] 人教版九年级全册Unit 1 How can we become good learners? 单元讲义

Unit1 How can we become good learners
单词短语及重点句型
重点单词 1.textbook ['tekstb k]n.教科书;课本 2.conversation [ k nv se n]n.交谈;谈话 3.aloud [ la d]adv.大声地;出声地 4.pronunciation [pr n ns e n]n.发音；读音 5.sentence [ sent ns]n.句子 6.patient [ pe nt] adj.有耐心的；n.病人 7.expression [ k spre n]n.表情；表示；表达方式 8.discover [d sk v ]v.发现;发觉 9.secret [ si kr t]n.秘密;秘诀；adj.秘密的；保密的 10.grammar [ ɡr m ]n.语法 11.repeat [r pi t]v.重复;重做 12.note [n t]n.笔记;记录；v.注意；指出 13.pal [p l]n.朋友;伙伴 14.physics [ f z ks]n.物理;物理学 15.chemistry [ kem str ]n.化学 16.memorize [ mem ra z]v.记忆;记住 17.pattern [ p t n] n.模式；方式 18.pronounce [pr na ns]v.发音 19.increase [ nkri s]v.增加;增长 20.speed [spi d]n.速度 21.partner [ pɑ tn ]n.搭档;同伴 22.born [b n] v.出生；adj.天生的 23.ability [ b l t ]n.能力;才能 24.create [kr e t]v.创造;创建 25.brain [bre n]n.大脑 26.active [ kt v]adi.活跃的;积极的 27.attention [ ten n]n.注意;关注 28.connect [k nekt]v.(使)连接;与…有联系 29.overnight [ v na t] adv.一夜之间；在夜间 30.review [r 'vju ]v.&n.回顾;复习 31.knowledge [ n l d ]n.知识；学问 32.lifelong [ la f l ]adj.终身的;毕生的 33.wisely [ wa zl ]adv.明智地;聪明地
重点短语 1.by working with a group通过同小组一起学习 2.by making word cards通过制作单词卡片 3.by listening to tapes通过听录音磁带 4.by asking sb for help通过向某人求助 5.by watching videos/ English programs通过看录像/英文节目 6.by listening to a tape and repeating out loud通过听录音和大声重复朗读 7.by having conversations with friends通过和朋友一起会话 8.by taking notes, doing exercises and reading a lot通过记笔记、做大量的练习和阅读 9.by writing e-mails to my pen pals通过给笔友写电子邮件 10.by reading books and newspapers 通过读书看报 11.by speaking English with my classmates 通过和同学讲英语 12.by memorizing sentence patterns 通过记句型 13.by doing grammar exercises 通过做语法练习 14.by reading English books/magazines. 通过阅读英文书籍和杂志 15.by writing in an English diary 通过写英文日记 16.by using an English dictionary 通过用英语字典 17.have conversations with sb同某人谈话 18.too...to..太...而不能... 19.give a report作报告 20.at first起初 21.word by word逐词逐句地 22.the secret to language learning 学习语言的秘诀 23.be afraid to do sth害怕做某事=be afraid that+宾语从句 24.an English movie called Toy Story一部名叫《玩具故事》的英文电影 25.fall in love with爱上... 26.body language肢体语言 27.as well也 28.a piece of cake小菜一碟；很容易的事 29.It serves you right.活该，自作自受 30.look up查阅；查找（主考点） 31.so that以便；为了 32.repeat out loud大声跟读 33.sentence patterns句型 34.spoken English英语口语 35.make mistakes in doing sth 在...方面犯错 36.the ability to do sth做某事的能力 37.depend on视...而定；取决于；依靠 38.pay attention to注意；关注 39.connect...with...把...和...连接或联系起来 40.get bored感到厌烦 41.try to do sth尽力做某事 42.be stressed out焦虑不安的 43.even if即使 44.think about考虑 45.learn from向…学习 46.something new / interesting 新事物/有趣的东西 47.be born with 天生具有 48.practice makes perfect.熟能生巧
