人教版九年级全册Unit 6When was it invented? 单元讲义

Unit6 When was it invented
单词短语及重点句型
重点单词 1.heel [hi l]n.鞋跟;足跟 2.scoop [sku p]n.勺;铲子 3.elelctricity [ lek'tr s ti]n.电;电能 4.style [sta l]n.样式;款式 5.project [ pr d ekt]n.项目:工程 6.pleasure [ ple ]n.高兴;愉快 7.zipper ['z p (r)]n.(=zip)拉链:拉锁 8.daily [ de l ]adj.每日的;日常的 9.website [ web sa t]n.网站 10.pioneer [ pa n ]n.先锋:先驱 11.list [l st]v.列表;列清单;n.名单:清单 12.mention [ men n]v.提到;说到 13.accidental [ ks dentl]adj.意外的;偶然的 14.nearly [ n l ]adv.几乎;差不多 15.ruler [ ru l ]n.统治者;支配者 16.boil [b l]v.煮沸;烧开 17.remain [r me n]v.保持不变;剩余 18.smell [smel]n.气味;v.发出...气味;闻到 19.saint [se nt]n.圣人;圣徒 20.national [ n nl]adj.国家的;民族的 21.trade [tre d]n.贸易;交易;v.做买卖:从事贸易 22.doubt [da t]n.疑惑;疑问;v.怀疑 23.fridge [fr d ]n.冰箱 24.low [l ]adj.低的;矮的 25.somebody [ s mb d ]pron.某人;n.重要人物 26.translate [tr ns'le t]v.翻译 27.lock [l k]v.锁上;锁住;n.锁 28.earthquake [ θ kwe k]n.地震 29.sudden [ s dn]adj.突然(的) 30.bell [bel]n.钟(声);铃(声) 31.biscuit [ b sk t]n.饼干 32.cookie [ k k ]n.曲奇饼 33.musical [ mju z kl]adj.音乐的;有音乐天赋的 34.instrument [ nstr m nt]n.器械;仪器:工具 35.crispy [ kr sp ]adj.脆的;酥脆的 36.salty [ s lt ]adj.咸的 37.sour [ sa ]dj.酸的;有酸味的 38.customer [ k st m ]n.顾客;客户 39.Olympics [ 'l mp ks]n.奥林匹克运动会 40.Canadian [k 'ne di n]adj.加拿大的加拿大人的n.加拿大人 41.divide [d va d]v.分开;分散 42.basket [ bɑ sk t]n.篮;筐 43.popularity [ p pj l r t ]n.受欢迎:普及 44.hero [ h r ]n.英雄;男主角 45.professional [pr fe nl]adj.职业的:专业的
重点短语 1.be used for doing sth = be used to do sth 被用来做某事 2.with pleasure乐意效劳 3.shoes with lights有灯的鞋子 4.the style of the shoes鞋子的样式 5.shoes with special heels有特殊鞋跟的鞋子 6.seem to have a point似乎有道理 7.in our daily lives在我们的日常生活中 8.at that time在那时 9.be used widely被广泛使用 10.all of a sudden= suddenly突然; 11.it is said that...据说... 12.it is believed that…人们相信 13.decide on (doing) sth决定decide to do sth.=make a decision to do sth.决定做某事 14.in the end=at last=finally 最后，终于 15.fall into= drop into掉入 16.be brought to被带到 17.not…until直到…才 18.in less than 100 years在不到100年的时间里 19.take place发生（无被动语态） 20 make the customer happy使顾客髙兴 21.without doubt毫无疑问；的确 22.the nature of tea茶的本质 23.know about tea culture了解茶文化 24.at a low price以低的价格 25.by mistake无意中;错误地 26.26.on a hard floor在坚硬的地板上 27.divide...into把......分成 28.28.stop...from doing sth.阻止…做某事 29.translate...into…把…翻译成… 30.30.the popularity of tea 茶的普及 31.achieve one’s dreams实现某人梦想 32.32.not only...but also...（就近原则）不仅…而且… 33.remain there for some time 留在那里一段时间 34.34.look up to钦佩 仰慕 35.dream of doing sth 梦想干某事 36.e up with an idea 想出一个主意 37.boil drink water over an open fire 在户外的炉火上烧开水 38 .get a ball into the basket 把球投进篮子 39.by accident偶然，意外地 40.so great an invention=such a great invention如此了不起的一项发明 41.an accidental invention 一项偶然的发明 42.encourage sb.to do鼓励某人做… 43.the number of...的数量
常考句型 1.---What are they used for 它们是用来做什么的？
