押湖南卷第32-35题 阅读填空之五选四
【题型概述】
该题型在文体上以记叙文和说明文为主，这两种文体的结构都较为清晰且内容完整，适合考查对主题句、过渡句的概括和总结，话题贴近学生生活，如做法建议、说明介绍、异国文化、环保理念等。其次，设空在文中均匀分布，不连续设空。文章首句不设空，段中设空居多，较少在段首、段尾设空。最后，设空处的句子多为主题句、过渡句、总结句，会对文章起概括总结、承上启下、解释例证、因果衔接、顺逆衔接等作用。
【阅读策略】
分析篇章结构，把握全篇文脉是阅读五选四解题的关键，英语的语篇（discourse）通常是由句子和语段（sentence group）构成的，语段是句子和语篇之间的中间层次，句子虽然能够单独地表达相对完整的思想，但是它不能表达多方面的、比较复杂的思想，只有把几个句子结合为较大的语言片段，才能表达一个相对独立的层意，所谓的“积句成章，积章成篇”就是这个道理。
分析文章的层次包含两种形式：一种是分析整篇文章的层次，也就是段落，另一种是分析每一个段落内部的层次，也就是语篇层次。
语篇与段落是有区别的，语段是篇章结构的中间层次，是由句子到篇的一种过渡形式，段落（paragraph）是在某些语体（如记叙文、议论文）中比语段更大的意义单位，较小的段落可以只包括一个语段或一个句子，一般来说，一个段落通常由几个语段构成。构成语段的方式有两种，一是靠句际间意义的结合，二是靠句际间的关联词、逻辑性插入语来连接，在分析语段层次时，可以借助句际间的连接词语作出判断，但最主要的还是要真正体会句际间的意义关系，把握作者的思路，从语序上去发现断续点，理清层次，好文章的层次非常清晰，只有层层入手，才能真正理解文章。
Passage A （2023湖南长沙卷）
How to Improve Your Reading
Learning how to read well in English might not be an easy task. ____16____ Reading well in English is useful for many reasons, not only for taking tests. If you want to improve your reading in English, the following are just for you!
Choose right reading materials (材料).
There are so many choices! There are textbooks and graded readers, but there are also a lot more books you can read. ____17____ Here is a good rule to follow: choose reading materials where you understand at least 80% of the content (内容).
Be intentional (意图明确的).
Being intentional means doing something on purpose with a reason in mind. With reading, you need to be intentional by setting a reading aim. Decide on a certain number of pages you want to read each day. ____18____ To make sure your daily practice gets done, spare some time and put it in your study plan!
____19____
Reading can both introduce you to new vocabulary (词汇) and teach you how to use them. Many words in English are often used together in a consistent (相互连贯的) way. Reading groups of words, or words that go together, will help you better understand how to use your new vocabulary.
Don’t try to understand everything.
As you’re practicing your reading you need to accept the fact that you might not understand every single word, and that’s OK! Your brain can’t learn so many new things at one time. It’s more important to get the big picture of what you are reading. ____20____
A. Read word groups.
B. Don’t choose a book that is too easy or too difficult.
C. You could also be intentional with planning a time to read.
D. But it’s something you’ll have to do on your language learning journey.
E. And you can go back to check the new things you don’t understand later.
【答案】16. D 17. B 18. C 19. A 20. E
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍如何提高你的阅读。
【16题详解】根据“Learning how to read well in English might not be an easy task.”可知，学习如何用英语阅读可能不是一件容易的事，但确是必做的事。选项D“但这是你在学
习语言的过程中必须要做的。”符合语境，故选D。
【17题详解】根据“Choose right reading materials.”和“choose reading materials where you understand at least 80% of the content”可知，本段就选择正确的阅读材料给出建议，建议选择至少理解80%内容的阅读材料，选项B“不要选择太容易或太难的书。”符合语境，故选B。
【18题详解】根据“Decide on a certain number of pages you want to read each day.”可知，确定你每天要读的页数，此处与计划相关，选项C“你也可以有意识地计划一个阅读时间。”符合语境，故选C。
【19题详解】根据“Reading can both introduce you to new vocabulary and teach you how to use them.”可知，阅读既可以向你介绍新词汇，也可以教你如何使用它们。本段与新词汇相关，选项A“阅读词组。”符合语境，故选A。
【20题详解】根据“As you’re practicing your reading, you need to accept the fact that you might not understand every single word, and that’s OK!”可知，当你在练习阅读时，你需要接受你可能不理解每个单词的事实，这没关系！可以读完再回头检查不理解的部分，选项E“你可以回头检查你不理解的新东西。”符合语境，故选E。
PassageB（2023湖南衡阳卷）
Sometimes it may seem difficult to improve our health. 11.______
Eat breakfast every morning.
Research shows that if you eat a meal in the morning, you may not become too fat or eat too much during lunch. Eating breakfast can help people feel better through the day.
