2024年中考英语复习词法之动词课件(共84张PPT)

(共84张PPT)
动词
动词
（谓语动词）
分类
形式
时态
语态
及物动词/系动词/助动词/情态动词
原形/三单/过去式/现在分词/过去分词
主动
被动
一般现在时
一般过去时
一般将来时
现在进行时
过去进行时
现在完成时
......
（非谓语动词）
不定式
动名词
分词
句法
词法
词法-种类
动词种类
实义动词
系动词
助动词
情态动词
jump
run
be
feel
do, does,
did, be,
have, has
can
must
may...
类别 特点 例子
实义动词 /行为动词 表示动作，有实际意义,能独立做谓语 We love our hometown.
Class begins.
系动词 有一定的含义， 不能独立做谓语 I am a student.
助动词 本身没有含义， 不能独立做谓语 I don’t like apples.
情态动词 有一定的含义， 不能独立做谓语 We must study hard.
实义动词/行为动词
及物动词
后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词，叫做及物动词（transitive verb）。有的动词必须接一个宾语，有的必须接两个宾语。
1. "主+谓+宾"；
I have a book.
2. "主+谓+双宾"；（双宾语：间接宾语和直接宾语）
Mr Zhang teaches us English.
（双宾语：us是间接宾语，English是直接宾语）
3. "主+谓+宾+宾补"结构。
也叫“主谓复合宾语”
They asked me to go fishing.
（me为宾语，不定式to go fishing是宾语补足语）
不及物动词
本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词，叫做不及物动词（intransitive verb）。
1. "主+谓"结构
My watch stopped.
2. "主+谓+介词+宾语"结构。
He is looking at me.
*注意：不及物动词没有被动语态。
【注意】
1.有些动词既可以用作及物动词又可以用作不及物动词。
如：When did they leave Beijing 他们什么时候离开北京的？（及物动词）
They left last week. 他们上周离开了。（不及物动词）
2.有些不及物动词可与其他词搭配在一起构成动词短语，相当于及物动词。
如：look at +宾语；listen to +宾语；arrive at/in +宾语
系动词
也叫连系动词。系动词本身有含义，但它不能单独做谓语，后面必须接表语，用来说明主语的状况、性质、特征等。一起构成主系表结构。
类别 功能 例词
表示状态的系动词 表示主语所处的状态 be（am/is/are）
表示持续的系动词 表示主语继续或保持某种身份或状态 keep, remain, stay
表示感官的系动词 表示人体感官的系动词（感官动词） look, feel, smell, taste, sound
表示状态变化的系动词 表示主语从一种状态变换到另一种状态 become, get, go, grow, turn
I am a student. 我是个学生。
Please keep the classroom clean.请保持教室整洁。
The food tastes delicious. 这食物尝起来很美味。
In spring, trees turn green. 春天，树木变绿了。
助动词
协助主要动词构成谓语的动词叫助动词，它对谓语动词起辅助作用。被协助的词叫主要动词。助动词本身没有含义，不可单独使用。
常见助动词：be, do(does, did), shall, will, have(has)
Tom doesn’t like watermelons.
助动词本身没有意义，它只是帮助主要动词构成谓语，表示问句、否定句、时态等。
1、表示时态
We will sing and dance at the party.
2、构成疑问句
Do you like collecting stamps
Did you study Chinese before you came to China
3、与not合用，构成否定句
I don’t want to visit that farm.
They haven’t finished the work yet.
根据时态、主语人称、数的变化，
do/　does/　did,
一般现在时：do, does(用于第三人称单数)，do用于其他人称，
一般过去时:did
I don’t like English.
He doesn’t do his homework at night.
We didn’t clean the room yesterday.
