Section Ⅲ Developing ideas—Reading
1．poisonous ________有毒物质
2．________ machine 钻床；钻孔机
3．this ________ of essays这本文集
1．metre n．米→________ n．毫米
2．note v．注意；留意→________ adj.显要的；显著的；值得注意的→notably adv.明显地；尤其，特别
1．____________ 起航
2．____________ 继续做
3．_____________ 为……提供一个窗口
4．_____________ 无法达到；超出……的能力
5．____________ 保持纪录
6．_____________ 相当于，等于
1．[句型公式] 作表语的动词-ing形式置于句首引起的完全倒装句
____________________ are an estimated three million shipwrecks.
全球水域下大约有三百万艘沉船残骸。
2．[句型公式] if any省略结构
Today，some 500 years after the Esmeralda set sail，there is little—____________—land on our planet left unexplored.
如今，距离“埃斯梅拉达”号起航已有500多年，我们星球上尚未被人类探索的土地已经少之又少了。
①shipwreck n．失事的船；沉船
②represent v．代表
③unexplored adj.无人涉足的
④given prep.鉴于
⑤archaeological adj.考古学的；考古的
⑥find n．发现
⑦shallow adj.浅的
⑧beneath the waves在海浪下
⑨ruin n．残垣断壁，废墟
⑩remaining adj.剩下的，余下的
extreme adj.极度的，极端的
depth n．深处；深度
fragment n．碎片；片段
biological adj.生物的；生物学的
at the rate of 以……的速度
transparent adj.透明的
trench n．海沟
be equivalent to相当于，等于
stack v．(使)整齐地堆起；摞起
capacity n．能力，承受力
notable adj.显要的；显著的；值得注意的
substance n．物质
hold the record 保持纪录
conduct v．实施，执行
identify v．确定；找到，发现
a tough environment 恶劣的环境
enormous adj.巨大的
intense adj.十分强烈的，极度的
beyond the reach of 无法达到；超出……的能力
cooperation n．合作
mission n．任务，使命
frontier n．边疆；(学科或活动的)尖端，边缘
DIVING DEEP
Lying under waters across the globe are an estimated three million shipwrecks①.All of them represent② attempts over the centuries to explore Earth's furthest corners.[1] Among these is the Esmeralda，the earliest wreck from the age of the European exploration of Asia.Today，some 500 years after the Esmeralda set sail，there is little — if any — land on our planet left unexplored③.We have more detailed maps of the Moon，and even of Venus and Mars，than we do of Earth's own sea bed.
[1]本句为完全倒装句。the earliest wreck from the age of the European exploration of Asia为 Esmeralda的同位语。
[2]Given④ our limited knowledge，it is perhaps no surprise that exploration of the oceans continues to lead to discoveries in various scientific fields.As with the discovery of the Esmeralda，many archaeological⑤ finds⑥ are made in shallow⑦ waters near the coast.These may sometimes include whole cities buried beneath the waves⑧.One such find is the ancient Roman city of Neápolis，discovered off the coast of Tunisia.Believed to have been buried underwater by a tsunami in the fourth century AD，the ruins⑨ of Neápolis are almost 2，000 years old.The remaining⑩ streets and buildings offer a window into a fascinating period in our history.However，we are only beginning to overcome the challenges of pressure，darkness and extreme cold at vast depths .Fragments of the past lying deep beneath the oceans are still waiting to be discovered.
[2]句中that引导主语从句，it作形式主语。
Amazing biological discoveries are also being made.The dark zones of the oceans may contain up to 90 per cent of the planet's fish.[3] In these waters，more than 200 metres deep，where light cannot reach，are extraordinary creatures that appear as if they are straight out of science fiction.Imagine bone-white coral 6，000 metres below the ocean's surface，growing at the rate of only one or two millimetres per year.Some of these could be 4，000 years old.Swimming through these black depths is the barreleye，a strange fish with eyes that can look upwards through its transparent forehead.In the very deepest ocean trenches that are more than 8，000 metres below the surface，the pressure is equivalent to 50 aeroplanes stacked one on top of another.Yet there is still life to be found，even around the deep-sea volcanic openings.These discoveries all help us understand the capacity for life on our planet，even in the most extreme circumstances.
[3]本句为表示地点的介词短语位于句首的倒装句；where引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词waters；that引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词creatures；as if引导表语从句。
[4]Furthermore，the oceans are a valuable source of natural resources，some of which are completely new to us.Most notable of these is China's discovery of an ice-like substance ，known as “fire ice”， under the South China Sea.In addition，China's underwater vessels，such as the Jiaolong and Shenhai Yongshi，have been exploring waters at depths of thousands of metres.The Jiaolong even holds the record for the deepest dive by a manned submarine，at 7，062 metres，giving China its place alongside the world's top ocean explorers.[5] The research conducted by these vessels is giving scientists a greater understanding of how the sea bed was formed，as well as helping identify areas for deep-sea drilling，taking deep-sea exploration into a whole new era.
[4]本句为复合句。some of which... 为“代词＋介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句。
[5]本句为复合句。句子主干为The research is giving scientists a greater understanding of... as well as helping... ; conducted by these vessels为过去分词短语作后置定语；how the sea bed was formed为how引导的宾语从句。
Being a tough environment of complete darkness，enormous pressure and intense cold，the ocean depths have long been beyond the reach of human exploration.However，through closer international scientific，economic and cultural cooperation ，we are all becoming part of a global mission to open up our planet's final frontier .Humankind is entering a new age of oceanic discovery，and the world beneath the waves may one day be almost as familiar to us as the land we walk upon today.