12.______
Poor sleep can influence our memory and learning. It can also cause traffic accidents! Studies show that people who don’t get enough sleep seem to get into more accidents. So get enough sleep and stay safe!
Take a walk every day.
Walking is an easy way to exercise. You’d better meet friends for a walk, not for a meal. 13.______ Once you try, you will find that adding a walk into your daily life is very easy.
Join social groups.
Social groups can provide support. They might include sports teams, art or music groups. The people in the group can offer advice and help each other in difficult times. 14.______ An active
mind is a healthy mind!
Have a hobby.
A hobby could be running, reading or making something with your hands. Hobbies help people to relax and rest. 15.______
A. As you walk, you will see the beautiful world around you.
B. If so, the following healthy habits may help you.
C. Get enough sleep.
D. Get up early.
E. Hobbies bring us happiness as well.
F. Also, being in a group keeps your mind busy.
参考答案
11.B 12.C 13.A 14.F 15.E
【导语】本文介绍了一些保持健康的好习惯。
【11题详解】根据"Sometimes it may seem difficult to improve our health."以及下文内容可知此处是引出保持健康的好习惯，选项B“如果是这样，下面的健康习惯可能会对你有所帮助。”符合语境，故选B。
【12题详解】根据""Poor sleep can influence our memory and learning"可知此处是和睡眠有关，选项C"“保证充足的睡眠。”符合语境，故选C。
【13题详解】根据"Walking is an easy way to exercise."可知此处和散步有关，选项A“当你走路时，你会看到周围美丽的世界。”符合语境，故选A。
【14题详解】根据""Social groups can provide support.They might include sports teams, art or music groups. The people in thegroup can offer advice and help each other in difficult times"可知此处是关于加入社会群体，选项F此外，在一个群体中会让你的大脑忙碌起来。”符合语境，故选F。
【15题详解】根据"Have a hobby.”可知此处是和爱好有关，选项E“爱好也给我们带来快乐。”符合语境，故选E。
技巧一：从细节逻辑上判断——因果关系
因果关系主要指前后的句子有着原因和结果之间的关系，这种关系往往说明了前因后果或者前果后因等情况。表示因果关系的连词有as a result结果，thus/therefore因此，so (such)...that如此……以至于等。
技巧二：从细节逻辑上判断——转折关系
转折关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句构成逆转逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间是逻辑上的逆转，则空格处很有可能是个转折逻辑的句子。
表示转折关系的连接词有：However然而， though可是、不过、然而，yet然而， otherwise否则、除此以外，not...but不是……而是，as well也等。
技巧三：从细节逻辑上判断——例证关系
前后句的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式多样，但就其本质而言无非是思维上的形象（例子、类比等）和抽象（观点）的辩证关系，用到的思维过程无非就是基本的归纳（从例子到观点）和推理（从观点到例子）。
技巧四：从细节逻辑上判断——递进关系
递进关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句是一种顺承逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间是逻辑上的层进关系，则空格处很有可能是个递进的句子。
表示递进关系的连词有：also也、而且，further另外（的），furthermore而且、此外，likewise同样地、照样地、也、又，similarly相似地、类似地，moreover而且再者、此外，in addition另外、加之，what’s more更重要的是，too也、还，either也，neither两者都不，not only...but also不但……而且等。
技巧五：从细节逻辑上判断——平列关系
表示列举关系的有：first首先、第一、second第二、third第三；firstly第一、首先，secondly第二（点）、其次，thirdly第三；first第一，next其次，then那么、然等。
技巧六：从词汇线索上判断——代词
英语表达中的代词出现的频率极高，代词的作用是指代前面提及的名词或形容词概念，巧妙利用这样的指代关系和根据代词的单复数差异可以准确而快速地解题。
技巧七：从词汇线索上判断——同义词/近义词
英语前言后语之间往往有同义词、近义词、近义表达语甚至相同词汇的重复使用，这是我们解题的一个很好的判断线索。其实就其本质而言，上文讲的代词和下文将涉及的上下义词和同一范畴词都是特殊的同义/近义词。
技巧八：从词汇线索上判断——上下义词/同一范畴词
上下义词和同一范畴词就是前者包含了后者，或可以说后者是前者的一个子集。利用前后句中这样的特殊的同义关系常常可以很轻松地解题。
技巧九：从试题位置上判断——问题在段首
假如问题出现在段首，它通常是段落主题句。认真阅读后文内容，根据段落一致性原则，查找同义词或其他相关的词，推断出主题句。另外着重阅读后文第一二句，锁定线索信号词，然后在选项中查找相关特征词。通常正确答案与空格后的第一句在意思上是紧密衔接的，因此这两句间会有某种的衔接手段。
技巧十：从试题位置上判断——问题在段尾
段尾通常是结论、概括性语句。注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结等的信号词，如therefore, as a result, thus, hence, in short, to sum up, to conclude, in a word等词语，选项中也可发现前文的同义词句。
总结：
1.解题步骤
(1).先看选项，划出关键词并翻译关键词
(2).再看空前空后，得出句子之间的联系
(3).将选项代入到文章中重读，依据行文逻辑，再次确定选项。
2.解题方法和技巧
选标题：总结归纳全文主旨大意。
段首句：段落的主题句，通过分析段落中心和一些共有的关键词（重复词）进行判断。
段中句：注意空前空后的句子之间的联系（转折，并列，因果，逻辑……）。
段尾句：总结全文或段落或承上启下。
Passage A
Why not find a new friend in 2024—yourself. Being treated with kindness, respect and love are things you would expect from a good friendship and you shouldn't have to go far to find them. 32．
What does self-love mean 33． , Imagine your best friend is worried or upset, then think about how you'd support them and try to make them feel better. Speaking to yourself with kindness. Be as kind to yourself as you are to others.