---They are used for seeing in the dark.它们是用来在黑暗中照明的。 2.---When was the telephone invented 电话是什么时候发明的？ ---I think it was invented in 1876.我认为它是在1876年被发明的。 3.Some leaves from a tea plant fell into the water and remained there for some time 丛中的叶子落入水中并在里面泡了一段时间 4.This much-loved and active sport is enjoyed by many people for fun and exercise. 这种活跃的、受众人喜爱的运动被许多人作为娱乐和锻炼而欣赏。 5.It mentioned that the zipper was invented by Whitcomb Judson in 1893. 它提到拉链是由惠特科姆.贾德森在1893年发明的。 6.It said that a Chinese ruler called Shen Nong was the first to discover tea as a drink. 据说一个叫神农的中国统治者是第一个发现茶作为饮料的人。 7.The earthquake happened all of a sudden, but luckily the villagers were brought to a safe place.地震突然发生了，但幸运的是村民被带到了一个安全的地方。 8.Potato chips were invented by a cook called George Crum by mistake. 薯片是一个叫乔治.克拉姆厨师无意中发明的。 9.The number of foreign players, including Chinese players, in the NBA has increased. NBA中外国球员（包括中国球员）的数量增加了。 10.Many young people look up to these basketball heroes and want to become like them. 许多年轻人仰慕这些篮球英语并且想成为像他们一样的人。 11.These stars encourage young people to work hard to achieve their dreams. 这些明星鼓励年轻人努力学习来实现他们的梦想。 12.I think the TV was invented after the car. 我认为电视是在小汽车后发明的。 13.They sold the fridge at a low price.他们以很低的价格卖了冰箱。 14.Our parents advised us not to go out alone.我们的父母建议我们不要单独出去。 15.Different writers translate the book into different languages.不同的作家把这本书翻译成不同的语言。 16.Without doubt, Chinese are the ones who best understand tea culture.毫无疑问，中国人是最了解茶文化的人。 17.He divided the men into two teams and taught them to play basketball. 他把人分成两组然后叫他们打篮球。 18.At the same time, they need to stop the competing team from getting the ball into their own basket.同时，他们需要阻止对方把球投进他们自己的篮筐里。
一、单词讲解
1 heel n.鞋跟;足跟
shoes with high heel 高跟鞋 high-heeled shoes 高跟鞋
2 style n.样式;款式
teaching style 教学风格 hair style 发型 the style of ...的风格
in style 时新的，时髦的 out of style 过时的
3 pleasure n.高兴;愉快
pleasure既可作不可数名词，又可作可数名词。作不可数名词时，意为“高兴,愉快”;作可数名词时，意为“乐事,愉快的活动”。It' s a pleasure to do sth. 很高兴做某事。
I go swimming for pleasure.我去游泳是为了高兴。(不可数名词)
It is a pleasure to watch her dance.看她跳舞是一件快乐的事儿。(可数名词)
辨析：With pleasure.与It’s my pleasure.的用法区别
①With pleasure.意为“没问题,很荣幸为您效劳”，通常只作为答应别人请求或邀请的答语。
---Could you help me 你能帮帮我吗 ---With pleasure.乐意效劳。
②It’s my pleasure.表示“不用谢,很荣幸为您效劳”，意为“不用谢”时，通常用在帮助别人之后，回答对方的感谢。
---Thank you!谢谢!---It's my pleasure.不用谢。
辨析：pleasure，pleasant与pleased
①pleasure n. 高兴；乐趣（不可数名词）
②pleasant adj. 令人愉快的，强调事物本身的性质
③pleased adj. 感到高兴的, 强调人的心理
It gives me much pleasure to be with you.跟你在一起带给我很多的乐趣。
It’s a pleasant vacation.这是一个令人愉快的假期。
I’m pleased to see you. 见到你我很高兴。
4 daily adj.每日的;日常的
1）daily做形容词，表示“每日的；日常的” 相当于everyday
daily life 日常生活 daily routine 日常事务
Don’t you read the daily news in today’s newspaper 你没有读今天报纸上的每日新闻吗？
2）daily可用作副词，相当于every day，意为“每日；每天”。
The milkman comes daily to our house.送奶工每天都到我们家来送奶。
3）daily 还可作名词，意为“日报”。
People’s Daily《人民日报》 China Daily《中国日报》
拓展：与daily 结构相似的形容词有：
weekly 每周的 monthly 每月的 yearly 每年的
5 list v.列表;列清单;n.名单:清单
1）list做名词，表示“清单”
a price list 价格表 Schindler's List 辛德勒名单 make/draw up a list of 列....的清单
on the list of 在...清单上
2）list做动词，表示“列清单，把...列入表中”
Please list your five favorite movies.请罗列出五部你最爱的电影。
6 mention v.提到;说到
mention sth.提到某事/某物 mention doing sth.提到做某事
mention sth.to sb.向某人提起某事/某物 mention＋that从句 提到……
Don’t mention it. 别客气（来回答感谢）
Don’t mention it before the children.不要在孩子们面前提及此事。
Whenever I mention playing football, he says he’s too busy.我一提起踢足球，他就说他太忙。
