人教版九年级全册Unit 10 You're supposed to shake hands.单元讲义

Unit 10 You' re supposed to shake hands
单词短语及重点句型
重点单词 1.custom [ k st m]n.风俗;习俗 2.bow [b ]v.&n.鞠躬 3.kiss [k s]v.&n.亲吻;接吻 4.greet [ɡri t]v.和…打招呼;迎接 5.relaxed [r l kst]adj.放松的;自在的 6.value [ v lju ]v.重视;珍视；n.价值 7.capital [ k p tl]n.首都;国都 8.noon [nu n]n.正午;中午 9.mad [m d]adj.很生气;疯的 10.effort [ ef t]n.努力;尽力 11.passport [ pɑ sp t]n.护照 12.chalk [t k]n.粉笔 13.blackboard [ bl k b d]n.黑板 14.northern [ n n]adj.北方的:北部的 15.coast [k st]n.海岸;海滨 16.season ['si zn]n.季;季节 17.knock [n k]v.敲;击；n.敲击声:敲击 18.eastern [ i st n]adj.东方的;东部的 19.worth [w θ] adj.值得;有……价值(的) 20.manner [ m n ]n.方式;方法(pl.)礼貌;礼仪 21.empty [ empt ]adj.空的;空洞的 22.basic [ be s k]adj.基本的;基础的 23.exchange [ ks t e nd ]n.&v.交换 24.teenage [ ti ne d ]adj.十几岁的;青少年的 25.granddaughter [ ɡr n d t ]n.(外)孙女 26.behave [b he v]v.表现;举止 27.except [ k sept]prep.除…之外；conj.除了;只是 28.elbow [ elb ]n.肘;胳膊 29.gradually [ ɡr dj l ]adv.逐步地:渐进地 30.suggestion [s d est n]n.建议
重点短语 1.shake hands 握手 2.make a mistake/make mistakes犯错误 3.mistake...for...把...错当成... 4.by mistake错误地，无意中 5.to one’s surprise令某人惊讶的是 6.in surprise惊奇地 7.both...and...两者都 8.find out 查明 9.look for 寻找 10.stay out待在外面 11.put out熄灭 12.run out of用尽，耗尽 13.hand out/give out 分发 14.make friends with与...交朋友 15.each other=one another互相彼此 16.shake one’s hand 握某人的手 17.be from/come from来自于 18.drop by 顺便拜访 19.on time准时 20.in time及时 21.at times/from time to time有时 22.at the same time 同时 23.by the time到...时 24.after all毕竟，终归 25.first of all首先 26.in all总共，总计/in total总共，合计 27.above all最重要的是，尤其是 28.without effort毫不费力 29.at noon在中午 30.go abroad去国外 31.take off （飞机）起飞，脱下（衣服） 32.clean...off把...擦掉 33.knock down 撞到 34.knock at/on the door敲门 35.set off出发 36.set out出发，启程，开始工作 37.get off下车 38.go off闹钟发出响声 39.put off推迟 40.turn off 关闭/上 41.stick to 坚持 42.stick...into...把...刺入...里 43.exchange...for...用...交换 44.exchange... with sb.与某人交换 45.by the way顺便问一下 46.in this way用这种方式 47.make one’s way to到...地方 48.get in the way of妨碍 49.lose one’s way迷路 50.base on以...为基础 51.be based on以...为基础 52.because of因为，由于 53.cut up切碎 54.cut off切除 55.cut down砍倒 56.put up举起，张贴 57.set up建立 58.make up由...组成，编造 59.be excited about对...感到兴奋，因...而激动 60.show sb. around带领某人参观 61.show off 炫耀 62.show sb. sth.=show sth. to sb.给某人看某物 63.on show/ on display 展览 64.for the first time 第一次，首次 65.as soon as一... 就... 66.hold out 伸出 67.a bit=a little=a little bit 有点儿 68.get mad 大动肝火，气愤 69.big deal 重要的事，大人物 70.point at 指向（近指） 71.point to 指向 （远指） 72.point out 指出 73.go out of one’s way 特地，格外努力 74.show up 出现 75.look forward to doing sth. 期望做某事 76.make... feel at home 使 ( 某人 ) 感到宾至如归 77.thanks to 多亏，由于 78.find it+adj. +(for sb.)+to do sth. 发现做某事是… 79.be different from 与...不同 80.at first 起初 81.not...any more=no more不再 82.not...any longer=no longer不再
常考句型 1.You are supposed to shake hands.你们应该握手。 2.In the United States, they're expected to shake hands.在美国，他们应该握手。 3.I met a Japanese boy called Sato, and as soon as I held out my hands, he bowed.我遇到了一个叫佐藤的日本男孩，我刚一伸出手，他就鞠躬了。 4.We often just drop by our friends' homes if we have time.我们经常一有时间就顺便到朋友家拜访。 5.It is worth the trouble if you want to understand another culture. 但是如果你想了解另一种文化，即使麻烦也是值得的。 6.I'm very comfortable speaking French now.我现在讲法语轻松自如。 7.I was a bit nervous before I arrived here, but there was no reason to be. 我来这里之前还有点紧张，但是没有理由那样。 8.I held out my hands and to my surprise, she kissed me on both sides of my face! 我伸出手，可令我吃惊的是，她亲吻了我的双颊。 9. What are people in Korea supposed to do when they meet for the first time 在韩国人们第一次见面应该做什么？ 10. That's how people in Japan are expected to greet each other. 那就是人们在日本应该互相打招呼的方式。 11. He should have told me about it. 他本应该把这件事告诉我。 12. Where I'm from, we're pretty relaxed about time. 我所在的地方，对时间是相当宽松的。 13. Often we just walk around the town center, seeing as many of our friends as we can.我们经常走遍市中心，看尽可能多的朋友。 14.It's even better than I thought it would be. 事情比我想象的要好得多。 15.They go out of their way to make me feel at home.他们花尽心血让我感觉不到拘束。 16.Although I still make lots of mistakes, it doesn't bother me like it used to.尽管我经常出一些错，但它不像过去那样打扰我。 17. I thought that was pretty strange at first, but now I'm used to it.开始，我想那是太奇怪了，但是现在我已经习惯了。 18. I have to say, I find it difficult to remember everything, but I'm gradually getting used to things, and don't find them so strange any more. 不得不承认，我发现记住一切东西是很困难的，但我渐渐习惯了，并且发现他们也不再那么奇怪了。