潜入深海
全球水域下大约有三百万艘沉船残骸，每艘都代表了若干世纪以来探索地球最远端的努力尝试。其中就包括了“埃斯梅拉达”号，它是欧洲国家探索亚洲时代留下的最早的残骸。如今，距离“埃斯梅拉达”号起航已有500多年，我们星球上尚未被人类探索的土地已经少之又少了。然而，我们手中关于地球自身海底的地图，甚至比不上关于月球乃至金星、火星的天体图详尽。
基于我们有限的认知，探索海洋可以带来许多科学领域的新发现，这也许就显得不足为奇了。就像发现“埃斯梅拉达”号的残骸一样，很多考古学发现都发生在近海岸的浅水水域。这些发现有时会包括埋在海浪下的整座城市，其中之一便是在突尼斯近海发现的古罗马城市奈阿波利斯。据悉，在公元4世纪，奈阿波利斯被一场海啸淹没，其废墟至今已有近2 000年的历史。存留下来的街道、建筑为我们打开了一扇窗，让我们得以窥见那段精彩的历史。然而，我们才刚刚开始克服广袤的海洋深处的压强、黑暗和极寒所带来的挑战。过去的碎片仍深藏在大洋底部，等待被发现。
生物学领域也有惊人的发现。海洋的黑暗区域里或许生存着地球上多达90%的鱼类。在200多米以下，阳光照不到的深水水域里，住着一些看起来就像是直接从科幻小说中走出来的奇异生物。想象一下，在海平面下6 000米深处，骨白色的珊瑚以每年仅一到两毫米的速度缓慢生长着，它们中有些已经存活了4 000年。漆黑的深海里管眼鱼游来游去，这是种奇特的鱼，其眼睛可以透过透明的前额向上看。在海平面以下8 000多米处最深的海沟里，压强相当于50架飞机堆叠在一起。然而这里仍有生命的存在，甚至在深海海底的火山口周围也有生命。这些深海发现帮助我们理解地球上生命的承受力，甚至是在最极端的环境下的承受力。
此外，海洋还包含着珍贵的自然资源，其中一些对我们来说完全是新的资源。最值得一提的便是中国在南海发现的被称为“可燃冰”的冰状物质。此外，中国的水下舰艇如“蛟龙”号和“深海勇士”号，一直在数千米深的水域探索。“蛟龙”号甚至保持着载人潜舰的最深下潜纪录7 062米，使中国跻身于世界顶级海洋探索国之列。借助这些潜水器所完成的研究有利于科学家进一步了解海床的形成过程，帮助确定深海钻探区域，将深海勘探带入一个崭新的时代。
深海区域环境恶劣，完全黑暗、压强极大、极度寒冷，长期以来都是人类探索无法企及的区域。然而，通过更紧密的国际科学、经济以及文化合作，我们都在成为开拓地球最后疆域这一全球使命的参与者。人类正走向海洋发现的新时代，或许有朝一日，我们会像熟悉脚下的土地一样熟悉那海浪下的世界。
1．What is the main idea of the text
A．Humans have discovered lots of biological creatures under the waters.
B．Humans have been exploring Earth's furthest corners for centuries.
C．Humans will conquer the deep ocean in the future.
D．China has been alongside the world's top ocean explorers.
2．Read the text quickly and fill in the blanks.
Read the text carefully and then choose the best answer.
1．What is the author's attitude to ocean exploration
A．Indifferent. B．Optimistic.
C．Pessimistic. D．Cautious.
2．What can't we infer from the first paragraph
A．The Esmeralda set sail in the 16th century.
B．After the Esmeralda，humans have made much progress in exploring Earth's furthest corners.
C．The Esmeralda represents attempts to explore Earth's furthest corners.
D．There is still a little unexplored land on our planet.
3．The following have been discovered in the ocean depth EXCEPT ______．
A．natural resources
B．extraordinary creatures
C．shipwrecks
D．fragments of the past
4．Why does the author give the examples of China
A．To show how powerful our country is.
B．To show the progress our country has made.
C．To show the oceans can provide priceless natural resources.
D．To show how the sea bed is formed.
1．be equivalent to 相当于，等于
(1)equivalent adj. 等同的；等值的；相当的
n. 相等的东西；等量；对应词
the equivalent of/to sth. 等于
(2)equivalence n. (用途、功能、尺寸、价值等)相等，对等，相同
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①One kilometre is equivalent ________ two li.
②There is no straightforward ________ (equivalent) between economic progress and social well-being.
③呼吸污染这么严重的空气等于每天抽十支烟。
Breathing such polluted air is ________________ smoking ten cigarettes a day.
2．hold a record 保持纪录
(1)break a record 打破纪录
keep a record 保持纪录
set a record 创造纪录
keep records/a record of 记录；把……记录下来
on record 有记录的，记录在案的
(2)it is recorded that... 据记载……
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①He planted a little apple tree and kept ________ (record) of its growth every month.
②Last summer was the wettest ________ record.
③这个年轻人在运动会中创造了一项新纪录。
The young man ________________ at the sports meeting.
3．beyond the reach of 无法达到；超出……的能力
beyond one's power 超出某人的能力/权力
beyond description 无法形容；难以描述
beyond belief 令人难以置信
beyond doubt 毫无疑问，的确
beyond (one's) control (某人)无法控制
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①The land of Yunnan is indeed filled with charm and beauty that is________ our imagination.
②The beauty of the West Lake is entirely beyond ________ (describe)．
③他解谜的能力令人难以置信。
His ability to solve a puzzle is ____________．
重点句式1 作表语的动词-ing形式置于句首引起的完全倒装句
(教材P74)Lying under waters across the globe are an estimated three million shipwrecks.
全球水域下大约有三百万艘沉船残骸。
[句式分析]
本句是一个完全倒装句， An estimated three million shipwrecks are lying under waters across the globe.是其正常语序。
Look！Moving under the bridge are a group of sheep.
看！一群羊正在桥下走动。
作表语的过去分词或形容词，也可以移到句首，引起完全倒装。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①________ (stand) in the front of the lecture hall was a famous scientist.
②________ (bury) in the tomb was a king who died more than 2，000 years ago.
③躺在地板上的是一个受伤的农家男孩。
________________ a wounded peasant boy.
重点句式2 if any省略结构
(教材P74)Today，some 500 years after the Esmeralda set sail，there is little—if any—land on our planet left unexplored.
如今，距离“埃斯梅拉达”号起航已有500多年，我们星球上尚未被人类探索的土地已经少之又少了。
[句式分析]
句中if any属于条件状语从句的省略结构，意为“如果有的话”。
Please let me know how many people are coming，if any.
请告诉我，如果有人要来的话，有多少？
此类省略结构还有：
if necessary 如果有必要的话
if possible 如果有可能的话
if ever 如果曾经有过的话
if so 如果这样的话
if not 如果不是这样的话
if anything 如果有的话
[即学即练] 完成句子
①你要那个蛋糕吗？如果你不要的话，我就要了。
Do you want that cake ____________， I'll have it.
②你可以来北京度假。如果来的话，我将带你参观颐和园。
You can come to Beijing for a holiday.______， I'll show you around the Summer Palace.
③如果有必要的话，我将和你一起去。
I will go with you ____________．
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．________ (此外)，I will consult a huge number of books to clarify whether they have something in common.
2．There's absolutely no regulation of cigarettes to make sure that they don't include poisonous ________(物质)．
3．It is said that she is still under __________________________(调查)．
4．We all know that his eyes are his most ________(显著的)feature.