34． Because learning to love who you are improves your self-respect The mental health charity Young Minds says this makes you believe in yourself and feel that you deserve（值得)having good things—such as kind friends and fan experiences.
35． Start to be kind, especially if you make a mistake. Instead of being angry, tell yourself that everyone gets things wrong sometimes. Try not to compare yourself to others. Focus on yourself instead. Writing down your strengths and asking your family and friends for their thoughts. This will help you see the positives in your life.
A. Why does it matter
B. How to better yourself
C. Start by being your own friend.
D. Self-love can help schoolwork.
E. It means taking really good care of your body and mind.
【答案】
本文主要介绍了自爱的含义和重要性，以及如何提升自己。
32．根据第一段首句"Why not find a new friend in 2024-yourself！"及下文内容可知，2024年我们要将自己作为自己的新朋友看待，下文介绍了将自己看做自己的朋友的意义和方法。选项C"从做自己的朋友开始"引出下文，符合上下文语境。故选C。
33．根据空前的"What does self-love mean "可知，下文应解释自爱的意义。选项E"这意味着要好好照顾你的的身心"，衔接上文内容。故选E。
34．根据空后的"Because learning to love who you are improves your self-respect."可知，因为学会爱自己可以提高自尊，这是在解释自爱的原因，因此设空处应询问学会自爱的原因。选项A"为什么这很重要"，衔接下文内容。故选A。
35．根据空后的"Start to be kind, especially if you make a mistake. Instead of being angry…This will help you see the positives in your life."可知，本段主要介绍了如何成为更好的自己。选项B"如何提升自己"符合语境。故选B。
Passage B
Do you feel that it has been a long time since you came up with an amazing idea or something new This is a sign that there are improvements you should make in your thinking process (过程). 11． Thankfully, you can get better at thinking well by trying these simple methods over time.
●Think when you arerelaxed.
12． If you can't relax, things might change. For example, it might be hard to do well if you feel worried about upcoming exams at school. In this case, it's important to ask for help from those around you to reduce the pressure.
● 13．
Smart people learn from what happened before and their mistakes. Good thinking gets better over time, and you can learn from events to make it even better. From every experience, even the tough ones, there's something to learn.
●Get your brain and heart to work together.
Sometimes, your mind might disagree with your feelings. If you only listen to your mind, your thinking might not work well. One way to make sure they agree is to be in a calm and quiet place and relax. 14．
You can improve your thinking process with the ways above. It doesn't have to happen in one day. You will see some improvements slowly and make your ideas better.
A. Learn from past experiences.
B. Then, you can make wiser decisions.
C. Listening to music can help improve your thinking process.
D. Stop thinking under pressure if you want to make the most from it.
E. However, our thoughts may harm how we feel and make choices.
【答案】
文章大意：如何改进思维方式，并介绍了改善思维的几个有效策略。
32．根据上下文意思：你是否觉得你已经很长时间没有想出一个惊人的想法或新的东西了 这是一个迹象，表明你应该在你的思维过程中做出改进。可知当你很久没有新的点子想出来，说明你的思维需要改善。后文再提到：值得庆幸的是，随着时间的推移，你可以通过尝试这些简单的方法来更好地思考。那我们需要找一个句子来承接上文，同时引出下文提到的有效思维的策略的提出。E选项指出我们的想法可能会影响到我们的感觉和选择。这一句不仅承接了上文思维思维需要改善，同时也对后文提出有效思维策略做铺垫，故选E。
33．根据上下文意思：当你放松的时候去思考，如果你不能放松，事情可能会改变。可知思考要在放松的时候，如果在不放松的的状态下，思考过程会受到影响。因此，空白处应该是描述如果要有效地思考，要避免在不放松的状态下思考，既避免在压力下思考。
故选D。
34．根据上下文意思：聪明的人会从之前发生的事情和错误中学习。从每一次经历中，即使是艰难的经历，都能学到一些东西。可知要从过去的经验中学习。故选A。
35．根据上下文意思：让你的大脑和心脏一起工作，如果你只听从自己的想法，你的想法可能行不通。可知空白处应承接上文，只有结合自己的想法和感觉，才会得到更好的方法。也就是说，只有这样才能得到更明智的决定。故选B。
Passage C
What is the best﹣selling book in the world 21． According to the Guinness World Records，the Xinhua Dictionary，published by the Commercial Press in China
In 1950，Chinese language experts，Wei Jiangong and Ye Shengtao（编辑） the Xinhua Dictionary.There was a lot of discussion，research and paper work.Some hand scripts（ 稿 件），People's Daily reported. 22． .