常考句型 1.The teacher spoke so quickly that I did not understand her most of the time.老师讲的如此快以致大部分时间我都理解不了她讲的。 2. Although I could not understand everything the characters said, their body language and the expressions on their faces helped me to get the meaning. 虽然我不能领会影片中人物所说的一切，但是他们的肢体语言和脸上的表情有助于我理解含义。 3. I want to learn new words and more grammar so that I can have a better understanding of English movies. 为了对英语电影有更好的了解，我想学新单词和更多的语法。 4. Studies show that if you are interested in something, your brain is more active and it is also easier for you to pay attention to it for a long time. 研究表明如果你对某事物感兴趣，你的大脑就更活跃，也更容易长久地专注于此。 5. If they need to learn English and they like music or sports, they can listen to English songs or watch sports programs in English. 如果他们需要学习英语，而且他们喜欢音乐或者运动，他们就可以听英语歌曲，或者看英语的体育节目。 6. Even if you learn something well, you will forget it unless you use it. 即使你很好地学到了某些知识，你也会忘记它，除非你使用它。 7. Learning is a lifelong journey because every day brings something new. 学习是一个终生的过程，因为每天都会出现新事物。 8. I was afraid to ask questions because of my poor pronunciation. 由于语音不好的缘故，我害怕提问。 9. I fell in love with this exciting and funny movie. 我一下子就喜欢上了这部既令人激动又有趣的电影。 10. I also realized I could get the meaning by listening for just the key words. 我以为意识到可以通过只听关键词来理解含义。 11. I discovered that listening to something interesting is the secret to language learning.我发现听感兴趣的东西是学习语言的秘诀。 12. Everyone is born with the ability to learn.每个人生来就具有学习能力。 13. But whether or not you can do this well depends on your learning habits.但是，学得好与否取决于你的学习习惯。 14. Good learners often connect what they need to learn with something interesting. 优秀的学习者经常会把他们需要学习的与有兴趣的东西联系起来。 15. Good learners think about what they are good at and what they need to practice more. 优秀的学习者会思考他们擅长什么，他们需要更多的练习什么。 16. Good learners will keep practicing what they have learned, and they are not afraid of making mistakes.优秀的学习者会不断练习他们已经学过的东西，而且他们不怕犯错误。 17. Everything that you learn becomes a part of you and changes you, so learn wisely and learn well.你学到的一切都会成为你的一部分，并且改变你，所以去明智地学习好好学习吧。
一、单词讲解
1 textbook n.教科书;课本
textbook是可数名词，意为“教科书，课本”。该词是“text(课文)+book(书)”构成的合成词。
拓展：由“名词+名词”构成的合成名词：
book+store=bookstore书店 sea+food=seafood海鲜 picture+book=picturebook图画书
2 conversation n.交谈;谈话
have a conversation with sb与某人交谈
I had a conversation with my mother yesterday.
3 aloud adv.大声地;出声地
aloud没有比较级和最高级。
辨析：aloud,loud和loudly
aloud 副词 大声地 常与call，shout，cry等连用 The boy shouted aloud. 这个男孩大喊大叫。
出声地 常与read连用 Reading aloud is a good way in leaning English． 朗读是学英语的一个好方法。
loud 形容词 响亮的；大声的；吵闹的 可作定语和表语 He talked in a loud voice so that everyone could hear him.他说话声音很大以便于每个人都能听得到他。
副词 响亮地；大声地。常指说话声和笑声 常与talk，speak，sing，laugh等连用 Don’t talk so loud.The kids are reading．说话小声些，孩子们正在看书。
loudly 副词 响亮地；大声地；喧闹地。相当于loud的副词用法，含有吵闹的意思 常与knock，ring等连用 They are talking loudly in the next room.他们在隔壁说话声很大。
4 pronunciation n.发音；读音
practice pronunciation练习发音 have a poor /good pronunciation 发音很糟糕/很好
get the pronunciation right 使发音正确
Pay attention to your pronunciation.注意你的发音。
拓展：pronounce vt. 发音
5 sentence n.句子
1）sentence可数名词，表“句子”
make a sentence造句 make a sentence with sth.用..造句
Please make a sentence with this word.请用这个单词造句。
2）sentence作动词，表示“审判”
sentence sb. to sth.判某人... a light/heavy sentence 轻判/重判
She was sentenced to eight years in prison.她被判处8年监禁。
6 patient adj.有耐心的；n.病人
1）patient作可数名词，表示“病人”
Her job is to look after these patients.她的工作是照顾这些病人。
2）patient作形容词，表示“有耐心的 ”
be patint with/to...对…有耐心 be patien of sth.忍耐某事