7 nearly adv.几乎;差不多
nearly作副词，意为“几乎,差不多”。
It was already nearly eight o’clock.已经快八点了。
辨析：nearly和almost
①nearly表示“接近”，常可与almost换用，但在具体数字前常用nearly。nearly前可以用very，pretty等词修饰。
They are nearly （almost） reaching the end. 他们几乎要到终点了。
②almost强调“差一点…就”（= very nearly），可用在 no，none，nothing等前面（nearly则不可以）。
Almost no one believes her.几乎没有人相信她。
8 boil v.煮沸;烧开
boiled water 开水 boiling water 沸腾的水
9 remain v.保持不变;剩余
1）remain用作不及物动词，意为“停留；逗留”等。
remain to be seen拭目以待
A few pears remain on the tree.树上还剩几个梨子。
2）remain用作连系动词时，意为“保持不变；仍然是”，后接形容词、名词、分词或介词短语做表语。
The room remains cool all summer.整个夏天，房间都很凉爽。
She remained sitting when they came in.当他们进来的时候，她还坐着。
拓展：remaining adj.“剩下的”
10 smell n.气味;v.发出…气味;闻到
1）作实义动词，意为“发出....气味；闻到”。
2）作连系动词，意为“闻起来”。
That smells good.闻起来不错。
3）作名词，意为“气味”
a strong smell of burning一股强烈人燃烧味
11 doubt n.疑惑;疑问;v.怀疑
1）doubt做名词，表示“疑惑,疑问”
without doubt 毫无疑问 no doubt 无疑；确实的 in doubt 怀疑地;不能肯定地
I have no doubt at his ability to work.我毫不怀疑他的工作能力。
2）doubt做动词，表示“怀疑”
doubt about/on/as to sth 关于...的疑问
Do you doubt that he can make it 你怀疑他会成功吗
无论doubt用作名词还是动词，在肯定句中其后常接whether从句，在否定句和疑问句中常接that从句。
We doubt whether he will come.我们怀疑他是否会来。
There is no doubt that our experiment will succeed. 毫无疑问我们的实验会成功。
12 low adj.低的;矮的
low (adj)低的；矮的（它既可指实物的高低，也可指价格、质量等的高低）反义词high
at a low price以很低的价格（形容价格（price）高低用“high”“low”，不用“expensive”“cheap”。
13 somebody pron.某人;n.重要人物
1）somebody做代词，表示“某人”= someone（用在肯定句中）。不定代词作主语时看作单数。
2）somebody 做名词，表示“重要人物，大人物”
Listen! Somebody is calling your name.听某人在喊你的名字。
辨析：verybody，somebody，anybody与nobody
①everybody意为“每个人,所有人”。
Everybody is here.人都到齐了。
②somebody意为“某人”，多用于肯定句，也可以用于征求对方意见的疑问句中。
Somebody is singing in the next room.隔壁有人在唱歌。
③anybody意为“任何人”，多用于否定句和疑问句中。
Is there anybody in the classroom 教室里有人吗
④nobody意为“没有人”，本身是否定词，相当于not...anybody。
Nobody can help you unless you work hard.除非你奋发图强，否则没人能帮你。
14 translate v.翻译
translate...into...把...翻译成
Can you translate this English letter for me 你能帮我翻译一下这封英文信吗
Can you translate the text into English 你能把这篇课文译成英语吗
拓展： translation n.翻译 translator n.翻译家
15 lock v.锁上;锁住;n.锁
1）lock做动词，表示“锁上，封锁”
lock down 封锁，封城 lock doors and windows锁上门和窗户
2）lock做名词，表示“锁”
the key to the lock 锁的钥匙
16 sudden adj.突然(的)
sudden作形容词，意为“突然（的）”。
All of a sudden，a man rushed in.突然，一个男人闯了进来。
拓展：suddenly作副词，意为“突然地”。
I was walking to school when it suddenly rained.我正在步行去学校的路上，突然下雨了。
17 musical adj.音乐的;有音乐天赋的
musical作形容词，意为“音乐的,有音乐天赋的”。
He has a good musical talent.他拥有不错的音乐天赋。
拓展：music作名词，意为“音乐” musician作名词，意为“音乐家”。
18 divide v.分开;分散
divide作动词，意为“分开，分散”
divide A into B “把…A分成B” divide A by B “A除以B”
Please divide ourselves into seven groups.我们分成7个小组吧。
辨析：divide划分；指把一个整体分为若干部分，常和into连用。
separate分隔；指把原来在一起的个体分开，常和from连用。
二、课文对话及原文
1.Conversation
Paul: Hey Roy，the subject for my school project is “Small inventions that changed the world.” Can you help me think of an invention
Roy: With pleasure!Let me think...hmm...I know！The zipper!
Paul: The zipper Is it really such a great invention
Roy: Think about how often it’s used in our daily lives.You can see zippers on dresses，trousers，shoes, bags...almost everywhere!