分类 常见的变形 用法
be 现在时态 am, is are ① 助动词be+现在分词，构成进行时态。② 助动词be+过去分词，构成被动语态。③ 助动词be+动词不定式，表示根据安排要发生的事情。
过去时态 was, were
现在分词 being
过去分词 been
do 原形 do ①构成疑问句。如：Do you like college life ②与否定副词not合用，构成否定句。如：I don’t like him. ③加强语气。如：He did know that.④用来代替前面刚提到的动词以避免重复。如：I work harder than he does. 我工作比他努力。
第三人称单数 does
过去式 did
现在分词 doing
过去分词 done
will would will构成一般将来时，would构成过去将来时，后接动词原形。如：He will go to Shanghai. // He said he would come.
shall should shall构成一般将来时，should构成过去将来时，用于第一人称，后接动词原形。如：I shall study harder at English.
have 原形 have ① have +过去分词，构成完成时态。如：He has left for London. ② have +been +现在分词，构成完成进行时。③ have +been +过去分词，构成现在完成时的被动语态。④ have+动词不定式，表示因客观环境而不得不做的事情。⑤had +过去分词，构成过去完成时。
第三人称单数 has
过去式 had
现在分词 having
过去分词 had
情态动词
情态动词表示说话人情绪、态度和语气。
本身有词义，但词义不完全，不能单独作谓语，其后接动词原形一起构成谓语。
常见的有can(could), may(might), will(would), shall( should), must, have to, …
情态动词没有人称和数的变化
- I can speak English.
我会讲英语。
对比：
He can speak English.
他会讲英语。
He speaks English very well.
他英语讲得很好。
功能
助动词(auxiliary)主要有两类：基本助动词(primary auxiliary)和情态助动词(modal auxiliary)。
基本助动词有三个：do, have和be;
情态助动词有十三个：may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to.
上述两类助动词的共同特征是，在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时，具有作用词的功能：
1) 构成否定式：
He didn't go and neither did she.
The meeting might not start until 5 o'clock.
2) 构成疑问式或附加疑问式：
Must you leave right now
You have been learning French for 5 years, haven't you
3) 构成修辞倒装：
Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister.
Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.
4) 代替限定动词词组：
A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle
B: Tom can.
A: Shall I write to him
B: Yes, do.
基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是，基本助动词本身没有词义，而情态助动词则有自己的词义，能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法，或表示主观设想：
What have you been doing since (构成完成进行体，本身无词义)
I am afraid I must be going. (一定要)
You may have read some account of the matter. (或许已经)
情态动词有类型：
1.只作情态动词的有：must; can (could); may (might)；
2.可作情态动词也可作实义动词的有：need；
3.可作情态动词也可作助动词的有：will (would); shall (should)；
4.具有情态动词的某些特征的有：have to; ought to
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位置
情态动词在句中放在谓语动词之前, 谓语动词前若有助动词,则在助动词之前,疑问句中，情态动词则在主语之前。
I can see e here.
我能看见你，过来吧。
He must have been away.
他一定走了。
What can I do for you
我能帮你吗
How dare you treat us like that!
你怎能那样对待我们!
特点
情态动词无人称和数的变化, 情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 "not"。
个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式, 过去式用来表达更加客气, 委婉的语气, 时态性不强, 可用于过去，现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词，故没有被动语态。情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词等形式。
He could be here soon.
他很快就来。
We can't carry the heavy box.
我们搬不动那箱子。
I'm sorry I can't help you.
对不起，我帮不上你。
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用法
首先它是动词，而且不同于行为动词，行为动词表示的是可以通过行为来表达的动作(如写，读，跑)，而情态动词只是表达的一种想法(如能，也许，敢)。
用法是：情态动词+行为动词原形
例句：I can read this sentence in English.
