2024届高考英语 二轮复习 阅读理解 强化训练(（有答案解析）
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| 名称 | 2024届高考英语 二轮复习 阅读理解 强化训练(（有答案解析） |  | |
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| 文件大小 | 46.6KB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 通用版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2024-05-14 13:20:16 | ||
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Passage 1
A fine arts museum in Belgium has returned a painting to the heirs (继承人) of a German Jewish couple who had their property (财产) stolen by the Nazi regime before World War Ⅱ.
Blumenstilleben (StillLifewithFlowers) painted in 1913 by German artist Lovis Corinth, was among dozens of artworks stolen by the Nazis from Gustav and Emma Mayer. The couple fled Frankfurt to Belgium in 1938, and later settled in the UK.
After the war, the painting of pink flowers in a blue vase was exhibited in Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium. The authorities at the time failed to establish the original owner.
In 2008, the museum asked the public to provide information about the painting, after which it was eventually contacted by a lawyer representing the grandchildren of the Mayers. The Belgian government promised to return the artwork to the couple's grandchildren last year. Museum workers finally took down the painting on Thursday and wheeled it off to deliver to the family.
“They are very happy. I'm sure it's a very emotional moment for them，” lawyer Imke Gielen said, as quoted by Ouest France.
Museum Director Michel Draguet said, “I think it's really important for the museum to show that we have ethics (道德) and that we are dealing with history.”
Last month, the French parliament approved the return of 15 paintings, including Gustav Klimt's Rosierssouslesarbres (RosebushesundertheTrees) and Marc Chagall's LePère, to the heirs of Jewish families who had their property looted (掠夺) by the Nazis.
1．How did the museum find the owners of the painting
A．By publicizing the search. B．By consulting history experts.
C．By checking relevant documents. D．By contacting local lawyers.
2．What did Michel Draguet think about returning the painting
A．It was pleasant. B．It was an emotional action.
C．It was unforgettable. D．It was a rightful action.
3．Which painting shows flowers in a vase, as mentioned in the text
A．Blumenstilleben. B．Rosierssouslesarbres.
C．LePère. D．LesNymphéas.
4．What is a suitable title for the text
A．Should Stolen Treasures Be Returned to Original Owners
B．Is It Legal to Keep German Nazi Property in Museums
C．The Museum Has Returned a Painting Looted by the Nazis Many Years Ago
D．In Search of Artworks Lost During World War Ⅱ
Passage 2
Forests have a crucial role in cooling Earth's surface by absorbing CO2 like a sponge (海绵). But only two thirds of their cooling power comes from their ability to suck in CO2 and store it, according to a study by Deborah Lawrence, an environmental scientist. The other one third comes from the biophysical effects—their ability to create clouds, dampen the air and release cooling chemicals.
“Trees in the forests provide shade, but they also dampen the air by pulling water from the ground and releasing it from their leaves, which helps to cool the surrounding area in a way similar to sweating，” Lawrence says.
This,__in turn, creates the right conditions for clouds, which, like snow and ice in the Arctic, can reflect sunlight higher into the atmosphere and further cool the surroundings. Trees also release organic compounds that react with other chemicals in the atmosphere to sometimes create a net cooling effect.
To quantify (量化) these effects，Lawrence and her colleagues compared how the various effects of forests around the world feed into the climate system, breaking down their contributions in ranges of ten degrees of latitude (纬度). The researchers found that the world's forests cool the surface of the planet by around 0.5℃ because of biophysical effects alone.
“Threats to rainforests are dangerous not only for the global climate, but for communities that are close to the forests，” Lawrence says. She and her colleagues found that the cooling caused by biophysical effects was especially significant locally. “Having a rainforest nearby can help to protect an area's agriculture and cities from heatwaves，” Lawrence says. “Every tenth of a degree matters in limiting extreme weather. And where you have forests, the extreme weather events are minimized.”
This study confirms that forests have other significant ways of affecting the climate system, giving us more reasons why deforestation is bad for the climate. It could enable scientists to improve their climate models, while helping governments to work out better conservation and climate strategies.
5．What does the underlined word “This” in Paragraph 3 refer to
A．The tree leaves in forests. B．The shade provided by trees.
C．The surrounding area in forests. D．The water circulation done by trees.
6．How did Lawrence quantify the biophysical effects of forests
A．By removing some other factors.
B．By comparing data of different times.
C．By studying the contributions separately.
D．By measuring the temperature in different places.
7．What is the significance of Lawrence's study
A．It develops a new climate model.
B．It matters in limiting extreme weather.
C．It highlights the dangers of deforestation.
D．It provides a scientific basis for conservation efforts.
8．What's the best title of the text
A．Forests: More Than a Carbon Sponge B．Forests: The Disappearing Green Lung
C．Forests: Major Players in Carbon Cycles D．Forests: Guardians of Local Communities
Passage 3
My memories of my father are divided into parts. Alive, and then dead. Healthy, and then helpless. And further back in time, the first and most division: Present and then absent; loving, and then indifferent (漠不关心).
He used to be a good writer and a loving father. When I was a 16 year old girl, he was fired from his company, a public, gossip based dismissal that he would spend decades refusing responsibility for. This was the first crack that divided my relationship with him into poles of before and after. To escape his shame, he pushed away those who reminded him of it, first divorcing my mother, then alienating (使疏远) my sister and I.
As an adult, my relationship with my father was one of low expectations and high boundaries. He spent most of his time traveling. But when he died of heart failure in August, I was knocked off balance by the weight of the blow. I thought that after years of setting up delicate fences around our relationship, I had already begun letting go. His death delivered a realization: despite years of analyzing his complicated love for me, there were pieces of my father I never understood—until I found my father's notebooks in his cupboard.
In the notebooks, he often collected documentation: train tickets from Rome or a photograph of San Francisco's Prescott Hotel. But what he was also doing was offering fatherly guidance, the kind I could only receive after he died. His life, in which what he had was never quite enough, was eventually exposed. In his final decade, he realized he had built a castle for himself upon sand and regret. Now in his entries, I hear his voice. “Debaleh，” I hear him say, using his pet name for me, “learn from my mistakes.”
I read these pages among my dad's clothes, and wept. I hadn't known that my father, too, lived with that familiar ache for new horizons in his heart, the one that can only be comforted by traveling.
1．Why did the author's father keep away from his family
A．They weren't responsible members.
B．He didn't get on well with his wife.
C．Their presence recalled his sad experience.
D．They talked behind others' backs everywhere.
2．How did the author feel when hearing of her father's death
A．She was in tears. B．She was in panic.
C．She got lost in thought. D．She lost her inner peace.
3．What advice did the author's father give her
A．Writing a journal carefully. B．Traveling more for relaxation.
C．Avoiding following in his footsteps. D．Obeying his guidance thoroughly.
4．What made the author end up crying
A．Finding her father's clothes. B．Getting to know her late father.
C．Failing to look for new horizons. D．Knowing her father's heart disease.
Passage 4
Earth is far more alive than we previously thought, according to “deep life” studies that reveal a rich ecosystem beneath our feet that is almost twice the size of all the world's oceans. Despite extreme heat, no light and intense pressure, scientists estimate it has between 15 billion and 23 billion tonnes of microorganisms. “It's like finding a whole new reservoir (储藏) of life on Earth，” said Karen Lloyd, an associate professor at the University of Tennessee.
Results suggest 70 percent of Earth's bacteria and archaea exist in the subsurface. One organism found 2.5 kilometers below the surface has been buried for millions of years and may not rely at all on energy from the sun. Also, the methanogen (产甲烷菌) has found a way to create methane in this environment, which it may not use to reproduce or divide, but use to replace or repair broken parts. Lengths of their lives are completely different. Some microorganisms have been alive for thousands of years, barely moving except shifts in earthquakes or eruptions. They're just active inside, with less energy than people thought possible to support life.
The team consists of 1，200 scientists from 52 countries in disciplines ranging from geology and microbiology to chemistry and physics. A year before the conclusion of their study, they will preset the findings before the American Geophysical Union's annual meeting opens this week, which they say are made possible by technical advances on drills and microscopes.
The scientists have been wondering about the point beyond which life cannot exist, but the deeper they dig, the more life they find. There is a temperature maximum—currently 122 ℃， but they believe this record will be broken if they keep exploring and developing more advanced instruments.
Questions remain, including how the microbes interact with chemical processes and what this might reveal about how life and Earth coevolved.