Paul：Well，you do seem to have a point ...
Roy：Of course！I thought about it because I saw a website last week. The pioneers of different inventions were listed there.For example，it mentioned that the zipper was invented by Whitcomb Judson in 1893. But at that time，it wasn’t used widely.
Paul：Really？So when did it become popular
Roy：Around 1917.
2.Passage
An Accidental Invention
Did you know that tea，the most popular drink in the world (after water)，was invented by accident？Many people believe that tea was first drunk about 5,000 years ago. It is said that a Chinese ruler called Shen Nong was the first to discover tea as a drink.One day Shen Nong was boiling drinking water over an open fire.
Some leaves from a tea plant fell into the water and remained there for some time.It produced a nice smell so he tasted the brown water.It was quite delicious，and so，one of the world’s favorite drinks was invented.
A few thousand years later，Lu Yu，“the saint of tea”，mentioned Shen Nong in his book Cha Jing. The book describes how tea plants were grown and used to make tea. It also discusses where the finest tea leaves were produced and what kinds of water were used.
It is believed that tea was brought to Korea and Japan during the 6th and 7th centuries. In England，tea didn’t appear until around 1660，but in less than 100 years，it had become the national drink. The tea trade from China to Western countries took place in the 19th century.This helped to spread the popularity of tea and the tea plant to more places around the world. Even though many people now know about tea culture，the Chinese are without doubt the ones who best understand the nature of tea.
Do You Know When Basketball Was Invented
Basketball is a much -loved and active sport that is enjoyed by many for fun and exercise.It is over 100 years old and is played by more than 100 million people in over 200 countries. It is believed that the first basketball game in history was played on December 21，1891.Then in 1936 in Berlin，it became an event at the Olympics.
Basketball was invented by a Canadian doctor named James Naismith, who was born in 1861.When he was a college teacher, he was asked to think of a game that could be played in the winter. Dr. Naismith created a game to be played inside on a hard floor. Dr. Naismith divided the men in his class into two teams and taught them to play his new game.Players on the same team must work together to get the ball in the other team’s basket. At the same time，they need to stop the competing team from getting the ball into their own basket.
Today, the popularity of basketball has risen around the world, with many young people dreaming of becoming famous players. In China, you can sometimes see people playing basketball in parks, schools and even factories. Basketball has not only become a popular sport to play, but it has also become a popular sport to watch. Although America’s NBA games are the most famous, the CBA games are becoming more popular in China. The number of foreign players, including Chinese players, in the CBA.