我能用英语读这句话。
情态动词表示猜测
肯定：must>should>could>may>might
否定：can’t>shouldn’t>couldn’t>may not>
表示要求，命令时，语气由 should(应该)、had better最好)、must(必须)渐强。
必须掌握情态动词表示推测语气时的反意疑问句。
例如：
The road is wet. It must have rained, hasn't it
The road is wet. It must have rained last night, didn't it (多了过去时的时间状语)
I met him on his way home. He can’t be in the library now, isn't he
The coat is too close to the fire. It might get burnt, doesn't it
can, could
1) 表示能力(体力、知识、技能)。
Can you lift this heavy box (体力)
Mary can speak three languages.(知识)
Can you skate (技能)
此时可用be able to代替。Can只有一般现在时和一般过去式;而be able to则有更多的时态。
I’ll not be able to come this afternoon.
当表示“经过努力才得以做成功某事”时应用be able to，不能用Can。
如：He was able to go to the party yesterday evening in spite of the heavy rain.
2) 表示请求和允许。
Can I go now
--Yes, you can. / No, you can’t.
此时可与may互换。在疑问句中还可用could,might代替，不是过去式，只是语气更委婉，不能用于肯定句和答语中。
Could I come to see you tomorrow
--Yes, you can. ( No, I’m afraid not. )
3) 表示客观可能性(客观原因形成的能力)。
They’ve changed the timetable, so we can go by bus instead.
This hall can hold 500 people at least.
4) 表示推测(惊讶、怀疑、不相信的态度)，用于疑问句、否定句和感叹句中。
Can this be true
This can’t be done by him.
How can this be true
特别说明：
(1) could用来表示请求时，语气委婉，主要用于疑问句，不能用于肯定句，答语应用can(即：could不能用于现在时态的简略答语中)。
Could I use your dictionary
Yes, you can.(否定回答可用：No, I’m afraid not.)
此时可与may互换。在疑问句中还可用could,might代替，不是过去式，只是语气更委婉，不能用于肯定句和答语中。
Could I come to see you tomorrow
Yes, you can. ( No, I’m afraid not. )
(2) can和be able to辨析
can(could)和be able to都可以表示能力，意思上没有区别。但can只有现在式和过去式，而be able to则有更多的形式。
如：
I’ve always wanted to able to speak fluent English.
Those bags look really heavy, are you sure you’ll be able to carry them on your own
但是，表示在过去某时的某一场合经过一番努力，终于做成了某事，通常不用could，而用was/were able to来表示。could：有潜能，但并未做到，这时was/were able to相当于managed to do或succeed in doing。
如：
After the accident it was a long time before she was able to walk again.
The fire was very big, but most people were able to escape from the building.
I can sing many English songs.
我会唱许多英文歌曲。
We were able to return to our campsite before the heavy rain.
我们在下大雨前设法会到了野营地。
He was able to swim across the river and escaped being caught.
他游到了河对岸，没有被抓住。
在否定句中，can/could与be able t几乎没有什么差别，两者可以互换。例如：
She wasn’t able to/couldn’t cook French dishes.
她不会做法国菜。
(3) 惯用形式“can not …too…”表示“无论怎么……也不(过分)”。
如：
You cannot be too careful.
你越小心越好。
惯用形式“can not but+ 不定式(不带to)”表示“不得不，只好”。如：
I can not but admire her determination.
我不得不钦佩你的决心。
may, might
1) 表示请求和允许。might比 may语气更委婉，而不是过去式。否定回答时可用can’t或mustn’t，表示“不可以，禁止”。
Might/ May I smoke in this room
--No, you mustn’t.
May/Might I take this book out of the room
--Yes, you can. (No, you can’t / mustn’t. )
用May I... 征徇对方许可时比较正式和客气，而用Can I... 在口语中更常见。
2)用于祈使句，表示祝愿。
May you succeed!
3) 表示推测、可能性(不用于疑问句)。
might不是过去式，它所表示的可能性比may小。
1.He may /might be very busy now.
2.Your mother may /might not know the truth.
must, have to
1) 表示必须、必要。
You must come in time.
在回答引出的问句时，如果是否定的，不能用mustn't(禁止，不准)，而用needn’t, don’t have to(不必).