5．What do the scientists find about the underground organisms
A．They can't reproduce and divide. B．They're the oldest living things.
C．Some of them consume no energy. D．Some of them almost always keep still.
6．What can we learn about the research from Paragraph 3
A．It lasts for around one year.
B．It involves efforts from multiple fields.
C．It promotes technical development.
D．It is conducted in 52 countries.
7．Why do the scientists drill deep
A．To break their previous record.
B．To find the depth limit of life.
C．To discover more ancient microorganisms.
D．To detect the highest subsurface temperature.
8．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A．Earth's Depths Are Full of Life
B．Organisms Live Better Underground
C．Earth Is Far Beyond Human Exploration
D．Subsurface Life Differs from That on Land
Passage 5
Many people think that you need to travel great distances and go on expensive trips to create beautiful photos. If you consider macro photography, which is capturing tiny details, an entirely new world may open for you right in your own backyard. This is what I decided to do to challenge myself recently! I chose a relatively small area in my neighborhood to revisit over a couple of days, but the only rule I gave myself was not to photograph anything above the knees.
Using a 50 mm macro lens (微距镜头) on a traditional DSLR camera, I walk around looking for different opportunities. I also often use two extension tubes，which help me get ever closer to my subject matter and increase the magnification (放大率). In the evening light, the high contrast helps you see small things like jumping grasshoppers or other insects flying around，but during the day it can be more challenging. To find good subject matter，I like to crawl around and look at the world from a lizard or snake's point of view. It adds significantly more drama, improves the image. It also has the power to transform a beautiful subject into a beautiful piece of art.
I really also pay attention to the background elements, not just the subject matter, especially with wildflowers. How in focus the background is，or how out of focus it is, can change an image.I like to shoot with a fully blurred (模糊不清的) background, which is called bokeh, though sometimes increasing depth of field and not having total blurriness can be beneficial to the composition, too.
You also don't need a special camera set up to do this. Using a smartphone，you can easily use tools like portrait mode, to help blur the background. Some apps also allow for a greater level of control with depth of field and close up photography. It's less about the camera you use, and more about how you use it!
1．What makes a splendid composition
A．Taking an expensive trip. B．Capturing the details of life.
C．Shooting anything above the knees. D．Looking at a beautiful subject.
2．What is the second paragraph mainly about
A．A traditional DSLR camera. B．The ways of macro shooting.
C．Shooting down at subjects. D．Insects flying around.
3．What does “this” refer to in the last paragraph
A．Background. B．Portrait.
C．Bokeh. D．Camera.
4．What would be the best title for this passage
A．My Neighborhood B．The Backyard
C．Crouching down Yourself D．Macro Photography
Passage 6
When people hear “Artificial Intelligence (AI)”， many think of big data. The reason is that some of the most significant AI breakthroughs have relied on enormous data sets. But AI is not only about large data sets, and research in small data approaches in the past decade has grown extensively, with Transfer Learning (TL) (迁移学习) as an especially promising example, which is helpful in settings where you have few data on the task of interest but sufficient data on a related problem.
Small data approaches like TL offer numerous advantages over more data intensive methods. By the use of AI with fewer data, they can facilitate progress in areas where few or no data exist, such as in forecasting natural disasters that occur relatively rarely. More importantly, TL is of great help in terms of generalization. A challenge in the use of AI is that models need to generalize beyond their training data—that is, to give good “answers” to a more general set of “questions” than what they were specifically trained for. TL models work by transferring knowledge from one task to another, so they are very helpful in improving generalization in the new task, even if only limited data are available.
AI experts such as Andrew Ng have stated that the approach will be the next driver of getting machine learning success in industry. There are some early signs of successful adoption and it has been applied to cancer discovery and much more.
Despite the increase in research, TL__has__received__relatively__little__visibility. While many machine learning experts and data scientists are familiar with it, techniques such as TL do not seem to have reached the awareness of the broader space of policymakers and business leaders in positions of making important decisions about AI funding and adoption.
By acknowledging the success of small data techniques like TL and supporting their widespread use, we can help overcome some widespread misconceptions regarding the role of data in AI and promote innovation in new directions.
5．What does the author think of TL
A．It is a potential technique. B．It is of help in large data sets.
C．It is an important AI breakthrough. D．It is a reliable solution to multitasking.
6．In which aspect does TL show its advantages
A．Acquiring knowledge. B．Discovering questions.
C．Collecting training data. D．Improving generalization.
7．What does the underlined part in Paragraph 4 probably mean
A．TL has little value. B．TL is a heated topic.
C．TL draws public attention. D．TL is not well recognized.
8．What's the purpose of this text
A．To clarify some misconceptions. B．To introduce a small data approach.
C．To predict the promising future of AI. D．To emphasize the significance of data.
Passage 7
If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity's later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can't. The clearest example of this between literate and non literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook's voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain's record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non literate societies such as these, all our first hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation,__we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
1．What is the first paragraph mainly about
A．How past events should be presented. B．What humanity is concerned about.
C．Whether facts speak louder than words. D．Why written language is reliable.
2．What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2
A．His report was scientific. B．He represented the local people.
C．He ruled over Botany Bay. D．His record was one sided.
3．What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to
A．Problem. B．History.
C．Voice. D．Society.
4．Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from
A．HowMapsTellStoriesoftheWorld B．AShortHistoryofAustralia
C．AHistoryoftheWorldin 100 Objects D．HowArtWorksTellStories
Passage 8
Loneliness is significant mental health concern and can raise the risk of death by 45% and contact with nature in cities significantly reduces feelings of loneliness, according to a team of scientists.
The study is the first to assess how the environment can affect loneliness. It used real time data, collected via a smartphone app, rather than relying on people's memory of how they were feeling.
The research found that feelings of overcrowding increased loneliness by an average of 30%. But when people were able to see trees or hear birds, feelings of loneliness fell by 28%. Feelings of social inclusion also cut loneliness by 21% and when these feelings coincided (同时发生) with contact with nature, the beneficial effect was boosted by a further 18%.
The findings pointed to interventions to reduce loneliness. The researchers said, “Specific measures that increase social inclusion and contact with nature should be taken, especially in thickly populated cities.” Time spent in nature is known to boost well being, with woodland walks estimated to save the UK at least ￡185 million a year in mental health costs, for example.
The research collected data from urban citizens across the world using the Urban Mind research app. More than 750 people provided 16, 600 of these assessments. The participants were self selecting so it did not provide a representative sample of the wider populations. But when the researchers took age, education, and occupations into account, the benefits of nature contact and feelings of social inclusion on loneliness remained strongly statistically significant. Johanna Gibbons, part of the research team, said, “Cities are probably the only habitat that is increasing at a high rate. So we should be creating urban habitats where people can thrive (兴旺发达).”
5．How was the research conducted
A．By relying on people's memory.
B．By surveying 750 urban participants.
C．By collecting data through a smartphone app.
D．By checking a worldwide representative sample.
6．What can we learn from Paragraph 4
A．Many big cities take the lead in the research.
B．Time spent indoors improves people's well being.
C．Woodland walks greatly reduce social contact with people.
D．Interventions to reduce loneliness benefit the UK financially.
7．What can be inferred about the research
A．It offers a wide range of samples globally.
B．The findings are statistically remarkable.
C．The carefully selected participants are reliable.
D．Three other factors are considered except education.
8．What's the text mainly about
A．The mental problems of living in big cities.
B．Developing urban habitats at high speed.
C．Research on how to get rid of loneliness in nature.
D．Reducing loneliness in cities via contact with nature.
Passage 9
When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌) Which kinds of fish can eat cancer causing chemicals With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco machine.
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1，600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor，” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what's happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self repair.”
1．What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs
A．He was fond of traveling. B．He enjoyed being alone.
C．He had an inquiring mind. D．He longed to be a doctor.
2．Why did John put the sludge into the tanks
A．To feed the animals. B．To build an ecosystem.
C．To protect the plants. D．To test the eco machine.
3．What is the author's purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A．To review John's research plans. B．To show an application of John's idea.
C．To compare John's different jobs. D．To erase doubts about John's invention.
4．What is the basis for John's work
A．Nature can repair itself. B．Organisms need water to survive.
C．Life on Earth is diverse. D．Most tiny creatures live in groups.
Passage 10
If it weren't for passionate people, this would be a dull world indeed.