Many young people look up to these basketball heroes and want to become like them.These stars encourage young people to work hard to achieve their dreams.
三、重要知识点讲解
1 I think the TV was invented before the car.我认为电视是在汽车之前被发明的。
1）think的用法：
①当主句主语为第一人称，且时态为一般现在时，think 后接宾语从句时，若要对从句进行否定，常将从句的否定词转移到主句中，意义上仍否定从句。类似用法的词有“believe, suppose, guess”等。
②在口语中，“think”后面的内容是上文已说明了的情况下，常用“so”代替，其否定式用“not”或“not…so”.
③陈述部分为“I / We (don’t ) think/ suppose/ consider/ believe…+宾语从句”的反意疑问句，其附加疑问句部分的主语和谓语要同从句保持一致。主句为肯定形式时，附加疑问句用否定；主句为否定形式时，附加疑问句用肯定。一般情况下，反意疑问句的陈述部分为含宾语从句的复合句时，附加疑问部分的主语和谓语与主句保持一致。
2）invent为及物动词，意为“发明；创造”，指创造出以前不存在的东西，尤其指科技上的发明创造。
---Do you know who invented the electric light bulb --- Edison.你知道谁发明了点灯吗？爱迪生。
拓展：inventor n.发明家 invention n.发明(可数名词)
辨析：inven,discover,find和find out
①invent意为” “发明”,指发明创造出自然界本来不存在的东西,如工具、方法、手段、汽车、电器、等。
②discover意为“发现”,指发现原来就有而一直没被发现的东西,如发现煤、石油等矿藏及星系或科学真理等。
③find意为“找到”,强调找的结果。
④find out意为“找出、查明”指经过观察、调查把某事、某物查出来,搞清楚,弄明白。
2 It’s used for scooping really cold ice cream. 它是用来舀很凉的冰激凌。
此句中be used 是被动语态形式，意为“被用来...”。Be used for 意思是“被用来做...”，介词for表用途，后面加名词或动名词。
The key is used for locking the door. 这把钥匙是用来锁门的。
拓展：
①be used to do 表示“被用来做...”，used为动词过去分词，其中的to 为不定式符号，其后接动词原形，相当于be used for doing sth. 如：
A hammer is used to drive in nails. = A hammer is used for driving in nails. 锤子是用来钉钉子的。
②be used to (doing) sth. 表示“习惯于做...”。如：
He is used to living here. 他习惯于住在这儿。
③used to do sth. 表示“过去常常干某事”
He used to go to Beijing when be was young. 他年轻时常常去北京。
④be used as 表示“把...用作...”，as 是介词，意为“作为”。
The piece of wood is used as a bench. 这块木头被用作凳子。
⑤be used by 意为“被...使用”，强调使用者。
The car is used by our manager.这辆车被我们经理使用。
3 battery-operated是一个复合形容词，表示：“电池控制的”是名词+动词的运动分词构成的合成形容词
operate用法：
1）“操作”
Can you operate the computer 你会操作电脑吗？
2）“起作用，见效果”
The sleeping pill operated at once.安眠药立马起来效果。
3）“经营，管理”
The company operates ten factories.这个公司经营了10个工厂。
4）“动手术” operate on / upon sb. “给某人动手术”
The doctor will operate on his mother next week.下周医生给他妈妈做手术。
4 shoes with special heels有特殊鞋跟的鞋
介词with的用法：
①with (prep)有，具有，带着（表示特征和属性）它的反义词“without”.
②with (prep)和....一起，表示伴随。
③with (prep)用（表示使用工具、手段）
China is a country with a long history.中国是一个历史悠久的国家。
Bill is playing games with his friends.比尔和他的朋友一起玩游戏。
You can’t do your homework with a pencil.你不能用铅笔写作业。
5 Is it really such a great invention 它真是一项伟大的发明啊？
such a great invention如此伟大的一个发明，这是“such+ a/an+形容词+可数名词单数”结构，可与“so+形容词+a/an +可数名词单数”结构互换。
He is such an honest boy! = He is so honest a boy!他是如此诚实的一个孩子。
辨析：such和so
①such后接名词或名词短语，such (a/an)+adj. + n./some/any/no...+ such + n.
②so后接形容词或副词,so + adj. /adv.或so+adj.+a/an + n./so many/much/few/little（少的）+ n.