Must we hand in our exercise books today
--Yes, you must.
--No, you don’t have to / you needn’t.
2) must是说话人的主观看法， 而have to则强调客观需要。Must只有一般现在时， have to 有更多的时态形式。
1. He play isn’t interesting, I really must go now.
2. I had to work when I was your age.
3) 表示推测、可能性(只用于肯定的陈述句)
1. You’re Tom’s good friend, so you must know what he
likes best.
2. Your mother must be waiting for you now.
dare, need
1) dare作情态动词用时, 常用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中, 过去式形式为dared。
1. How dare you say I’m unfair
2. He daren’t speak English before such a crowd, dare he
3. If we dared not go there that day, we couldn’t get the beautiful flowers.
2) need 作情态动词用时, 常用于疑问句、否定句。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to, should代替。
1.You needn’t come so early.
2. Need I finish the work today
--Yes, you must. / No, you needn’t.
3) dare和 need作实义动词用时， 有人称、时态和数的变化。在肯定句中，dare后面常接带to的不定式。在疑问句和否定句中，dare后 面可接带to或不带to的不定式。而need后面只能接带to的不定式。
1. I dare to swim across this river.
2. He doesn’t dare (to) answer.
3. He needs to finish his homework today.
shall, should
1) shall 用于第一人称，征求对方的意见。
What shall we do this evening
2) shall 用于第二、三人称，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。
1. You shall fail if you don’t work hard.(警告)
2. He shall have the book when I finish it.(允诺)
3. He shall be punished.(威胁)
will, would
1) 表示请求、建议等，would更委婉。
Will / Would you pass me the ball, please
2) 表示意志、愿望和决心。
1. I will never do that again.
2. They asked him if he would go abroad.
3) would表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。would表示过去习惯时比used to正式，且没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。
1. During the vacation, he would visit me every other day.
2. The wound would not heal.
4) 表示估计和猜想。
It would be about ten o’clock when she left home.
特别说明：would与used to辨析
would可用来表示过去反复出现的动作，但不能表示过去存在的状态，所以我们不能说：she would be a quiet girl.
另外，would强调过去某种特定情况下的活动，是完全过去的事情，同现在没有联系。而used to则着眼于过去和现在的对比，隐含现在已不存在，动作或状态都可表示。Would可以表示不规则的习惯，used to则不可。
如：
He used to be a naughty boy and cause trouble.
I used to get up at six in the morning.
Sometimes she would take a walk in the neighboring woods.
In those days, whenever I had difficulties, I would go to Mr. Chen for help.
should, ought to
1) should, ought to表示“应该”，ought to表示义务或责任，比should语气重。
1. I should help her because she is in trouble.
2. You ought to take care of the baby.
2) 表示劝告、建议和命令。should, ought to可通用，但在疑问句中常用should。
1. You should / ought to go to class right away.
2. Should I open the window
3) 表示推测，should , ought to (客观推测), must(主观推测)。
1.He must be home by now. (断定他已到家)
2.He ought to/should be home by now.(不太肯定)
3. This is where the oil must be.(直爽)
4. This is where the oil ought to/should be.(含蓄)
had better
意为“最好”。多用于第二人称，否定形式为had better not，常用结构：had better (not) do sth.最好（不要）做某事
You had better not be late for school.
情态动词+不定式完成式(have done)
1) can / could + have done在肯定句中表示“本来可以做而实际上能做某事”，是虚拟语气;在疑问句或否定句中表示对过去行为的怀 疑或不肯定, 表示推测。
1. You could have done better, but you didn’t try your best.(虚拟语气)
2. He can’t have been to that town.(推测)
3. Can he have got the book (推测)
2) may / might +不定式完成式(have done)表示对过去行为的推测。不能用于疑问句中，没有虚拟语气的用法。Might所表示的可能性比may小。