Peter Cavanagh of Lopez Island certainly qualifies in the passionate category, having taken 600，000 pictures of birds all over the world in the past 13 years. Cavanagh is a retired professor in the University of Washington. He minored in math and is an instrument rated pilot. His pictures mostly capture birds in flight, not on a perch (栖息处).
“I have a sense of wonder at flight because it is the most highly complex form of movement in the entire animal kingdom，” says Cavanagh. “Humans have spent more than six centuries trying to imitate bird flight but still have not produced flying machines with all of the complexity, flexibility and performance that are commonplace for birds.” For birds, the math of it all just happens. A small bird such as the American kestrel, the smallest falcon (猎鹰) in our region at about 4 ounces, is very good at hovering (盘旋).
Meanwhile, to achieve flight, a 90 ton commercial jet is filled with electronics and computer systems. “Birds have flying abilities we have not come close to matching in airplanes，” says Cavanagh. The Royal Aeronautical Society in London, in a January 2021 posting, told how researchers did computer design of a Boeing 777 wing based on a bird's wings. It was 5% lighter, which matters in fuel costs. In 2019, Airbus produced a “Bird of Prey” design that mimicked the eagle's wing and tail structure for flight control.
Cavanagh enjoys every minute of waiting, and waiting, and waiting, starting at sunrise to capture those images. “I am happiest in truly wild places where humans are tolerated guests and they are the world of wild animals.”
5．What is Peter Cavanagh's passion
A．Math education. B．Bird photography.
C．Airplane engineering. D．Wilderness exploration.
6．Why does the author mention the American kestrel
A．To compare the sizes and weights of the birds.
B．To show the importance of math in biomechanics.
C．To prove the unmatched flying abilities of birds.
D．To stress the diversity of native American species.
7．What does the underlined word “mimicked” mean in Paragraph 4
A．Imitated. B．Abandoned.
C．Outperformed. D．Discovered.
8．Which word best describes Peter Cavanagh's attitude to nature according to the last paragraph
A．Skeptical. B．Respectful.
C．Objective. D．Indifferent.
Passage 1
语篇类型：新闻报道 主题语境：人与社会——历史与文化——博物馆归还画作
【文章大意】 比利时皇家美术博物馆将二战前纳粹掠夺走的画作归还给了一对德国犹太夫妇的后人。
1．答案与解析：A 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“the museum asked the public to provide information about the painting”可知，该博物馆向公众征集信息，从而确定画作的主人，故A项正确。
2．答案与解析：D 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中Michel Draguet所说的“I think it's really important for the museum to show that we have ethics （道德）”可知，Michel Draguet认为归还画作的行为是正确的，是遵循道德的，故D项正确。rightful “正确的；公正的；合法的”。
3．答案与解析：A 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Blumenstilleben （StillLifewithFlowers） painted in 1913 by German artist Lovis Corinth”和第三段中的“After the war, the painting of pink flowers in a blue vase was exhibited in Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium”以及语境可以推断，Blumenstilleben就是那幅关于装在花瓶里的花的画作，故A项正确。
4．答案与解析：C 标题归纳题。分析文章类型可知，本文是一则新闻报道。综合全文内容，尤其是第一段“A fine arts museum in Belgium has returned a painting...before World War Ⅱ”可知，本文主要讲述了比利时的一个美术博物馆将二战前纳粹从一对德国犹太夫妇那里掠夺走的画作归还给了其后人的故事，故C项适合作本文的标题。
Passage 2
语篇类型：说明文 主题语境：人与自然——自然生态——森林对周围环境的降温作用
【文章大意】 森林像海绵一样吸收二氧化碳，在冷却地球表面方面起着至关重要的作用，但一项研究表明它们的冷却能力只有三分之二来自吸收并储存二氧化碳的能力。另外三分之一来自生物物理效应——它们能够制造云层、使空气潮湿和释放冷却化学物质。
5．答案与解析：D 代词猜测题。根据第二段中的“they also dampen the air by pulling water from the ground and releasing it from their leaves, which helps to cool the surrounding area in a way similar to sweating”可知，它们也通过从地面吸水并从叶子中释放水分来使空气湿润，这有助于周围地区降温，类似于出汗。由此可知，This指代的是树木的水循环。故选D。
6．答案与解析：C 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“To quantify （量化） these effects, Lawrence and her colleagues compared how the various effects of forests around the world feed into the climate system, breaking down their contributions in ranges of ten degrees of latitude （纬度）”可知，Lawrence是通过单独研究森林的贡献来量化森林的生物物理效应的。故选C。
7．答案与解析：D 推理判断题。根据第五段中的“She and her colleagues found that the cooling caused by biophysical effects was especially significant locally”“Having a rainforest nearby can help to protect an area's agriculture and cities from heatwaves”及最后一段的内容可知，Lawrence的研究的意义在于它为保护工作提供了科学依据。故选D。
8．答案与解析：A 标题归纳题。根据Lawrence的研究可知，降温作用只是森林的其中一个作用。由此可知，A项“Forests: More Than a Carbon Sponge”（森林：不仅仅是一块碳海绵）最适合作本文标题。
Passage 3
语篇类型：记叙文 主题语境：人与自我——个人生活——父亲的“爱”
【文章大意】 儿时，父亲因为被公司开除，时不时在作者的生活中消失，直到最后病逝。作者一直误解自己的父亲，直到看到父亲的笔记本，才慢慢了解父亲，但为时已晚。
1．答案与解析：C 细节理解题。根据第二段的最后一句“To escape his shame...then alienating (使疏远) my sister and I”可知，作者的父亲为了逃避他的耻辱，他推开了那些提醒他这一点的人，如作者的妈妈、作者的妹妹和作者。由此可知，作者的父亲认为看到他的家人就会想起自己被公司开除的令人伤心的经历。故选C项。
2．答案与解析：D 细节理解题。根据第三段的第三句“But when he died of...the weight of the blow”可知，当作者听到父亲去世的消息时，被这一打击弄得失去了平衡，内心开始不平静了。故选D项。
3．答案与解析：C 细节理解题。根据第四段作者从父亲的笔记本中听到的“learn from my mistakes”可知，作者的父亲让作者从自己的错误中吸取教训，不要步他的后尘。故选C项。
4．答案与解析：B 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段的内容可知，作者从笔记本中了解到父亲也怀着那种熟悉的疼痛，渴望拥有新的阅历，这种疼痛只有通过旅行才能得到安慰。故可推断是慢慢了解已故的父亲让作者哭了。故选B项。
Passage 4
语篇类型：说明文 主题语境：人与自然——研究发现——地球深处的生命
【文章大意】 一支由来自52个国家多个领域内的科学家组成的团队在距地球表面2.5公里的深处发现了大量微生物，该发现证明了地球深处蕴藏着丰富的生命。
5．答案与解析：D 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Some microorganisms have...in earthquakes or eruptions”可知，一些微生物已经存活数千年，很少移动，除非地震和火山爆发。由此可知，科学家发现一些地下微生物总是保持静止状态。故选D项。
6．答案与解析：B 细节理解题。根据第三段首句“The team consists...chemistry and physics”可知，这支科学队由来自52个国家的1 200名科学家组成，这些科学家来自地理、微生物学、化学和物理等多个领域。故选B项。
7.答案与解析：B 细节理解题。根据第四段首句“The scientists have...more life they find”可知，科学家们一直想知道生命不能存在的深度极限，但他们挖得越深发现的生命越多。由此可知，科学家们往深处钻孔的目的是找到生命存在的深度极限。故选B项。
8．答案与解析：A 推理判断题。根据全文内容，尤其是第一段中的“a rich ecosystem beneath our feet”和“scientists estimate it...tonnes of microorganisms”以及第四段中的“but the deeper...they find”可知，地球深处是一个丰富的生态系统，有数百亿吨微生物。科学家们越往深处钻孔发现的生命越多。由此可推知，本文主要介绍了地球深处蕴藏了许多的生命。故选A项。
Passage 5
语篇类型：记叙文 主题语境：人与自然——拍摄美景——微距摄影
【文章大意】 为了拍摄美丽的照片，作者选择重新游览家附近的区域，采用微距方式拍摄生活中的微小细节。作者告诉我们，要拍摄美景，不在于使用什么相机，而在于如何使用相机。
1．答案与解析：B 细节理解题。题干问的是什么构成美丽的作品。根据第一段中的“If you consider macro photography, which is capturing tiny details, an entirely new world may open for you right in your own backyard. This is what I decided to do to challenge myself recently！”可知，捕捉微小的细节，一个全新的世界就在你面前打开，这正是作者挑战自己要做的事情。由此可知，捕捉生活中的细节可构成一幅美丽的作品。故B项正确。