一、单词讲解
1 custom n.风俗;习俗
the custom of doing sth.做某事的习俗
The customs are different from country to country各国的风俗是不同的。
I don't like the custom of giving presents in that country.我不喜欢那个国家赠送礼物的习俗。
辨析: custom与habit
①custom主要指某个民族或社会在发展过程中长期沿袭下来的礼节、风俗或习惯
The Japanese customs are different from the custom Chinese ones.日本的风俗习惯与中国的不同。
②habit指一个人经常做某事，久而久之形成的习惯或习性
Nail- biting is one of her bad habits.咬指甲是她的一个坏习惯。
2 bow v.&n.鞠躬
1）不及物动词，表示“鞠躬” bow to/before....向…鞠躬
The speaker bowed to/before the listeners演讲者向听众鞠躬。
2）及物动词，表示“低(头)”
She bowed her head.她低下了头。
3）作名词，表示“鞠躬;弓;蝴蝶结”
The Japanese usually take a bow while greeting日本人打招呼时通常鞠躬。
He made his son a bow.他为儿子做了一张弓。
3 kiss v.&n.亲吻;接吻
1）作动词，表示“亲吻;接吻”，后面可跟人作宾语;表示亲吻某人的某个身体部位，要说 kiss sb.on
Do you kiss when you meet for the first time 你们初次见面时亲吻吗
He bowed to kiss his little son on the face他弯下腰来亲吻他的小儿子的脸。
2）作名词，表示“亲吻;接吻”
give sb. a kiss- kiss sb.亲吻某人
Jack gave his mother a kiss and went to school杰克给妈妈一个吻，上学去了。
4 greet v.和…打招呼;迎接
greet及物动词，表示“和…打招呼;迎接”相当于 say hello to，后接名词或代词作宾语。
They also greet each other by touching with their trunks and feet.它们还通过触碰鼻子和脚来相互问候。
拓展：greeting n.问候；招呼
He sends greetings to all the family. 他向全家问候。
5 relaxed adj.放松的;自在的
relaxed放松的;自在的此处作表语。
be relaxed about对……感到放松/随意
Listening to music makes us feel relaxed.听音乐使我们感到放松。
We are relaxed about our breakfast.我们对早餐比较随意。
辨析：relaxed与relaxing
①relaxed放松的；自在的,是人的感受，常作表语，主语通常是人
②relaxing令人放松的,多用来说明事物本身具有今人放松的特征，可作定语成表语，常用来修成说明事物
6 value v.重视;珍视；n.价值
1）及物动词，表示“重视;珍视”
value sb./sth.for...因……而重视某人/某物 value sb./sth.as...把某人/某物珍视为
It's a tradition to value education in China.在中国重视教育是一种传统。
Mr Wang values Tom for his hard work.王先生因汤工作努力而重视他。
I really value him as a good friend我真的把他视为好朋友。
2）名词，表示“价值”，其形容词形式为 valuable，意为”贵重的;很有用的;宝贵的”。
be of great value 意为“非常有用”。
The real value of my volunteer work is becoming friends with the people I help.我做志愿工作的真正价值是和我帮助的人成为朋友。
There is nothing valuable in the bag包里没有贵重的东西。
7 capital n.首都;国都
the capital of…的首都/国都
Beijing is the capital of China.北京是中国的首都。
8 noon n.正午;中午
noon用作名词，意为“中午;正年”。介词at用在具体时刻或黎明、正午、黄昏、午夜等名词前。
He usually calls me up at noon他通常在中午给我打电话
9 mad adj.很生气;疯的
1）mad形容词，表示“很生气;疯的”
be/get mad at/with sb.生某人的气 be/get mad about sth.因某事生气
Please don't get mad at/with me请别生我的气。
There's no need to get mad about it!没有必要为这事发火!
You're mad to drive so fast你疯了，车开得那么快!
2）get mad大动肝火;气愤强调动作和过程而 be mad意为“感到很生气”，表示状态。
Tom was late again. His teacher got mad汤姆又迟到了，他的老师非常生气。
This morning she was a little mad.今天早上她有点儿生气。
10 effort n.努力;尽力
effort用作名词，意为“努力;尽力”。
make an effort to do sth.努力做某事其中 put more effort into sth.更加努力干某事
make a good/every/an effort to do sth. 尽一切努力做某事 without effort 毫不费力
Please make an effort to finish the task on time.请努力接时完成任务。
All their efforts were successful他们所有的努力都成功了。
11 chalk n.粉笔
1）(不可数名词)粉笔，表示数量时可用piece(s) of chalk。
a piece of chalk一支粉笔
Please write with chalk.请用粉笔写。
2）可数名词 粉笔，表示各种型号、各种色彩的粉笔。
a box of colored chalks一盒彩色粉笔
12 northern adj.北方的:北部的
northern形容词，北方的;北部的，它是由名词 north(北，北方)加-ern构成的形容词。
She lives in the northern part of China她住在中国的北部。
拓展：表示方位的名词，在词尾加-ern可构成形容词
east n东，东方→ eastern adj.东方的:东部的
west n西，西方→ western adj.西方的;西部的
south n南南方→ southern adj.南方的;南部的
13 coast n.海岸;海滨
coast名词,，表示“海岸;海滨”
on at the coast在海边 along the coast 沿海
I used to live in a small village on the coast我以前住在海滨的一个小村子里。
14 season n.季;季节
season(可数名词)季;季节可表示某事通常发生的时期，也可表示一年中的季节。
This is the first game of the season这是本赛季的第一场比赛。
This is not the season for harvesting这不是收获的节。
15 knock v.敲;击；n.敲击声:敲击
1）作动词，表示“敲;击”
knock at/on the door敲门
He knocked at on the door,but there was no answer.他敲了敲门，但没有回应。
2）作动词，表示“碰撞”
knock into与…相撞 knock down撞倒
The car knocked into the tree last night那辆小汽车昨天夜里撞到了树上
An elephant knocked down a dog头大象把一条狗撞倒了。
3）作名词，表示“敲击声;敲击”
There is a knock at the door有人在敲门。
16 worth adj.值得;有……价值(的)
worth形容词，表示“值得;有…价值(的)”，一般作表语，其后可跟动词-ing形式或名词，其具体用法有
1） be worth doing值得做，句子的主语一般是doing的宾语。worth后面的动词-ing形式表示被动意义
The place is worth visiting.这个地方值得参观
2）be worth+钱值多少钱
The picture is worth 30 yuan.这画值30元
3）be worth+名词 值得…
I don't think it's worth our work我觉得这事不值得我们付出劳动。
4）表示“很值得”，应说 well worth而不说 very worth.
