修饰先行词reason。
[10]Whatever the reasons，Maya civilisation largely disappeared within the deep jungle.Its once-great cities fell into ruin，[11]leaving various mysteries for later people to solve．Meanwhile，the rise and fall of this civilisation must also leave us thinking about our own past，present and future.
[10]本句中whatever引导让步状语从句，省略了be动词were。
[11]此处为动词-ing形式短语作结果状语。
玛雅之谜
十五岁的加拿大少年威廉·甘德瑞自幼便对玛雅文明着迷，他认为自己通过研究古老星象图有了惊人发现。通过比较，他发现117座已知玛雅城市的位置和星象的位置是对应的。据此，他相信自己发现了一座隐藏于丛林深处的未知玛雅城市的位置。尽管学者们对他的理论不予考虑，但是这表明古玛雅文明的奥秘在人们心中是如此举足轻重。
这背后的原因不难发现。玛雅文明的范围从现今墨西哥的部分区域向南延伸至中美洲。自从19世纪玛雅文明再现，层层迷雾便一直围绕着它。玛雅人建造了恢宏的宫殿和庙宇，其中包括代表性建筑阶梯金字塔。这些复杂建筑最不同寻常之处在于，在没有使用机轮、金属工具甚至畜力的情况下，玛雅人是如何建造它们的。玛雅人对数学和天文学的认识也十分令人惊叹。他们将这一认识应用到了玛雅历中，该历法精确程度极高，每年误差不超过30秒。除此之外，还有一项当时美洲独有的成就：一个真正的文字系统。这种文字系统包含800多个字符，有些符号代表动物、人和物，其他代表音节。这种文字系统很复杂，以至于到目前为止没有人可以将其完全解读。
玛雅社会的科技水平十分原始，这一事实使得玛雅的种种成就更加令人难以置信、神秘莫测。但最大的谜团是为何玛雅人抛弃了绝大部分的大城市。到公元700年时，玛雅文明如日中天。然而，仅仅在几代之内，玛雅文明开始神秘地衰落。城市荒废，任凭丛林蚕食取代。16世纪早期，欧洲人来到中美洲攫取财富时，只剩下一些玛雅人居住在小型聚居区里。
玛雅文明衰落的原因一直是一个谜团。究竟是因为自然灾害、致死疾病、城市间的冲突、抑或是几个不同因素叠加所致？某些研究似乎暗示，玛雅人自己也许就是导致衰落的掘墓人。他们将湿地变成了种植庄稼的田地，还开凿了巨大的运河系统。随着人口增长，人们需要更多土地以发展农业，需要更多树木以修建建筑物。通过这样改变地貌，玛雅人可能在不知不觉中减弱了自己应对自然灾害的能力。
研究也表明，那些自然灾害可能导致了玛雅文明的衰落。最近一些研究发现，公元700年到公元1000年之间，热带气旋的数量远远少于往常。这可能导致了一系列旱灾，每一次旱灾都持续若干年，其中就包括公元900年的一场“百年不遇的旱灾”。许多科学家认为，这些旱灾是玛雅文明在不同地方以不同速度衰落的主要原因。这些旱灾会导致食物短缺、冲突发生，最终导致城市的衰败。
无论原因如何，玛雅文明几乎消失在了丛林深处。曾经恢宏的城市沦为废墟，留下各种谜团等待后人解开。同时，玛雅文明的崛起与衰落必定也让我们思考自己的过去、现在与将来。
1．What's the main idea of the text
A．The discovery of William Gadoury.
B．The impressive achievement of Maya.
C．The secrets of Maya civilisation.
D．Droughts led to the collapse of Maya.
[答案] C
2．Read the text quickly and fill in the blanks.
Read the text carefully and then choose the best answer.
1．What is the author's purpose in starting the text with the story about William Gadoury
A．To introduce Maya civilisation.
B．To amuse the readers.
C．To emphasise the importance of Maya civilisation.
D．To inform us the location of the Maya city.
2．What can we infer from paragraph 3
A．The Maya made their achievements with the modern technology.
B．Europeans defeated Maya people and the civilisation declined.
C．The Maya cities had disappeared before the early 16th century.
D．Maya civilisation was at its peak by 700 BC．
3．What is the essential reason of the downfall of Maya cities
A．Conflicts.
B．Food shortages.
C．Droughts.
D．Tropical cyclones.
4．What can't we know from the text
A．Maya civilisation made a difference to our modern society.
B．Both human causes and natural causes led to Maya civilisation disappearing.
C．People still can't solve the mystery of Maya civilisation.
D．By 700 BC，the Maya civilisation was at its peak.
[答案] 1～4 ACCD
细读课文并找出使用形容词形象生动地表述古玛雅文明辉煌的句子
1．The Maya built impressive palaces and temples，including their representative step pyramids.
2．What is most extraordinary about these complex structures is how they were built without the use of wheels，metal tools or even animal power.
3．The Maya's understanding of mathematics and astronomy was also quite amazing.
4．It was a writing system so complicated that，so far，no one has been able to interpret it completely.
1．correspond to 与……相符；类似于
(1)correspond with 与……通信；与……相一致
(2)correspondence n. 来往信件；通信
correspondence with sb. 与某人的通信/通信联系
in correspondence 通信
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①Although she has graduated，she corresponds regularly with her former teachers.
②Our correspondence (correspond) with the old man has dropped.
③简言之，美国国会相当于英国议会。
In brief，the American Congress corresponds to the British Parliament.
2．bury v．将……埋在下面，埋葬；埋藏；遮盖，掩盖；掩藏(感情、错误等)；使陷入
(1)bury... in... 把……埋到……里
bury one's face in one's hands 双手掩面
bury oneself in 埋头于，专心致志于
(2)be buried alive 被活埋
be buried in 专心于
be buried in thought 埋头深思
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/一句多译
①Buried (bury)under the ruins，the young man was rather frightened.
②The man dug out some gold from the canal，but he wondered where to bury (bury) it.
③埋头于功课，他对外面的事情一无所知。
a．Burying himself in his lessons，he knew nothing about the outside world.(动词-ing形式短语)
b．Buried in his lessons，he knew nothing about the outside world.(过去分词短语)
3．apply...to 把……应用于
(1)apply to 适用于
apply (to sb.) for (向某人)申请；请示得到
apply oneself to (doing) sth. 专心/致力于(做)某事
(2)applicant n. 申请人
(3)application n. 申请(书)；应用；用途
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①We've applied to a charitable organization for a grant for the project.
②Have you filled in the application (apply) form for your passport yet
③如果你专心于手头的工作，你很快就会完成的。
If you apply yourself to the job in hand，you will soon finish it.
4．on top of 在……上方；除……之外
on top of the world 极度开心
from top to bottom 完完全全，彻底地
off the top of my head 不假思索
at the top of 在……顶端
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①Norway is at the top of the list，while US is at number 7.
②She searched the apartment from top to bottom for the missing letters.
③我太开心了，我刚有了个儿子！
I'm on top of the world;_I've just had a baby son.
5．expand v．使变大；伸展；扩大，扩展；增加
(1)expand(...)into... (将……)扩展……/ (将……)发展成……
expand on/upon 详述；详细阐明
(2)expansion n. 扩大；增加
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①The time for the firm to consolidate has come after several years of rapid expansion (expand)．
②The writer is struggling to expand his story into a novel.
③请你把那一点详细说明一下好吗？
Could you expand on/upon that point，please
6．ruin n．残垣断壁，废墟；毁灭 vt.毁灭；使破产
(1)in ruins 破败不堪；严重受损
fall/come into ruin 成为废墟，被毁掉
(2)ruin oneself/one's hope/chance 自我毁灭/毁掉某人的希望/机会
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①The whole town was ruined (ruin) by the heavy storm last night.
②In fifteen terrible seconds a large city lay in ruins (ruin)．
③洪水过后，很多房子被毁掉了。
A large number of houses fell/came into ruin after the big flood.