2．答案与解析：B 推理判断题。根据第二段的描述可知，作者使用50毫米的微距镜头寻找不同的拍摄机会，还使用两个伸缩管增大放大率，接近拍摄主题，下文分别介绍晚上拍摄和白天拍摄情况。由此可推知，第二段主要讲述微距拍摄的方法。故B项正确。
3．答案与解析：C 代词猜测题。根据第三段尾句可知，作者喜欢用完全模糊的背景来拍摄。由此可知，文中的“你没有必要使用特殊的相机来做到这一点”就是指“用完全模糊的背景拍摄”，而这种做法又被称为bokeh，故此处的this就是指bokeh。故C项正确。
4．答案与解析：D 主旨大意题。第一段讲述为了拍摄美丽的图片，作者采用微距拍摄，捕捉生活中的细节；第二段讲述微距拍摄的方法；第三段讲述作者使用微距拍摄的喜好；第四段讲述作者建议使用普通相机也可拍到美丽的图片。由此可知，本文可用“微距摄影”作标题。A项“我的街区”，B项“后院”，C项“蹲下来”，都不能概括全文。故D项正确。
Passage 6
语篇类型：说明文 主题语境：人与社会——科学技术——人工智能迁移学习
【文章大意】 本文主要介绍了迁移学习的功能、用途、发展现状和前景。
5．答案与解析：A 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“an especially promising example, which is helpful in settings”可以推断，作者认为TL是一项很有前景的技术，可以用于很多领域，故A项正确。
6．答案与解析：D 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“TL is of great help in terms of generalization”和“they are very...the new task”可知，TL的优势之一是可以提升概括能力，故D项正确。
7．答案与解析：D 句意猜测题。根据画线部分后一句中的“techniques such as...and business leaders”可知，TL似乎并没有得到政策制定者和商业领袖的青睐。据此可以推断，画线部分的意思应该与D项“TL未得到足够的认可”最为接近。
8．答案与解析：B 主旨大意题。本文第一段引出话题“TL是一项很有发展前景的小数据技术”，第二段介绍了TL的优点，第三段引用专家Andrew Ng的话证明TL很有用处，第四段讲述了TL的发展现状不甚理想，最后一段讲述了TL的发展潜力。综上可知，本文主要介绍了TL——一项小数据处理技术，故B项正确。
Passage 7
语篇类型：议论文 主题语境：人与社会——历史叙事——讨论书面文本及无文字社会的重要性
【文章大意】 本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。
1．答案与解析：A 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity's later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate （有文字的） societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. （如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文学记录过，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记录他们所关心的事情。）”可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。
2．答案与解析：D 推理判断题。根据文章第二段首句“Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can't. （理想情况下，历史应该将文本和物品结合在一起，本书的某些章节能够做到这一点，但在许多情况下，我们根本做不到。）”可推断，作者认为历史应该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文“From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain's record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield （盾） dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. （从英国方面来看，我们有科学报告和船长对那可怕的一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面来看，我们只有一个木制盾牌，这是一名男子在第一次经历枪击后在飞行中扔下的。）”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明船长的记录是片面的，只从自己的角度描述了问题。故选D。
3．答案与解析：B 词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact （联系） between literate and non literate societies such as these, all our first hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. （加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以及印加人，所有这些人都出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以通过他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最强大的成就：通过物品讲述的历史给了他们一个话语权。当我们考虑诸如此类的有文化社会和无文化社会之间的接触时，我们所有的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一半。）”结合划线句“If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. （如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。）”可知，我们对过去历史的了解，只是书写历史的人所想要让我们了解的历史，如果我们想要了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文本也要读物品。所以conversation指的是“历史”。故选B。
4．答案与解析：C 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.（如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文字记录过，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。）”结合最后一段的“If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. （如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。）”可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好的了解历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。
Passage 8
语篇类型：说明文 主题语境：人与自然——自然与健康——在城市中接触大自然可以在很大程度上减少人们的孤独感
5．答案与解析：C 细节理解题。根据第二段的“It used real time data...they were feeling”可知，这项研究使用的是通过手机应用软件搜集到的实时数据。故选C项。
6．答案与解析：D 推理判断题。根据第四段的内容可知，研究结果指向了对减少孤独感的干预。据估计，林地散步每年至少可以为英国节省1.85亿英镑的心理健康成本。由此可知，英国对减少孤独感的干预让其在金融方面获益。故选D项。
7．答案与解析：B 推理判断题。根据最后一段的“But when the researchers...strongly statistically significant”可知，当研究人员将年龄、教育和职业考虑在内时，接触大自然和社会包容感对（减少）孤独感的好处在统计学上依然非常显著。由此可推知，这项调研结果从统计学上来说是显著的。故选B项。
8．答案与解析：D 主旨大意题。浏览全文可知，本文主要讲述了一项研究结果，该研究表明城市里的人们接触大自然可以在很大程度上减少他们的孤独感。故选D项。
Passage 9
语篇类型：记叙文 主题语境：人与自然——环境保护——生态机器人净化污水
【文章大意】 文章讲述了John Todd从小就很爱思考且好学，他建造了一个生态机器，利用大自然可以自我修复的原理来净化污水。
1．答案与解析：C 细节理解题。根据第一段“When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making. （当约翰·托德还是个孩子的时候，他喜欢探索房子周围的树林，观察大自然是如何解决问题的。例如，一条肮脏的小溪流经植物和微小生物居住的岩石后，往往会变得清澈。长大后，约翰开始想知道这个过程是否可以用来清理人们制造的垃圾）”以及第二段“After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria （细菌）？ Which kinds of fish can eat cancer causing chemicals （在大学学习了农业、医学和渔业之后，约翰回到了观察自然和提出问题的生活中。为什么某些植物能捕获有害细菌？哪些鱼类会食用致癌化学物质？）”可知，约翰聪颖好学、好奇心很强。故选C。
2．答案与解析：D 细节理解题。根据第三段“After a few weeks, John added the sludge. （几个星期后，约翰把污泥加了进去）”以及倒数第三段“He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water. （他对结果感到惊讶。生态机器里的动植物把污泥当成了食物，开始吃了起来！几周之内，它就完全被消化了，只剩下纯净水）”可知，约翰把污泥放进罐子里是为了测试生态机器。故选D。
3．答案与解析：B 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse — like facility that treated sewage （污水） from 1，600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China. （这些年来，约翰承担了许多重大工作。他开发了一个类似温室的设施，可以处理来自南伯灵顿1 600户家庭的污水。他还设计了一种生态机器来清洁中国东南部城市福州的运河水）”可推知，作者提到福州的目的是展示约翰想法的应用。故选B。
4．答案与解析：A 推理判断题。根据最后一段“You put organisms in new relationships and observe what's happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self repair. （你把微生物放在新的关系中，并观察要发生的事情。然后让这些新系统形成它们自己的自我修复的方式）”可知，约翰工作的基础是自然可以自我修复。故选A。
Passage 10
语篇类型：说明文 主题语境：人与自然——人与动物——抓拍鸟的飞行
【文章大意】 辅修数学的退休大学教授Cavanagh热爱大自然，酷爱抓拍鸟的飞行，他对鸟儿的飞行运动背后的数学原理有一定的研究。
5．答案与解析：B 细节理解题。根据第二段首、尾两句可知，Cavanagh热衷于抓拍飞行中的鸟。故B项正确。
6．答案与解析：C 推理判断题。根据第三段的“‘Humans have spent more than six centuries...commonplace for birds.’ For birds, the math of it all just happens”可知，人类已经花了六个多世纪的时间试图模仿鸟类飞行，但仍然没有制造出具有鸟类飞行时的复杂性、灵活性和性能的飞行机器，而对鸟类来说，对飞行的计算自然而然就发生了。接着作者以美国红隼为例，说明它十分擅长在空中盘旋。由此可推知，作者提及美国红隼是为了证明鸟类无法比拟的飞行能力。故C项正确。
7．答案与解析：A 词义猜测题。根据第三段的“Humans have spent more than six centuries trying to imitate bird flight”再结合画线词所在句可推知，空中客车公司“模仿”鹰的翅膀和尾巴结构设计了“Bird of Prey”。故A项正确。
8．答案与解析：B 推理判断题。根据最后一段的“I am happiest in truly wild places where humans are tolerated guests and they are the world of wild animals”再结合选项可推知，Peter Cavanagh对待自然的态度是尊敬的。故B项正确。
A fine arts museum in Belgium has returned a painting to the heirs (继承人) of a German Jewish couple who had their property (财产) stolen by the Nazi regime before World War Ⅱ.