5．What do you think of the ________(册)of poetry on the desk
6．This machine part was built to a tolerance of 0.01 _________(毫米)．
7．The equipment can be used for deep-sea ________(钻探)．
8．Stand with your feet apart and your hands facing ________(朝上)．
Ⅱ.选词填空
set sail，beyond the reach of，be equivalent to，offer a window into，hold the record
1．Eight kilometres ________ roughly ____________ five miles.
2．Which country ________________ for the marathon
3．The price is ten times what it normally is and totally ________________ ordinary people.
4．It was a bright clear morning when we at last ____________ in the ship.
5．Social networks ________________ how people live their lives.
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
Lying under waters across the globe are an 1.________ (estimate) three million shipwrecks.All of them represent attempts over the centuries 2.________ (explore) Earth's furthest corners.Given our limited knowledge，it is perhaps no surprise 3.______ exploration of the oceans continues to lead to discoveries in various 4.________ (science) fields.Amazing biological discoveries are also being made.These discoveries all help us understand the capacity for life on our planet，even in the most extreme 5.________ (circumstance)．Furthermore，the oceans are a valuable source of natural resources，some of 6.________ are completely new to us.Most 7.________ (note) of these is China's discovery of an ice-like substance，known 8.________ “fire ice”， under the South China Sea.Humankind is entering a new age of 9.________(ocean) discovery，and the world beneath the waves may one day be almost as familiar to us 10.________ the land we walk upon today.Section Ⅳ Developing ideas—Writing
写一篇关于不解之谜的文章
本单元的写作任务是介绍大自然神秘现象的文章，属于说明文。说明文一般用言简意赅的语言解说事物的特点、发展变化规律，分析前因后果等，目的在于使读者“明白事理”，获得必要的信息，从而对事物有较完整清晰的了解和认识。
[写作要点]
介绍性说明文主要运用说明的表达方式，向别人介绍清楚事物“是怎么样”的，对被介绍对象起解释、阐述的作用。此种文体常用空间顺序、时间顺序或逻辑顺序对现象或事物进行介绍，常用结构(总—分—总)如下：
第一段：对要说明的事物或现象作简要介绍，即点题。
第二段：按照题目提供的信息分层次，并按照一定的顺序进行说明后表达观点。
第三段：结尾照应开头，可发表自己的认识和看法。
[常用表达]
1．描述自然界某种神秘自然现象以及该现象何时何地被发现的，常用语句：
①The monster of... is back in the news.
②It is known to all that...
③It lies in...
④It looks like a．..
2．描述科学家及有关专家们对神秘现象的解释及证据，常用语句：
①Some scientists think that...
②Some people believe in its existence because...
③By recent research，we can learn that...
④Other scientists consider...
3．描述作者个人对此现象的认识，常用语句：
①Personally，I (don't) believe...
②As far as I am concerned，I think...
③In my point of view，I believe...
4．The largest pyramid of all，also known as the Great Pyramid of Cheops (or Khufu)，was built around 5，000 years ago.
其中最大的金字塔，也被称为基奥普斯(或胡夫)大金字塔，建于5 000年前。
5．It is the size of a 40-storey building and covers an area big enough to fit 10 football fields in it.Experts reckon it took 400，000 men about 20 years to complete.
它有40层楼那么高，占地面积足以容纳10个足球场。专家估计，它由40万人花了大约20年的时间才完成。
6．In the 1940s，a French hardware dealer spotted some mummified animals exactly one-third up the height of the pyramid.
在20世纪40年代，一个法国五金商人发现一些动物的木乃伊正好在金字塔高度的三分之一处。
7．The remarkable thing was that they showed no signs of decomposition.
值得注意的是，它们没有腐烂的迹象。
8．He deducted that the pyramid shape was responsible for preserving these creatures.
他推断金字塔的形状是为了保护这些生物。
9．A Czech radio engineer conducted a series of experiments in which he placed a brand new razor blade inside a 1∶1，000 scale model of Khufu.
一位捷克无线电工程师进行了一系列的实验，他将一个全新的剃须刀片放入1∶1 000比例的胡夫模型中。
10．It took him 10 years to obtain a patent for this remarkable device，which still has no scientific explanation today.
他花了10年的时间为这个了不起的装置取得了专利，直到今天也没有科学的解释。
“大脚怪(Bigfoot)”一直引发人们的热议。请根据所给的图片以及文字提示写一篇英语短文来参与讨论。
出没地址 北美
神秘生 物描述 像猿(ape)，高6～10英尺，重量在500磅以上，全身覆盖棕色或红色的毛，头和眼睛很大，脚印长达24英寸
发现情况 科学家和研究人员找到了与它相关的毛发、粪便(faeces)及大脚印等
结论 无其他证据证明其存在，也许是当地传说以吓唬徒步者或猎人
注意：1．词数80左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
[审题构思]
第一段：神秘生物出现的地点；
第二段：根据所给内容，描述神秘之处；
第三段：科学家的相关研究情况及结论。
[遣词造句]
1．大脚怪是世界著名的神秘生物之一。
The Bigfoot is ________________________．
2．它是在北美洲被首次看到的。
It ____________ in North America.
3．据说它高6～10英尺。
____________ to be 6－10 feet tall.
4．它的重量在500磅以上。
It ____________ 500 pounds.
5．它全身覆盖棕色或红色的毛，头和眼睛很大。
________________________ with large eyes and a big head.
6．科学家和研究人员团队已经去那里进行了调查。
________________________ have gone there to ________________．
7．他们已经找到了与它相关的东西，如毛发、粪便等。
They have found things ________________，such as fur，faeces and so on.
8．但是到目前为止，没有其他证据证明其存在。
However，so far there ________________________．
[句式升级]
1．用非限制性定语从句合并句1和句2
____________________________________________________________________
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2．用动词-ing形式合并句3、句4和句5
____________________________________________________________________
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3．用定语从句合并句6和句7
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
[连句成篇]
____________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________Section Ⅱ Using language
1．check out调查，检查；结账；(从图书馆等)借出
(1)check in (在旅馆、机场等)登记，报到
check up 核对；检验
(2)pay by check 用支票付款
make/have a check (of) 核对
[即学即练] 一词多义/完成句子
①The library allows you to check out six books at a time.____________
②The accountant checked out the bills and found them OK.____________
③We loaded the car while Dad checked out at the desk.____________
④布莱恩在办理登机手续前需要见一个叫托尼的朋友。
Brain needed to meet a friend named Tony before he ____________ for his flight.
2．set out动身踏上(漫长的)旅途，出发，开始
set off 动身，出发；使爆炸
set out to do sth.＝set about doing sth. 着手做某事
set down 记下，写下，放下
set aside 把……放到一旁；留出(钱或时间)
set sail (from/for) 起航；开航
set up 建立，创建；设立，设置
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①They succeeded in what they set out ____________ (do)．
②I set ________ everything that happened then.