In 1953，the first Xinhua Dictionary came out.Today，567 million copies of the dictionary have been sold around the world.
However，revisions（修订） to the dictionary continue to be made.According to Yu Guilin from Commercial Press, If the example sentences are out of date，editors（编辑）need to have experiences and make new examples. "To give a correct explanation of the word '焗油 （deep condition）'，one editor went to a barber shop to experience it for himself，" Yu told the Beijing Times. 24． .
To keep up with the times，some popular and widely used internet words are also added to the dictionary.For example，in the 11th edition（show off salary）"and "晒图（show off pictures）" were included.
25． .The Xinhua Dictionary is not only a useful tool for generations of Chinese
people.It also helps foreigners who are learning the Chinese language and culture.
A.All these efforts create the "National Dictionary" of China.
B.Is it the Harry Potter series or Secret Garden
C.So far，the Xinhua Dictionary has been revised 11 times.
D.Do you like to use dictionaries
E.Many people's hard work and interesting stories went into making the dictionary.
【答案及解析】
文章大意：本文主要介绍了吉尼斯世界纪录的最畅销的书——《新华字典》。
21．根据上文"What is the best-selling book in the world "可知，首句询问谁是最畅销的书。B选项"是哈利波特系列还是《秘密花园》？"符合语境。故选B。
22．根据上文"There was a lot of discussion，research and paper work. Some hand scripts were checked again and again like compositions，People's Daily reported. "可知，制作这本词典的过程中许多人付出了辛勤的劳动并涌现了许多有趣的故事。E项"许多人的辛勤工作和有趣的故事被用于制作这本词典"符合语境。故选E。
24．根据本段首句"However，revisions to the dictionary continue to be made."可知，本段主要讲的是《新华字典》一直在不断的修订。C项"到目前为止，《新华字典》已经修订了11次"符合语境。故选C。
25．根据空后的"The Xinhua Dictionary is not only a useful tool for generations of Chinese people.It also helps foreigners who are learning the Chinese language and culture."可知，本段主要说的是《新华字典》的地位及其重要性。A项"所有这些努力创造了中国的'国家大词典'",总领全段内容。故选A。
Passage D
When you use an online map, the map will know where you are. When you watch a video online, the website will know what you like to watch. Using online tools can make your life easier. But sometimes, others can get your personal information and misuse it. 32． Here are some ways you can try to keep your information safe.
Stop apps from"following"you.
When you download an app, the app will ask if it can follow you. 33． Sometimes, ads pop up. Don't click on them, or the app may get more information about you.
Think before scanning(扫描) your face.
Facial scanning can be used to find out who you are. But it is not always necessary to use this technology when you get into a shopping mall, restaurant, or museum. If you're not careful enough, your facial information can be given out. Some people may use it for marketing or telecommunication fraud(电信诈骗).
34．
When someone sends you a friend request, take a look at his personal information first. Where does he live Does he have the same friends with you Don't show your position and phone number easily. Check your privacy settings(隐私设置). 35．
A. Always choose"no".
B. This can be dangerous.
C. Be careful when making friends online.
D. Do you often receive unwanted calls or text messages
E, So, a person can't see anything you don't want him to see.
参考答案及解析
本文主要介绍了一些保护个人信息的方法。
32．根据"But sometimes, others can get your personal information and misuse it"可知其他人可能会获取并滥用你的个人信息，这是危险的，选项B"这可能很危险"符合语境。故选B。
33．根据"Stop apps from‘following' you."以及"When you download an app, the app will ask if it can follow you"可知要阻止app"跟随"你，所以如果下载了一个app，如果app让你跟随它，要说不，选项A"总是选择‘不'"符合语境。故选A。
34．根据"When someone sends you a friend request, take a look at his personal information first."可知本段内容和上网交朋友有关，选项C"在网上交朋友时要小心"符合语境。故选C。
35．根据"Check your privacy settings"可知检查你的隐私设置，选项E"所以，一个人看不到任何你不想让他看到的东西"符合语境。故选E。
Passage E
The four great inventions in ancient China are well-known by everyone. 32． .They show their abilities to change the world. They are high-speed railways, e- lectronic(电子的)payments, shared bicycles and online shopping.
Marcus talked about his experience of travelling by Chinese high-speed train from Beijing to Tianjin. 33． But it used to take him 3 hours.
" My wallet is no longer in use.I can buy and eat whatever I want with Alipay( mobile payment ) on the phone, "said a Chinese student, adding that "even pancake sellers are using Alipay. "
The bikes themselves are not new, but the model of bike-sharing is a combination(结合)satellite navigation system(卫星导航系统)，mobile payment and other high technologies.