Blumenstilleben (StillLifewithFlowers) painted in 1913 by German artist Lovis Corinth, was among dozens of artworks stolen by the Nazis from Gustav and Emma Mayer. The couple fled Frankfurt to Belgium in 1938, and later settled in the UK.
After the war, the painting of pink flowers in a blue vase was exhibited in Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium. The authorities at the time failed to establish the original owner.
In 2008, the museum asked the public to provide information about the painting, after which it was eventually contacted by a lawyer representing the grandchildren of the Mayers. The Belgian government promised to return the artwork to the couple's grandchildren last year. Museum workers finally took down the painting on Thursday and wheeled it off to deliver to the family.
“They are very happy. I'm sure it's a very emotional moment for them，” lawyer Imke Gielen said, as quoted by Ouest France.
Museum Director Michel Draguet said, “I think it's really important for the museum to show that we have ethics (道德) and that we are dealing with history.”
Last month, the French parliament approved the return of 15 paintings, including Gustav Klimt's Rosierssouslesarbres (RosebushesundertheTrees) and Marc Chagall's LePère, to the heirs of Jewish families who had their property looted (掠夺) by the Nazis.
1．How did the museum find the owners of the painting
A．By publicizing the search. B．By consulting history experts.
C．By checking relevant documents. D．By contacting local lawyers.
2．What did Michel Draguet think about returning the painting
A．It was pleasant. B．It was an emotional action.
C．It was unforgettable. D．It was a rightful action.
3．Which painting shows flowers in a vase, as mentioned in the text
A．Blumenstilleben. B．Rosierssouslesarbres.
C．LePère. D．LesNymphéas.
4．What is a suitable title for the text
A．Should Stolen Treasures Be Returned to Original Owners
B．Is It Legal to Keep German Nazi Property in Museums
C．The Museum Has Returned a Painting Looted by the Nazis Many Years Ago
D．In Search of Artworks Lost During World War Ⅱ
Passage 2
Forests have a crucial role in cooling Earth's surface by absorbing CO2 like a sponge (海绵). But only two thirds of their cooling power comes from their ability to suck in CO2 and store it, according to a study by Deborah Lawrence, an environmental scientist. The other one third comes from the biophysical effects—their ability to create clouds, dampen the air and release cooling chemicals.
“Trees in the forests provide shade, but they also dampen the air by pulling water from the ground and releasing it from their leaves, which helps to cool the surrounding area in a way similar to sweating，” Lawrence says.
This,__in turn, creates the right conditions for clouds, which, like snow and ice in the Arctic, can reflect sunlight higher into the atmosphere and further cool the surroundings. Trees also release organic compounds that react with other chemicals in the atmosphere to sometimes create a net cooling effect.
To quantify (量化) these effects，Lawrence and her colleagues compared how the various effects of forests around the world feed into the climate system, breaking down their contributions in ranges of ten degrees of latitude (纬度). The researchers found that the world's forests cool the surface of the planet by around 0.5℃ because of biophysical effects alone.
“Threats to rainforests are dangerous not only for the global climate, but for communities that are close to the forests，” Lawrence says. She and her colleagues found that the cooling caused by biophysical effects was especially significant locally. “Having a rainforest nearby can help to protect an area's agriculture and cities from heatwaves，” Lawrence says. “Every tenth of a degree matters in limiting extreme weather. And where you have forests, the extreme weather events are minimized.”
This study confirms that forests have other significant ways of affecting the climate system, giving us more reasons why deforestation is bad for the climate. It could enable scientists to improve their climate models, while helping governments to work out better conservation and climate strategies.
5．What does the underlined word “This” in Paragraph 3 refer to
A．The tree leaves in forests. B．The shade provided by trees.
C．The surrounding area in forests. D．The water circulation done by trees.
6．How did Lawrence quantify the biophysical effects of forests
A．By removing some other factors.
B．By comparing data of different times.
C．By studying the contributions separately.
D．By measuring the temperature in different places.
7．What is the significance of Lawrence's study
A．It develops a new climate model.
B．It matters in limiting extreme weather.
C．It highlights the dangers of deforestation.
D．It provides a scientific basis for conservation efforts.
8．What's the best title of the text
A．Forests: More Than a Carbon Sponge B．Forests: The Disappearing Green Lung
C．Forests: Major Players in Carbon Cycles D．Forests: Guardians of Local Communities
Passage 3
My memories of my father are divided into parts. Alive, and then dead. Healthy, and then helpless. And further back in time, the first and most division: Present and then absent; loving, and then indifferent (漠不关心).
He used to be a good writer and a loving father. When I was a 16 year old girl, he was fired from his company, a public, gossip based dismissal that he would spend decades refusing responsibility for. This was the first crack that divided my relationship with him into poles of before and after. To escape his shame, he pushed away those who reminded him of it, first divorcing my mother, then alienating (使疏远) my sister and I.
As an adult, my relationship with my father was one of low expectations and high boundaries. He spent most of his time traveling. But when he died of heart failure in August, I was knocked off balance by the weight of the blow. I thought that after years of setting up delicate fences around our relationship, I had already begun letting go. His death delivered a realization: despite years of analyzing his complicated love for me, there were pieces of my father I never understood—until I found my father's notebooks in his cupboard.
In the notebooks, he often collected documentation: train tickets from Rome or a photograph of San Francisco's Prescott Hotel. But what he was also doing was offering fatherly guidance, the kind I could only receive after he died. His life, in which what he had was never quite enough, was eventually exposed. In his final decade, he realized he had built a castle for himself upon sand and regret. Now in his entries, I hear his voice. “Debaleh，” I hear him say, using his pet name for me, “learn from my mistakes.”
I read these pages among my dad's clothes, and wept. I hadn't known that my father, too, lived with that familiar ache for new horizons in his heart, the one that can only be comforted by traveling.
1．Why did the author's father keep away from his family
A．They weren't responsible members.
B．He didn't get on well with his wife.
C．Their presence recalled his sad experience.
D．They talked behind others' backs everywhere.
2．How did the author feel when hearing of her father's death
A．She was in tears. B．She was in panic.
C．She got lost in thought. D．She lost her inner peace.
3．What advice did the author's father give her
A．Writing a journal carefully. B．Traveling more for relaxation.
C．Avoiding following in his footsteps. D．Obeying his guidance thoroughly.
4．What made the author end up crying
A．Finding her father's clothes. B．Getting to know her late father.
C．Failing to look for new horizons. D．Knowing her father's heart disease.
Passage 4
Earth is far more alive than we previously thought, according to “deep life” studies that reveal a rich ecosystem beneath our feet that is almost twice the size of all the world's oceans. Despite extreme heat, no light and intense pressure, scientists estimate it has between 15 billion and 23 billion tonnes of microorganisms. “It's like finding a whole new reservoir (储藏) of life on Earth，” said Karen Lloyd, an associate professor at the University of Tennessee.
Results suggest 70 percent of Earth's bacteria and archaea exist in the subsurface. One organism found 2.5 kilometers below the surface has been buried for millions of years and may not rely at all on energy from the sun. Also, the methanogen (产甲烷菌) has found a way to create methane in this environment, which it may not use to reproduce or divide, but use to replace or repair broken parts. Lengths of their lives are completely different. Some microorganisms have been alive for thousands of years, barely moving except shifts in earthquakes or eruptions. They're just active inside, with less energy than people thought possible to support life.
The team consists of 1，200 scientists from 52 countries in disciplines ranging from geology and microbiology to chemistry and physics. A year before the conclusion of their study, they will preset the findings before the American Geophysical Union's annual meeting opens this week, which they say are made possible by technical advances on drills and microscopes.
The scientists have been wondering about the point beyond which life cannot exist, but the deeper they dig, the more life they find. There is a temperature maximum—currently 122 ℃， but they believe this record will be broken if they keep exploring and developing more advanced instruments.
Questions remain, including how the microbes interact with chemical processes and what this might reveal about how life and Earth coevolved.
5．What do the scientists find about the underground organisms
A．They can't reproduce and divide. B．They're the oldest living things.
C．Some of them consume no energy. D．Some of them almost always keep still.