③We need to set about ________ (find) a way to deal with the problem.
④七月份，他们又扬帆起航了，为寻找新大陆向南方和西方航行。
In July ________________ and headed south and west in search of new lands.
3．throw oneself into积极投入到……中去
throw away 抛弃；扔掉
throw off 脱去
throw up 举起；呕吐
throw out 抛出；扔出去
throw oneself on 扑倒在……上；完全依赖
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①People are recycling many things which they would have thrown ________ in the past.
②She entered the room and threw ________ her wet coat.
③很多年轻人积极投身于医院的志愿工作。
A lot of young people ________________ the voluntary work in hospitals actively.
4．look into调查(问题)
look ahead (to sth.) 向前看(某物)；为将来打算
look down upon/on 看不起，轻视
look forward to 盼望；期望
look through 快速查看；浏览
look up 往上看；查阅
look up to 尊敬，敬仰
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①I'm looking forward to ________ (hear) the good news.
②The time has come when we should look ahead ________ the future.
③Her mother tells her not to look down ________ the poor.
④警察已接到举报，现在正在调查这件事。
The police have received the complaint，and now they ________________ it.
5．investigation n．调查
(1)conduct/carry out an investigation 开展调查
under investigation 在调查研究中
investigation into 对……的调查
(2)investigate v. 调查；研究
investigate and survey 调研
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①The manager got down to ________ (investigate) the matter that made them in a dilemma.
②As far as I know，he is still________investigation.
③警方已完成对这次事故的调查。
The police have completed their ________________________________________．
重点句式 There is no need (for sb.)to do sth.“(某人)没有必要做某事”
(教材P71)While there is no need for us to shrink from new situations，we should always look into things first and consider our options.
虽然我们没有必要回避新的情况，但我们应该总是先看问题，并考虑我们的选择。
There is no hurry to do sth. 不用急于做某事
There is no work to do 没有工作要做
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①Everything is all right; there is no need ____________ (worry) at all.
②There is ________ hurry to do the job；we have plenty of time.
③你没必要担心我们。
There is no need ________________．
P70
1．____________________ 渴望做某事
2．____________________ 似乎/好像……
3．____________________ 弄清楚，弄明白
4．____________________ 由……决定；取决于
P71
1．____________________ 开始生效/见效
2．____________________ 逃跑，逃走
3．____________________ 可以理解的本能反应
4．____________________ 追溯到
5．____________________ 逃命
6．____________________ 忍不住做……
7．____________________ 调查，检查
8．____________________ 试水，试探
9．____________________ 避开……；从……处脱身
10．____________________ 代替，而不是
11．____________________ 撤退到……
12．____________________ 探索不为人知的地方/人类尚未到达的地方
13．____________________ 例如
14．____________________ 在更近的时期
15．____________________ 动身踏上(漫长的)旅途
16．____________________ 未知的领域
17．____________________ 积极投入到……中去
18．____________________ 再三考虑，慎重考虑
19．____________________ 采取行动
20．____________________ 避免做，不愿做
21．____________________ 调查(问题)
P72
1．____________________ 神经系统的中心
2．____________________ 与……有关联
3．____________________ 被卷入；涉及……
4．____________________ 相当于，总计
P73
1．____________________ 与睡眠有关的奥秘
2．____________________ 提高睡眠质量的方法
3．____________________ 解梦
4．____________________ 给……讲课
5．____________________ 一项对……的调查
复习名词性从句
名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句，多由连词that，whether，if，连接代词(who，whose，which，what，whoever，whatever，whichever)和连接副词(when，where，how，why，whenever，wherever，however)等引导。
一、主语从句
在复合句中作主语的从句叫作主语从句。
1．连词that引导的主语从句
that在从句中无意义，不作任何成分。
That the heavy haze is harming our health is quite apparent.
浓重的雾霾正在危害我们的健康，这是很明显的。
2．连词whether引导的主语从句
whether在从句中不作成分，意为“是否”。
Whether they will have the meeting hasn't been decided yet.
他们是否要开会还没有定下来。
3．连接代词和连接副词引导的主语从句
连接代词或连接副词在从句中有意义，作成分。
Whoever comes will be welcome.
无论谁来都将受到欢迎。
4．it作形式主语，主语从句后移
有时为了使句子结构平衡，避免“头重脚轻”，常用it作形式主语，而把主语从句，即真正的主语，放在后面。
It is a pity that she has made such a mistake.
她犯了这样一个错误，真是遗憾。
二、宾语从句
宾语从句在复合句中作及物动词或介词的宾语。引导宾语从句的词有连词that，if/whether；连接代词who，whose，what，which等；连接副词when，where，how，why等。语序为陈述句语序。
1．连词that引导的宾语从句
that在宾语从句中不充当任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中可以省略。
He told me (that) he would go to college the next year.
他告诉我他明年将去上大学。
[温馨提示] 在以下情况中that不能省略：
(1)动词后有两个或两个以上由that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that可省略，其余的that一般都不能省略。
We all think (that) she is working very hard and that she will surely go to a very good university.
我们都认为她学习非常努力，一定能上一个非常好的大学。
(2)当主句的谓语动词与that引导的宾语从句之间有插入语时，that一般不可省略。
Just then I noticed，for the first time，that our teacher was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.
那时我第一次注意到我们的老师穿着他的好看的绿色大衣并戴着黑色丝帽。
2．whether/if引导的宾语从句
由whether/if引导的宾语从句，实际上是由一般疑问句演变而来的。一般来说，whether与if可以互换使用。
I wonder whether/if they will come to our party.
我想知道他们是否会来参加我们的派对。
[温馨提示] 宾语从句只能用whether，不能用if引导的情况：
(1)在介词的后面
I'm thinking of whether we should go to see the film.
我正在考虑我们是否应该去看这部电影。
(2)与or not连用时
I can't say whether or not they'll come.
我不敢说他们是否会来。
3．宾语从句的一些注意事项
(1)动词find，consider，think，feel，believe，make等后有宾语补足语时，常用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语从句后置。
I've made it clear that I won't accept this job.
我已表明我不会接受这份工作。
(2)有些动词(短语)，如enjoy，love，like，hate，appreciate，take，hide，see to，insist on，depend on，rely on等后接宾语从句时，习惯在从句前加形式宾语it。
I would appreciate it if you could give us some advice.