1. He may not have finished the work .
2. If we had taken the other road, we might have arrived earlier.
3)must +不定式完成式(have done)用于肯定句中，表示对过去行为的推测。意为“一定、想必”。其疑问、否定形式用can，can’t代替。参看1) can / could + have done表示推测。
1. You must have seen the film Titanic.
2. He must have been to Shanghai.
4)should +不定式完成式(have done)用于肯定句中，表示对过去行为的推测。
He should have finished the work by now。
表示“本应该做而实际上没有做某事”，其否定式表示某种行为本不该发生却发生了。可以与ought to +不定式完成式(have don e)互换。
1. You ought to / should have helped him. (but you didn’t.)
2. She shouldn’t have taken away my measuring tape, for I wanted to use it.
5) needn’t +不定式完成式(have done)表示“本来不必做而实际上做了某事”。
You needn’t have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain.
6) will +不定式完成式(have done)主要用于第二、三人称，表示对已完成的动作或事态的推测。
He will have arrived by now.
实义动词的形式与变形
动词
形式
原形
三单式
现在
分词
过去式
-ed
过去
分词
-ed
do
does
doing
did
done
考点一
英语动词共有五种基本形式，即动词原形、第三人称单数(一般现在时)、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。
形式 规则变化 举例
动词原形 没有经过任何变形，即词典中一般给出的形式 be, do, have, come
第三人称单数 一般情况在动词原形后直接加__s__ work→__works_ →_reads_
以s, o, x, sh, ch结尾的动词，后加__es__ go→__goes_ →_washes_
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，变__y__为__i__，再加__es__ fly→__flies__ →__tries__study→__studies_
过去式与过去分词 一般情况在动词原形后直接加__ed__ work→_worked_ →_stayed_
以不发音的e结尾的动词后，只加__d__ like→__liked__ →__lived__
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，变__y__为__i__，再加__ed__ cry→__cried__ →_studiedtry→__tried__
以重读闭音节结尾，词尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，先__双写___末尾辅音字母，再加__ed__ stop→_stopped_ →_planned
现在分词 一般情况在动词原形后直接加__ing___ sleep→_sleeping_ →_waiting
以不发音的e结尾的动词，去__e___再加__ing___ move→_moving write→_writing_
以重读闭音节结尾，词尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，先___双写___末尾辅音字母，再加__ing__ cut→_cutting_ →_putting_sit→_sitting_
少数以ie结尾的动词，先变__ie__为__y__再加__ing__ lie→__lying_ →__dying_tie→__tying_
词性变化
03
变不定式
04
变形容词
01
变名词
02
变动名词
考点二
动词变名词
一、填名词的判断方法如下：
1.名词＋名词，如：book lovers (love)；a snow globe collectors’ (collect) club
2. one of the/a few＋名词复数，如：one of the Nobel Prize winners (win)in 2015；a few players (play)
3. 形容词＋名词，如：a good listener (listen)；a heavy sleeper (sleep)
4. a/an/the＋名词单数，如：She wants to be a dancer (dance).；go to the old people’s home as a helper (help)
5. the＋形容词＋名词，如：the great inventor (invent)
6. 大于1的数词＋名词复数，如：There are eleven swimmers (swim) in this team.
动词变名词的变化规律如下：
1. v.＋ er(or/r)
act→ actor 　　　 collect→ collector dance→ dancer design→designer drive→ driver help→ helper love→ lover manage→ manager paint→painter play→ player read→ reader work→ worker
report→ reporter run→ runner sing→ singer sleep→sleeper listen→ listener write→ writer
speak→ speaker teach→ teacher wait→waiter win→ winner
2. v.＋ ment
achieve→ achieveme agree→agreement enjoy→enjoyment
develop→ development excite→excitement improve→improvement
3. v.＋ ion/tion/sion或去e＋ ion/tion/ation
collect→collection discuss→discussion direct→direction
educate→ education invent→ invention pollute→ pollution
4. v.＋ ing或双写末尾字母＋ ing
begin→beginning build→building feel→feeling
mean→meaning meet→meeting swim→swimming
5.其他
choose→choice die→ death fail→ failure weigh→weight
考点三
动词变动名词
填动词v. ing的判断方法如下：
1.介词短语/介词后＋动名词，如：be good at singing (sing)；without working (work)；be interested in reading(read)；
2.空前有be动词构成现在进行时或过去进行时，如：Here are some students making (make) preparations for it.