Please be patient – your cheque will arrive.请耐心点儿–你的支票会到的。
拓展：impatient adj. 不耐心的 patience n. 耐心，耐性
7 expression n.表情；表示；表达方式
facial expressions面部表情
Freedom of expression is a basic human right. 言论自由是基本的人权。
拓展：express vt. 表达；快递；n. 快车，快递，专使；捷运
8 discover v.发现;发觉
discover=find out 指“发现”某种本来存在，而以前未被发现的事物或未为人所知的东西
He discovered an island.他发现了一座小岛。
拓展：①invent指“发明”，即原来没有而后来发现创造出来
②create指“创造；创作” 指创造出来新的东西，其对象往往是精神上的，如艺术、文学作品中的人物及新的科学领域等
9 secret n.秘密;秘诀；adj.秘密的；保密的
1）secret作名词，表示“秘密，秘诀”
the secret to sth.某事的秘诀 the secret to doing sth. 做某事的秘诀
keep sth.secret from sb.向某人保密 keep a secret 保密
The secret to improving my speaking skills is to practice speaking English.我提高英语口语技能的秘诀就是去练习说英语。
2）secret作形容词，表示“秘密的”
a secret place一个秘密的地方
10 repeat v.重复;重做
repeat sth.重复某事 repeat doing sth.重复做某事
I improve my pronunciation by listening to a tape and repeating out loud.我通过听磁带和大声复述来提高我的英语。
11 note n.笔记;记录；v.注意；指出
1）note作名词，表示“笔记”
take/make notes（of sth.）记笔记
You should take notes so that you can review after class.你应该做笔记，以便下课复习。
2）note作名词，表示“短语，便条，通知”
Just a quick note to say thank you for a wonderful party.一张便条，感谢你办了这么棒的派对。
3）note作名词，表示“纸币”
We only exchanges notes.我们只交换纸币。
4）note作动词，表示“注意，指出”
Did you note that she made eyes at you 你注意到刚才她对你挤眉弄眼？
12 memorize v.记忆;记住
It’s a good way to memorize grammar.背语法是一个好方法。
拓展：memory n记忆
1）memory n.(计算机的)储存器
A lot of information is stored in the memory.计算机的储存器能储存很多信息。
2）memoryn.记忆力
memory for sth.记住某事 keep sth.in memory 记住某事
He has a poor memory after the car accident.车祸后他的记忆力很差了。
3）n.回忆，怀念
I have a pleasant memory of my childhood.我对童年有美好的回忆。
13 increase v.增加;增长
1）increase by+百分倍/百分数 “增加了...倍/百分之...”
Compared with last year ,our food output has increased by three times.和去年相比，我们的粮食产量已经增加； 三倍。
2）increase to +具体增长“增加到....”
Our food output has increased to 6 billions tons this year.我们的粮食产量增加到60亿吨。
14 speed n.速度
at the speed of以什么样的速度 high speed高速
He drove off at the speed of 120.他以120的速度驾车离去了。
Wind speeds reached force four.风速达到了4级。
15 born v.出生；adj.天生的
be born with 天生...
She was born in a rich family.她出生于一个富人家。
Some people are born brainy.有些人生来就聪明。
16 ability n.能力;才能
have ability to do sth.有做某事的能力 the ability of sth.某事的能力
As parents, we should dig out our children’s abilities.作为父母，我们应该去挖掘孩子的才能。
17 create v.创造;创建
拓展：creator n.创造者 creation n.创作，创造 creative adj.有创造力的
When the conditions exist, go ahead; when they don't exist, then create them and go ahead. 有条件要上， 没有条件， 创造条件也要上。
18 brain n.大脑
brain storm 头脑风暴
Reading is good for brain.阅读有益于大脑。
19 attention n.注意;关注
pay attention to 注意
He drew her attention to that fact.他把她的注意力吸引到那件事实上。
20 connect v.(使)连接;与…有联系
connect...with...把...和...联系起来
I connected the wires for the transformer.我给变压器接上了电线。
21 knowledge n.知识；学问
knowledge不能做learn的宾语，只能说get some knowledge而不能说learn some knowledge.
have no knowledge of 对...一无所知
You have no knowledge of power.你对权力一无所知。
二、课文对话及原文
1.Conversation
Jack: Annie, I’m a little nervous. I have to finish reading a book and give a report next Monday.
Annie: That doesn’t sound too bad.
Jack: But I’m a very slow reader.