7．abandon v．离弃，逃离；放弃，抛弃，遗弃；丢弃；终止；打消 n．放任，放纵
(1)abandon doing sth. 放弃做某事
abandon oneself to 沉溺于……，纵情于……(to为介词)
(2)with abandon 无约束地，放任地
(3)abandoned adj. 被遗弃的；被抛弃的；废弃的
be abandoned to 沉湎于……
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①By no means shall we abandon searching (search) for the missing people.
②Wang collected more than 7 million abandoned (abandon) bricks of different ages.
③全体员工听到这个令人满意的实验结果时兴高采烈，纵情欢呼。
All the staff were shouting and cheering with abandon，hearing the fulfilling result of the experiment.
8．dismiss v．拒绝考虑，否定；消除，摒除(思想、感情等)；解雇，开除
(1)dismiss sb./sth. as＋n./adj. 把……当作……；认为……
dismiss... from 解雇，开除；摒弃，消除
(2)dismissal n. 解雇，开除；不予考虑，摒弃
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①He still hopes to win his claim against unfair dismissal (dismiss)．
②She claimed she was unfairly dismissed from her post.
③他过去认为民意测验毫无用处。
He dismissed the opinion polls as worthless in the past.
重点句式 动词-ing形式短语作结果状语
(教材P68)Its once-great cities fell into ruin，leaving various mysteries for later people to solve.
曾经恢宏的城市沦为废墟，留下各种谜团等待后人解开。
[句式分析]
本句中动词-ing形式(短语)作结果状语表示由前面的事情引起的一种自然而然的结果。
Nowadays，many adults work in cities for better living conditions，leaving their old parents alone in the countryside.
如今，许多成年人为了更好的生活条件而在城市工作，把他们年迈的父母独自留在农村。
(1)表示结果的动词-ing形式短语通常放在句子的后面，其前常用一个逗号隔开，动词-ing形式短语前可加上副词thus或者thereby(因而，因此)等以示强调。
(2)动词不定式也可以作结果状语，但多表示出乎意料的结果，有时前面加上only，用来加强语气。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①A small plane crashed into a hillside，killing (kill) all four people on board.
②We hurried to the station，only to be told (tell) that the train had left.
③这条新闻使广大民众感到很震惊，引起了人们对在校学生安全的担忧。
The news shocked the public，leading to great concern about students' safety at school.
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．She knew that people would condemn her for abandoning (遗弃) her child.
2．The case was dismissed (否定) in the absence of any definite proof.
3．He buried (将……埋在下面) his face in his hands and burst into tears.
4．As the birthplace of Huaxia civilisation(文明)，Xi'an is a city with a long history and abundant cultural relics.
5．Our country is in a period of rapid economic expansion(增加)．
6．Astronomy (天文学) is the scientific study of the stars，planets，and other natural objects in space.
7．The road and the canal (运河) run parallel to each other.
8．The old mill is now little more than a ruin(残垣断壁)．
Ⅱ.选词填空
correspond to，be applied to, fall into ruin, at something's peak，on top of
1．As we can see，many ancient sculptures fell into ruin after the earthquake.
2．Studies show your pain tolerance is at its peak in the middle of the day.
3．On top of everything else，I have to go to work next Saturday!
4．The arms of a man correspond to the wings of a bird.
5．Marketing is applied to everything these days，and books are no exception.
Ⅲ.完成句子
1．我在光滑的地面滑倒了，结果摔断了胳膊。
I slipped and fell down on the glassy ground，breaking my arms．
2．1968年6月他生于音乐世家。
Born in June，1968，he came from a family of musicians.
3．广州位于广东省南部。
In the south of Guangdong Province lies Guangzhou．
4．无论你读什么，你都会学到新的知识。
Whatever you read，you will learn new information.
5．下个星期我也许会去那里。
It is possible that I shall go there next week.
Ⅳ.课文语法填空
The Maya created great civilisation.They built many impressive palaces and temples without the use of modern 1.equipment (equip)．They also invented their own calendar 2.which/that was accurate to within 30 seconds per year，3.using (use) their understanding of mathematics and astronomy.Their writing system was so complicated 4.that no one has been able to interpret it completely so far.5.However，only a couple of generations after its peak，Maya civilisation 6.disappeared (disappear) within the deep jungle，leaving 7.various (vary) mysteries for later people 8.to solve (solve)．Many scientists believe that the droughts were the main reason why it collapsed.The droughts led to food 9.shortages (shortage)，conflicts and，10.ultimately (ultimate)，the downfall of the cities.
课时分层作业(十三)
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Environmental damage threatens the whole of civilisation(civilise)．
2．The book is an expansion (expand) of a series of lectures that the astronomer gave last year.
3．There was no chance of him being found alive and the search was abandoned(abandon)．
4．When I got into the office，I found Mr Green buried (bury) in his work，without noticing my arrival.
5．I really hope you could take a serious consideration of my application (apply) for the job.
6．He was dismissed (dismiss) because he didn't achieve the aim of increasing sales they had set.
7．They built the pyramids (pyramid) and turned their kings into mummies.
8．Years of fighting have left the area in ruins.
Ⅱ.阅读理解
A
In 1841，a book was published which astonished the world.It was called Incidents of Travel in Central America，Chiapas and Yucatan.The author John Loud Stephens had just returned from a long，difficult and dangerous journey through the thick rainforest of southern Mexico and Guatemala.He had once been there with Frederick Catherwood，an architect and artist，to search for the remains of a lost civilisation known as the Maya.Very little was known about the Mayas at that time，but Catherwood's drawing in the book showed incredible cities with temples，pyramids and other buildings as impressive as those of their northern neighbours，the Aztecs.These cities，however，were deserted.The inhabitants (居民) had disappeared almost a thousand years before.
Since that time，far more has been learned about this remarkable civilisation.The Mayas had a highly-developed system of government and of agriculture，as well as an incredibly accurate system of measuring time.They were also wonderful engineers capable of moving huge blocks of stone long distances and cutting them to accurate shapes and sizes.
And yet although the Mayas knew about the wheel，they never used it.Neither did they use metals other than copper.What is even more surprising is that they suddenly abandoned many of their cities and built new ones in the jungle.Some time around 900 AD，Maya civilisation collapsed.By the year 1200，their last great capital，Chichen Itza，was deserted.
Who were these strange people and the even stranger gods they worshipped What brought about their sudden and mysterious collapse Some writers have tried to prove that the Mayas had contact with visitors from space and even that they themselves came from another planet.Some people believe that their civilisation came to an end because the Mayas never developed a proper resistance to local germs and diseases.All we really know is that when the first Europeans appeared off their coast in 1517，this great and mysterious culture was only a memory.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了玛雅文明的发达之处和对玛雅文明衰落的种种猜测。
1．One of the most surprising findings about the Mayas was that ________．
A．they developed accurate system measuring time
B．they knew how to build pyramids with stones
C．they deserted their cities and moved to new ones
D．they built cities which they never lived in
C [细节理解题。根据第三段第三句可知，更让人惊奇的是玛雅人遗弃了旧城，迁移到新城。]
2．According to the third paragraph，Maya civilisation collapsed probably in ________．
A．a thousand years before 1841
B．around 900 AD
C．any year between 1200 and 1517
D．1200
B [细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Some time around 900 AD，Maya civilisation collapsed.”可知，玛雅文明大约于公元900年消亡。]
3．What brought about the Maya sudden collapse
A．Tropical germs and diseases.
B．European conquest.
C．Mysterious force from outer space.
D．No one knows for sure.
D [推理判断题。根据最后一段前几个问句可知，对于玛雅文明的陨落至今还没有定论。]
B
The Maya Indians lived in Mexico for thousands of years.The Maya were so bright that they achieved a lot.They had farms，temples and cities with many buildings.They knew much about nature and the world around them.This knowledge helped them to live a better life than most people of that time.