3.用于固定搭配中，如：enjoy watching(watch)
4.动名词作主语，如：Learning (learn)English well is important.
5.动名词＋or/and＋动名词，如：eating food and watching (watch)TV
6.标志词now，look，listen所在的进行时句中，如：Listen! Birds are singing (sing).
7. while引导的时间状语从句，如：Please be quiet while I’m talking (talk) to you.
考点四
动词变不定式
填动词不定式的判断方法如下：
1.用在及物动词后作宾语，如：Hou Yi planned to drink (drink) it with his wife.
2.在“动词＋宾语＋不定式”结构中，不定式作宾语补足语
如：It also encourages government and social groups to think (think) about ways.
3.作状语主要表示原因、目的和结果等，如：To fight (fight)bad people, the Monkey King uses a magic stick.
4.放在被修饰的名词的后面，作后置定语，如：Shen Nong was the first to discover (discover) tea as a drink.；Laughing for two hours is a good way to relax (relax).
5.在固定搭配中，如：like being able to travel (travel) and meet new people
6.不定式＋and＋省略to的不定式，如：The word “OK” is easy to say, write and understand (understand)
考点五
动词变形容词
一、填形容词的判断方法如下：
1.系动词/半系动词＋形容词，如：get excited (excite)；what he said is unbelievable.(believe)
2. the most＋形容词，如：The story of Chang’e is the most touching. (touch)
3.形容词＋名词，如：unbelievable(believe) things
4.固定句型：It is＋adj.＋of/for sb. to do sth.，如：It is pleased (please) of him to help others.
动词变形容词的规律如下：
1. v.＋ d/ ed/ ing或去e＋ ing
amaze→amazed/amazing bore→bored/boring excite→excited/exciting
interest→interested/interesting please→pleased/pleasing relax→relaxed/relaxing
2. v.＋ able
accept→acceptable enjoy→enjoyable change→changeable
3.v.＋ ive或去e＋ ive
act→active create→creative
4.其他
die→dead wake→awake sleep→asleep
实义动词的时态
时态
一般
现在时
一般
将来时
一般
过去时
现在
进行时
现在
完成时
原形/
三单式
will/shall+v
be going to
+ v.原
动词
过去式
am/is/are
+ v.-ing
have/has
+ p.p.
过去
进行时
was/were
+ v.-ing
一般现在时
结构 1.主语＋be动词(am/is/are)＋其他 肯定句：主语+ am/is/are+其他.
否定句：主语+ am/is/arenot +其他.
一般疑问句：Am/Is/Are＋主语＋其他
2.主语＋实义动词原形/第三人称单数＋其他 肯定句：主语+动词原形/第三人称单数+其他.
否定句：主语+ don’t/doesn’t +动词原形+其他.
一般疑问句：Do/Does +主语+动词原形+其他
时间标志词 1.表示频率的副词：always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, hardly ever, never等 2.on Monday, on Saturday evening, in the morning, every day, every week等短语 3.once a week, twice a month, three times a year等表示频率的短语
用法及例句 1.表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态 I usually get up at six in the morning.
2.表示客观真理、科学事实或名言警句 The earth goes around the sun.
3.“主将从现”原则：用在时间和条件状语从句中，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时 I’ll have a good time if I go to the party.I will call you as soon as I arrive in London.
4.在某些以here, there开头的句子中，一般现在时表示正在发生的动作 Here comes the bus.There goes the bell.