Annie: Just read quickly to get the main ideas at first. Don’t read word by word.Read word groups.
Jack: But I don’t understand many of the words. I have to use a dictionary.
Annie: Try to guess a word’s meaning by reading the sentences before and after it. You probably understand more than you think.
Jack: That sounds difficult!
Annie: Well, be patient .It takes time. You can become better by reading something you enjoy every day. The more you read, the faster you’ll be.
2.Passage
How I Learned to Learn English
Last year, I did not like my English class. Every class was like a bad dream. The teacher spoke so quickly that I did not understand her most of the time. I was afraid to ask questions because of my poor pronunciation.I just hid behind my textbook and never said anything.
Then one day I watched an English movie called Toy Story. I fell in love with this exciting and funny movie!So I began to watch other English movies too. Although I could not understand everything the characters said, their body language and the expressions on their faces helped me to get the meaning.I also realized I could get the meaning by listening for just the key words.
My pronunciation improved as well by listening to the conversations , in English movies.I discovered that listening to something interesting is the secret to language learning.I also learned useful sentences like “It’s a piece of cake” or “It serves you right”. I did not understand these sentences at first. But because I wanted to understand the story, I looked them up in a dictionary.
Now I really enjoy my English class. I want to learn new words and more grammar so that I can have a better understanding of English movies.
How Can You Become a Successful Learner
Everyone is born with the ability to learn.But whether or not you can do this well depends on your learning habits. Research shows that successful learners have some good habits in common. ③
Creating an interest in what they learn.
Studies show that if you are interested in something, your brain is more active and it is also easier for you to pay attention to it for a long time.
Good learners often connect what they need to learn with something interesting.For example, if they need to learn English and they like music or sports, they can listen to English songs or watch sports programs in English. This way they will not get bored.
Practicing and learning from mistakes
Good learners think about what they are good at and what they need to practice more. Remember, “Use it or lose it.” Even if you learn something well, you will forget it unless you use it.“Practice makes perfect.”
Good learners will keep practicing what they have learned，and they are not afraid of making mistakes . Alexander Graham Bell did not invent the telephone overnight. He succeeded by trying many times and learning from his mistakes . Developing their study skills.
It is not enough to just study hard. Good learners know the best way they can study. For example, they may take notes by writing down key words or by drawing mind maps.
They also look for ways to review what they have learned.They may do this by reading their notes every day or by explaining the information to another student.
Asking questions
Good learners often ask questions during or after class. They even ask each other and try to find out the answers. Knowledge comes from questioning.
Learning is a lifelong journey because every day brings something new. Everything that you learn becomes a part of you and changes you, so learn wisely and learn well.
三、重要知识点讲解
1 voice n.噪音，鸟鸣声
She has a sweet voice.她声音很甜美。
She raised her voice so that she could be heard.她提高了嗓音队便于别人能听清楚。
He had no voice because of the cough.因为咳嗽，他失声了。
拓展：1）noise n噪音，吵闹
Don’t make so much noise.别弄出那么大的噪音。
I heard a strange noise outside.我听到外边奇怪的声音。
2）sound n.(自然界中的)声音，响声
Sound travels slower than light.声音的传播比光慢。
2 frustrate vt.使失望，使沮丧
The serious illness frustrated his dream for college.他上大学的梦想遭受挫折。