In ancient Mexico there were many small clearings in the forest.In each clearing was a village with fields of crops around it.The Maya planted seeds after they cleared the land.A farmer was able to grow crops that produced for several people.But not every Maya had to be a farmer.Some were builders or priests (祭司)．
The Maya believed in many gods.They built large temples to honour them.Skillful workers built cities around these temples.It was difficult because they had to carry all of the building materials themselves.Today，many of these ancient Maya cities and temples are still standing.
Although the Maya worked hard to build the beautiful cities，very few of them lived in them.Usually，only the priests lived in the cities.The other people lived in small villages in the forests.Their houses were much simpler.Most Maya lived a simple life close to nature.
Around the year 800 AD，the Maya left their villages and beautiful cities，and never returned.No one knows why this happened.They may have died from a deadly disease.They may have left because the soil could no longer grow crops.The lost secrets of the Maya are still beyond the reach of modern people.They are still one of our greatest mysteries.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了玛雅人的生活、信仰等，从而说明玛雅人的神秘。
4．Why did the Maya live better than most people of their times
A．They had skillful workers.
B．They believed in many gods.
C．They knew better about nature.
D．They could measure time correctly.
C [细节理解题。由第一段后两句可知他们知道很多关于自然和周围的世界的知识。这些知识帮助他们过上比当时大多数人更好的生活。故选C。]
5．What can be inferred from the passage
A．The priests were not highly respected by the ancient Maya.
B．The ancient Maya cities and temples were well built.
C．The ancient Maya people led a happy life in the cities.
D．The ancient Maya people died from a serious disease.
B [细节理解题。由第三段最后一句(如今，许多这些古老的玛雅城市和寺庙仍然屹立。)可知古玛雅的城市和寺庙很坚固，建造得非常好。B项符合语境。故选B。]
6．What does the underlined word “They” in the last paragraph refer to
A．The Maya people.
B．The Maya villages.
C．The Maya cities.
D．The lost secrets of the Maya.
D [词义猜测题。由第五段后两句可知玛雅人失踪的秘密至今仍不为现代人所知。这些秘密仍然是我们最大的奥秘之一。“They”指的是前一句中的“玛雅人失踪之谜”。D项符合语境，故选D。]
7．Which of the following would be the best title for this passage
A．The Cities of the Maya
B．The Belief of the Maya
C．The Maya
D．The Buildings of the Maya
C [标题归纳题。通读全文可知本文分别介绍了玛雅人的生活、城市、信仰等，故选C。]
Ⅲ.阅读七选五
People take up volunteering for different reasons.Some want to “give something back” while others want to meet new people or learn new skills. 1
Choose a charity or an organisation.Firstly，what sort of organisation do you want to help？ 2 And perhaps you have been affected by some of the problems that a charity aims to support，like children who need help.Many local schools rely on volunteers who come in regularly to read with the children or help with their math.
3 Once you have decided where you want to volunteer，you then have to decide what sort of volunteer work you want to do.Think about your existing skills: Do you prefer hands-on work Are you good at dealing with people Do you have a background in paperwork Charities need volunteers to work in shops，organise or manage money-raising events，or，in the case of animal charities，walk dogs.
Find a position.Most charities have a website with a section aimed at attracting potential volunteers and they advertise specific roles available. 4 In this case，you would usually need to phone or visit their offices to find out how you can help.You will be welcomed with open arms!
Apply for suitable positions.Be prepared with information about your previous (or current) employment and the sort of skills you have，so that the charity can match you to the most appropriate role.You might think that you have no such skills. 5 Ask your friends and loved ones what they think you have to offer.
A．Decide on the kind of work.
B．Don't let your lack of confidence stop you.
C．You might have a particular charity in mind.
D．Consider how much time you want to commit.
E．Without them，they wouldn't carry out their work.
F．But smaller charities might not have money to do this.
G．Whatever the reason，you need to make some decisions.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了从事志愿工作需要做的一些决定。
1．G [根据上文提到人们从事志愿活动有不同的原因。有些人想“回馈社会”，而有些人想结识新朋友或学习新技能。G项(不管是什么原因，你都需要做一些决定。)符合语境。故选G。]
2．C [根据段落主题句“Choose a charity or an organisation.(选择一个慈善机构或组织。)”可知，本段内容和选择慈善机构有关，C项中的“a particular charity”和上文的“Choose a charity”对应。C项(你可能想到了一个特别的慈善机构。)符合语境。故选C。]
3．A [空处为段落主题句。根据下文可知，本段主要讲述的是决定自己工作的类型。A项“Decide on the kind of work.”与下文中的“decide what sort of volunteer work”对应。A项(决定工作的类型。)符合语境。故选A。]
4．F [根据上文“大多数慈善机构都有一个网站，其中有一部分旨在吸引潜在的志愿者，他们会发布具体的职位空缺。”和下文“在这种情况下，你通常需要打电话或拜访他们的办公室，看看你如何提供帮助。”可知，空处和上文形成转折关系，说明小机构可能没有钱建立自己的网站。F项(但较小的慈善机构可能没有钱这样做。)符合语境。故选F。]
5．B [根据上文“You might think that you have no such skills.(你可能认为你没有这样的技能。)”可知，空处对上文进行补充说明，不要因为觉得自己没有对应的技能而缺乏自信。B项(不要让你的缺乏自信阻止你。)符合语境。故选B。]Section Ⅳ Developing ideas—Writing
写一篇关于不解之谜的文章
本单元的写作任务是介绍大自然神秘现象的文章，属于说明文。说明文一般用言简意赅的语言解说事物的特点、发展变化规律，分析前因后果等，目的在于使读者“明白事理”，获得必要的信息，从而对事物有较完整清晰的了解和认识。
[写作要点]
介绍性说明文主要运用说明的表达方式，向别人介绍清楚事物“是怎么样”的，对被介绍对象起解释、阐述的作用。此种文体常用空间顺序、时间顺序或逻辑顺序对现象或事物进行介绍，常用结构(总—分—总)如下：
第一段：对要说明的事物或现象作简要介绍，即点题。
第二段：按照题目提供的信息分层次，并按照一定的顺序进行说明后表达观点。
第三段：结尾照应开头，可发表自己的认识和看法。
[常用表达]
1．描述自然界某种神秘自然现象以及该现象何时何地被发现的，常用语句：
①The monster of... is back in the news.
②It is known to all that...
③It lies in...
④It looks like a．..
2．描述科学家及有关专家们对神秘现象的解释及证据，常用语句：
①Some scientists think that...
②Some people believe in its existence because...
③By recent research，we can learn that...
④Other scientists consider...
3．描述作者个人对此现象的认识，常用语句：
①Personally，I (don't) believe...
②As far as I am concerned，I think...
③In my point of view，I believe...
4．The largest pyramid of all，also known as the Great Pyramid of Cheops (or Khufu)，was built around 5，000 years ago.
其中最大的金字塔，也被称为基奥普斯(或胡夫)大金字塔，建于5 000年前。
5．It is the size of a 40-storey building and covers an area big enough to fit 10 football fields in it.Experts reckon it took 400，000 men about 20 years to complete.
它有40层楼那么高，占地面积足以容纳10个足球场。专家估计，它由40万人花了大约20年的时间才完成。
6．In the 1940s，a French hardware dealer spotted some mummified animals exactly one-third up the height of the pyramid.
在20世纪40年代，一个法国五金商人发现一些动物的木乃伊正好在金字塔高度的三分之一处。
7．The remarkable thing was that they showed no signs of decomposition.
值得注意的是，它们没有腐烂的迹象。
8．He deducted that the pyramid shape was responsible for preserving these creatures.
他推断金字塔的形状是为了保护这些生物。
9．A Czech radio engineer conducted a series of experiments in which he placed a brand new razor blade inside a 1∶1，000 scale model of Khufu.
一位捷克无线电工程师进行了一系列的实验，他将一个全新的剃须刀片放入1∶1 000比例的胡夫模型中。
10．It took him 10 years to obtain a patent for this remarkable device，which still has no scientific explanation today.