6．What can we learn about the research from Paragraph 3
A．It lasts for around one year.
B．It involves efforts from multiple fields.
C．It promotes technical development.
D．It is conducted in 52 countries.
7．Why do the scientists drill deep
A．To break their previous record.
B．To find the depth limit of life.
C．To discover more ancient microorganisms.
D．To detect the highest subsurface temperature.
8．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A．Earth's Depths Are Full of Life
B．Organisms Live Better Underground
C．Earth Is Far Beyond Human Exploration
D．Subsurface Life Differs from That on Land
Passage 5
Many people think that you need to travel great distances and go on expensive trips to create beautiful photos. If you consider macro photography, which is capturing tiny details, an entirely new world may open for you right in your own backyard. This is what I decided to do to challenge myself recently! I chose a relatively small area in my neighborhood to revisit over a couple of days, but the only rule I gave myself was not to photograph anything above the knees.
Using a 50 mm macro lens (微距镜头) on a traditional DSLR camera, I walk around looking for different opportunities. I also often use two extension tubes，which help me get ever closer to my subject matter and increase the magnification (放大率). In the evening light, the high contrast helps you see small things like jumping grasshoppers or other insects flying around，but during the day it can be more challenging. To find good subject matter，I like to crawl around and look at the world from a lizard or snake's point of view. It adds significantly more drama, improves the image. It also has the power to transform a beautiful subject into a beautiful piece of art.
I really also pay attention to the background elements, not just the subject matter, especially with wildflowers. How in focus the background is，or how out of focus it is, can change an image.I like to shoot with a fully blurred (模糊不清的) background, which is called bokeh, though sometimes increasing depth of field and not having total blurriness can be beneficial to the composition, too.
You also don't need a special camera set up to do this. Using a smartphone，you can easily use tools like portrait mode, to help blur the background. Some apps also allow for a greater level of control with depth of field and close up photography. It's less about the camera you use, and more about how you use it!
1．What makes a splendid composition
A．Taking an expensive trip. B．Capturing the details of life.
C．Shooting anything above the knees. D．Looking at a beautiful subject.
2．What is the second paragraph mainly about
A．A traditional DSLR camera. B．The ways of macro shooting.
C．Shooting down at subjects. D．Insects flying around.
3．What does “this” refer to in the last paragraph
A．Background. B．Portrait.
C．Bokeh. D．Camera.
4．What would be the best title for this passage
A．My Neighborhood B．The Backyard
C．Crouching down Yourself D．Macro Photography
Passage 6
When people hear “Artificial Intelligence (AI)”， many think of big data. The reason is that some of the most significant AI breakthroughs have relied on enormous data sets. But AI is not only about large data sets, and research in small data approaches in the past decade has grown extensively, with Transfer Learning (TL) (迁移学习) as an especially promising example, which is helpful in settings where you have few data on the task of interest but sufficient data on a related problem.
Small data approaches like TL offer numerous advantages over more data intensive methods. By the use of AI with fewer data, they can facilitate progress in areas where few or no data exist, such as in forecasting natural disasters that occur relatively rarely. More importantly, TL is of great help in terms of generalization. A challenge in the use of AI is that models need to generalize beyond their training data—that is, to give good “answers” to a more general set of “questions” than what they were specifically trained for. TL models work by transferring knowledge from one task to another, so they are very helpful in improving generalization in the new task, even if only limited data are available.
AI experts such as Andrew Ng have stated that the approach will be the next driver of getting machine learning success in industry. There are some early signs of successful adoption and it has been applied to cancer discovery and much more.
Despite the increase in research, TL__has__received__relatively__little__visibility. While many machine learning experts and data scientists are familiar with it, techniques such as TL do not seem to have reached the awareness of the broader space of policymakers and business leaders in positions of making important decisions about AI funding and adoption.
By acknowledging the success of small data techniques like TL and supporting their widespread use, we can help overcome some widespread misconceptions regarding the role of data in AI and promote innovation in new directions.
5．What does the author think of TL
A．It is a potential technique. B．It is of help in large data sets.
C．It is an important AI breakthrough. D．It is a reliable solution to multitasking.
6．In which aspect does TL show its advantages
A．Acquiring knowledge. B．Discovering questions.
C．Collecting training data. D．Improving generalization.
7．What does the underlined part in Paragraph 4 probably mean
A．TL has little value. B．TL is a heated topic.
C．TL draws public attention. D．TL is not well recognized.
8．What's the purpose of this text
A．To clarify some misconceptions. B．To introduce a small data approach.
C．To predict the promising future of AI. D．To emphasize the significance of data.
Passage 7
If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity's later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can't. The clearest example of this between literate and non literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook's voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain's record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non literate societies such as these, all our first hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation,__we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
1．What is the first paragraph mainly about
A．How past events should be presented. B．What humanity is concerned about.
C．Whether facts speak louder than words. D．Why written language is reliable.
2．What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2
A．His report was scientific. B．He represented the local people.
C．He ruled over Botany Bay. D．His record was one sided.
3．What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to
A．Problem. B．History.
C．Voice. D．Society.
4．Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from
A．HowMapsTellStoriesoftheWorld B．AShortHistoryofAustralia
C．AHistoryoftheWorldin 100 Objects D．HowArtWorksTellStories
Passage 8
Loneliness is significant mental health concern and can raise the risk of death by 45% and contact with nature in cities significantly reduces feelings of loneliness, according to a team of scientists.
The study is the first to assess how the environment can affect loneliness. It used real time data, collected via a smartphone app, rather than relying on people's memory of how they were feeling.
The research found that feelings of overcrowding increased loneliness by an average of 30%. But when people were able to see trees or hear birds, feelings of loneliness fell by 28%. Feelings of social inclusion also cut loneliness by 21% and when these feelings coincided (同时发生) with contact with nature, the beneficial effect was boosted by a further 18%.
The findings pointed to interventions to reduce loneliness. The researchers said, “Specific measures that increase social inclusion and contact with nature should be taken, especially in thickly populated cities.” Time spent in nature is known to boost well being, with woodland walks estimated to save the UK at least ￡185 million a year in mental health costs, for example.
The research collected data from urban citizens across the world using the Urban Mind research app. More than 750 people provided 16, 600 of these assessments. The participants were self selecting so it did not provide a representative sample of the wider populations. But when the researchers took age, education, and occupations into account, the benefits of nature contact and feelings of social inclusion on loneliness remained strongly statistically significant. Johanna Gibbons, part of the research team, said, “Cities are probably the only habitat that is increasing at a high rate. So we should be creating urban habitats where people can thrive (兴旺发达).”
5．How was the research conducted
A．By relying on people's memory.
B．By surveying 750 urban participants.
C．By collecting data through a smartphone app.
D．By checking a worldwide representative sample.
6．What can we learn from Paragraph 4
A．Many big cities take the lead in the research.
B．Time spent indoors improves people's well being.
C．Woodland walks greatly reduce social contact with people.
D．Interventions to reduce loneliness benefit the UK financially.
7．What can be inferred about the research
A．It offers a wide range of samples globally.
B．The findings are statistically remarkable.
C．The carefully selected participants are reliable.
D．Three other factors are considered except education.
8．What's the text mainly about
A．The mental problems of living in big cities.
B．Developing urban habitats at high speed.
C．Research on how to get rid of loneliness in nature.
D．Reducing loneliness in cities via contact with nature.
Passage 9
When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌) Which kinds of fish can eat cancer causing chemicals With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco machine.
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1，600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor，” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what's happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self repair.”
1．What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs
A．He was fond of traveling. B．He enjoyed being alone.
C．He had an inquiring mind. D．He longed to be a doctor.
2．Why did John put the sludge into the tanks
A．To feed the animals. B．To build an ecosystem.
C．To protect the plants. D．To test the eco machine.
3．What is the author's purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A．To review John's research plans. B．To show an application of John's idea.
C．To compare John's different jobs. D．To erase doubts about John's invention.
4．What is the basis for John's work
A．Nature can repair itself. B．Organisms need water to survive.
C．Life on Earth is diverse. D．Most tiny creatures live in groups.
Passage 10
If it weren't for passionate people, this would be a dull world indeed.
Peter Cavanagh of Lopez Island certainly qualifies in the passionate category, having taken 600，000 pictures of birds all over the world in the past 13 years. Cavanagh is a retired professor in the University of Washington. He minored in math and is an instrument rated pilot. His pictures mostly capture birds in flight, not on a perch (栖息处).