拓展：frustrating adj. 令人失望的
What he said is frustrating. 他所说的话很令人失望。
She finds it frustrating to watch English movies.她觉得看英语电影很令人失望(因为看不懂)。
frustrated adj. 失望的，沮丧的
He was frustrated when he failed again in the test.当他再次考试没及格后，他很失望。
3 by的用法
1）用作介词
①by表示方式、方法、手段，意为“通过/用/靠...（而达到某种预期的目的）”。其后接名词或动名词短语，在句中作方式状语，既可放在句首也可放在句尾。
I try to pass the test by working hard. 我靠努力学习来通过考试。
②表示时间，意为“在…之前；到…为止；不迟于…”。
You must finish the work by 12 o’clock.你必须在12点之前完成这项工作。
③表示位置，意为“靠近，在…旁边”。
She often walks by the river. 她经常在河边散步。
④用于被动语态中，后接动作的执行者，意为“由，被”。
He is often made to study for over 8 hours a day by his mother. 他经常被母亲要求一天学习8小时以上。
⑤表示乘、坐某种交通工具，在句中作状语。
They went to Shanghai by train.他们坐火车去上海。
拓展：介词by、with、in都可以表示方式、方法或手段，区别如下
by 表示“以·····方式（方法、手段）”或“乘坐某种交通工具
with 指“借助于某种具体的工具或物品
in 表示“以某种材料或原料”，还可以表示“用某种语言”
You switch the radio on by pressing this button.你按这个按钮就能开收音机。
They travelled to Chicago by train.他们乘火车去芝加哥。
You can cut it with a knife.你可以用刀把它切开。
She wrote a letter in black ink.她用黑色的墨水写了一封信。
⑥表示度量、准则和标准。
He does everything by rule.他总是按规定办事。
⑦表示被抓着、被接触身体的某一部分，意为“抓；拉”。
She took me by the hand.她拉着我的手。
2）用作副词
①意为“经过”，相当于past。
She drove by without stopping. 她开车经过时没有停车。
②意为“在附近”。
There was no one by at that time. 那时没有人在附近
3）用于习惯语中
by the way顺便说一句 by oneself独立地 one by one一个接一个地
learn by heart记住；背下来 day by day日复一日 little by little逐渐地
bit by bit一点一点地
4 what about=how about “…怎么样”，用于询问对方的意见或看法，还可以表示发出邀请或提出建议。注意：about是介词！
拓展：提建议的句子：
①What/ how about +doing sth. 做…怎么样？（about后面要用动词的ing形式，这一点考试考的比较多）
What/ How about going shopping 要不去购物？
②Why don't you + do sth. 你为什么不做…？
Why don't you go shopping 你为什么不购物？
③Why not + do sth. 为什么不做…？
Why not go shopping 为什么不购物呢？
④Let's + do sth.让我们做…吧。
Let's go shopping.让我们去购物吧。
⑤Shall we/ I + do sth. 我们/我…好吗？
Shall we/ I go shopping 我们去购物好吗？
5 Then add some other ways you sometimes study.然后添加一些你平时学习的方法。
1）add可以用作及物动词，意为”加上，增加，添加，附加”
Add some water to the tea.茶里加些水。
She tasted the soup and added more salt.她尝了尝汤，又加了些盐。
add to增添
His coming added to our trouble.他的到来给我们添了很多麻烦。
add up to总计达…，加起来…
The number of the students in our class adds up to 55.我们班上学生的数目加起来是55人。
add vt. 补充说，又说
He said goodbye to us and added that he would visit us again.他和我们说了再见，又说他会再来看我们的。
6 Do you ever practice conversations with friends 你曾经和朋友练习过会话吗
1）ever adv. 用于疑问句和否定旬中，“曾经”
Do you ever worry that you’11 fail a test 你担心考试会不及格吗
2）practice v.练习+doing sth练习做...
7 I’ve learned a lot that way. 我那样学到了很多。
1）a lot副词短语，表示“许多”
Though he is young，he knows a lot.他虽然很小，但他知道很多。
2）that way相当于一个副词，way用于which，this，that之后，构成短语，“那样”。
Don’t talk to your parents that way.别那样和父母说话。
8 It’s too hard to understand spoken English.理解口语太难。
本句中it是形式主语，而其后的不定式短语“to understand spoken English”是真正的主语。
辨析：It’s adj+for sb. to do sth.与It’s+adj+of sb. to do sth.
①It’s adj+for sb. to do sth.介词为for时，其前常用表示事物的特点、特征或表示客观情况的形容词，如easy,hard, difficult, interesting, important, impossible等。
It’s very hard for him to study two languages.学习两门外语对他来说很难。
②It’s+adj+of sb. to do sth.：介词为of时，其前常用表示人物的性格、品质或表示主观感情、态度的形容词，如good,clever, kind, nice, foolish等。
It’s very nice of you to help me.你真好愿意帮助我。
9 I have to finish reading a book and give a report next Monday.我必须要读完正本书，下周一上交报告。
finish后如果跟动词，只能跟动名词。
后接动名词做宾语的动词（短语）：
忙于完成已习惯（be busy, finish, be used to）
考虑建议弃思念（consider,suggest, give up, miss）
持续练习不禁想（keep, practice, can’t help, feel like）
介意结束和喜欢（mind,end up, enjoy）
10 It improves my speaking skills.它能提高我的口语技巧。
1）improve vt. 改进，改善，提高
His work is improving slowly.他的工作在慢慢改进。
Her pronunciation has greatly improved.他的发音大大提高了。
2）speaking skill 口语技巧 listening skill 听力技巧
writing skill 写作技巧 reading skill 阅读技巧
12 It’s too hard to understand to voices.听懂不同的声音很困难。
too + adj.／adv. + to do “太…而不能…”。
He is too young to go to school.他太小，不能上学。
She runs too slow to catch up with me.她跑得太慢追不上我。
13 This week we asked students at New Star High School about thebest ways to learn more English.本周我们问新星中学学生关于多学点英语的最好方法。
1）ask sb about sth 询问某人关于…的情况
Ask her about the pen that you lost.She may have found it.