他花了10年的时间为这个了不起的装置取得了专利，直到今天也没有科学的解释。
“大脚怪(Bigfoot)”一直引发人们的热议。请根据所给的图片以及文字提示写一篇英语短文来参与讨论。
出没地址 北美
神秘生 物描述 像猿(ape)，高6～10英尺，重量在500磅以上，全身覆盖棕色或红色的毛，头和眼睛很大，脚印长达24英寸
发现情况 科学家和研究人员找到了与它相关的毛发、粪便(faeces)及大脚印等
结论 无其他证据证明其存在，也许是当地传说以吓唬徒步者或猎人
注意：1．词数80左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
[审题构思]
第一段：神秘生物出现的地点；
第二段：根据所给内容，描述神秘之处；
第三段：科学家的相关研究情况及结论。
[遣词造句]
1．大脚怪是世界著名的神秘生物之一。
The Bigfoot is one of the world-famous mysterious creatures．
2．它是在北美洲被首次看到的。
It was first seen in North America.
3．据说它高6～10英尺。
It was said to be 6－10 feet tall.
4．它的重量在500磅以上。
It weighed over 500 pounds.
5．它全身覆盖棕色或红色的毛，头和眼睛很大。
It was covered in brown or red fur with large eyes and a big head.
6．科学家和研究人员团队已经去那里进行了调查。
Teams of scientists and researchers have gone there to make an investigation．
7．他们已经找到了与它相关的东西，如毛发、粪便等。
They have found things related to it，such as fur，faeces and so on.
8．但是到目前为止，没有其他证据证明其存在。
However，so far there has been no other evidence to prove its existence．
[句式升级]
1．用非限制性定语从句合并句1和句2
The Bigfoot，which was first seen in North America，is one of the world-famous mysterious creatures.
2．用动词-ing形式合并句3、句4和句5
It was said to be 6－10 feet tall，weighing over 500 pounds and was covered in brown or red fur with large eyes and a big head.
3．用定语从句合并句6和句7
Teams of scientists and researchers who have gone there to make an investigation have found things related to it，such as fur，faeces and so on.
[连句成篇]
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[参考范文]
The Bigfoot，which was first seen in North America，is one of the world-famous mysterious creatures.
Witnesses described it as an ape-like creature.It was said to be 6—10 feet tall，weighing over 500 pounds and was covered in brown or red fur with large eyes and a big head.Footprints up to 24 inches long have been found.
Teams of scientists and researchers who have gone there to make an investigation have found things related to it，such as fur，faeces and so on.However，so far there has been no other evidence to prove its existence.Some people think it may be just in folk tales or stories to terrify hikers and hunters in North America.
课时分层作业(十五)
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
Why does Haiti so tend to have fatal earthquakes Earthquakes have been causing huge damage in Haiti since at least the 18th century.The capital city has been destroyed twice in 19 years.The 21st century has been no more kind.
The Earth's outer shell is made up of tectonic plates (构造板块) that move.Haiti sits near the crossing of two tectonic plates that make up the Earth's outer shell.Earthquakes can occur when those plates move against each other and create friction (摩擦力)．
Haiti is also overpopulated.Plus，many of its buildings are designed to resist hurricanes but not earthquakes.Those buildings can survive strong winds but are easy to fall down when the ground shakes.Poor building practices can also play a role.
“I think it's important to recognise that there's no such thing as a natural disaster，” said Wendy Bohon，a geologist.“What you have is a natural disaster that comes with a weak architecture system.We do know that earthquakes like this can cause huge damage because of the fault，” said Wendy.“And it's quite a significant risk in places that don't have the construction practices to resist the shaking.”
Construction of more earthquake-resistant buildings remains a challenge in Haiti，which is the poorest nation in the Western Hemisphere.“While there have been some success stories of Haitians building more earthquake-resistant structures，the country has lacked a centralized effort to do so，” said Mark Schuller，a professor of anthropology and non-profit and NGO studies at Northern Illinois University.Haiti's government has become increasingly weak，while non-governmental organisations only focus on their own projects.
“There is technical knowledge in Haiti.There are trained architects.There are city planners.That's not the problem，” Schuller said.“The problem is a lack of funding for coordination (协调)，and lack of political will from donors to organisations providing aid.”
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了海地频繁爆发毁灭性地震的原因。
1．Which factor causing the huge damage is highlighted
A．Its overpopulation.
B．Its weak government.
C．Its geographical location.
D．Its weak architecture system.
D [细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Plus，many of its buildings are designed to resist hurricanes but not earthquakes.”以及第四段中的“earthquakes like this can cause huge damage... the construction practices to resist the shaking”可知，海地造成巨大损失的因素之一是其建筑体系非常脆弱。故选D项。]
2．What does the underlined part “the fault” in paragraph 4 refer to
A．Lacking political will to provide aid.
B．Lacking hurricane-resistant buildings.
C．Lacking earthquake-resistant buildings.
D．Sitting on the crossing of two tectonic plates.
C [推理判断题。根据画线部分上文“What you have is a natural disaster that comes with a weak architecture system.”以及“earthquakes like this can cause huge damage”以及下文“it's quite a significant risk in places that don't have the construction practices to resist the shaking”可推知，此处指当一场自然灾难碰上一个脆弱的建筑系统，才是真的灾难。正是因为这个错误(缺少抗震的建筑)才导致地震产生如此大的破坏。所以画线部分“the fault”指代的是“缺少抗震的建筑”。故选C项。]
3．What's Schuller's attitude towards Haiti's government
A．Supportive. B．Critical.
C．Indifferent. D．Interested.
B [观点态度题。根据第五段最后一句可知，政府在提高建筑系统抗震方面不作为，非政府组织又各行其是。结合Schuller说的话可推知，Schuller对政府是持批判态度的。故选B项。]
4．Which of the following can be a problem according to the last paragraph
A．Fund and will.
B．Skilled architects.
C．Urban designers.
D．Technology and money.
A [细节理解题。根据最后一段中“The problem is a lack of funding for coordination，and lack of political will from donors to organisations providing aid.”可知，海地要建造抗震建筑，资金和决心可能是问题。故选A项。]
B
Elephants are truly incredible (难以置信的) animals.August 12 is World Elephant Day，which means to help save elephants.What do you know about elephants Here are some facts you may not know.
We know that elephants are large.But do you know that elephants often avoid eating a type of acacia tree (金合欢树) Because it is home to ants and an elephant doesn't want to get the ants inside its trunk.Its trunk is full of sensitive endings.
Female elephants live in groups of about 15 elephants.The oldest in the group is the leader.She not only decides when and where they move but also determines when they rest all the year.Male elephants leave the female group between the age of 12 and 15.But they aren't loners (孤独者)．They live in all-male groups.
Asian elephants don't run.Running requires lifting all four feet at once.But elephants filmed in Thailand always keep at least two on the ground at all times.
Elephants have passed the mirror test.They recognise themselves in a mirror.According to tests，great apes，and dolphins also have this ability.
Elephants can get sunburned so they can take care to protect themselves.“Elephants will throw sand on their backs and on their heads to keep them from getting sunburned and to keep bugs off，” said Tony Barthel，working at the Smithsonian's National Zoo.How do elephants protect their young Adult elephants will put them in sand and then they will stand over the little ones as they sleep.
Some farmers in Kenya protect their fields from elephants by lining the borders with beehives (蜂箱)．Not only are their crops saved，but the farmers also get some more money from the honey.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是人们可能不知道的关于大象的事实。
5．For what purpose is World Elephant Day designed
A．To show some facts about elephants.
B．To introduce Asian elephants' features.
C．To call on people to protect elephants.
D．To tell people some animals are in danger.
C [推理判断题。根据第一段中的“August 12 is World Elephant Day，which means to help save elephants.”可知，世界大象日旨在呼吁人们保护大象，故选C。]
6．Why are elephants unwilling to eat acacia trees
A．Because acacia trees are too tall to reach.
B．Because fruit on acacia trees is hard to eat.
C．Because elephants are sensitive to acacia trees.