I have never seen such a beautiful place before.我以前从未见过如此美丽的地方。
I’m sorry that I have no such books.对不起我没有这样的书。
My father bought me so lovely a dog.我父亲给我买了一只如此可爱的狗。
He has so many books in his room.他的房间里有如此多的书。
6 Well, you do seem to have a point….看来你说得的确有道理…。
have a point有道理（用于对别人的话或观点表示认同）
I admit that you have a point.我承认你有道理。
7 I think it would be better to have…我认为...比较好。
1）would 在此处表示料想或猜想、揣测，指说话人主观上认为不是很确定的可能性，后接动词原形或完成式。
The study of Japanese would take much of your time.学日语可能会花费你很多时间。
2）It is better to do sth...意思是“最好做...”，it 是形式主语，动词不定式为真正的主语。如：
It’s better for him to go to school. = It’s better that he (should) go to school.他最好去上学。
8 And he sprinkled lots of salt on them so they were salty. 他在它们上面撒了很多盐，所以它们很咸。
1）sprinkle 表示“撒(某物)于(某物的表面上)；喷洒”。
常用结构：sprinkle A on B或sprinkle B with A.
Can I sprinkle some pepper on my food 或 Can I sprinkle my food with some pepper 我能把胡椒粉撒在我的食物上吗？
2）salty是名词salt(盐)加后缀-y构成的形容词。类似的词有：
cloud→cloudy, hair→hairy, rose→rosy, wind→windy, rain →rainy, snow →snowy, sleep→sleepy
9 The customer was happy in the end. 顾客最后高兴了。
in the end 意为“最后，终于”，相当于finally, at last。其后不接of 短语，强调“虽然最初...，最后还是
产生了一个...结果”。
He did one experiment after another and in the end he succeeded.他做了一个又一个实验，最后终于成功了。
拓展：①at the end 指“在...的末端，在...尽头”，可表示时间和空间，后常接of 短语。
There is a shop at the end of the road. 在公路的尽头有一家商店。
I finished my novel at the end of 1999. 在1999年末，我完成了我的小说。
②by the end 意思是“到...为止”，常与完成时态连用，通常指时间，后常与of 短语连用。
He had been to many countries by the end of 2000. 到2000年末时他已经去过许多国家。
10 Did you know that tea，the most popular drink in the world （after water），was invented by accident 你知道茶—世界上最受欢迎的饮料（仅次于水）—是一项偶然的发明吗
by accident 意为“偶然,意外地”。其同义词组为by chance，其反义词组为on purpose，意为“故意；有意地”。
The little boy broke the cup by accident.小男孩不小心把茶杯打碎了。
辨析：by accident与by mistake
①by accident意为“偶然,意外地”，表示由客观原因引起的意外，无主观意识。
He found the secret by accident.他无意中发现了这个秘密。
②by mistake意为“错误地,无意中”，表示由主观原因引起的意外，强调无意识犯错。
I'm sorry for taking your book by mistake.我很抱歉错拿了你的书。
拓展：“by+名词类”的短语还有
by post 通过邮寄的方式 by heart 熟记
by the way 顺便说一下 by+交通工具 乘坐……
by hand 手工 by chance 偶然,意外地
11 It is said that a Chinese ruler called Shen Nong was the first to discover tea as a drink.据说，一位叫神农的中国统治者是第一个发现茶可以饮用的人。
It is said that..意为“据说…”。其中it作形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句。从句中the first to do sth.表示“第一个做某事的人”，是“the+序数词+to do sth.”结构，动词不定式作定语。
It's said that Joe has gone to Hangzhou.据说乔去了杭州。
Mary is always the first to arrive at the classroom.玛丽总是第一个到教室。
拓展：类似的句型还有
1）It is reported that…据报道…
2）It is known that…众所周知…
3）It is believed that…人们认为/相信…
12 Some leaves from a tea plant fell into the water and remained there for some time.一些茶树上的叶子落进了水中，并在里面煮了一段时间。
1）fall相关短语：
fall into落进，陷进 fall down摔倒 fall asleep入睡 fall in love with爱上
fall off从…..摔下 fall over使绊倒 fall behind落后
2）some time一段时间
辨析：some time，sometimes，some times与sometime
词（组） 词性 意思 用法
some time 名词短语 一段时间 常常与延续性动词连用，对它提问用how long
sometimes 频度副词 有时 表示动作发生的频率，多余一般现在时连用，它可位于句首、句中或句末，对它提问用how often
some times 名词短语 几次，几倍 其中time是可数 名词，对它提问用how many times
sometime 副词 某时 表示某个不确切或不具体的时间，常用于过去时或将来时，对它提问用when
13 Although tea wasn’t brought to the western world until 1610. This beverage was discovered over three