问问她你丢的钢笔，也许她捡到了。
2）the best ways to do sth = the best ways of doing sth做…的好办法
Who can tell me the best way of memorizing／to memorize new words 谁能告诉我记单词的最好办法是什么
14 She said that memorizing the words of pop songs also helped a little.她说记流行歌曲的歌词也有点帮助。
1）that引导的是宾语从句，在宾语从句中memorizing the words of pop songs为动名词短语作主语。例如：
Teaching English is my job.教英语是我的工作。
Doing morning exercises is good for your health.做早操对你的身体有好处。
2）a little有点，副词短语，其反义词为a lot。
---Would you like some sugar in your coffee 你的咖啡里想加糖吗
---Yes.just a little.好，要一点点。
15 He’s been learning English for six years and really loves it.他学英语有六年了，并且很喜欢它。
“has／have been doing sth”现在完成进行时，表示从过去某一时间开始持续到现在，还要进行下去的动作。又如：
She has been learning English for 5 years.她学英语有五年了。
He has been reading for 2 hours and hasn’t finished it yet.他看书有两个小时了，但还没有完成。
16 He finds watching movies frustrating because the people speak too quickly.他发现看英语电影很令人失望，因为人们说话太快。
1）动名词watching movies在此句中作宾语
I like playing basketball.我喜欢打篮球。
2）frustrating为现在分词充当形容词作用，在句中作宾语watching movies的宾语补足语。
3）find sb／sth + n.／adj.／doing “发现某人…”，后面的“n.／adj.／doing”作宾语补足语。
I find him a hard-working student.我发现他是个勤奋的学生。
I find physics difficult to learn.我发现物理很难学。
When she got home，she found him lying in the bed，i11.当她到家时，她发现他躺在床上病了。
17 She added that having conversations with friends wasn’t helpful at aII.她补充说和朋友练习会话一点帮助都没有。
1）having conversations with friends为动名词短语作宾语从句中的主语，要特别注意，动名词短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，不要与friends一致。
Taking care of the little kids is her job.照看孩子们是她的工作。
2）not…at all 一点也不，用来加强语气
I don’t agree with him at aII.我一点也不同意他的意见。
18 We get excited about something and then end up speaking in Chinese.我们会因为某件事变得很激动，最后用汉语来描述。
end up达到某种状态或采取某种行动，又如：
At first he said nothing but he ended up apologizing.一开始，他什么也不说，到头来还是道了歉。
19 I’m doing a survey about learning English.Can l ask you some questions 我正在就关于学习英语作调查。我能问你几个问题吗
1）do a survey about sth／doing sth 关于…作调查
Last week，we did a survey about surfing the Internet.上周，我们就网上冲浪作了个调查。
2）some用于疑问句时，表示希望得到肯定回答，如果只是询问信息，可以用any代替some用于疑问句和否定句中。又如：
Could you please lend me some money 你能借给我些钱吗 (希望得到肯定回答)
Did you buy her any gifts 你给她买礼物了吗 (询问信息)
20 I often keep an English notebook.我经常记英语笔记。
keep vt. 记录(某事)，在某物上做书面记载
She kept a diary for over twenty years.她写日记有20多年了。
I have the habit of keeping notes.我有记笔记的习惯。
21 I make mistakes in grammar.我在语法方面老犯错误。
1）make a mistake／make mistakes 犯错误
Don’t be afraid of making mistakes when speaking English.当说英语时不要怕犯错误。
2）by mistake 错误地.
Do you know that potato chips were invented by mistake 你知道炸薯片是被错误发明的吗
22 I don’t know how to use commas.我不知道怎样使用逗号。
此句的宾语是由疑问词how加不定式to use commas构成的，这是个简单句，它可以改为一个复合句。
I don’t know how I should use commas.