D．Because elephants' trunks are easily hurt by ants in the trees.
D [推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句可知，大象不愿意吃金合欢树是因为大象的鼻子很容易被树上的蚂蚁弄伤，故选D。]
7．What do we infer about male elephants
A．They can run faster than female ones.
B．They live with female elephants at an early age.
C．They decide where and when their groups move.
D．The strongest male elephant is chosen as their leader.
B [推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Male elephants leave the female group between the age of 12 and 15.”可推知，公象在很小的时候和母象生活在一起，故选B。]
8．How do elephants protect their young kids
A．By guarding kids when kids sleep.
B．By putting some sand on kids' heads.
C．By using their trunks to keep bugs off.
D．By patting kids' backs from time to time.
A [细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“How do elephants protect their young Adult elephants... as they sleep.”可知，大象在小象睡觉的时候保护小象，故选A。]
Ⅱ.应用文写作
假定你是李华，你的新西兰笔友Fred发来邮件，说他对大自然中的一些未解之谜很感兴趣，并希望你能把你了解的未解之谜介绍给他。请给他回复邮件，介绍喜马拉雅山的“雪人(Yeti)”，内容包括：
1.传说他们体型巨大，全身长毛，能像人一样行走；
2.科学家曾发现“雪人”的毛发和脚印，猜想他们是古老北极熊的后代(descendant)；
3.研究结论：尚无科学证据证实其真实存在。
注意：1．词数80左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3．开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Fred，
At your request，I'm writing to introduce the Yeti，a mysterious wild creature found in the Himalayas，to you.
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That's what I know about the Yeti and I hope you will be interested in it.
Yours，
Li Hua
[参考范文]
Dear Fred，
At your request，I'm writing to introduce the Yeti，a mysterious wild creature found in the Himalayas，to you.
The Yetis are said to be large，hairy animals with the ability to walk like human beings.So far，scientists have made several scientific searches for the Yetis but they only found some indirect evidence such as hair and footprints，which made them guess the Yetis might be the descendants of ancient polar bears.Though there have been various statements and arguments about the real existence of the Yeti，no scientific evidence has proved it.People still hope to throw some light on this mystery.
That's what I know about the Yeti and I hope you will be interested in it.
Yours，
Li HuaSection Ⅴ
1．civilisation n．文明(社会)
2．bury v．将……埋在下面
3．astronomy n．天文学
4．canal n．运河
5．ruin n．残垣断壁，废墟
6．dismiss v．拒绝考虑，否定
7．expansion n．扩大；增加
8．investigation n．调查
9．millimetre n．毫米
10．substance n．物质
11．drilling n．钻探；勘探
12．volume n．(书的)卷，册
1．civil adj.平民的→civilian n．平民→civilise v．使文明→civilised adj.文明的→civilisation n．文明(社会)
2．astronomy n．天文学→astronomer n．天文学家
3．abandon v．离弃，逃离→abandoned adj.被遗弃的，被抛弃的→abandonment n．离弃，遗弃，抛弃；放弃
4．expand v．扩大；增加→expansion n．扩大；增加
5．investigate v．调查→investigation n．调查
6．metre n．米→millimetre n．毫米
7．note v．注意；留意→notable adj.显要的；显著的；值得注意的→notably adv.明显地；尤其；特别
1．fall into ruin (因无人照料而)衰落，败落
2．correspond to 与……相符；类似于
3．be based on 以……为基础
4．apply...to 把……应用于
5．deal with 处理，应付
6．on top of 在……上方； 除……之外
7．lead to 引起；导致
8．at something's peak 在……的顶峰
9．make a getaway 逃跑，逃走
10．run for one's life 逃命
11．check out 调查，检查
12．test the waters 试水，试探
13．steer clear of 避开……；从……处脱身
14．set out 动身踏上(漫长的)旅途
15．throw oneself into 积极投入到……中去
16．think twice 再三考虑，慎重考虑
17．shrink from 避免做，不愿做
18．look into 调查(问题)
19．set sail 起航
20．continue to do 继续做
21．offer a window into 为……提供一个窗口
22．beyond the reach of 无法达到；起出……的能力
23．hold a record 保持纪录
24．be equivalent to 相当于，等于
1．[句型公式] 动词-ing形式短语作结果状语
Its once-great cities fell into ruin，leaving various mysteries for later people to solve．
曾经恢宏的城市沦为废墟，留下各种谜团等待后人解开。
2．[句型公式] 作表语的动词-ing形式置于句首引起的完全倒装句
Lying under waters across the globe are an estimated three million shipwrecks.
全球水域下大约有三百万艘沉船残骸。
3．[句型公式] if any省略结构
Today，some 500 years after the Esmeralda set sail，there is little—if any—land on our planet left unexplored.
如今，距离“埃斯梅拉达”号起航已有500多年，我们星球上尚未被人类探索的土地已经少之又少了。
读后续写材料积累——各种各样的“看”
Ⅰ.词汇积累
look，see，watch，gaze，stare，glare，peek，glance，peep，spot
Ⅱ.词块必记
1．gaze at him in amazement 惊异地注视着他
2．stare blankly at the paper 茫然地看着那张纸
3．glare at me silently默默地怒视着我
4．peep at me through his fingers 他从指缝中偷看我
5．glance at her watch 看一眼她的表
6．look down upon his colleagues 看不起他的同事
7．look out of the window 向窗外看
8．watch a movie/TV/a game 看电影/电视/比赛
9．read the newspaper看报
10．browse the web page浏览网页
11．catch a glimpse of him 一眼瞥见了他
12．take a quick look 瞥见；不经意看到
13．look sb.in the eyes直视某人的眼睛
Ⅲ.佳句背诵
1．We all gather in front of the television，praying to catch a glance/glimpse of his face.
我们都聚集在电视机前，祈祷能看到他的脸。
2．Singing happily，she gazed at her surroundings with large，innocent eyes.
她开心地唱着，睁着无辜的大眼睛注视着周围。
3．The woman was staring eagerly at the girl，trying to make a conversation.
女人急切地盯着女孩，想搭讪。
4．I watched helplessly，as the woman felt more and more frustrated and hopeless.
我无奈地看着，那个女人越来越沮丧，越来越绝望。
5．When he finished he raised/lifted his eyes and looked out the window.
说完，他抬起眼睛看向窗外。
6．She had spotted a man pacing down the hall.
她看见一个男人在大厅里踱来踱去。
7．Swallowing hard，I stared into Meghan's eyes for a long moment，wondering how I could cope with it.
我咽了口唾沫，盯着梅根的眼睛看了许久，想知道自己该如何应对。
8．I was taking my time，strolling in the park and looking in shop windows.
我在公园里闲逛，并看看商店橱窗。
单元综合检测(五)
第一部分 阅读
第一节
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、 D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
Going to museums is popular among tourists.It can relax the body and mind and give us special feelings.
Leila's Hair Museum
Leila's Hair Museum has a lot of hair jewelry pieces from the Victorian period and earlier，dating all the way back to 1680.It even has pieces containing hair from Queen Victoria，US presidents and Marilyn Monroe.
Giant Shoe Museum
Located in the famous Pike Place Market of Seattle，Giant Shoe Museum is a single exhibition wall outside the Old Seattle Paperworks store.As a result，it brings a lot of business to the store.To see the museum's collection，visitors must look through a stereoscope to view a lot of big shoes.
Washington Banana Museum
Ann Mitchell Lovell really loves bananas.In fact，she loves them enough not only to run Washington Banana Museum，but also to upload photos of the museum online so those who can't come to the physical location can still enjoy it.
Roswell UFO Museum
Exhibits include information on the Roswell incident of 1947，crop circles and other UFO sightings.Regardless of your personal opinion about UFOs，there's no doubt that the museum has been quite successful.Since it opened in 1992，it has outgrown two different locations，and now it occupies an old movie theater.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了四座博物馆的情况。
1．What can people do when they visit Giant Shoe Museum
A．Buy big shoes. B．Do the shopping.