34． And they are making public transport(交通) more convenient, and encouraging people to be more active.
With the development of the Internet, shopping on the Internet has become popular in our life. Shop- ping on the Internet has a lot of advantages(优点)， of which the most important point is perhaps its convenience. 35． .
These are the new four great inventions in our modern times. These services have increased national development at the same time.
A. People don't have to waste a lot of their energy or time to choose the goods they like.
B. The journey takes only half an hour.
C. Today China has its "new four great inventions".
D. The four great inventions contribute greatly to our daily lives.
E. Shared bikes are bringing riding back to people's life.
参考答案：
本文主要介绍了中国的，新四大发明，一高铁、 电子支付、共享单车和网上购物。
32．根据They show their abilitieis to change the world. They are high-speed railways, electronic payments, shared bicycles and online shopping他们展示了他们改变世界的能力。它们是高铁、电子支付、共享单车和网上购物，可知，提到了改变和四种高科技，且空前提到了古代的四大发明，所以空处应是指现代的，新四大发明，C项，今天，中国有了，新四大发明，符合语境，故选C。
33．根据But it used to take him 3 hours但他过去要花3个小时，可知，空处应是介绍现在乘坐高铁需要的时间，形成对比。B项，这段旅程只需要半个小时，符合语境，故选B。
34．根据They are high-speed railways, ectronic payments, shared bicycles and online shopping和And they are making public transport(交通), more convenient及上文介绍了高铁和电子支付，可知，此处应是介绍共享单车，E项，共享单车让骑行重回人们的生活，符合语境，故选E。
35．根据Shopping on the Internet has a lot of advantages, of which the most important point is
perhaps its convenience在网上购物有很多优点，其中最重要的一点也许是它的便利性，可知，此处介绍了网上购物的优点，A项，人们不必浪费大量的精力或时间来选择他们喜欢的商品，符合语境，故选A。
Passage F
Japan started pouring radioactive（放射性的）wastewater into the Pacific Ocean on August 24, 2023. 32 So what can be done to get it off your body after a radiation accident Advice has been put forward by some experts.
. Take off your outer clothing.It can move away up to 90% of radioactive material. You should avoid taking in the harmful material. 33 Put the clothing in a plastic bag and put the bag in an out-of-the-way place,away from other people and pets.
. Take a warm shower and gently wash yourself with lots of soap. Don't hurt your skin.The skin helps to protect the inside of your body from radioactive material. Wash your hair with soap but do not use conditioner(护发素)because it will cause radioactive material to stick to your hair. Keep wounds(伤口)covered when washing. 34
. If you can't take a shower,wash your hands, face and parts of your body that were uncovered at a tap. Use soap and plenty of water. If there is no tap, use a clean wet cloth to wipe(擦拭) them. Pay special attention to your face. Gently blow your nose, wipe your eyes and ears with a clean wet cloth.Remember to deal with the used cloth in a safe way.
. 35 Clothes in a closet(壁橱) away from radioactive material are safe to wear. If you do not have clean clothes,shake or brush off your old clothes taking care to cover your nose and mouth,and put your clothes back on.
A. Put on some clean clothes.
B. So you must be careful while taking off your clothing.
C. People should stop the bad action.
D. Getting radioactive material in open wounds is very dangerous.
E. Radioactive material can be harmful to your health.
众所周知，放射性物质对人体健康有害。发生辐射事故后，怎样才能把放射性物质从身体上清除掉呢？专家就此给出了一些建议。
32.E根据空前一句可知，2023年8月24日，日本开始向太平洋倾倒放射性废水。空后一句提出了一个问题：发生辐射事故后，怎样才能把它从你的身体上清除掉呢？由此可推
知，空处内容应与放射性物质对人体的不利影响有关，故E项“放射性物质对人体健康有害”可承上启下，符合语境。空后一句中的it指代E项中的Radioactive material。
33. B 根据本段第一句“Take off your outer clothing."可知，本段的建议与脱掉衣服有关；且空前一句提到你应该避免吸入有害物质。由此可推知，空处内容应与脱掉衣服的动作有关，故B项“所以你脱衣服时一定要小心”可承接上文，符合语境。
34.D根据空前一句“Keep wounds covered when washing.”可知，在清洗的时候要注意盖住伤口。由此可推知，空处内容应该介绍盖住伤口的原因，故D项“放射性物质进入开放性伤口是非常危险的”可承接上文，符合语境。