thousand years before that. 尽管茶直到1610年才被带到西方国家，但是这种饮料在那之前三千年就
已被发现了。
1）although 作连词，意思是“虽然，尽管”，引导让步状语从句，我们不能根据汉语习惯，在后面使用连词but，不过它可以与yet, still连用；状语从句中若主从句的主语相同，且从句谓语含有动词be,可将从句主语和动词be省略。如：
Although (it is) snowing, it was not very cold. 虽然在下雪，但天气不是很冷。
2）thousand数词，意思为“千”。它的用法如下：当前面有数词“a few, some, several”等修饰时，“thousand”不用复数形式，且其后也不接“of”。“thousand”与“of”连用时要用复数形式，且其前不能用数词“a few”等修饰，构成“thousands of”意思为“成千上万的”。hundred百 million百万billion十亿
14 In England , tea didn’t appear until around 1660, but in less than 100 years, it had become the national drink.在英国，茶直到1660年左右才出现，但在不到100年的时间里，它就已经成了全国性的饮品了。
1）until (prep)意思为“直到”，后接时间名词。
until = till (conj.)引导时间状语从句。但till引导的时间状语从句不能位于句首。until 用于否定句中构成“not… until”，表示主句的动作在“until”短语或从句表示的时间之前尚未发生，或者说主句的动作在“until”短语或从句所表示的时间之后才开始，一般可翻译为“直到…才”。 “until”用于肯定句中，表示主句的动作一直持续到“until”短语或从句所表示的时间或状态出现时为止，一般可翻译为“直到……为止”。在这种用法中，主句的谓语动词必须是延续性动词。
2）no less than不少于；多达
15 The tea trade from China to Western countries took place in the 19th century.从中国到西方国家的茶叶贸易是在19世纪兴起。
take place意为“发生；出现；举行”。常指有计划、有安排地“发生”。
辨析：take place与happen二者都有“发生”之意，都无被动语态，但用法不同：
happen (vi)（偶然）发生（没有被动语态）
take place发生；进行（没有被动语态，指有计划、有安排地发生）
A car accident happened this morning.今天早上发生了一起交通事故。
16 Even though many people now know about tea culture, the Chinese are without doubt the ones who best understand the nature of tea.即使现在许多人知道茶文化，但中国人无疑是最懂茶的秉性的人。
even though/ even if即使（引导让步状语从句；主句中“who”引导定语从句，先行词是“the ones”，指代“the Chinese”，故用关系代词“who”引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语。
17 At the same time，they need to stop the competing team from getting the ball into their own basket.同时，他们需要阻止对手将球投入他们自己的篮筐里。
stop sb./sth.from doing sth.意为“阻止某人/某物做某事”。
No one can stop us from going camping.谁也阻止不了我们去野营。
拓展：阻止某人做某事的表达
1）stop sb./ sth.from doing sth.相当于prevent sb.from doing sth.，在主动语态中，两者中的from均可以省略，但在被动语态中不可省略。
I will try my best to stop/ prevent my son（from）making the same mistake.我会尽最大努力阻止我的儿子犯同样的错误。
2）keep sb./sth，from doing sth.也可以表示“阻止某人/某物做某事”，from不可省略。
He is too tired. You must try to keep him from doing the work.他太累了。你必须阻止他继续工作。
18 George wanted to make the customer happy.乔治想让这位顾客高兴。
make+sb.+adj.意为“使某人…”。形容词作宾语补足语，说明宾语的状态、性质、特征等。
The loud noise at night really made some old people angry.晚上巨大的噪音真的使一些老年人很生气。
19 Today，the popularity of basketball has risen around the world， with many young People dreaming of becoming famous players.现在，篮球运动的普及程度在世界范围内得到了提升，许多年轻人都梦想成为著名的运动员。
dream of/ about doing sh. 意为“梦想做某事”。
Many boys dream of/ about becoming scientists.许多男孩梦想成为科学家。
20 These story encourage young people to work hard to achieve their dreams.这些明星鼓励年轻人为实现他们的梦想而努力。
encourage作及物动词，意为“鼓励激励”。encourage sh.to do sth.意为“鼓励某人做某事”。
My mother encourages me to learn dancing，我妈妈鼓励我学习舞蹈。
21 It's hard to tell who came up with the idea first.很难说谁首先想出了这个主意。
come up with 意为“想出；提出”，相当于think of。
He has come up with a good idea.他已经想出了一个好主意。
22 Many young people look up to these basketball heroes and want to become like them.很多年轻人仰慕这些篮球英雄，并想成为像他们那样的人。
look up to是固定搭配，意为“钦佩；仰慕”。其反义短语是look down on “看不起,鄙视”。
We look up to the national heroes.我们仰嘉那些国家英雄。
拓展：与look相关的短语
look up向上看;查阅(词典) look down向下看 look after照看;照顾
look around环顾四周 look for寻找 look forward to盼望
23 not only..., but also...不仅...而且...