The book is well worth reading这本书很值得一读
17 manner n.方式;方法(pl.)礼貌;礼仪
1）manner名词，表示“礼貌;礼仪”常用复数形式。
table manners餐桌礼仪 good/bad manners有/没有礼貌
Mind your manners.注意你的礼仪。
Different countries have different table manners不同的国家有不同的餐桌礼仪
2）manner名词，表示“方式;方法” 比way正式，通常用单数形式
I love duck cooked in the Chinese manner我爱吃中国烧法的鸭肉。
18 empty adj.空的;空洞的
1）empty作形容词，表示“空的;空洞的”,其反义词为full(满的)。
The cup is empty.这个杯子是空的。
This is an empty box.这是一个空盒子。
2）empty作动词，表示“排空，倒空”其反义词为fill(装满，填满)。
Just now he emptied the cup刚才他把杯子倒空了。
19 basic adj.基本的;基础的
basic形容词，表示“基本的;基础的”，其名词形式为base，意为“基础;基地;底部”。
It's necessary to master some basic grammar rules掌握一些基本的语法规则是有必要的
20 exchange n.&v.交换
1）作名词，表示“交换”
an exchange student一名交换生 in exchange for交换
He has gone to France as an exchange student他作为交换生去了法国。
An exchange of ideas is helpful交流想法是有帮助的。
He helped others with farm work in exchange for books.他帮助别人做农活以换取书。
2）作动词，表示“交换;调换;兑换”
exchange.for.用…换
Can I exchange an apple for four oranges 我可以用一个苹果换四个橘子吗
I'm supposed to exchange my dollars for pounds.我应该先把美元兑换成英镑。
21 teenage adj.十几岁的;青少年的
teenage形容词十几岁的;青少年的指13岁至19岁这一年段。其名词形式为 teenager，意为“青少年”，指13岁至19岁的人用作可数名词。
The teenage actor Is very popular.那个青少年演员非常受欢迎。
Do you know the teenager wearing the school uniform 你认识那个穿校服的青少年吗
22 behave v.表现;举止
behave动词，表示“表现;举止”，用作及物动词时，后接反身代词，意为“表现良好”。其名词形式为 behavior.
She behaved well她举止得体。
Class，please behave yourselves同学们，请规矩些!
He was on his best behavior.他表现极好。
23 except prep.除…之外；conj.除了;只是
except prep. 除…之外
We must get up early everyday except Sunday. 除星期天外，我们每天必须早起。
辨析except, except for, besides
①except是介词，相当于but，意思是“除了…之外”，表示在一个整体中，除去一个或多个（人或物）以外的其他全部，即强调部分不包括在内，一般用来排除同类事物。
Everyone is ready except you. 除了你以外，大家都准备好了。（你没准备好，其他人都准备好了）
②except for指“除…之外”，即除去瑕疵，强调整体。
Your article is all right except for a few misprints. 你的文章没问题，只有一些印刷上的错误。
Your drawing is good except for some of the colors. 除有些颜色不好外你的绘画都很好。
③besides指“除…之外还有”，含有肯定的、附加的意思，即一个整体中，强调一个或多个（人或物），强调部分包括在内。
We study chemistry, physics and other subjects besides English.
除了英语，我们还学化学、物理及其他学科。（学习的课程包括英语）
Two other boys were on duty besides Li Ming. 除了李明外，还有两个男生值日。（值日生包括李明）
24 gradually adv.逐步地:渐进地
gradually副词，表示“逐步地，渐进地”，相当于 little by little， bit by bit等。其形容词形式为 gradual，意为“逐步的;渐进的”。
His health is gradually improving他的健康渐有起色。
And twigs were gradually changed into chopsticks而小树枝也渐渐变成了筷子
25 suggestion n.建议
suggestion作名词，表示“建议”，动词形式为 suggest，意为“建议”。
make a suggestion提出建议 at one 's suggestion根据某人的建议
take one's suggestion采纳某人的建议
The suggestion was taken seriously about 10 years ago.这条建议约十年前就被认真对待了。
Well，I've got a suggestion to make好吧，我有个建议要提。
I went there at your suggestion我是根据你的建议到那里去的。
I prefer to take my teachers suggestions我更乐意接受老师的建议。
拓展：advice不可数名词，表示“建议;意见”，表示“一条建议＂”应用 a piece of advice，而不能说 an advice
ask for sb' s advice向某人征求建议 give sb some advice on在…方面给某人一些动告
accept/follow/ take sb.' s advice接受某人的建议
It's a good piece of advice.那是条好建议。
He gave me some advice on how to learn English well.他给了我一些如何学好英语的建议。
二、课文对话及原文
1.Conversation
Katie: How was the welcome party for foreign students last night
John: Great! I made some new friends. But a funny thing happened.
Katie: What
John: I met a Japanese boy called Sato, and as soon as I held out my hand, he bowed.
Katie: That's how people in Japan are expected to greet each other. It's impolite if you don't bow.
John: I didn't know that. So I just stood there with my hand out. Finally, I returned the bow.
Katie: I remember when I first met Marie last year, I did the same thing. I held out my hand and to my surprise, she kissed me on both sides of my face!
John: I wouldn't mind that!
Katie: Very funny. Later I found out French people are supposed to kiss when they see each other.
2.Passage
Where I’m from, we’re pretty relaxed about time. We don’t like to rush around, so we don't mind if people are a little late sometimes.