I don’t know what to do.＝ I don’L know what I should do.我不知道该做什么。
Can you tell mc when to start = Can you tell me when I should start 你能告诉我何时出发吗
23 To begin with，she spoke too quickly，and l could not understand every word.一开始，她说得太快了，我不能听懂所有的话。
1）to begin with = to start with 首先，一开始，第一
To begin with he had no money，but later he became quite rich.他起初没钱，可是后来相当富有了。
2）not…every + 可数名词单数 = not all + 复数名词表示部分否定“并非所有的”又如：
You don’t have to remember every word.你没必要记住所有的字。
Not all the students live far away from school.不是所有的学生都住得离学校远。
24 Later on，I realized that it doesn’t matter if you don’t understand every word.后来，我意识到如果有些词听不懂没关系。
1）later on 后来，以后
At first things went well，but later on they ran into trouble.起初事情进展地很顺利，但后来他们遇到了麻烦。
2）realize vt.意识到，认识到(有一个逐渐认识的过程)，不用于进行时和被动语态。
One day you’ll realize that you are wrong.总有一天你会意识到你错了。
3）that引导的是realize的宾语从句，在宾语从句中又出现了if引导的条件状语从旬。
It doesn’t matter ff you can’t drive a car.如果你不会开车没关系。
25 Also l was afraid to speak in class, because I thought my classmates might laugh at me。我还害怕在班里发言，因为我怕同学会嘲笑我。
1）be afraid of sth／to do／of doing sth 害怕／不敢／恐怕做某事
I used to be afraid of the dark.我过去常常怕黑。
She’s afraid to go／of going out alone at night.她害怕夜晚独自出去。
2）might 表示可能性
He might know her telephone number，but I’m not sure.他可能知道她的电话号码，但我不确定。
3）laugh at sb 嘲笑
It’s bad manners to laugh at people in trouble.嘲笑陷入困境的人不礼貌。
26 I think that doing lots of listening practice is one of the secrets of becoming a good language learner.我认为做大量的听力练习是成为一名好的语言学习者的秘诀之一。
1）doing lots of listening practice动名词短语作主语。
2）one of the secrets of doing sth做某事的秘诀之一，要注意one of与复数名词搭配。例如：
He is one of the students who are good at soccer.他是喜欢足球的学生中的一员。
27 She had trouble in making complete sentences.她造完整的句子有困难。
1）have trouble in doing sth 做某事有麻烦／困难
He had trouble in understanding native speakers.他听外国人说话有困难。
2）make sentences 造句
Do you find it hard to make complete sentences 你发现造完整的句子很困难吗
28 The more you read, the faster you’ll be. 你读的东西越多，你的速度就会越快。
the+比较级...the+比较级...,表示“越...越...”
The busier he is, the happier he will be.他越忙就越快乐。
29 I fell in love with the exciting and funny movie!我爱上了整个让人兴奋和有趣的电影。
fall in love with爱上...，后接人或物，表示短暂性的动作;be in love with与.....相爱，表示状态。
They have been in love with each other for two years.他们已经相互相爱两年了。
拓展：常见的fall的短语：
fall asleep睡着；入睡 fall into掉入；陷入 fall ill生病 fall behind落后
fall over绊倒；跌倒 fall down倒塌 fall off从…跌落 fall in love with...爱上…
30 But because I wanted to understand the story, I looked them up in a dictionary.但是因为我想去理解整个故事，我就在字典上去查找这些单词的意思。
look up 意为“（在词典、参考书中或通过电脑）查阅”；还有“拜访；改善；抬头看”的意思
I looked up and saw him.我抬头看到了他们。
拓展：常见的look的短语：
loot at 看 look out小心 look for寻找
look after 照顾 look up to尊敬 look through浏览；翻阅
look down up/upon轻视 look around环顾四周 look down向下看
look over仔细检查 look back向后看；回顾
四、单元语法
by的用法
1）“by+v. -ing”表示“用...手段或方式”，常用于回答“How do you... ”或“How can I... ”之类的问句。
2）“by+表示交通工具的名词”表示“乘坐...交通工具”。交通工具前不加冠词。
3）by表示“不迟于；在...之前”
4）by表示“在...旁边”
5）by常用于被动语态。 表示“由；被”，用于引出原主动语态的主语。