如果你能给我们一些建议，我将不胜感激。
(3)宾语从句的时态
宾语从句的时态常受到主句时态的影响。主句是现在或将来时态时，从句可用任何所需要的时态；如果主句是过去时，从句通常与主句一致用过去的某种时态。
The teacher pointed out where she was wrong.
老师指出她错的地方。
三、表语从句
表语从句在复合句中作表语，位于系动词之后。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be，look，remain，seem等。引导表语从句的有连词that，whether，as if/though，because；连接代词who，what，which等；连接副词when，where，how，why等。
[温馨提示] (1)在非正式文体中，引导表语从句的that通常可省略。
All I can tell you is (that) he gives me the creeps every time I pass him.
我能告诉你的是每次我从他身旁经过时他都让我惊慌。
(2)表语从句用陈述句语序。
The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.
问题是他什么时候可以到达酒店。
(3)引导表语从句时，用whether，不用if。
The question is whether he can make it.
问题是他能否成功。
(4)reason作主语时，表语从句要用that引导。常用句式为The reason is that... 。
He didn't attend the party.The reason was that he was ill.
他没有参加聚会，原因是他生病了。
四、同位语从句
在复合句中用作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。它一般位于fact，news，idea，truth，hope，problem，information，belief，thought，doubt，promise，question等抽象名词的后面，对前面的名词做进一步的解释，或说明前面名词的具体含义。
1．同位语从句的连接词
引导同位语从句的有连词that，whether；连接代词what，who等和连接副词when，where，why，how等。that，whether不作成分，that无意义，whether意为“是否”；其他连接词均具有意义，同时在同位语从句中作一定成分。引导同位语从句的连接词一般都不省略。
The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.
他们比赛获胜的消息很快传遍了整个学校。
He hasn't made the decision whether he will go there.
他还没有做出决定是否去那里。
2．分隔式同位语从句
有时同位语从句与其所解释说明的名词会被其他成分隔开，从而形成分隔式同位语从句。这是为了保持平衡，避免头重脚轻。
A saying goes that practice makes perfect.(从句被谓语goes分开)
常言道，熟能生巧。
3．同位语从句和定语从句的区别
引导词 同位语从句 定语从句
解释说明名词表示的具体内容 限定名词的性质、特征、来源等
that 不作成分，通常不可省略 作主语、宾语、表语或状语，起连接作用，并且作宾语时可省略
whether，how，what whether(是否)不作成分，而how和what作成分 不引导定语从句
who，when，where，why 作成分；有自己的含义，但与其修饰的名词无关 作成分；与先行词有一定的关系，如when的先行词为时间名词
[温馨提示] 判定同位语从句的简易方法：
我们可以在名词和从句之间加be动词，使之构成一个新句子，如果合乎逻辑、句子通顺，则是同位语从句。
The news that she told me is that Tom will go abroad next year.(that she told me是定语从句)
她告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。(不可以说The news was that she told me... )
The news that Tom would go abroad was told by her.(that Tom would go abroad是同位语从句)
汤姆将出国的消息是她说的。(可以说The news was that Tom would go abroad.)
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．________ they make in this factory is TV sets.
2．________ they would support us was a problem.
3．________ you want is yours.
4．She always thinks of ________ she can work well.
5．He will tell us ________ happened to him during our absence.
6．He told me ________ he would go sightseeing the coming week.
7．The thought came to him ________ maybe the enemy had fled the city.
8．Along with the letter was his promise ________ he would visit me this coming weekend.
9．The question is ________ they can pass the exam.
10．That was ________ he didn't understand me.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．毫无疑问，政府会采取措施来阻止疾病的蔓延。
____________________ the government will take measures to prevent the disease from spreading.
2．令我惊奇的是有这么多人通过努力打破了世界纪录。
____________________ is that so many people broke the world records with efforts.
3．明天是否举行运动会取决于天气。
Whether the sports meeting will be held tomorrow depends on ____________．
4．我不在乎他后天来不来。
I don't care ________________________ the day after tomorrow.
5．问题是我们怎样弄到足够的金钱去帮她。
The question is ____________________________________．Section Ⅴ
1．________ n．文明(社会)
2．________ v．将……埋在下面
3．________ n．天文学
4．________ n．运河
5．________ n．残垣断壁，废墟
6．________ v．拒绝考虑，否定
7．________ n．扩大；增加
8．________ n．调查
9．________ n．毫米
10．________ n．物质
11．________ n．钻探；勘探
12．________ n．(书的)卷，册
1．civil adj.平民的→________ n．平民→________ v．使文明→________ adj.文明的→________ n．文明(社会)
2．astronomy n．天文学→________ n．天文学家
3．abandon v．离弃，逃离→________ adj.被遗弃的，被抛弃的→________ n．离弃，遗弃，抛弃；放弃
4．expand v．扩大；增加→________ n．扩大；增加
5．investigate v．调查→________ n．调查
6．metre n．米→________ n．毫米
7．note v．注意；留意→________ adj.显要的；显著的；值得注意的→________ adv.明显地；尤其；特别
1．_____________ (因无人照料而)衰落，败落
2．____________ 与……相符；类似于
3．____________ 以……为基础
4．____________ 把……应用于
5．____________ 处理，应付
6．____________ 在……上方； 除……之外
7．____________ 引起；导致
8．____________ 在……的顶峰
9．____________ 逃跑，逃走
10．____________ 逃命
11．____________ 调查，检查
12．____________ 试水，试探
13．____________ 避开……；从……处脱身
14．____________ 动身踏上(漫长的)旅途
15．____________ 积极投入到……中去
16．____________ 再三考虑，慎重考虑
17．____________ 避免做，不愿做
18．____________ 调查(问题)
19．____________ 起航
20．____________ 继续做
21．_____________ 为……提供一个窗口
22．_____________ 无法达到；起出……的能力
23．____________ 保持纪录
24．_____________ 相当于，等于
1．[句型公式] 动词-ing形式短语作结果状语
Its once-great cities fell into ruin，________________________________．
曾经恢宏的城市沦为废墟，留下各种谜团等待后人解开。
2．[句型公式] 作表语的动词-ing形式置于句首引起的完全倒装句
________________________ are an estimated three million shipwrecks.
全球水域下大约有三百万艘沉船残骸。
3．[句型公式] if any省略结构
Today，some 500 years after the Esmeralda set sail，there is little—________—land on our planet left unexplored.