动词第三人称单数变化规则 1.一般情况，直接在词尾加s swim - swims leave - leaves
2.以-s, -x, -sh, -ch, -o结尾的，在词尾加es pass - passesgo - goes
3.以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的，变y为i再加es study - studies carry - carries
4.特殊情况 have - has
一般将来时
结构 1.主语＋will（shall用于第一人称）＋动词原形＋其他（will没有人称和数的变化） 肯定句：主语+ will/shall +动词原形+其他.
否定句：主语+ will/shall not +动词原形+其他.
一般疑问句：Will/Shall＋主语＋其他
2.主语＋be going to＋动词原形＋其他（be动词的形式要跟主语保持一致） 肯定句：主语+ is/am/are going to +动原+其他.
否定句：主语+ is/am/are not going to +动原+其他.
一般疑问句：Is/Am/Are +主语+ going to +动原+其他
【特别提醒】There be句型的一般将来时句式结构为“There will be ...”或“There is/are going to be ...”如：There will be a football match next week.
时间标志词 tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next month, soon, in the future, in 10 minutes（in+时间段，表示“在多久以后”）等
用法及例句 1.表示将来某个时间将要发生的动作，其结构常用“will +动词原形” They will go to Beijing next week.
2.表示计划/打算，或有迹象表明要发生某事，其结构常用“be going to +动词原形” Look at the dark clouds. There is going to be a storm.
3.表示位移的动词如go, come, move等，用现在进行时表示短时间内将要发生的动作 The train is coming.
4.“主将从现”原则：在以if, as soon as, unless等引导的时间或条件状语从句中，从句用一般现在时，主句用一般将来时 I will go to the park if it doesn’t rain tomorrow.
一般过去时
结构 1.主语＋be动词(was/were)＋其他 肯定句：主语+ was/were +其他.
否定句：主语+ was/were not +其他.
一般疑问句：Was/Were＋主语＋其他
2.主语＋实义动词过去式＋其他 肯定句：主语+动词过去式+其他.
否定句：主语+ didn’t +动词原形+其他.
一般疑问句：Did +主语+动词原形+其他
时间标志词 yesterday, last week, the day before yesterday, three days ago, in 1990, just now, at the ageof ...等
用法及例句 1.表示过去发生的或过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态 He visited his grandparents last week.
2.有些句子中没有明确表示过去的时间状语，但实际上是指过去发生的动作或存在的状态，应当用一般过去时 Oh,no!I left my book in the lab.
动词过去式变化规则 1.一般情况，直接在词尾加ed plant - plantedplay - played
2.以不发音-e字母结尾的，在词尾加d dance - dancedlive - lived
以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的，变y为i再加ed study - studiedcarry - carried
4.以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母（“辅元辅”），双写末尾辅音字母再加ed stop - stoppedplan -planned
现在进行时
结构 主语＋be动词（am/is/are）＋动词-ing形式 肯定句：主语+ is/am/are + doing +其他.
否定句：主语+ is/am/are not + doing +其他.
一般疑问句：Is/Am/Are +主语+ doing＋其他
时间标志词 now, these days, Look!, Listen!, right now, Can you hear ...等，有的则是通过上下文语境暗示某动作正在进行
用法及例句 1.表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在进行或发生的动作 He is watching TV now.
2.表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作或持续的状态 We are working on a farm these days.
【注意】有些动词如表示感觉的感官动词（see, hear, notice等）和表示态度、情感、心理状态的词（like, want, hope, know, agree, believe等）没有进行时如：Do you hear the noise of the plane
动词现在分词变化规则 1.一般情况，直接在词尾加ing play - playingread - reading
2.以不发音-e字母结尾的，去e再加ing live - livingwrite - writing
以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母（“辅元辅”），双写末尾辅音字母再加ing put - puttingsit - sitting
4.以ie结尾，变ie为y再加ing die - dying lie - lying
过去进行时
结构 主语＋be动词（was/were）＋动词-ing形式 肯定句：主语+ was/were + doing +其他.