35.A 根据空后一句“Clothes in a closet away from radioactive material are safe to wear.”可知，放在远离放射性物质的壁橱里的衣服是安全的。由此可推知，空处内容应与换衣服有关，故A项“换上一些干净的衣服”可引出下文，符合语境。押湖南卷第32-35题 阅读填空之五选四
【题型概述】
该题型在文体上以记叙文和说明文为主，这两种文体的结构都较为清晰且内容完整，适合考查对主题句、过渡句的概括和总结，话题贴近学生生活，如做法建议、说明介绍、异国文化、环保理念等。其次，设空在文中均匀分布，不连续设空。文章首句不设空，段中设空居多，较少在段首、段尾设空。最后，设空处的句子多为主题句、过渡句、总结句，会对文章起概括总结、承上启下、解释例证、因果衔接、顺逆衔接等作用。
【阅读策略】
分析篇章结构，把握全篇文脉是阅读五选四解题的关键，英语的语篇（discourse）通常是由句子和语段（sentence group）构成的，语段是句子和语篇之间的中间层次，句子虽然能够单独地表达相对完整的思想，但是它不能表达多方面的、比较复杂的思想，只有把几个句子结合为较大的语言片段，才能表达一个相对独立的层意，所谓的“积句成章，积章成篇”就是这个道理。
分析文章的层次包含两种形式：一种是分析整篇文章的层次，也就是段落，另一种是分析每一个段落内部的层次，也就是语篇层次。
语篇与段落是有区别的，语段是篇章结构的中间层次，是由句子到篇的一种过渡形式，段落（paragraph）是在某些语体（如记叙文、议论文）中比语段更大的意义单位，较小的段落可以只包括一个语段或一个句子，一般来说，一个段落通常由几个语段构成。构成语段的方式有两种，一是靠句际间意义的结合，二是靠句际间的关联词、逻辑性插入语来连接，在分析语段层次时，可以借助句际间的连接词语作出判断，但最主要的还是要真正体会句际间的意义关系，把握作者的思路，从语序上去发现断续点，理清层次，好文章的层次非常清晰，只有层层入手，才能真正理解文章。
Passage A （2023湖南长沙卷）
How to Improve Your Reading
Learning how to read well in English might not be an easy task. ____16____ Reading well in English is useful for many reasons, not only for taking tests. If you want to improve your reading in English, the following are just for you!
Choose right reading materials (材料).
There are so many choices! There are textbooks and graded readers, but there are also a lot more books you can read. ____17____ Here is a good rule to follow: choose reading materials where you understand at least 80% of the content (内容).
Be intentional (意图明确的).
Being intentional means doing something on purpose with a reason in mind. With reading, you need to be intentional by setting a reading aim. Decide on a certain number of pages you want to read each day. ____18____ To make sure your daily practice gets done, spare some time and put it in your study plan!
____19____
Reading can both introduce you to new vocabulary (词汇) and teach you how to use them. Many words in English are often used together in a consistent (相互连贯的) way. Reading groups of words, or words that go together, will help you better understand how to use your new vocabulary.
Don’t try to understand everything.
As you’re practicing your reading you need to accept the fact that you might not understand every single word, and that’s OK! Your brain can’t learn so many new things at one time. It’s more important to get the big picture of what you are reading. ____20____
A. Read word groups.
B. Don’t choose a book that is too easy or too difficult.
C. You could also be intentional with planning a time to read.
D. But it’s something you’ll have to do on your language learning journey.
E. And you can go back to check the new things you don’t understand later.
PassageB（2023湖南衡阳卷）
Sometimes it may seem difficult to improve our health. 11.______
Eat breakfast every morning.
Research shows that if you eat a meal in the morning, you may not become too fat or eat too
much during lunch. Eating breakfast can help people feel better through the day.
12.______
Poor sleep can influence our memory and learning. It can also cause traffic accidents! Studies show that people who don’t get enough sleep seem to get into more accidents. So get enough sleep and stay safe!
Take a walk every day.
Walking is an easy way to exercise. You’d better meet friends for a walk, not for a meal. 13.______ Once you try, you will find that adding a walk into your daily life is very easy.
Join social groups.
Social groups can provide support. They might include sports teams, art or music groups. The people in the group can offer advice and help each other in difficult times. 14.______ An active mind is a healthy mind!
Have a hobby.
A hobby could be running, reading or making something with your hands. Hobbies help people to relax and rest. 15.______