C．Hold exhibition. D．Do business.
B [细节理解题。根据Giant Shoe Museum部分中的内容可知，当人们参观巨型鞋博物馆时可以购物。故选B。]
2．Which museum can people visit online
A．Leila's Hair Museum.
B．Giant Shoe Museum.
C．Washington Banana Museum.
D．Roswell UFO Museum.
C [细节理解题。根据Washington Banana Museum部分中的“but also to... can still enjoy it”可知，人们可以在网上参观华盛顿香蕉博物馆。故选C。]
3．Where can the text be found
A．In a history book.
B．In an art magazine.
C．In a notebook.
D．In a guidebook.
D [文章出处题。根据第一段内容并结合文章主要介绍了四座博物馆的情况可推知，文章可能选自旅行指南。故选D。]
B
Sound may offer a creative way to take the ocean's temperature.Climate change is steadily warming the seas，which have absorbed about 90 percent of the excess heat trapped by greenhouse gases.This warming contributes to the sea-level rise，endangers species and influences weather patterns.
But tracking the warming is tricky.Ship-based observations capture only snapshots in time over a tiny portion of the water.Satellite observations cannot enter very deep below the surface.The most detailed picture of ocean heat comes from Argo，which can drop down to around 6，500 feet.But there are only about 4，000 such floats，and they cannot sample deeper parts of the ocean.
In a paper published in Science，researchers compared the travel speeds of sounds produced by undersea earthquakes to detect ocean warming over wider areas.Because sound travels faster in warmer water，differences in speed can reveal changing temperatures.“They're opening up a whole new area of study，” says geophysicist Frederik Simons.
Inspired by those early efforts to measure ocean heat with sound，Caltech researcher Wenbo Wu thought to monitor low-frequency sound waves sent out by earthquakes below the seafloor.“I know these earthquakes are very powerful sources，” Wu says，“so why not try to use the earthquakes？”
He and his team tested the idea near Indonesia's island of Nias，where the Indo-Australian Plate is bumping under the Sunda Plate.The researchers gathered sound data from 4，272 earthquakes of magnitude 3 or greater from 2004 to 2016，and they compared sound wave speeds from quakes that originated in the same spot over the years.By modeling the differences，often just fractions of a second，they found that the ocean near Nias was warming by about 0.08 degree Fahrenheit per decade — more than the 0.047 degree F suggested by Argo's data.Less than one degree F does not sound large，but it takes considerable heat to warm the entire eastern Indian Ocean.
The new method is promising，says oceanographer Bruce Howe.Meanwhile Simons and his colleagues are exploring an alternative technique，employing dozens of underwater microphones called hydrophones to catch more earthquake sounds.He notes that finding out the floats' precise locations will be challenging，however.“Overcoming such challenges would fill in important gaps，” Wu says.“We really need different methods of gathering the data as much as possible，” he adds.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了利用声音测量海洋温度的相关内容。由于声音在不同温度的海水中传播速度不一样，所以能用它检测海洋变暖。
4．What do people do to take ocean's temperature
A．Ships sail across all the ocean to take photos.
B．Satellites are used to provide data on ocean heat.
C．Argo enters the deepest seas for detailed pictures.
D．The numbers of floats hit a record high for samples.
B [细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Satellite observations cannot enter very deep below the surface.”可知，人们会利用卫星去收集海洋温度方面的数据，故B项正确。根据第二段中的“Ship-based observations capture only snapshots in time over a tiny portion of the water.”可知，船只能检测到一小部分水域，故A项错误；根据第二段中的“The most detailed picture of ocean heat comes from Argo... they cannot sample deeper parts of the ocean.”可知，Argo不能进入最深的海域，故C项错误；D项文中未提及。]
5．Why can sound be a method for detecting ocean warming
A．Because its speed varies with the temperature of water.
B．Because it accompanies earthquakes below the seafloor.
C．Because it is approved by researchers.
D．Because its value has been proved by previous efforts.
A [细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Because sound travels faster in warmer water，differences in speed can reveal changing temperatures.”可知，由于声音在不同温度的水域传播速度不同，所以速度之间的差异可以显示温度的变化，因此，声音可以被用来检测海洋变暖，故A项正确。]
6．What is the similarity between the studies by Wu and Simons
A．They use hydrophones as floats.
B．They exchange their data with Argo.
C．They meet the same trouble at work.
D．They employ new research methods.
D [细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Caltech researcher Wenbo Wu thought to monitor low-frequency sound waves sent out by earthquakes below the seafloor.”和最后一段中的“Meanwhile Simons and his colleagues... more earthquake sounds.”可知， Wu和Simons都使用了新的研究方法，故D项正确。]
7．What is the best title for the passage
A．Undersea Earthquakes
B．Climate and Seas
C．Sound and Ocean Heat
D．New Method Found
C [标题归纳题。根据本文的中心句“Sound may offer a creative way to take the ocean's temperature.”和其他内容可知，本文主要介绍了利用声音测量海洋温度的研究方法， 故C项最适合作本文的标题。]
C
Finding fish is going to get harder as climate change continues to heat the world's oceans.A new study finds that warming seas over the past 80 years have reduced the sustainable(可持续) catch of 124 species(物种) of fish and shellfish.
Overfishing(过度捕捞) has made that decline worse，researchers say.In some parts of the world，such as the heavily fished Sea of Japan，the decrease is as high as 35 percent.That's a loss of more than one in every three fish.
Researchers examined changes in 235 populations of fish and shellfish between 1930 and 2010.On average，that warming has caused the sustainable catch to drop by 4.1 percent，the study found.About 8 percent of the fish and shellfish populations the team studied saw losses as a result of the ocean warming.However，about 4 percent of some populations increased.That's because certain species have thrived in warmer waters.One example is a kind of black sea fish.It lives along the north-eastern US coast.As warming continues，these fish will reproduce faster until they reach their limit.
About 3.2 billion people worldwide rely on seafood as a source of food.That means it's urgent for commercial fishing fleets and regulators to consider how climate change is affecting the health of all of those fish in the sea.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的研究发现：海水变暖导致鱼类和贝类减少。
8．What does the new study discover
A．Overfishing is to blame for fish health.
B．Warming seas cause fewer fish and shellfish.
C．Seafood matters to people's health worldwide.
D．The living regions of fish and shellfish are different.
B [细节理解题。根据第一段第二句(一项新的研究发现，在过去80年里，海洋变暖已经减少了124种鱼类和贝类的可持续捕捞。)可知，这项新研究发现了海水变暖导致鱼类和贝类减少。故选B。]
9．What does the underlined word “thrived” in paragraph 3 probably mean
A．Survived narrowly.
B．Disappeared soon.
C．Decreased sharply.
D．Developed quickly.
D [词义猜测题。根据倒数第二段“However，about 4 percent of some populations increased.”和本段最后三句(一个例子是一种黑海鱼。 它生活在美国东北部海岸。 随着气候持续变暖，这些鱼将更快地繁殖，直到它们达到极限。)可知，有些物种发展迅速。“That's because certain species have thrived in warmer waters.”意思是“那是因为某些物种在温暖的水域中发展迅速”，“thrived”意思是“发展迅速”，故选D。]
10．What do we know about species of fish and shellfish
A．About 8 percent of them suffered from a great loss.
B．About 35 percent of them survived in the Sea of Japan.
C．About 3.2 billion species have been saved up to now.
D．About 80 species have died out because of warming seas.
A [细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“About 8 percent of the fish and shellfish populations the team studied saw losses as a result of the ocean warming.(研究小组研究的大约8%的鱼类和贝类种群由于海洋变暖而减少。)”可知，A选项“大约8%的鱼类和贝类遭受了巨大的损失”描述正确。故选A。]
11．From which is the text probably taken
A．A cooking guide.
B．A science magazine.
C．A news review.
D．A health brochure.