If you tell a friend you're going to their house for dinner, it's OK if you arrive a bit late. We like to enjoy our time slowly. We value the time we spend with our family and friends in our everyday lives. We often just drop by our friends' homes if we have time.
We don't usually have to make plans to meet our friends. When we see each other, it's polite for boys to shake hands and for girls to kiss each other on the side of the face. We often just walk around the town center, seeing as many of our friends as we can!
In Switzerland, it's very important to be on time.We're the capital of clocks and watches, after all ! If someone invites you to meet him or her at noon, then you're expected to be there at noon. If you're even 15 minutes late, your friend may get mad.So I make an effort to be on time when I meet my friends.I always leave the house early to avoid heavy traffic because I think it's impolite to keep others waiting.
Also, we never visit a friend's house without calling first.We almost always make plans to see friends. We usually plan to do something interesting, or go somewhere together.
Dear Laura,
Thanks for your message. Yes, I'm having a great time on my student exchange program in France. I was a bit nervous before I arrived here, but there was no reason to be. My host family is really nice. They go out of their way to make me feel at home. The grandmother knows that I miss Chinese food a lot. So she actually learned how to make Chinese food! She also has a teenage granddaughter about my age who is really kind.
She always talks to me in French to help me practice.You wouldn't believe how quickly my French has improved because of that. I'm very comfortable speaking French now. Although I still make lots of mistakes, it doesn't worry me as it used to.
My biggest challenge is learning how to behave at the dinner table.As you can imagine, things are very different from the way they are at home. For example, you‘re not supposed to put your bread on your plate. You’re supposed to put it on the table! I thought that was pretty strange at first, but now I‘m used to it.Another example is that you're not supposed to eat anything with your hands except bread, not even fruit.
You have to cut it up and eat it with a fork. Another thing is that it is impolite to say you're full. If you don't want any more food, you should just say, “That was delicious. ” Also, you're not supposed to put your elbows on the table. I have to say that I find it difficult to remember everything, but I'm gradually getting used to it.
I don't find French customs so strange anymore. I'll write again soon and tell you more about my life in France. Hope you're having a good school year.
Yours,
Lin Yue
三、重要知识点讲解
1 You are suppose to shake hands.你应该握手。
1）be ( not ) supposed to do sth.应该做某事
suppose v. “认定；假定”的意思，这里用的是被动形式，表示：被 (不被)期望 /（不）应该做某事,强调礼仪中该做与不该做的，用来表示劝告、建议、义务、责任等，意思可以相当于should.
You are not supposed to smoke here.= You shouldn’t smoke here.你不应该在这抽烟。
It is supposed to be very hot there.据说，大家认为那儿很热。
2）shake hands握手，其中 shake( shook， shaken)既可用作及物动词，也可用作不及物动词，意为“摇动;抖动”。
Shaking hands is our custom.握手是我们的风俗。
He shook his head sadly他难过地了摇头。
The whole house shakes when a train goes past火车驶过时，整座房子都颤动起来。
拓展：shake hands with sb./ shake sb. by the hand意为“与某人握手”，而 shake one’ s hand则指“握某人的手”，强调一方的动作，故hand用单数。
We usually shake hands with each other我们通常相互握手。
She shook the boy’s hand and patted him on the shoulder lightly.她握了握那个男孩的手，并轻轻地拍了拍他的肩膀。
2 You should have asked what you were supposed to wear.你应该问问你应该穿什么.
should have done…这是虚拟语气的一种表达方式，虚拟语气表示所说的话只是一种主观的愿望、假想、建议等。
3 In the United States，they’re expected to shake hands.在美国，他们应该握手。
1）be expected to do sth.(某人)被期望做某事;应该做某事此处相当于be supposed to do sth.
You're expected to get good grades this term这学期你应该取得好成绩。
2）expect及物动词，表示“期望;预料;期待”
后可接名词、代词、动词不定式或从句。其常用结构如下
① expect sth.期待/预料某事 I expect a letter from my family我期待一封家书。
② expect to do sth.期望/预料做某事
She expects to come back next week她预计下个星期回来。
③ expect sb. to do sth.期待某人做某事
I expect you to master the grammar rules我期望你们掌握语法规则。
④ expect+that/从句预计
I expect that I’ll be back on Sunday我预计星期天回来。
4 I held out my hand and to my surprise, she kissed me on both sides of my face.我伸出手想要握手，可令我吃惊的是，她亲吻了我的双颊！
1）to one’s surprise使/让某人吃惊的是，其中surprise用作名词，意思为“惊奇，令人惊奇的事”
2）both此处用作限定词，意思为“两个；双方；两者都”，其后接复数名词。其反义词“neither”两者都不
Both movies are moving.两部电影都很感人。
拓展：both作代词，表示“两个；双方；两者都”（常置于连系动词be；助动词或情态动词之后，实义动词之前）
both of +代词 或both of the /其他限定词 +名词复数
Both of us prefer smooth music.我们两个人都喜欢悦耳的音乐。
5 ...greeted Paul’s mother the wrong way问候保罗母亲的方式不对
way (n)用…方式/方法，常加介词“in”，如果“way”前有“this, that, the”等词时，“in”可省略，但是如果位于句首，则“in”不可省略。
the wrong way = in the wrong way以错误的方式，错误地
You understood him in the wrong way.你误解他的意思了。
6 But a funny thing happened.但发生了一件有趣的事情。
1）happen (vi) 偶然发生（不能用于被动语态），用来指某个事件突然发生，强调偶然性，主语往往是表示事件，事故等的名词。
If anything happens to the machine, please let me know.无论机器发生了什么，都要让我知道。
②take place发生；举行（指某事按规律、预先布置或按计划发生或进行，不含偶然的意味）。
The Winter Olympic Games of 2022 will take place in Beijing and Zhangjiakou.2022年冬季奥运会将在北京和张家口举办。
2）happen (vt)碰巧；恰好
Sth. happen(s) +时间/地点 表示某时/某地发生
Sth. happen(s) to sb表示某人发生某事
Sb. happen(s) to do sth某人碰巧做某事
It happens that（从句）碰巧
I happened to meet a friend of mine in the street yesterday.昨天在街上我碰巧碰到我的一个朋友。
7 I met a Japanese boy called Sato, and as soon as I held out my hand, he bowed.我遇见了一个叫佐藤的日本男孩，我刚一伸出手，他就鞠躬了。
1）called Sato 为过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰前面的名词“boy”。此处called相当于named或with the name of…
The girl called Lucy is my sister.= The girl named Lucy is my sister.= The girl with the name of Lucy is my sister.