not only..., but also...是并列连词，意为“不但……而且……”“不仅……还……”，用来连接两个并列成分（主语、谓语、宾语、表语、状语），也可以连接两个句子，用于强调后者，also可以省略。
He likes not only music but also art. 他不但喜欢音乐，而且喜欢美术。
拓展：not... only..., but... also... 连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词要和它最近的主语保持一致，即遵循“就近原则”。
Not only children but also he enjoys watching TV. 不但孩子们，而且他也喜欢看电视。
24 It’s played by more than 100 million people in over 200 countries including China.包括中国在内的二
百多个国家的一亿多人打篮球。
1）more than 与over 在句中意思相同，意思是“多于...”。
2）including 是一个介词，意思是“其中(包括)”，其后可用名词、代词、v-ing形式等作宾语。其反义
词为excluding(除...之外，不包括)。
The singer sang many songs, including some of my favorite. 这名歌手唱了许多歌曲，包括几首我最喜欢的。
We will go to the Great Wall next week, including Jim and Tom.包括吉姆和汤姆，我们下周将去长城。
25 Players move towards one end of the court while throwing the ball to each other.选手们在互相扔球的
时候朝球场 的一边移动。
1）towards 在句中的意思为“朝，向”，表示方向，相当于“to”。
She walks towards the river after dinner. 晚饭后，她朝河边走去。
2）while throwing the ball to each other 中省略了主语和be 动词，其完整的句子应为“while players are
throwing the ball to each other”，此处是while 引导的时间状语从句中的省略。
Don’t talk loudly while (you’re) in the library. 当你在图书馆时不要大声交谈。
3）throw 意思是“扔”；“向某人扔...”应为“ throw sth. to sb. ”也可以表示成“throw sth. at sb.”。
Please throw me a book. = Please throw a book to me.
Don’t throw stones at my dog! 不要向我的狗投石头。
四、单元语法
一般过去时的被动语态
1）概念：一般过去时的被动语态表示主语是过去某个动作的承受者。
2）构成：主语+was/were+动词的过去分词。
Some new computers were stolen last night.昨天晚上有几台新电脑被盗了。
3）主动变被动
把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格(“by+人称代词”短语可以省略)。
All people laughed at him.所有的人都嘲笑他。
→He was laughed at by all people.他被所有的人嘲笑。
He cut down a tree.他砍倒了一棵树。
→A tree was cut down by him.一棵树被他砍倒了。
情态动词和双宾语变被动
含有双宾语的主动句改为被动句时，应将其中一个宾语改为被动结构的主语，另一个宾语仍保留在原处。一种情况是把间接宾语(指人)变为主语，直接宾语(指物)不变；另一种情况是把直接宾语(指物)变为主语，间接宾语(指人)不变，这时,间接宾语前通常加介词to，有时加for。
My father gave me a new book on my birthday.
→I was given a new book (by my father) on my birthday. (间接宾语作了主语)
→A new book was given to me (by my father) on my birthday. (直接宾语作了主语)
　　含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后，to仍要保留。
We can repair this watch in two days.→This watch can be repaired in two days.
They should do it at once.→It should be done at once.