B [文章出处题。根据第一段中“一项新的研究发现，在过去80年里，海洋变暖已经减少了124种鱼类和贝类的可持续捕捞”并结合全文可知，该文章最可能出现在一本科学杂志上。故选B。]
D
Between a quarter and one third of all marine species rely on coral reefs (珊瑚礁) at some point in their life cycle.The Great Barrier Reef，the world's largest coral reef，covers nearly 133，000 square miles and is home to more than 1，500 species of fish，411 species of hard coral and dozens of other species.
Australian's Great Barrier Reef has lost 50% of its coral populations in the last three decades，with climate change，a key driver of reef disturbance，a new study has found.
Researchers from the Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies，in Queensland，north-eastern Australia，studied coral communities and their colony size along the length of the Great Barrier Reef between 1995 and 2017，finding reduction of virtually all coral populations.
“We found the number of small，medium and large coral on the Great Barrier Reef has dropped by more than 50% since the 1990s，” reported co-author Terry Hughes，a professor at the centre，in a statement.
Reefs are basic to the health of marine ecosystems — without them，ecosystems collapse，and marine life dies.Coral population sizes are also considered important when it comes to the coral's ability to reproduce.“A coral population has millions of small，baby corals，as well as many large ones，” said Andy Dietzel，a doctoral student in a statement.“Our results show the ability of the Great Barrier Reef to recover becomes weak compared to the past，” he added.
Population falls occurred in both shallow and deep water coral species，experts found，but branching coral and table-shaped coral — which provide habitats for fish — were worst affected by mass bleaching (白化) events in 2016 and 2017，caused by record-breaking temperatures.
Warm ocean temperatures are the main driver of coral bleaching，when coral turns white as a stress response to water that is too warm.Bleaching doesn't kill coral immediately，but if temperatures remain high，eventually the coral will die，destroying a natural habitat for many species of marine life.
The new study found the serious worsening of coral colonies in the Northern and Central Great Barrier Reef following the mass bleaching events in the past five years，and experts said the southern part of the reef also suffered record-breaking temperatures in early 2020.
“We used to think the Great Barrier Reef is protected by its huge size — but our results show that even the world's largest and relatively well-protected reef system is increasingly dropping，” Hughes said.He warned that climate change is driving an increase in the frequency of the reef disturbance like marine heat waves.“There is no time to lose — we must sharply reduce greenhouse gases as soon as possible，” he said.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。珊瑚礁是海洋生态系统健康的基础，可以影响其他海洋物种的生存。但是专家发现，珊瑚礁正面临着严重恶化。采取措施保护珊瑚礁刻不容缓。
12．What can we know about coral reefs
A．They are not able to recover by themselves.
B．They make up the largest ecosystem in the sea.
C．They can easily be disturbed by other marine species.
D．They can influence the existence of other marine species.
D [推理判断题。根据第一段内容可知，珊瑚礁可以影响其他海洋物种的生存。故选D。]
13．What does the underlined word “collapse” in paragraph 5 mean
A．Change. B．Disappear.
C．Crash. D．Progress.
C [词义猜测题。根据第五段第一句中的“Reefs are basic to the health of marine ecosystems”和“marine life dies”可知，此处是指没有珊瑚礁，生态系统坍塌，海洋生物死亡。所以collapse意为 “坍塌”。故选C。]
14．How does coral respond to high temperatures
A．It will die very soon.
B．It will change its color.
C．It will fail to reproduce.
D．It will kill other species.
B [细节理解题。根据第七段第一句可知，珊瑚对高温的反应是改变颜色。故选B。]
15．What does Terry Hughes want to say in the last paragraph
A．The Great Barrier Reef doesn't have a self-protecting mechanism.
B．The Great Barrier Reef is no longer the world's largest coral reef.
C．Measures must be taken to protect coral reefs without delay.
D．Climate change can increase the frequency of heat waves.
C [细节理解题。根据最后一段最后两句可知，Terry Hughes在最后一段想说的是必须立即采取措施保护珊瑚礁。故选C。]
第二节
阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Things Only People Who Have Worked
Overseas Can Understand
If you have ever worked or lived overseas，I'm pretty sure you can understand the following things!
We do not automatically become fluent in another language.A lot of people believe that changing your geographic location can improve your language learning skills quickly. 16 Language application takes time.
We feel extremely lonely at times.Yes，living abroad can be wonderful. 17 Sometimes，we think that no one back at home understands our true feelings and life challenges，but a lot of other people travel long term and work abroad.Maybe they are not facing the same problems as you，but they know exactly how you feel.
We don't really like our birthdays.Usually，your special day ends with the last phone call you get from home and then you can look through all your greetings on social media. 18 You may throw a small party with some of your new friends，but it's going to be nothing compared with the good-old feasts you used to have with your loved ones back at home.
19 Too often we simply can't tell you if we will be coming home for holidays this season.Sometimes，our working/living permits require us to stay in the country for at least a year.Adding up the flight costs and additional travel expenses，travelling home becomes quite a challenge for us.
We will change. 20 You become more mature，independent and open-minded.Usually，you return home as a better person than the one you left as.
A．The truth is: it isn't like that.
B．We may not plan to move back home.
C．We don't know when we'll come home next time.
D．However，it can get extremely lonely on some days too.
E．Living abroad makes us value the little things a lot.
F．Living and working abroad shape your personality a lot.
G．After that，you just act as if it's another ordinary day in your life yet.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了在海外工作或生活时人们会经历的一些事情。
16．A [根据上文“A lot of people believe that changing your geographic location can improve your language learning skills quickly.”可知，很多人认为改变你的地理位置可以快速提高你的语言学习技能；根据下文“Language application takes time.”可知，语言应用还需要时间。前后文形成转折，结合选项可判断，A项承上启下，符合语境。]
17．D [根据上文“We feel extremely lonely at times.Yes，living abroad can be wonderful.”可知，尽管在国外生活是很美妙的，但是我们有时会感到非常孤独。由此可知，D项符合语境。]
18．G [根据上文“Usually，your special day ends with the last phone call you get from home and then you can look through all your greetings on social media.”可知，在国外，你的生日并不会变得非常特别，而是和普通的日子差不多。由此可知，G项符合语境。]
19．C [根据下文“Too often we simply can't tell you if we will be coming home for holidays this season.”可知，我们无法知道什么时候能够回家。由此可知，C项符合语境。]
20．F [根据上文“We will change.”及下文“You become more mature，independent and open-minded.”可知，在国外生活和工作会让我们的性格发生变化。由此可知，F项符合语境。]
第二部分 语言运用
第一节
阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
Three years ago，I participated in Model United Nations(MUN)held by the Education Department，which was a mock (模拟的) UN activity.During the two days，students are separated in different groups which 21 different countries to debate and try to solve problems.MUN has 22 awards：best delegates (代表)，honorary mentions，and verbal mentions.
Each time I participate in MUN，I made good 23 and undoubtedly got a few awards.But I often felt as if I'd 24 because I had never won the best delegate award.I 25 those who didn't deserve to win the award but won it various times，and I was just filled with 26 at their success.But later I realised that it was also 27 not to get the award because I could actually 28 something，and that I shouldn't 29 the best delegate award until I was the best delegate I could be.