2）as soon as一…就…（引导时间状语从句），如果主句用一般将来时、含情态动词或为祈使句，从句常用一般现在时表示将来，即遵循“主将从现”的原则。
I will tell her the news as soon as she comes back.
Call me as soon as you arrive in Paris.
3）hold out伸出手或胳膊；递出东西
As soon as the snow stops, they will go out to skiing. Call me as soon as you get there.
8 That’s how people in Japan are expected to greet each other.那就是在日本人们互相问候的方式。
1）how引导表语从句，本句含有“how”引导的表语从句。表示从句在句子中作表语，常位于连系动词“be, seem, look”等后面。“how, where, why, because”等引导的从句作“this/ that is”的表语时，表示具体的方式、地点、结果、原因等。表语从句还可由连接词that引导，表语从句中that一般不可省略。
The question is when the actor will come.
2）each other= one another互相；相互；彼此
They looked at each other and laughed.
9 So I just stood there with my hand out.所以我只是伸着手站在那里。
with + 宾语+宾语补足语 with my hand out 在句中作伴随状语。宾语补足语的形式有现在分词、过去分词、形容词、副词等。
He is sleeping in the bedroom with the windows open.
10 Finally, I returned the bow.最后，我鞠躬还礼了。
return (vt)回报；回应；归还（通常接表示事物的名词或代词作宾语，若表示“把某物还给某人或还到某处”，则用“return st. to sb/ give sth back to sb”。
return (vi)返回；回来；回去
return to +地点 =(come/ go back) to 地点 返回某地
Return the books to the library on time, please.
11 Maria was supposed to arrive at 7: 00，bu she arrived at8:00.玛丽亚应该7点到，但是到8点才到。
1）辨析: arrive，get与 reach
三者均有“到达”之意，但用法不同。
①arrive不及物动词
arrive in+大地点(国家、城市等 arrive at+小地点(车站、村庄等 arrive+地点副词
②get不及物动词
get to+地点名词 get+地点副词
③reach及物动词 reach+地点
Mr. Smith and his friends arrived in China two weeks ago.史密斯先生和他的朋友们两周前到了中国。
When did you arrive at the station 你是什么时候到达车站的
They got to Beijing yesterday他们天到达了北京。
Please call me if you reach Tianjin.如果你到了天津请给我打电话。
拓展：当 arrive，get后接地点词be there，home等时，不需要加介词。
We arrived/ got home early yesterday.昨天我们早早到家了。
They arrived/got here last night他们是昨天晚上到这儿的。
2）辨析:表示时间的介词at，on与in
at six o’clock在6点钟 on Monday在星期一 on September 10th在9月10日
on the morning of May 1st在5月1日上午 on school nights在上学期间的晚上
in the morning 在早上 in October 在10月 in summer 在夏季
12 Where I’m from, we’re pretty relaxed about time.在我们那个地方，我们的时间观念比较随意。
Where I’m from是地点状语从句，where为引导词，“在…的地方”
Where there’s a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。
13 It’s Okay if you arrive a bit late.如果你稍微迟一点还行。
a bit在此作状语修饰late,表示“稍微，一点儿”，可以与a little互用，既可修饰形容词、副词的比较级，也可以修饰原级。
She’s feeling a bit tired.她感觉有点累。
辨析：a little与a bit
①两者都作“有点儿;一点儿”讲，都可修怖形容词、副词的原级或比较级;都可作主语或宾语
He is a little/a bit older than you他年龄比你稍大一点儿。
Please give me a little/a bit.请给我一点儿吧。
②a little后可直接接不可数名词;a bit必须加of后才能接不可数名词
a little money= a bit of money一点儿钱
拓展 not a little与 not a bit 意义完全不同。
① not a little意为“很，非常”，相当于very much.
The wound is not a little painful. =The wound is very painful.这个伤口很疼。
② not a bit意为“根本不，一点儿也不”，相当于 not at all.