A. As you walk, you will see the beautiful world around you.
B. If so, the following healthy habits may help you.
C. Get enough sleep.
D. Get up early.
E. Hobbies bring us happiness as well.
F. Also, being in a group keeps your mind busy.
技巧一：从细节逻辑上判断——因果关系
因果关系主要指前后的句子有着原因和结果之间的关系，这种关系往往说明了前因后果或者前果后因等情况。表示因果关系的连词有as a result结果，thus/therefore因此，so (such)...that如此……以至于等。
技巧二：从细节逻辑上判断——转折关系
转折关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句构成逆转逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间是逻辑上的逆转，则空格处很有可能是个转折逻辑的句子。
表示转折关系的连接词有：However然而， though可是、不过、然而，yet然而， otherwise否则、除此以外，not...but不是……而是，as well也等。
技巧三：从细节逻辑上判断——例证关系
前后句的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式多样，但就其本质而言无非是思维上的形象（例子、类比等）和抽象（观点）的辩证关系，用到的思维过程无非就是基本的归纳（从例子到观点）和推理（从观点到例子）。
技巧四：从细节逻辑上判断——递进关系
递进关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句是一种顺承逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间是逻辑上的层进关系，则空格处很有可能是个递进的句子。
表示递进关系的连词有：also也、而且，further另外（的），furthermore而且、此外，likewise同样地、照样地、也、又，similarly相似地、类似地，moreover而且再者、此外，in addition另外、加之，what’s more更重要的是，too也、还，either也，neither两者都不，not only...but also不但……而且等。
技巧五：从细节逻辑上判断——平列关系
表示列举关系的有：first首先、第一、second第二、third第三；firstly第一、首先，secondly第二（点）、其次，thirdly第三；first第一，next其次，then那么、然等。
技巧六：从词汇线索上判断——代词
英语表达中的代词出现的频率极高，代词的作用是指代前面提及的名词或形容词概念，巧妙利用这样的指代关系和根据代词的单复数差异可以准确而快速地解题。
技巧七：从词汇线索上判断——同义词/近义词
英语前言后语之间往往有同义词、近义词、近义表达语甚至相同词汇的重复使用，这是我们解题的一个很好的判断线索。其实就其本质而言，上文讲的代词和下文将涉及的上下义词和同一范畴词都是特殊的同义/近义词。
技巧八：从词汇线索上判断——上下义词/同一范畴词
上下义词和同一范畴词就是前者包含了后者，或可以说后者是前者的一个子集。利用前后句中这样的特殊的同义关系常常可以很轻松地解题。
技巧九：从试题位置上判断——问题在段首
假如问题出现在段首，它通常是段落主题句。认真阅读后文内容，根据段落一致性原则，查找同义词或其他相关的词，推断出主题句。另外着重阅读后文第一二句，锁定线索
信号词，然后在选项中查找相关特征词。通常正确答案与空格后的第一句在意思上是紧密衔接的，因此这两句间会有某种的衔接手段。
技巧十：从试题位置上判断——问题在段尾
段尾通常是结论、概括性语句。注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结等的信号词，如therefore, as a result, thus, hence, in short, to sum up, to conclude, in a word等词语，选项中也可发现前文的同义词句。
总结：
1.解题步骤
(1).先看选项，划出关键词并翻译关键词
(2).再看空前空后，得出句子之间的联系
(3).将选项代入到文章中重读，依据行文逻辑，再次确定选项。
2.解题方法和技巧
选标题：总结归纳全文主旨大意。
段首句：段落的主题句，通过分析段落中心和一些共有的关键词（重复词）进行判断。
段中句：注意空前空后的句子之间的联系（转折，并列，因果，逻辑……）。
段尾句：总结全文或段落或承上启下。
Passage A
Why not find a new friend in 2024—yourself. Being treated with kindness, respect and love are things you would expect from a good friendship and you shouldn't have to go far to find them. 32．
What does self-love mean 33． , Imagine your best friend is worried or upset, then think about how you'd support them and try to make them feel better. Speaking to yourself with kindness. Be as kind to yourself as you are to others.
34． Because learning to love who you are improves your self-respect The mental health charity Young Minds says this makes you believe in yourself and feel that you deserve（值得)having good things—such as kind friends and fan experiences.
35． Start to be kind, especially if you make a mistake. Instead of being angry, tell yourself that everyone gets things wrong sometimes. Try not to compare yourself to others. Focus
on yourself instead. Writing down your strengths and asking your family and friends for their thoughts. This will help you see the positives in your life.
A. Why does it matter
B. How to better yourself
C. Start by being your own friend.
D. Self-love can help schoolwork.
E. It means taking really good care of your body and mind.
Passage B
Do you feel that it has been a long time since you came up with an amazing idea or something new This is a sign that there are improvements you should make in your thinking process (过程). 11． Thankfully, you can get better at thinking well by trying these simple methods over time.
●Think when you arerelaxed.
12． If you can't relax, things might change. For example, it might be hard to do well if you feel worried about upcoming exams at school. In this case, it's important to ask for help from those around you to reduce the pressure.
● 13．
Smart people learn from what happened before and their mistakes. Good thinking gets better over time, and you can learn from events to make it even better. From every experience, even the tough ones, there's something to learn.
●Get your brain and heart to work together.
Sometimes, your mind might disagree with your feelings. If you only listen to your mind, your thinking might not work well. One way to make sure they agree is to be in a calm and quiet place and relax. 14．
You can improve your thinking process with the ways above. It doesn't have to happen in one day. You will see some improvements slowly and make your ideas better.
A. Learn from past experiences.
B. Then, you can make wiser decisions.
C. Listening to music can help improve your thinking process.
D. Stop thinking under pressure if you want to make the most from it.
E. However, our thoughts may harm how we feel and make choices.
Passage C
What is the best﹣selling book in the world 21． According to the Guinness World Records，the Xinhua Dictionary，published by the Commercial Press in China
In 1950，Chinese language experts，Wei Jiangong and Ye Shengtao（编辑） the Xinhua Dictionary.There was a lot of discussion，research and paper work.Some hand scripts（ 稿 件），People's Daily reported. 22． .