如今，距离“埃斯梅拉达”号起航已有500多年，我们星球上尚未被人类探索的土地已经少之又少了。
读后续写材料积累——各种各样的“看”
Ⅰ.词汇积累
look，see，watch，gaze，stare，glare，peek，glance，peep，spot
Ⅱ.词块必记
1．gaze at him in amazement 惊异地注视着他
2．stare blankly at the paper 茫然地看着那张纸
3．glare at me silently默默地怒视着我
4．peep at me through his fingers 他从指缝中偷看我
5．glance at her watch 看一眼她的表
6．look down upon his colleagues 看不起他的同事
7．look out of the window 向窗外看
8．watch a movie/TV/a game 看电影/电视/比赛
9．read the newspaper看报
10．browse the web page浏览网页
11．catch a glimpse of him 一眼瞥见了他
12．take a quick look 瞥见；不经意看到
13．look sb.in the eyes直视某人的眼睛
Ⅲ.佳句背诵
1．We all gather in front of the television，praying to catch a glance/glimpse of his face.
我们都聚集在电视机前，祈祷能看到他的脸。
2．Singing happily，she gazed at her surroundings with large，innocent eyes.
她开心地唱着，睁着无辜的大眼睛注视着周围。
3．The woman was staring eagerly at the girl，trying to make a conversation.
女人急切地盯着女孩，想搭讪。
4．I watched helplessly，as the woman felt more and more frustrated and hopeless.
我无奈地看着，那个女人越来越沮丧，越来越绝望。
5．When he finished he raised/lifted his eyes and looked out the window.
说完，他抬起眼睛看向窗外。
6．She had spotted a man pacing down the hall.
她看见一个男人在大厅里踱来踱去。
7．Swallowing hard，I stared into Meghan's eyes for a long moment，wondering how I could cope with it.
我咽了口唾沫，盯着梅根的眼睛看了许久，想知道自己该如何应对。
8．I was taking my time，strolling in the park and looking in shop windows.
我在公园里闲逛，并看看商店橱窗。核心单词 civilisation，bury，astronomy，canal，ruin，abandon，dismiss，expansion，investigation，millimetre，substance，drilling，volume
重点短语 fall into ruin，correspond to，be based on，apply...to，deal with，on top of，lead to，at something's peak，make a getaway，run for one's life，check out，test the waters，steer clear of，set out，throw oneself into，think twice，shrink from，look into，set sail，continue to do，offer a window into，beyond the reach of，hold a record，be equivalent to
重点句式 1.动词-ing形式短语作结果状语 2.作表语的动词-ing形式置于句首引起的完全倒装句 3.if any省略结构
单元语法 复习名词性从句
话题任务 写一篇关于不解之谜的文章
Section Ⅰ Understanding ideas
1．________ the seed in the soil 将种子埋在土壤中
2．dig huge ________ system 开凿大运河系统
3．________ the plan 否定这个计划
1．civil adj.平民的→civilian n．平民→civilise v．使文明→civilised adj.文明的→________ n．文明(社会)
2．________ n．天文学→astronomer n．天文学家
3．________ v．离弃，逃离→abandoned adj.被遗弃的，被抛弃的→abandonment n．离弃，遗弃，抛弃；放弃
4．expand v．扩大；增加→________ n．扩大；增加
1．_____________ (因无人照料而)衰落，败落
2．____________ 与……相符；类似于
3．____________ 以……为基础
4．____________ 把……应用于
5．____________ 处理，应付
6．____________ 在……上方； 除……之外
7．____________ 引起；导致
8．____________ 在……的顶峰
[句型公式] 动词-ing形式短语作结果状语
Its once-great cities fell into ruin，________________________．
曾经恢宏的城市沦为废墟，留下各种谜团等待后人解开。
①intrigue v．(因奇特或神秘而)激起……的兴趣，引起……的好奇心
②civilisation n．文明(社会)
③an incredible discovery 一个惊人的发现
④comparison n．对比，比较
⑤correspond to 与……相符；类似于
⑥spot v．发现
⑦dismiss v．拒绝考虑，否定
⑧representative adj.典型的，有代表性的 n．代表
⑨power n．力量
⑩mathematics n．数学
astronomy n．天文学
apply v．应用
apply...to 把……应用于
accurate adj.精确的
character n．字母；符号
represent v．代表
syllable n．音节
interpret v．诠释；说明
primitive adj.原始的
at something's peak 在……的顶峰
a couple of generations 几代
decline v．衰落，衰弱，衰败
riches n．[pl.]财富；财产
claim its riches 索取它的财富
settlement n．定居点
collapse v．崩溃，瓦解；倒塌，坍塌
deadly adj.致命的
a combination of ……的结合
indicate v．暗示；表明
downfall n．衰败
unknowingly adv.未意识到地，不知不觉地
tropical cyclone 热带气旋
the rise and fall 兴衰
The Mysteries of THE MAYA
[1]Intrigued① by Maya civilisation② from a very young age，15-year-old Canadian William Gadoury thought he had made an incredible discovery③ from his study of ancient star charts.Through comparison④， he found that the locations of the 117 known Maya cities correspond to⑤ the positions of the stars.Based on this，he believed he had spotted⑥ an unknown Maya city buried deep in the jungle.[2] Although his theory has been dismissed⑦ by scholars，it shows how powerful the secrets of Ancient Maya civilisation are among people.
[1]intrigued by... 为过去分词短语作原因状语，表示“被……所吸引”。
[2]本句为主从复合句。although引导让步状语从句；how引导宾语从句。
It isn't difficult to see why.Extending south from parts of what we now know as Mexico into Central America，Maya civilisation has been surrounded by mystery since its rediscovery in the 19th century.The Maya built impressive palaces and temples，including their representative⑧ step pyramids.What is most extraordinary about these complex structures is how they were built without the use of wheels，metal tools or even animal power⑨.The Maya's understanding of mathematics⑩ and astronomy was also quite amazing.They applied this understanding to the Maya calendar，which was accurate to within 30 seconds per year.[3]On top of all this was an achievement unique in the Americas at that time: a true writing system.It contained more than 800 characters ， [4]with some signs representing animals， people and objects and others representing syllables ．It was a writing system so complicated that，so far，no one has been able to interpret it completely.
[3]本句是一个完全倒装句。
[4]此处为with的复合结构作状语。
[5]The fact that Maya society was technologically primitive makes its achievements all the more incredible and mysterious.[6]But the greatest mystery of all is what caused the Maya to abandon most of their great cities. By 700 AD，Maya civilisation was at its peak .Yet，within just a couple of generations ， it began to mysteriously decline .The cities were left to be taken back by the jungle.When Europeans arrived in Central America in the early 16th century to claim its riches ，the remaining Maya people were living in small settlements .