He is not a bit angry. -He is not angry at all他一点儿也不生气。
14 We often just drop by our friends’ homes if we have time..
drop by 偶然拜访 drop in on sb. 顺便访问某人
Some friends dropped by to see me yesterday.昨天一些朋友来看望我。
15 We don’t usually have to make plans to meet our friends.
make a plan / plans to do 计划做…
We made a plan to go hiking yesterday.昨天我们做了爬山计划。
We have made plans for the holidays.我们制定了一些假期计划
16 We often just walk around the town center, seeing as many of our friends as we can!我们经常只是在城镇中心走走，见尽可能多的朋友！
1）现在分词短语“seeing as many of our friend as we can”作伴随状语，说明谓语“walk around”表示的动作发生时，另一个动作正在进行。
The teacher came into the classroom, holding a book in his hand.老师进来教室，手里拿着一本书。
拓展：伴随状语：指伴随着句子谓语动词的动作而发生或存在另一的动作或状态，即同一个主语发出两个动作或处于两种状态。
The dog entered the room, following the boy.这条狗跟着男孩进了屋。（现在分词作伴随状语，表主动。）
The boy entered the room, followed by his dog.男孩进了屋，后面跟着他的狗。（过去分词作伴随状语，表被动。）
2）as…as, 中间用形容词、副词的原级
He is as tall as he used to be.他和以前一样高。
Please come here as quickly as possible.尽可能快一点到这。
17 In Switzerland,it's very important to be on time.在瑞士，守时是非常重要的。
on time准时，按时
The passengers get on the plane on time乘客准时登机。
Please don’t be e to my party on time.请别迟到，准时来参加我的聚会。
[拓展]①in time及时
He was just in time for the meeting他正好赶上那个会议。
② at times有时(相当于 sometimes)
I go to school without break fast at times有时我不吃早饭就去上学。
③by the time.到…时候;到…之前
By the time we got to the cinema， the film had begun.我们到达电影院时，电影已经开始了。
④ at the same time I同时
The twins always get up at the same time这对双胞胎总是同时起床。
18 I always leave the house early to avoid heavy traffic because I think it’s impolite to keep others waiting.我总是早早离开家以避免交通拥挤，因为我认为让别人等待是不礼貌的。
1）because I think it’s impolite to keep others waiting.是一个原因状语从句，其中又含有一个宾语从句。
2）It’s polite∕rude/ impolite to do sth. 做某事是有礼貌的/不礼貌的。这个句式和以前接触过的句式类似，形式主语是it，后面的动词不定式是真正的主语。
It’s rude to point at anyone with your chopsticks.用筷子指着别人是很粗鲁的。
It’s polite to say hello to your parents when you leave for school.当你去上学时和父母问好是很有礼貌的。
3）keep sb. doing sth.让某人一直做某事
19 We’re the capital of clocks and watches, after all!毕竟我们是钟表王国！
after all毕竟；终归（可位于句首、句中或句末） in all总共；合计; above all最重要的;
not at all不用谢；没关系
He succeeded after all.毕竟他成功了。
20 If someone invites you to meet him or her at noon,then you're expected to be there afternoon.如果有人邀请你在中午见面，那么你应该在中到那里。
invite sb. to do sth.邀请某人做某
invite sb.to+地点名词 邀请某人到某地
She invited me to attend a concert of Chinese folk music last night.昨晚地请我参加一个中国民间音乐会。
I invited Jenny to my house.我请珍妮我家
21 I always leave the house early to avoid heavy traffic because I think it’s impolite to keep others waiting.我总是早早离开家以避免交通拥挤，因为我认为让别人等待是不礼貌的。
1）本句是一个含有原因状语从句的主从复合句，I always leave… heavy traffic是主句，because I think …others waiting.是原因状语从句。在原因状语从句中又含有一个省略了引导词“that”的宾语从句，而在这个宾语从句中，“it”是形式主语，真正的主语是其后的动词不定式短语“to keep others waiting”。
2）avoid (vt)避免；逃避（其后可接名词、代词或动词-ing形式作宾语）
3）polite (adj)有礼貌的→politely (adv)有礼貌地
impolite (adj) 无礼貌的→impolitely (adv)无礼貌地
4）keep sb. doing sth 让/使某人一直做某事
keep +宾语+宾语补足语
Sorry, I have kept you waiting so long.
keep+人/物+形容词
We must keep our room clean.
keep+人/物+副词
Don’t keep him away from school.
keep+人/物+介词短语
Don’t keep your books in the box.
22 Alsowe never visit a friend's house without calling first.而且，我们也从不事先未打电话便门拜访朋友。
1）never(副词)从不;从来没有
表示否定意义。当陈述句中含有 never时，其反意疑句的附加问句要用肯定形式。
You’ve never received his invitation， have you 你从未收到过他的请，对吗
表示否定意义的词还有 hardly＂几乎不”， few/little＂很少，几乎没有”， seldom“不常，很少”等。
Few students can work out the difficult math problem.几乎没有学生能算出这道数学难题。
2）without 介词 没有，无
其反义词为with，其后常接名词、代词或动词-ig形式表示伴随情况或条件，在句中作状语。
I couldn’t succeed without your support没有你们的支持我不会成功。
23 When you go abroad,it is important to bring your passport当你出国时，带护照很重要。
go abroad出国,其中 abroad为副词，意为“在国外;到国外”。
She often goes abroad on business她经常到国外出差。
I’ve never lived abroad before我以前从未在国外生活过
24 After class students are supposed to/are expected to clean the chalk off the black board.课后，学生们应该把黑板上的粉笔字擦掉。
1）clean...off把…擦掉，是“动词+副词”型短语，名词作宾语时，可放在两词中间，也可放在副词之后;人称代词作宾语时，只能放在两词中间。
I want to clean off these dirty marks =I want to clean these dirty marks off我想把这些污擦。
Please clean them off请把它们擦掉。
拓展：clean的其他常见短语
clean out把…内部彻底打扫干净 clean up打扫(或清除)干净
25 In many eastern European countries,you are supposed to/are expected to take off your9 oves before shaking hands在许多东区国家手前你应该下手套。
take off
①脱下(衣服)是“动词+副词”型短语。人称代词作宾语时，须置于两词之间:名词作宾语时，置于两词之间或副词后面都可以其反义短语为 put on，意为穿上”
Put on your clothes. Don't take them off.把衣穿上，别把它们脱下来。
It's warm in the room. You can take your coat off.
It's warm in the room. You can take off your coat房间里很和。你可以脱下外套。
②(飞机等)起飞
The plane will take off soon.飞机马上就要起飞了。
[拓展]常见的含take的短语还有:
take care of照顾 take care当心;小心;注意 take place发生 take photos.照相
take away拿走 take sb.’s place代替某人 take medicine服药 take notes记笔记
take it easy别紧张 take a message捎个口信 take after与…相像 take exercise做运动
take a risk/risks冒险 take down;拆除;记录下 take...to..把…带到…… take up开始学习
take a break/rest休息一下 take a shower/walk洗淋浴/散步 take out(of)(从…里)拿出;取出
26 but it is worth the trouble if you want to understand another culture.…但是如果你想了解另一种文化麻一点儿也值得。
辨析: another,the other,other,others与 the others
①another泛指“三个或三个以上”中的“另一个”后接可数名词单数;也可用作代词
②the other相当于代词或形容词，指“两个”之中的”另一个”，是特指。常用在 one... the other...结构中，表示“一个…，另一个
③other用作形容词，意为”“别的;其他的”，其后常接复数名词，表示泛指
④others用作代词，泛指“其他的人或物”，相当于 “ other+复数名词” some...others...,意为有的…，有的...