Failures are completely subjective — we can look at a result as a failure or a 30 ．Any failure can be regarded as a(n) 31 because you can always learn something from it and do 32 next time.This is supported by John Locke's theory that we are born with blank views: knowledge and ability are learned from our 33 ．That's true.If I make a mistake in the life practice，then I probably won't 34 that next time.I believe this is 35 the best way to become better.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章讲述了作者参加由教育署举办的模拟联合国活动的故事。作者每次参加都做好充分准备，仍旧没有获得最佳代表奖。从这些经历中作者意识到，尽管没有获奖但是自己学到了很多东西。
21．A．strengthen B．condemn
C．inspire D．represent
D [在为期两天的会议中，与会者分成不同的委员会，代表(represent)不同的国家，讨论并试图解决问题。故选D。]
22．A．identical B．temporary
C．various D．false
C [模拟联合国有各种各样的(various)奖项，但它们可以总结为最佳代表奖、荣誉奖和口头奖。故选C。]
23．A．preparations B．predictions
C．appointments D．explanations
A [每次“我”参加模联赛，“我”都做好充分的准备(preparations)，并且毫无疑问地获得了一些奖项。故选A。]
24．A．accelerated B．failed
C．exited D．succeeded
B [但是“我”经常觉得“我”失败(failed)了，因为“我”从来没有获得过最佳代表奖。故选B。]
25．A．approached B．trained
C．expected D．witnessed
D [“我”见证(witnessed)了那些没有资格赢得这个奖项但却多次获奖的人。故选D。]
26．A．relief B．envy
C．satisfaction D．delight
B [“我”只是对他们的成功充满羡慕(envy)。故选B。]
27．A．annoyed B．ashamed
C．good D．terrible
C [后来“我”意识到没有获奖也是件好事(good)，因为“我”确实可以学到(learn)一些东西。故选C。]
28．A．desert B．learn
C．delete D．display
B [参见上题解析。]
29．A．win B．miss
C．deliver D．value
A [直到“我”成为“我”能做的最好的代表，“我”才配赢得(win)最佳代表奖。此处not... until... 表示“直到……才……”，故选A。]
30．A．bond B．bet
C．victory D．loss
C [失败是主观的——我们可以把结果看作一次失败，或者看作一次成功(victory)。故选C。]
31．A．aim B．benefit
C．burden D．limit
B [任何失败都可以被视为一种收益(benefit)，因为你总能从中学到一些东西，下次做得更好(better)。故选B。]
32．A．funnier B．worse
C．better D．slower
C [参见上题解析。]
33．A．decisions B．attitudes
C．positions D．experiences
D [约翰·洛克的理论支持这一点，即我们生来是块白板：知识和能力是从我们的经历(experiences)中获得的。故选D。]
34．A．repeat B．admit
C．accept D．notice
A [如果“我”犯了一次错误，那么下次“我”可能就不会再犯(repeat)。故选A。]
35．A．wrongly B．scarcely
C．truly D．narrowly
C [“我”相信这是真正(truly)变得更好的最好的方法。用truly加强语气，此处对上文总结。从经验中学习，不重复犯错误。故选C。]
第二节
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Today，much of the world's ocean is still a mystery.Only 5 percent of it 36.________(explore) so far.In fact，we know more about some areas of Mars 37.________some parts of the world's ocean.
New technology，however，is helping scientists explore these 38.________(hide) worlds.For example，scientists are using an underwater vehicle called DeepSee to explore seamounts—underwater mountains.Scientists have used DeepSee to study Las Gemelas，an area of seamounts near Costa Rica.A huge variety 39.______species live around Las Gemelas.Some of these species may have chemicals 40.______can help people fight illnesses.
The 41.________(deep) location of the earth is the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean.The ocean floor there is about 11，000 meters deep.In 2012，filmmaker and explorer James Cameron 42.________(reach) the Mariana Trench in a vehicle called Deepsea Challenger.He was the first 43.________(complete) the journey alone.Cameron took 44.________(photo) and made videos on the ocean floor.Deep-sea exploration also helps us in other ways.For example，we are learning how underwater earthquakes cause tsunamis(海啸)．As Cameron says，“This is the beginning of 45.________(open) up a new frontier.”
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章指出，世界上的大部分海洋仍然是个谜，新技术正在帮助科学家探索这些隐藏的世界。
36．has been explored [考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。由so far可知，句子时态用现在完成时，世界上的海洋是被开发，因此空处是现在完成时的被动语态，又因主语5 percent of it是单数，故填has been explored。]
37．than [考查介词。由前面的比较级more可知，空处用表示比较的介词than，故填than。]
38．hidden [考查形容词。空处用形容词作定语，根据句意可知，空处表示“隐藏的”，故填hidden。]
39．of [考查介词。a variety of是固定短语，意为“各种各样的”，故填of。]
40．that/which [考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，从句中缺少主语，先行词chemicals指物，故填that/which。]
41．deepest [考查最高级。此处表示最深的位置，the后跟形容词的最高级，故填deepest。]
42．reached [考查时态。由In 2012可知，句子描述过去的动作，时态用一般过去时，故填reached。]
43．to complete [考查非谓语动词。the first后用动词不定式作后置定语，故填to complete。]
44．photos [考查名词复数。photo是可数名词，前面无冠词，因此空处用复数，故填photos。]
45．opening [考查非谓语动词。of为介词，其后跟动词-ing形式作宾语，故填opening。]
第三部分 写作
第一节
6月8日，你校举办了庆祝“世界海洋日”的宣传活动，请你就此为校英文报写一篇短文投稿，内容包括：
1.活动目的；
2.活动过程(设计海报、听报告等)；
3.活动意义。
注意：1．写作词数应为80左右；
2．请按如下格式作答。
World Oceans Day
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[参考范文]
World Oceans Day
On June 8th，a publicity activity of celebrating World Oceans Day was held in our school.It was intended to tell people how important it was to protect oceans.During the activity，students attended a lecture about oceans and everything related to them.Besides，students designed different kinds of posters that showed the beauty of oceans and the urgent need of protecting oceans.All of us were impressed by what we have learned in this activity.And we also learned that oceans are closely related to our human life and we should protect oceans from being polluted.
第二节
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
Kareem sighed as he counted his money again.He was still short of fifty dollars to buy the latest Speedster X bike.In order to save his pocket money to replace his old bike，he had been packing sandwiches to school in the last three months.
“How can I get that fifty dollars？” he thought to himself.His mind was wandering when Mother's voice disturbed his thoughts.“Kareem，I just ran into Aunty Kim，our neighbour who just moved in next door.Her son，Shawn，will cycle to school next week.Could you show him the shortcut to school later It's Saturday anyway！” Hearing this，Kareem had no option but to obey it.He knew Mother had probably already volunteered his service to Aunty Kim.“Oh，here's a mail from your Grandma.Open it！” added Mother.
Kareem's grandmother lived abroad and she would send him photos and cards.He opened the envelope and pulled out a greeting card.Incredibly，a fifty-dollar note slipped out as well! Kareem was wild with joy.Waving the note in the air，he shouted happily，“Enough money for my bike！”
At 2 p．m.Kareem met Shawn as arranged by their mothers.The sooner he finished this task，the sooner he could go to the bike shop.While the boys were cycling，a squirrel (松鼠) appeared behind a parked car and dashed across the road so suddenly that the boys knocked into each other and fell down heavily.Kareem said regretfully，“I forgot to warn you about the squirrel population here.” As Kareem was lifting up his broken bike，Shawn cried anxiously，“Oh，my poor bike! It's completely broken.”
Watching Shawn carrying the disabled bike home in silence，Kareem hurried to the bike shop for his dream bike.The sign “Half Price for Old Models” in the shop attracted his eyes.
注意：1．续写词数应为150左右；
2．请按如下格式作答。
“A Speedster X bike or two old models？” Kareem hesitated.____________
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“Hi！” Kareem appeared at Shawn's door cheerfully and asked，“Want to ride together？”_____________________________________________________
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[参考范文]
“A Speedster X bike or two old models？” Kareem hesitated.He thought to himself，“Whatever happened was not my fault.I'm buying Speedster X anyway.” However，as the image of Shawn and his disabled bike flashed before him repeatedly，he felt a shiver running down his body.An inner voice insisted that he should reach out a helping hand.Just at that moment，his initial guilt gave way to a sense of responsibility.After a quick mental calculation，he decided to buy two old models.
“Hi！” Kareem appeared at Shawn's door cheerfully and asked，“Want to ride together？” Shawn got annoyed at the silly question.He moved his lips as if to say something but before he could say anything，Kareem took a stride to the side，revealing two shiny identical bikes magically.“What...How come No，it couldn't be...”Shawn beamed with excitement，tears clouding his eyes.Mother，who had witnessed the scene from the window，walked up to Kareem and patted his shoulder gently and playfully，“Son! I'm really proud of you.”