[5]本句中that引导同位语从句；另外，本句还包含一个“make＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构，its achievements为宾语，all the more incredible and mysterious为宾语补足语。
[6]本句中what引导表语从句。
[7]Why Maya civilisation collapsed remains a mystery.Was it a natural disaster A deadly disease Conflicts between cities Or was it a combination of several different factors Some research seems to indicate that the Maya people themselves may have played a part in their downfall .They had turned wetlands into fields for growing grains，and had dug huge canal systems.As their population expanded，yet more land was needed for agriculture and more trees for construction.[8]By changing the landscape in this way，it is possible that the Maya people unknowingly reduced their ability to deal with natural disasters.
[7]本句中why引导主语从句。
[8]本句含有主语从句，it作形式主语，真正的主语为that从句。
Research also suggests that those natural disasters may have led to the decline of the Maya.Some recent studies have found that there were far fewer tropical cyclones than usual between 700 AD and 1000 AD．This is likely to have led to a series of droughts，each lasting for a couple of years，including a “megadrought” around 900 AD．[9]Many scientists believe that these droughts were the main reason why Maya civilisation began to collapse at different rates in different places.These droughts would have led to food shortages，conflicts and，ultimately，the downfall of the cities.
[9]本句中that引导宾语从句；why引导定语从句，修饰先行词reason。
[10]Whatever the reasons，Maya civilisation largely disappeared within the deep jungle.Its once-great cities fell into ruin，[11]leaving various mysteries for later people to solve．Meanwhile，the rise and fall of this civilisation must also leave us thinking about our own past，present and future.
[10]本句中whatever引导让步状语从句，省略了be动词were。
[11]此处为动词-ing形式短语作结果状语。
玛雅之谜
十五岁的加拿大少年威廉·甘德瑞自幼便对玛雅文明着迷，他认为自己通过研究古老星象图有了惊人发现。通过比较，他发现117座已知玛雅城市的位置和星象的位置是对应的。据此，他相信自己发现了一座隐藏于丛林深处的未知玛雅城市的位置。尽管学者们对他的理论不予考虑，但是这表明古玛雅文明的奥秘在人们心中是如此举足轻重。
这背后的原因不难发现。玛雅文明的范围从现今墨西哥的部分区域向南延伸至中美洲。自从19世纪玛雅文明再现，层层迷雾便一直围绕着它。玛雅人建造了恢宏的宫殿和庙宇，其中包括代表性建筑阶梯金字塔。这些复杂建筑最不同寻常之处在于，在没有使用机轮、金属工具甚至畜力的情况下，玛雅人是如何建造它们的。玛雅人对数学和天文学的认识也十分令人惊叹。他们将这一认识应用到了玛雅历中，该历法精确程度极高，每年误差不超过30秒。除此之外，还有一项当时美洲独有的成就：一个真正的文字系统。这种文字系统包含800多个字符，有些符号代表动物、人和物，其他代表音节。这种文字系统很复杂，以至于到目前为止没有人可以将其完全解读。
玛雅社会的科技水平十分原始，这一事实使得玛雅的种种成就更加令人难以置信、神秘莫测。但最大的谜团是为何玛雅人抛弃了绝大部分的大城市。到公元700年时，玛雅文明如日中天。然而，仅仅在几代之内，玛雅文明开始神秘地衰落。城市荒废，任凭丛林蚕食取代。16世纪早期，欧洲人来到中美洲攫取财富时，只剩下一些玛雅人居住在小型聚居区里。
玛雅文明衰落的原因一直是一个谜团。究竟是因为自然灾害、致死疾病、城市间的冲突、抑或是几个不同因素叠加所致？某些研究似乎暗示，玛雅人自己也许就是导致衰落的掘墓人。他们将湿地变成了种植庄稼的田地，还开凿了巨大的运河系统。随着人口增长，人们需要更多土地以发展农业，需要更多树木以修建建筑物。通过这样改变地貌，玛雅人可能在不知不觉中减弱了自己应对自然灾害的能力。
研究也表明，那些自然灾害可能导致了玛雅文明的衰落。最近一些研究发现，公元700年到公元1000年之间，热带气旋的数量远远少于往常。这可能导致了一系列旱灾，每一次旱灾都持续若干年，其中就包括公元900年的一场“百年不遇的旱灾”。许多科学家认为，这些旱灾是玛雅文明在不同地方以不同速度衰落的主要原因。这些旱灾会导致食物短缺、冲突发生，最终导致城市的衰败。
无论原因如何，玛雅文明几乎消失在了丛林深处。曾经恢宏的城市沦为废墟，留下各种谜团等待后人解开。同时，玛雅文明的崛起与衰落必定也让我们思考自己的过去、现在与将来。
1．What's the main idea of the text
A．The discovery of William Gadoury.
B．The impressive achievement of Maya.
C．The secrets of Maya civilisation.
D．Droughts led to the collapse of Maya.
2．Read the text quickly and fill in the blanks.
Read the text carefully and then choose the best answer.
1．What is the author's purpose in starting the text with the story about William Gadoury
A．To introduce Maya civilisation.
B．To amuse the readers.
C．To emphasise the importance of Maya civilisation.
D．To inform us the location of the Maya city.
2．What can we infer from paragraph 3
A．The Maya made their achievements with the modern technology.
B．Europeans defeated Maya people and the civilisation declined.
C．The Maya cities had disappeared before the early 16th century.
D．Maya civilisation was at its peak by 700 BC．
3．What is the essential reason of the downfall of Maya cities
A．Conflicts.
B．Food shortages.
C．Droughts.
D．Tropical cyclones.
4．What can't we know from the text
A．Maya civilisation made a difference to our modern society.
B．Both human causes and natural causes led to Maya civilisation disappearing.
C．People still can't solve the mystery of Maya civilisation.
D．By 700 BC，the Maya civilisation was at its peak.
细读课文并找出使用形容词形象生动地表述古玛雅文明辉煌的句子
1．__________________________________________________________________
2．__________________________________________________________________
3．__________________________________________________________________
4．__________________________________________________________________
1．correspond to 与……相符；类似于
(1)correspond with 与……通信；与……相一致
(2)correspondence n. 来往信件；通信
correspondence with sb. 与某人的通信/通信联系
in correspondence 通信
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①Although she has graduated，she corresponds regularly ________ her former teachers.
②Our ________ (correspond) with the old man has dropped.
③简言之，美国国会相当于英国议会。
In brief，the American Congress ________________ the British Parliament.
2．bury v．将……埋在下面，埋葬；埋藏；遮盖，掩盖；掩藏(感情、错误等)；使陷入
(1)bury... in... 把……埋到……里
bury one's face in one's hands 双手掩面
bury oneself in 埋头于，专心致志于
(2)be buried alive 被活埋
be buried in 专心于
be buried in thought 埋头深思
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/一句多译
①________ (bury)under the ruins，the young man was rather frightened.