“I have a sense of wonder at flight because it is the most highly complex form of movement in the entire animal kingdom，” says Cavanagh. “Humans have spent more than six centuries trying to imitate bird flight but still have not produced flying machines with all of the complexity, flexibility and performance that are commonplace for birds.” For birds, the math of it all just happens. A small bird such as the American kestrel, the smallest falcon (猎鹰) in our region at about 4 ounces, is very good at hovering (盘旋).
Meanwhile, to achieve flight, a 90 ton commercial jet is filled with electronics and computer systems. “Birds have flying abilities we have not come close to matching in airplanes，” says Cavanagh. The Royal Aeronautical Society in London, in a January 2021 posting, told how researchers did computer design of a Boeing 777 wing based on a bird's wings. It was 5% lighter, which matters in fuel costs. In 2019, Airbus produced a “Bird of Prey” design that mimicked the eagle's wing and tail structure for flight control.
Cavanagh enjoys every minute of waiting, and waiting, and waiting, starting at sunrise to capture those images. “I am happiest in truly wild places where humans are tolerated guests and they are the world of wild animals.”
5．What is Peter Cavanagh's passion
A．Math education. B．Bird photography.
C．Airplane engineering. D．Wilderness exploration.
6．Why does the author mention the American kestrel
A．To compare the sizes and weights of the birds.
B．To show the importance of math in biomechanics.
C．To prove the unmatched flying abilities of birds.
D．To stress the diversity of native American species.
7．What does the underlined word “mimicked” mean in Paragraph 4
A．Imitated. B．Abandoned.
C．Outperformed. D．Discovered.
8．Which word best describes Peter Cavanagh's attitude to nature according to the last paragraph
A．Skeptical. B．Respectful.
C．Objective. D．Indifferent.
Passage 1
语篇类型：新闻报道 主题语境：人与社会——历史与文化——博物馆归还画作
【文章大意】 比利时皇家美术博物馆将二战前纳粹掠夺走的画作归还给了一对德国犹太夫妇的后人。
1．答案与解析：A 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“the museum asked the public to provide information about the painting”可知，该博物馆向公众征集信息，从而确定画作的主人，故A项正确。
2．答案与解析：D 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中Michel Draguet所说的“I think it's really important for the museum to show that we have ethics （道德）”可知，Michel Draguet认为归还画作的行为是正确的，是遵循道德的，故D项正确。rightful “正确的；公正的；合法的”。
3．答案与解析：A 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Blumenstilleben （StillLifewithFlowers） painted in 1913 by German artist Lovis Corinth”和第三段中的“After the war, the painting of pink flowers in a blue vase was exhibited in Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium”以及语境可以推断，Blumenstilleben就是那幅关于装在花瓶里的花的画作，故A项正确。
4．答案与解析：C 标题归纳题。分析文章类型可知，本文是一则新闻报道。综合全文内容，尤其是第一段“A fine arts museum in Belgium has returned a painting...before World War Ⅱ”可知，本文主要讲述了比利时的一个美术博物馆将二战前纳粹从一对德国犹太夫妇那里掠夺走的画作归还给了其后人的故事，故C项适合作本文的标题。
Passage 2
语篇类型：说明文 主题语境：人与自然——自然生态——森林对周围环境的降温作用
【文章大意】 森林像海绵一样吸收二氧化碳，在冷却地球表面方面起着至关重要的作用，但一项研究表明它们的冷却能力只有三分之二来自吸收并储存二氧化碳的能力。另外三分之一来自生物物理效应——它们能够制造云层、使空气潮湿和释放冷却化学物质。
5．答案与解析：D 代词猜测题。根据第二段中的“they also dampen the air by pulling water from the ground and releasing it from their leaves, which helps to cool the surrounding area in a way similar to sweating”可知，它们也通过从地面吸水并从叶子中释放水分来使空气湿润，这有助于周围地区降温，类似于出汗。由此可知，This指代的是树木的水循环。故选D。
6．答案与解析：C 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“To quantify （量化） these effects, Lawrence and her colleagues compared how the various effects of forests around the world feed into the climate system, breaking down their contributions in ranges of ten degrees of latitude （纬度）”可知，Lawrence是通过单独研究森林的贡献来量化森林的生物物理效应的。故选C。
7．答案与解析：D 推理判断题。根据第五段中的“She and her colleagues found that the cooling caused by biophysical effects was especially significant locally”“Having a rainforest nearby can help to protect an area's agriculture and cities from heatwaves”及最后一段的内容可知，Lawrence的研究的意义在于它为保护工作提供了科学依据。故选D。
8．答案与解析：A 标题归纳题。根据Lawrence的研究可知，降温作用只是森林的其中一个作用。由此可知，A项“Forests: More Than a Carbon Sponge”（森林：不仅仅是一块碳海绵）最适合作本文标题。
Passage 3
语篇类型：记叙文 主题语境：人与自我——个人生活——父亲的“爱”
【文章大意】 儿时，父亲因为被公司开除，时不时在作者的生活中消失，直到最后病逝。作者一直误解自己的父亲，直到看到父亲的笔记本，才慢慢了解父亲，但为时已晚。
1．答案与解析：C 细节理解题。根据第二段的最后一句“To escape his shame...then alienating (使疏远) my sister and I”可知，作者的父亲为了逃避他的耻辱，他推开了那些提醒他这一点的人，如作者的妈妈、作者的妹妹和作者。由此可知，作者的父亲认为看到他的家人就会想起自己被公司开除的令人伤心的经历。故选C项。
2．答案与解析：D 细节理解题。根据第三段的第三句“But when he died of...the weight of the blow”可知，当作者听到父亲去世的消息时，被这一打击弄得失去了平衡，内心开始不平静了。故选D项。
3．答案与解析：C 细节理解题。根据第四段作者从父亲的笔记本中听到的“learn from my mistakes”可知，作者的父亲让作者从自己的错误中吸取教训，不要步他的后尘。故选C项。
4．答案与解析：B 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段的内容可知，作者从笔记本中了解到父亲也怀着那种熟悉的疼痛，渴望拥有新的阅历，这种疼痛只有通过旅行才能得到安慰。故可推断是慢慢了解已故的父亲让作者哭了。故选B项。
Passage 4
语篇类型：说明文 主题语境：人与自然——研究发现——地球深处的生命
【文章大意】 一支由来自52个国家多个领域内的科学家组成的团队在距地球表面2.5公里的深处发现了大量微生物，该发现证明了地球深处蕴藏着丰富的生命。
5．答案与解析：D 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Some microorganisms have...in earthquakes or eruptions”可知，一些微生物已经存活数千年，很少移动，除非地震和火山爆发。由此可知，科学家发现一些地下微生物总是保持静止状态。故选D项。
6．答案与解析：B 细节理解题。根据第三段首句“The team consists...chemistry and physics”可知，这支科学队由来自52个国家的1 200名科学家组成，这些科学家来自地理、微生物学、化学和物理等多个领域。故选B项。
7.答案与解析：B 细节理解题。根据第四段首句“The scientists have...more life they find”可知，科学家们一直想知道生命不能存在的深度极限，但他们挖得越深发现的生命越多。由此可知，科学家们往深处钻孔的目的是找到生命存在的深度极限。故选B项。
8．答案与解析：A 推理判断题。根据全文内容，尤其是第一段中的“a rich ecosystem beneath our feet”和“scientists estimate it...tonnes of microorganisms”以及第四段中的“but the deeper...they find”可知，地球深处是一个丰富的生态系统，有数百亿吨微生物。科学家们越往深处钻孔发现的生命越多。由此可推知，本文主要介绍了地球深处蕴藏了许多的生命。故选A项。
Passage 5
语篇类型：记叙文 主题语境：人与自然——拍摄美景——微距摄影
【文章大意】 为了拍摄美丽的照片，作者选择重新游览家附近的区域，采用微距方式拍摄生活中的微小细节。作者告诉我们，要拍摄美景，不在于使用什么相机，而在于如何使用相机。
1．答案与解析：B 细节理解题。题干问的是什么构成美丽的作品。根据第一段中的“If you consider macro photography, which is capturing tiny details, an entirely new world may open for you right in your own backyard. This is what I decided to do to challenge myself recently！”可知，捕捉微小的细节，一个全新的世界就在你面前打开，这正是作者挑战自己要做的事情。由此可知，捕捉生活中的细节可构成一幅美丽的作品。故B项正确。