In 1953，the first Xinhua Dictionary came out.Today，567 million copies of the dictionary have been sold around the world.
However，revisions（修订） to the dictionary continue to be made.According to Yu Guilin from Commercial Press, If the example sentences are out of date，editors（编辑）need to have experiences and make new examples. "To give a correct explanation of the word '焗油 （deep condition）'，one editor went to a barber shop to experience it for himself，" Yu told the Beijing Times. 24． .
To keep up with the times，some popular and widely used internet words are also added to the dictionary.For example，in the 11th edition（show off salary）"and "晒图（show off pictures）" were included.
25． .The Xinhua Dictionary is not only a useful tool for generations of Chinese people.It also helps foreigners who are learning the Chinese language and culture.
A.All these efforts create the "National Dictionary" of China.
B.Is it the Harry Potter series or Secret Garden
C.So far，the Xinhua Dictionary has been revised 11 times.
D.Do you like to use dictionaries
E.Many people's hard work and interesting stories went into making the dictionary.
Passage D
When you use an online map, the map will know where you are. When you watch a video online, the website will know what you like to watch. Using online tools can make your life easier. But sometimes, others can get your personal information and misuse it. 32． Here are some ways you can try to keep your information safe.
Stop apps from"following"you.
When you download an app, the app will ask if it can follow you. 33． Sometimes, ads pop up. Don't click on them, or the app may get more information about you.
Think before scanning(扫描) your face.
Facial scanning can be used to find out who you are. But it is not always necessary to use this technology when you get into a shopping mall, restaurant, or museum. If you're not careful enough, your facial information can be given out. Some people may use it for marketing or telecommunication fraud(电信诈骗).
34．
When someone sends you a friend request, take a look at his personal information first. Where does he live Does he have the same friends with you Don't show your position and phone number easily. Check your privacy settings(隐私设置). 35．
A. Always choose"no".
B. This can be dangerous.
C. Be careful when making friends online.
D. Do you often receive unwanted calls or text messages
E, So, a person can't see anything you don't want him to see.
Passage E
The four great inventions in ancient China are well-known by everyone. 32． .They show their abilities to change the world. They are high-speed railways, e- lectronic(电子的)payments, shared bicycles and online shopping.
Marcus talked about his experience of travelling by Chinese high-speed train from Beijing to Tianjin. 33． But it used to take him 3 hours.
" My wallet is no longer in use.I can buy and eat whatever I want with Alipay( mobile payment ) on the phone, "said a Chinese student, adding that "even pancake sellers are using Alipay.
"
The bikes themselves are not new, but the model of bike-sharing is a combination(结合)satellite navigation system(卫星导航系统)，mobile payment and other high technologies.
34． And they are making public transport(交通) more convenient, and encouraging people to be more active.
With the development of the Internet, shopping on the Internet has become popular in our life. Shop- ping on the Internet has a lot of advantages(优点)， of which the most important point is perhaps its convenience. 35． .
These are the new four great inventions in our modern times. These services have increased national development at the same time.
A. People don't have to waste a lot of their energy or time to choose the goods they like.
B. The journey takes only half an hour.
C. Today China has its "new four great inventions".
D. The four great inventions contribute greatly to our daily lives.
E. Shared bikes are bringing riding back to people's life.
Passage F
Japan started pouring radioactive（放射性的）wastewater into the Pacific Ocean on August 24, 2023. 32 So what can be done to get it off your body after a radiation accident Advice has been put forward by some experts.
. Take off your outer clothing.It can move away up to 90% of radioactive material. You should avoid taking in the harmful material. 33 Put the clothing in a plastic bag and put the bag in an out-of-the-way place,away from other people and pets.
. Take a warm shower and gently wash yourself with lots of soap. Don't hurt your skin.The skin helps to protect the inside of your body from radioactive material. Wash your hair with soap but do not use conditioner(护发素)because it will cause radioactive material to stick to your hair. Keep wounds(伤口)covered when washing. 34
. If you can't take a shower,wash your hands, face and parts of your body that were uncovered at a tap. Use soap and plenty of water. If there is no tap, use a clean wet cloth to wipe(擦拭) them. Pay special attention to your face. Gently blow your nose, wipe your eyes and ears with a clean wet cloth.Remember to deal with the used cloth in a safe way.
. 35 Clothes in a closet(壁橱) away from radioactive material are safe to wear. If you do not have clean clothes,shake or brush off your old clothes taking care to cover your nose and mouth,and put your clothes back on.
A. Put on some clean clothes.
B. So you must be careful while taking off your clothing.
C. People should stop the bad action.
D. Getting radioactive material in open wounds is very dangerous.
E. Radioactive material can be harmful to your health.