⑤the others相当于代词，特指一个整体内的“其他全部的人或物”，相当于＂ the other+复数名词”
We need another chair.我们还需要一把椅子。
I don't like this skirt. Please show me another我不喜欢这条裙子。请给我看另一条。
He has two sisters. One is Lily and the other is Lisa他有两个姐姐。一个叫莉莉，另一个莉萨。
We study Chinese,math,English and other subjects我们学习语文、数学、英语和其他的课程。
You should think of others.你应该为他人着想。
The students are doing the cleaning. Some are cleaning the windows,and others are mopping the floor.学生们正在打扫卫生。有的在擦窗户，有的在擦地板。
There are fifty students in our class. Thirty of us are boys and the others are girls
我们班有50名学生。30名是男生，其余的是女生。
注意：another+数词(大于1)+名词复数=数词(大于1)+more+名词复数，意为“再来……个
We need another five desks. =We need five more desks.我们还需要5张课桌。
27 In Korea the youngest person is expected to start eating first.在韩国，年岭最小的人应该先开始吃。start doing sth(= start to do sth.)开始做某事
He started crying.= He started to cry他开始哭起来。
拓展：作“开始”讲时，star与 begin两者可互换但以下几种情况只能用 start，不能用 begin
①表示“创办，开设”时。
He started a new shop last year去年他开了一家商店
②表示“开动机器”时。
Can you start the car 你能发动这辆小汽车吗
③表示“出发，动身”时。
We must start early.我们必须早点儿出发。
28 You shouldn't point at anyone with your chopsticks.你不应该用筷子指着人。(教材第77页，1c)
point at指着,侧重所指的对象，通常表示指着近处的人或物
point to指向,侧重所指的方向，通常表示指着较远的人或物
拓展：point sth.at sb.用某物指着/对准某人
He took out a camera and pointed it at me.他拿出相机对准了我。
point out指出
Maria pointed out my mistakes玛丽亚指出了我的错误。
29 You' re not supposed to start eating first if there are older people at the table.如果有年长的人在餐桌旁，你不应该先开始吃。
at the table在餐桌旁 at table在吃饭
The man sat at the table and asked for a cup of tea那名男子坐在餐桌旁边，要了一杯茶。
They are at table now.现在他们在吃饭。
拓展：at可与某些名词搭配，构成固定短语。
at supper/lunch/breakfast在吃晚饭/午饭/早饭 at work在工作
30 I was a bit nervous before I arrived here,but there was no reason to be我在到这里之前有点儿紧张，但那是没理由的。
There was/is no reason for sb. to do sth. (某人)没有理由做某事。
Sb have/ has no reason to do sth.也意为“某人没有理由做某事”=There is no reason for sb. to do sth.”
There is no reason to be late.没有理由迟到。
There’s no reason for you to prevent the plan =You have no reason to prevent the plan你没有理由阻止这个计划。
拓展：There be no+n.(+ for sb.)+ to do sth.(某人)没有…做某事“
There be no+n+ for sb.to dosth＂=Sb. have/has no. to do sth.
Some parents think there is no need for teenagers to do housework now.一些父母认为对青少年来说现在没有必要做家务。
There’s no time for me to hang out. =I have no time to hang out.我没有时间闲连。
31 They go out of their way to make me feel at home.他们尽力使我感受到家庭的温馨。
go out of one'sway特地;格外努力
go out of one's way to do sth.特地做某事，格外努力做某事
32 The school uniform is very important,because it al- ways reminds me that I am supposed to go out of my way to study hard.校服很重要，因为它总是提醒我我应该特别努力学习。
make feel at home使(某人)感到宾至如归
His kindness makes me feel at home他的善良使我感到宾至如归。
33 So she actually learned how to make Chinese food为此她竟然学习如何做中餐!
“疑问词+动词不定式”结构 how to make Chinese food为“疑问词+动词不定式”结构，在句中作 learned的宾语。
I want to learn how to make dumplings我想学习如何包子。
拓展：疑问词who,which，when,where，how，what等与动词不定式连用时，构成“疑问词+动词不定式”结构，常作tell，show，know,learn,teach,explain,decide等动词的宾语，可转换成宾语从句。
Can you tell me how to exchange money =Can you tell me how I should exchange money 你能告诉我怎样换钱吗
34 She also has a teenage granddaughter about my age who is really kind.她也有一个与我年相仿的十几岁的(外)孙女，她非常友好。
1）辨析:also，too,as well与 either四者都意为“也”，但用法有别，具体如下
①also肯定句句中，位于助动词，连系动词be、情态动词之后，实义动词之前
②too肯定句或疑问句句末,前面通常用逗号隔开
③as well肯定句句末,前面不加逗号
④either否定句句末,前面通常加逗号
We also shake hands in our country在我们国家我们也握手。
My favorite season Is summer,too我最喜欢的季节也是夏季。
I can play the piano as well.我也会弹钢琴。
I don't like electronic music,either.我也不喜欢电子音乐。
35 She always talks to me in French to help me practice.她总是用法语和我说话来帮我练习法语。Practice
1）作不及物动词，表示“练习;实习;实践”
The best way to learn a foreign language is to practice practice and practice.学习一门外语的最佳方法是练习，练习，再练习。
2）作及物动词，表示“练习”其后接名词、代词或动词-ing形式作宾语。
practice doing sth.练习做某事
You must practice your spoken English你必须练习你的英语口语。
How do you practice playing football 你怎样练习踢足球
3）做可数名词，表示“实践;练习”
Knowledge comes from practice and practice makes perfect.实践出真知而熟能生巧。
36 I’m very comfortable speaking French now我现在讲法语感到轻松自如。
be comfortable doing sth.做某事(感到)轻松自如/舒服相当于feel good about doing sth
Mark was comfortable answering the question马克回答这个问题感到轻松自如。
He is comfortable sitting by the sea and enjoying the bath of the sun他正舒服地坐在海边享受日光浴。
37 My biggest challenge is learning how to behave at the dinner table.我最大的挑战是学习如何在餐桌上举止得体。
1）动名词(短语)作表语 learning how to bel是动名词短语，在句中作表语，可以和主语互换位置。
My dream is visiting the northern coast of Norway.=Visiting the northern coast of Norway is my dream.
