(共13张PPT)
定语从句
1.who,whom和whose引导的定语从句。
(1)who和whom都指人。who在定语从句中作主语、宾语;whom在定语从句中作宾语,在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用who代替whom。
(2)whose指人的或物的,在定语从句中作定语,指物时可用of which代替,指人时可用of whom代替。
Some people who are successful language learners often fail in other fields.
有些成功的语言学习者,在其他领域常常会失败。
I have many friends (who/whom) I’m going to send postcards to.
我有很多朋友,我打算寄明信片给他们。
My eldest son,whose work takes him all over the world,is in New York at the moment.
我的大儿子目前在纽约,他的工作使他在全世界到处跑。
2.that和which引导的定语从句
that代替的先行词可以是人也可以是物,但是which代替的先行词只能是物。使用这两个关系词要注意以下两点:
(1)6种只用that引导定语从句的情况。
①先行词是all,everything,anything,nothing,something,little,much,none,few,the one等不定代词时。
②先行词被all,any,few,every,no,little,much,some等修饰时。
③先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级时。
④先行词被the only,the very (正是,恰是), the last修饰时。
⑤先行词既有人又有物时。
⑥当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。
(2)4种只用which引导定语从句的情况。
①引导非限制性定语从句时。
②先行词为物,关系代词充当介词的宾语,且介词位于关系代词之前时。
③先行词本身是that时。
④关系代词后有插入语时。
3.as引导的定语从句
as引导限制性定语从句主要用于the same...as...,such...as...和so...as...结构中。 as既可以指人也可以指物,在从句中可作主语、宾语和表语。
We have found the same materials as are used in their factory.
我们已经找到了和他们工厂里使用的一样的材料。
These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.
这些房子以人们期望的低价出售了。
先行词 关系副词 在从句中的作用 与“介词+关系代词”的关系
表示时间的名词:time,day,year等 when 作时间状语 =at/in/on/during which
表示场所的名词:park,place,country,house等 where 作地点状语 =in/at/to/on which
表示原因的名词:reason why 作原因状语 =for which
4.关系副词指代的先行词及其作用。
5.We live in an age when(in which) more information is available with great ease than ever before.
我们生活在一个比以前任何时候都容易获得更多信息的时代。
The school where(at which) I studied for only two years was three kilometres away.
我只在那里上了两年学的那所学校离这里有3 000米远。
The reason why(for which) he didn’t pass the driving test was that he lacked practice.
他没有通过驾照考试的原因是他缺乏练习。
6.有时先行词是表示抽象地点的名词,像activity,business,career,case,job,point,position,race,stage,situation等,当从句中缺少状语时,用关系副词where。
They have reached the point where they have to separate from each other.
他们已经到了必须分手的地步。
7.先行词occasion意为“时机”时,用关系副词when;意为“场合”时,用关系副词where。
I can remember very few occasions when he had to cancel a meeting because of ill health.
我记得他很少有因为健康不佳而不得不取消会议的情况。
Taking her with me on official occasions where many important figures are present has been a challenge.在很多大人物到场的正式场合带上她对我而言是一种挑战。
8.若介词放在关系代词之前,关系代词指人时常用whom,指物时常用which。另外,whose也可以放在介词后,即“介词+whose+名词”结构。
He is the person on whom you can depend.
他是你可以信赖的人。
He was the man from whose room the thief had stolen his bag.
他就是被小偷从房间里偷走包的那个人。
Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore,three of which were English novels.上周日我从书店买了一些书,其中三本是英文小说。
9.“介词+关系代词”结构中介词的确定:
(1)依据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配来确定
I bought a great many books,on which I spent all my money that I had saved.
我买了很多书,花光了所有的积蓄。
(2)依据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定
I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
我永远不会忘记在乡下度过的童年时光。
(3)根据所表达的意思来确定
The colourless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen.
没有它我们就不能生存的无色气体叫氧气。
10.whose引导的非限制性定语从句修饰物时,“whose+名词”可以换为“the+名词+of which”;修饰人时,可以换为“the+名词+of whom”。
The newly built cafe,the walls of which(=whose walls) are painted light green,is really a peaceful place for us,especially after hard work.
这家新建成的咖啡馆,它的墙壁被刷成了浅绿色,对我们来说,这真是一个安静的地方,特别是在辛苦工作后。
练习:
1.关系代词引导的定语从句运用于写作
(2022·浙江1月)最重要的是,我希望他不要把我分配给那个好胜心强、极其严肃的家伙,他总是穿着深色衣服,显然他的个性与之相配。
Above all,I hoped he wouldn’t assign me to work with the fiercely competitive and extremely serious fellow who always wore dark clothes and apparently had a personality to match.
(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)我环顾四周,终于看到了大卫,他正独自站在篱笆边。
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2.关系副词引导的定语从句运用于写作
(2022·浙江1月)我还记得两年前我们在中爱文化节上见面的那一天。
I still remember the very day when we met at China-Ireland Cultural Festival two years ago.
(2021·浙江1月)首先,我们会带你们参观我们的学校,然后在当地的一家餐馆吃饭,在那里你们可以尝尝地道的中国菜。
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3.“介词+关系词”引导的定语从句运用于写作
(2022·浙江1月)在那个文化节上,你分享了很多关于你们国家的有趣的事情,通过它们我了解了很多关于你们国家的食物、文化和历史。
At that cultural festival you shared so many interesting things about your country,through which I learned a lot about your food,culture and history.
(2022·全国乙)对于学生们来说,使他们学习受益最大的就是读英语书,他们可以从中学习在课堂上学不到的东西。
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4.非限制性定语从句运用于写作
(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)我写这封信是想邀请你做客我们学校广播站英语节目《说说话》的访谈。
I am writing the letter to invite you to an interview held by “Talk and Talk”,which is an English programme in our school broadcast station.
(2021·上海)你提到你有两门选修课,以下是一些建议,希望能对你有帮助。
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