2．答案与解析：B 推理判断题。根据第二段的描述可知，作者使用50毫米的微距镜头寻找不同的拍摄机会，还使用两个伸缩管增大放大率，接近拍摄主题，下文分别介绍晚上拍摄和白天拍摄情况。由此可推知，第二段主要讲述微距拍摄的方法。故B项正确。
3．答案与解析：C 代词猜测题。根据第三段尾句可知，作者喜欢用完全模糊的背景来拍摄。由此可知，文中的“你没有必要使用特殊的相机来做到这一点”就是指“用完全模糊的背景拍摄”，而这种做法又被称为bokeh，故此处的this就是指bokeh。故C项正确。
4．答案与解析：D 主旨大意题。第一段讲述为了拍摄美丽的图片，作者采用微距拍摄，捕捉生活中的细节；第二段讲述微距拍摄的方法；第三段讲述作者使用微距拍摄的喜好；第四段讲述作者建议使用普通相机也可拍到美丽的图片。由此可知，本文可用“微距摄影”作标题。A项“我的街区”，B项“后院”，C项“蹲下来”，都不能概括全文。故D项正确。
Passage 6
语篇类型：说明文 主题语境：人与社会——科学技术——人工智能迁移学习
【文章大意】 本文主要介绍了迁移学习的功能、用途、发展现状和前景。
5．答案与解析：A 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“an especially promising example, which is helpful in settings”可以推断，作者认为TL是一项很有前景的技术，可以用于很多领域，故A项正确。
6．答案与解析：D 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“TL is of great help in terms of generalization”和“they are very...the new task”可知，TL的优势之一是可以提升概括能力，故D项正确。
7．答案与解析：D 句意猜测题。根据画线部分后一句中的“techniques such as...and business leaders”可知，TL似乎并没有得到政策制定者和商业领袖的青睐。据此可以推断，画线部分的意思应该与D项“TL未得到足够的认可”最为接近。
8．答案与解析：B 主旨大意题。本文第一段引出话题“TL是一项很有发展前景的小数据技术”，第二段介绍了TL的优点，第三段引用专家Andrew Ng的话证明TL很有用处，第四段讲述了TL的发展现状不甚理想，最后一段讲述了TL的发展潜力。综上可知，本文主要介绍了TL——一项小数据处理技术，故B项正确。
Passage 7
语篇类型：议论文 主题语境：人与社会——历史叙事——讨论书面文本及无文字社会的重要性
【文章大意】 本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。
1．答案与解析：A 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity's later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate （有文字的） societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. （如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文学记录过，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记录他们所关心的事情。）”可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。
2．答案与解析：D 推理判断题。根据文章第二段首句“Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can't. （理想情况下，历史应该将文本和物品结合在一起，本书的某些章节能够做到这一点，但在许多情况下，我们根本做不到。）”可推断，作者认为历史应该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文“From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain's record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield （盾） dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. （从英国方面来看，我们有科学报告和船长对那可怕的一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面来看，我们只有一个木制盾牌，这是一名男子在第一次经历枪击后在飞行中扔下的。）”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明船长的记录是片面的，只从自己的角度描述了问题。故选D。
3．答案与解析：B 词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact （联系） between literate and non literate societies such as these, all our first hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. （加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以及印加人，所有这些人都出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以通过他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最强大的成就：通过物品讲述的历史给了他们一个话语权。当我们考虑诸如此类的有文化社会和无文化社会之间的接触时，我们所有的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一半。）”结合划线句“If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. （如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。）”可知，我们对过去历史的了解，只是书写历史的人所想要让我们了解的历史，如果我们想要了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文本也要读物品。所以conversation指的是“历史”。故选B。
4．答案与解析：C 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.（如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文字记录过，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。）”结合最后一段的“If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. （如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。）”可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好的了解历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。
Passage 8
语篇类型：说明文 主题语境：人与自然——自然与健康——在城市中接触大自然可以在很大程度上减少人们的孤独感
5．答案与解析：C 细节理解题。根据第二段的“It used real time data...they were feeling”可知，这项研究使用的是通过手机应用软件搜集到的实时数据。故选C项。
6．答案与解析：D 推理判断题。根据第四段的内容可知，研究结果指向了对减少孤独感的干预。据估计，林地散步每年至少可以为英国节省1.85亿英镑的心理健康成本。由此可知，英国对减少孤独感的干预让其在金融方面获益。故选D项。
7．答案与解析：B 推理判断题。根据最后一段的“But when the researchers...strongly statistically significant”可知，当研究人员将年龄、教育和职业考虑在内时，接触大自然和社会包容感对（减少）孤独感的好处在统计学上依然非常显著。由此可推知，这项调研结果从统计学上来说是显著的。故选B项。
8．答案与解析：D 主旨大意题。浏览全文可知，本文主要讲述了一项研究结果，该研究表明城市里的人们接触大自然可以在很大程度上减少他们的孤独感。故选D项。
Passage 9
语篇类型：记叙文 主题语境：人与自然——环境保护——生态机器人净化污水
【文章大意】 文章讲述了John Todd从小就很爱思考且好学，他建造了一个生态机器，利用大自然可以自我修复的原理来净化污水。
1．答案与解析：C 细节理解题。根据第一段“When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making. （当约翰·托德还是个孩子的时候，他喜欢探索房子周围的树林，观察大自然是如何解决问题的。例如，一条肮脏的小溪流经植物和微小生物居住的岩石后，往往会变得清澈。长大后，约翰开始想知道这个过程是否可以用来清理人们制造的垃圾）”以及第二段“After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria （细菌）？ Which kinds of fish can eat cancer causing chemicals （在大学学习了农业、医学和渔业之后，约翰回到了观察自然和提出问题的生活中。为什么某些植物能捕获有害细菌？哪些鱼类会食用致癌化学物质？）”可知，约翰聪颖好学、好奇心很强。故选C。
2．答案与解析：D 细节理解题。根据第三段“After a few weeks, John added the sludge. （几个星期后，约翰把污泥加了进去）”以及倒数第三段“He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water. （他对结果感到惊讶。生态机器里的动植物把污泥当成了食物，开始吃了起来！几周之内，它就完全被消化了，只剩下纯净水）”可知，约翰把污泥放进罐子里是为了测试生态机器。故选D。
3．答案与解析：B 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse — like facility that treated sewage （污水） from 1，600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China. （这些年来，约翰承担了许多重大工作。他开发了一个类似温室的设施，可以处理来自南伯灵顿1 600户家庭的污水。他还设计了一种生态机器来清洁中国东南部城市福州的运河水）”可推知，作者提到福州的目的是展示约翰想法的应用。故选B。
4．答案与解析：A 推理判断题。根据最后一段“You put organisms in new relationships and observe what's happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self repair. （你把微生物放在新的关系中，并观察要发生的事情。然后让这些新系统形成它们自己的自我修复的方式）”可知，约翰工作的基础是自然可以自我修复。故选A。
Passage 10
语篇类型：说明文 主题语境：人与自然——人与动物——抓拍鸟的飞行
【文章大意】 辅修数学的退休大学教授Cavanagh热爱大自然，酷爱抓拍鸟的飞行，他对鸟儿的飞行运动背后的数学原理有一定的研究。
5．答案与解析：B 细节理解题。根据第二段首、尾两句可知，Cavanagh热衷于抓拍飞行中的鸟。故B项正确。
6．答案与解析：C 推理判断题。根据第三段的“‘Humans have spent more than six centuries...commonplace for birds.’ For birds, the math of it all just happens”可知，人类已经花了六个多世纪的时间试图模仿鸟类飞行，但仍然没有制造出具有鸟类飞行时的复杂性、灵活性和性能的飞行机器，而对鸟类来说，对飞行的计算自然而然就发生了。接着作者以美国红隼为例，说明它十分擅长在空中盘旋。由此可推知，作者提及美国红隼是为了证明鸟类无法比拟的飞行能力。故C项正确。
7．答案与解析：A 词义猜测题。根据第三段的“Humans have spent more than six centuries trying to imitate bird flight”再结合画线词所在句可推知，空中客车公司“模仿”鹰的翅膀和尾巴结构设计了“Bird of Prey”。故A项正确。
8．答案与解析：B 推理判断题。根据最后一段的“I am happiest in truly wild places where humans are tolerated guests and they are the world of wild animals”再结合选项可推知，Peter Cavanagh对待自然的态度是尊敬的。故B项正确。