38 As you can imagine,things are very different from the way they are at home.正如你想象的那样，(这里)做事情的方式和国内截然不同。
1）as you can imagine正如你想象的那样其中as表示“按照…的方法，
As you can see,she is really mad正如你所看到的，她是真的很生气。
2）be different from与…不同其反义词组是 be the same as。
different还可构成短语 be different in，意为“在…方面不同”。
Customs in this country are different from those In that country这个国家的风俗与那个国家的不同。
The two sweaters are different in color.这两件毛衣颜色不同。
39 I have to say that I find it difficult to remember everything,but 'm gradually getting used tot不得不说，我发现记住所有的礼仪是困难的，但是我正在逐渐习这一切。
1）find it+adj+ to do sth.发现做某事是…的
find后接复合宾语，其中在此处作形式宾语真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式 to do sth.，形容词在句中作宾语补足语。
My father finds it hard to give up smoking我爸爸发现戒烟很难。
拓展：与find有类似用法的动词还有 think，make等
You help to make it possible for me to have a pet你的帮助使我拥有一只宽物成为可能。
2）辨析: get/be used to (doing )sth.，used to do sth与 be used to do sth.
get/be used to(doing)表示“习惯于(做)to为介词，后接名词代词或动词-ing形式
used to do表示过去习惯性的动作或经常性的状态
be used to do为被动语态，表示“被用来做
He gets/is used to going to bed late他习惯于晚睡。
He used to read a book before he went to bed. but now he is used to listening to music.他过去常常在上床睡觉前看书，但现在他习惯于听音乐。
Wood is used to build houses.木头被用来建房子。
40 Lin Yue has slowly learned how to be like her French friends林悦慢慢学会了如何像她的法国朋友那样。
be like像…其中like用作介词，意为像”。 be like多指性格、品德、相貌上相像。
This girl is like her mother.这个女孩像她母亲。
拓展：look like看起来像指外貌上相像。
He looks like his father.他看上去像他爸爸
41 Have a safe trip,and I look forward to meeting you soon!路平安，我盼望很快见到你!
1）safe〔形容词〕安全的其副词为 safely(安全地);名词为 safety(安全;安全性)。
Everyone should follow the traffic rules to keep safe.人人都应遵守交通规则以保证安全。
The passengers came back home safely乘客们安全回家了。
The safety of food is worrying many people食品安全很多人担忧。
2）look forward to盼望;期待指以特别愉快的心情期待着。此处to为介词，后接名词、代词或动词ing形式作宾语
I' m looking forward to seeing you again我期待着再次见到你。
四、单元语法
动词不定式
1）动词不定时的构成
不定时的基本形式为：to+动词原形，有时可以不用to，这里的to 是不定式符号，本身无词义，动词不定式的否定形式是not+（to+）动词原形。
2）动词不定式的句法功能
功能 例句 说明
主语 To speak English is not easy for us=It is not easy for us to speak English. 讲英语对我们来说不容易。 作主语用的不定式，常常用it作形式主语，而把不定式放在后面。
表语 My work is to clean the room everyday.=To clean the room every day is my work. 我的工作就是每天打扫这间屋子。 多数情况下，不定式作表语，可转换作为主语。
宾语 —What sports does he like to play 他喜欢做什么运动？ —He likes to play basketball.他喜欢打篮球。 只能做某些动词的宾语，一般不作介词的宾语。
宾补 My mother made me play the piano all the time. 我妈妈让我一直弹钢琴。 在make，let，see，hear，watch等使役、感官动词后，不定式省略to。
定语 Have you got anything to say 你有要说的吗？ 不定式作定语，要放在所修饰词的后面。
状语 I'm sorry to trouble you.（表原因）很抱歉，给你添麻烦了。 I went to the library to study English.（表目的） 不定式作状语，其逻辑主语要和句子的主语一致。
3）动词不定式的运用
①不定式作主语
动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语放在句末其结构为：It+be+adj.（+ for/ of sb.）+动词不定式
To learn English well is useful.→ It is useful to learn English well.学好英语很有用。
It’s important for us to protect the environment.保护环境对我们来说很重要
注意：在kind，good，nice，clever等表示人的品质的形容词后，不用for而用of。
It's very kind of you to help me. 你帮助我真是太好啦。
It's very clever of you to do like that. 你那样做真是太聪明啦。
②不定式作宾语
有些谓语动词后只能用不定式作宾语，常见的这类词是表示命令、打算或希望的，如：
would like, like, want, wish, hope, decide, plan, expect等。如：
Would you like to see a film this evening 你今晚想去看电影吗？
在find, think，feel, make后跟不定式作宾语时，常用it代替，而将真正的宾语放在后面。
I find it easy to read English every day. 我发现每天读英语很容易。
常见的一些不带to的动词不定式
Why not do..., Why don't you do..., had better（not）do..., would rather do,could/would/will you please（not）do...等
I would rather stay in the room.我宁愿待在房间里。
既可接动词不定式又可以接ing 形式作宾语，意思差别不大的动词有begin, start,like, love, hate 等。
like to eat vegetables.我喜欢吃蔬菜。
③不定式作宾语补足语
不定式作宾语补足语时与宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系。如：
Lucy asked him to turn down the radio. 露西让他关小收音机。
tell, ask, want, allow, get, would like, encourage后常跟动词不定式作宾语补足语。
My mother encourages me to learn Japanese. 我妈妈鼓励我学日语。
注意：还有一些使役动词和感官动词也用不定式作宾补，这时不定式要省略to。这些动有：
一感（feel）、二听（hear, listen to）、三让（let, make, have）、四看（look at, see, watch, notice）。但变被动语态时，必须加上to。
My friends were made to work the whole night by the boss. 老板让我的朋友们工作了一整夜。
④不定式作定语
不定式作定语时，应放在名词之后。它与名词有逻辑上的动宾关系。
如果是不及物动词，且与所修饰的词之间有动宾关系，要在不定式后加上适当的介词。
There is nothing to worry about. 没有什么可担心的。
⑤不定式作状语
表示目的、原因、结果或条件。
I came here to see you . (目的)
We were very excited to hear the news. (原因)
He hurried to the school to find nobody there. (结果)
⑥不定式作表语
My job is to help the patient.我的工作时帮助病人。
不定式常和疑问词what, which, when, where, how连用，相当于一个宾语从句。
The teacher is telling the students what to do. 老师正告诉学生们做什么。
He didn't know where to go. 他不知道去哪里。