②The man dug out some gold from the canal，but he wondered where ____________ (bury) it.
③埋头于功课，他对外面的事情一无所知。
a.________________________，he knew nothing about the outside world.(动词-ing形式短语)
b.____________________，he knew nothing about the outside world.(过去分词短语)
3．apply...to 把……应用于
(1)apply to 适用于
apply (to sb.) for (向某人)申请；请示得到
apply oneself to (doing) sth. 专心/致力于(做)某事
(2)applicant n. 申请人
(3)application n. 申请(书)；应用；用途
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①We've applied ________ a charitable organization ________ a grant for the project.
②Have you filled in the ________ (apply) form for your passport yet
③如果你专心于手头的工作，你很快就会完成的。
If you ____________ the job in hand，you will soon finish it.
4．on top of 在……上方；除……之外
on top of the world 极度开心
from top to bottom 完完全全，彻底地
off the top of my head 不假思索
at the top of 在……顶端
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①Norway is ________ the top of the list，while US is at number 7.
②She searched the apartment ________ top to bottom for the missing letters.
③我太开心了，我刚有了个儿子！
I'm ________________； I've just had a baby son.
5．expand v．使变大；伸展；扩大，扩展；增加
(1)expand(...)into... (将……)扩展……/ (将……)发展成……
expand on/upon 详述；详细阐明
(2)expansion n. 扩大；增加
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①The time for the firm to consolidate has come after several years of rapid ________ (expand)．
②The writer is struggling to expand his story ________ a novel.
③请你把那一点详细说明一下好吗？
Could you ____________ that point，please
6．ruin n．残垣断壁，废墟；毁灭 vt.毁灭；使破产
(1)in ruins 破败不堪；严重受损
fall/come into ruin 成为废墟，被毁掉
(2)ruin oneself/one's hope/chance 自我毁灭/毁掉某人的希望/机会
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①The whole town ____________ (ruin) by the heavy storm last night.
②In fifteen terrible seconds a large city lay in ________ (ruin)．
③洪水过后，很多房子被毁掉了。
A large number of houses ______________ after the big flood.
7．abandon v．离弃，逃离；放弃，抛弃，遗弃；丢弃；终止；打消 n．放任，放纵
(1)abandon doing sth. 放弃做某事
abandon oneself to 沉溺于……，纵情于……(to为介词)
(2)with abandon 无约束地，放任地
(3)abandoned adj. 被遗弃的；被抛弃的；废弃的
be abandoned to 沉湎于……
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①By no means shall we abandon ________ (search) for the missing people.
②Wang collected more than 7 million __________ (abandon) bricks of different ages.
③全体员工听到这个令人满意的实验结果时兴高采烈，纵情欢呼。
All the staff were shouting and cheering ____________，hearing the fulfilling result of the experiment.
8．dismiss v．拒绝考虑，否定；消除，摒除(思想、感情等)；解雇，开除
(1)dismiss sb./sth. as＋n./adj. 把……当作……；认为……
dismiss... from 解雇，开除；摒弃，消除
(2)dismissal n. 解雇，开除；不予考虑，摒弃
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①He still hopes to win his claim against unfair ________ (dismiss)．
②She claimed she was unfairly dismissed ________ her post.
③他过去认为民意测验毫无用处。
He ________ the opinion polls __________ in the past.
重点句式 动词-ing形式短语作结果状语
(教材P68)Its once-great cities fell into ruin，leaving various mysteries for later people to solve.
曾经恢宏的城市沦为废墟，留下各种谜团等待后人解开。
[句式分析]
本句中动词-ing形式(短语)作结果状语表示由前面的事情引起的一种自然而然的结果。
Nowadays，many adults work in cities for better living conditions，leaving their old parents alone in the countryside.
如今，许多成年人为了更好的生活条件而在城市工作，把他们年迈的父母独自留在农村。
(1)表示结果的动词-ing形式短语通常放在句子的后面，其前常用一个逗号隔开，动词-ing形式短语前可加上副词thus或者thereby(因而，因此)等以示强调。
(2)动词不定式也可以作结果状语，但多表示出乎意料的结果，有时前面加上only，用来加强语气。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①A small plane crashed into a hillside，______ (kill) all four people on board.
②We hurried to the station，only __________ (tell) that the train had left.
③这条新闻使广大民众感到很震惊，引起了人们对在校学生安全的担忧。
The news shocked the public，________________________ at school.
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．She knew that people would condemn her for ________ (遗弃) her child.
2．The case was ________ (否定) in the absence of any definite proof.
3．He ________ (将……埋在下面) his face in his hands and burst into tears.
4．As the birthplace of Huaxia ________(文明)，Xi'an is a city with a long history and abundant cultural relics.
5．Our country is in a period of rapid economic ________(增加)．
6．________ (天文学) is the scientific study of the stars，planets，and other natural objects in space.
7．The road and the ________ (运河) run parallel to each other.
8．The old mill is now little more than a ________(残垣断壁)．
Ⅱ.选词填空
correspond to，be applied to, fall into ruin, at something's peak，on top of
1．As we can see，many ancient sculptures ____________ after the earthquake.
2．Studies show your pain tolerance is ____________ in the middle of the day.
3．____________ everything else，I have to go to work next Saturday!
4．The arms of a man ____________ the wings of a bird.
5．Marketing ____________ everything these days，and books are no exception.
Ⅲ.完成句子
1．我在光滑的地面滑倒了，结果摔断了胳膊。
I slipped and fell down on the glassy ground，________________．
2．1968年6月他生于音乐世家。
________________，he came from a family of musicians.
3．广州位于广东省南部。
In the south of Guangdong Province ____________．
4．无论你读什么，你都会学到新的知识。
____________，you will learn new information.
5．下个星期我也许会去那里。
________________ I shall go there next week.
Ⅳ.课文语法填空
The Maya created great civilisation.They built many impressive palaces and temples without the use of modern 1.________ (equip)．They also invented their own calendar 2.________ was accurate to within 30 seconds per year，3.________ (use) their understanding of mathematics and astronomy.Their writing system was so complicated 4.________ no one has been able to interpret it completely so far.5.________，only a couple of generations after its peak，Maya civilisation 6.________ (disappear) within the deep jungle，leaving 7.________ (vary) mysteries for later people 8.________ (solve)．Many scientists believe that the droughts were the main reason why it collapsed.The droughts led to food 9.________ (shortage)，conflicts and，10.________ (ultimate)，the downfall of the cities.