否定句：主语+ was/were not + doing +其他.
一般疑问句：Was/Were +主语+ doing＋其他
时间标志词 at this this time yesterday, at that time, at eight last night, 以及when, while引导的时间状语从句，还有的则是通过上下文语境暗示某个动作在过去的某个时刻正在进行
用法及例句 1.表示过去某一时刻或某一时间段正在进行的动作 What were you doing at eight last night
2.用在含有when或while引导的时间状语从句的复合句中 What was he doing when the rainstorm came What was Jenny doing while Mary was reading
【注意】1.以when引导的时间状语从句中，从句动作用一般过去时，主句用过去进行时。（表示一个动作发生时，另一个动作正在进行）2.以while引导的时间状语从句中，主从句的动作都用过去进行时。（从句与主句的动作在过去的某一时刻同时进行）
现在完成时
结构 主语＋have/has＋动词的过去分词 肯定句：主语+ have/has + done +其他.
否定句：主语+ have/has not + done +其他.
一般疑问句：Have/Has +主语+ done＋其他
时间标志词 already, yet, just, ever, before, so far, since then, in the past/last ..., “since +时间点/从句（一般过去时）”, “for +时间段”等
用法及例句 1.表示过去发生或已经完成的动作，对现在造成的影响或结果 —Have you had your lunch yet —Yes, I have. I’ve just had it.（我现在不饿了。）
2.表示发生在过去的动作，延续到现在，并可能继续进行下去，常与表示一段时间的状语连用（for＋时间段或since＋时间点/从句） I’ve been at this school for over two years.How long have you worked in this factory
【注意】在现在完成时中，如果要与表示一段时间的时间状语连用，要将短暂性动词转化为延续性动词。常见短暂性动词及与之对应的延续性动词：become → be borrow/lend → keepbuy → havedie → be deadleave → be away come/arrive → be in ，begin → be on marry → be married
特殊用法 have been to +地点，表示“去过某地”（去了，已经回来了） They have been to Beijing twice.
have gone to +地点，表示“去了某地 ”（去了，还未回来） They have gone to Beijing.
have been in +地点，表示“在某地待了多久” They have been in Beijing for 10 years.
1.瞬间动词
也称为【终止性动词】和【非延续性动词】。顾名思义，这类动词所表示的动作在瞬间就可以完成，没有延续下去，动作开始到结束的时间很短。通常瞬间动词表示的是一次性动作或者动作的相应结果。不能和since/for连用。
如：jump/die/ leave/ go/ /see/ hear/ come/ borrow/ begin/ close/buy等等
2.延续性动词
又称为【持续性动词】，这类动词表示可以持续的动作，或者状态。动作可以延续一段时间，所以这些动词就可以和since与for连用。
如：stay/ keep/ be/ rain/ have / sleep/ work等等
实义动词的语态
被动语态
考点一：被动语态的定义及结构
一、被动语态的定义
语态是动词的一种特殊形式，用来说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。所以英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。
英语中有两种语态：即主动语态和被动语态。
当主语为动作的执行者（即某人做某事）时，谓语的形式为主动语态；
当主语为动作的承受者（即某事被做）时，谓语的形式为被动语态。
二、被动语态的结构
被动语态由“助动词 be +及物动词的过去分词（be + done）”构成。它和主动语态一样有人称、数和时态的变化，主要通过助动词be的变化来体现。
主动语态
I clean my room.
动作的执行者（主语）
谓语动词
动作的承受者（宾语）
被动语态
My room is cleaned by me.
动作的承受者（主语）

be+动词的过去分词
by +动作的执行者（宾语）

【注意】
（1）有时 by短语可以省略。
（2）主动语态的时态是由谓语动词来体现的，而被动语态的时态是由be动词来体现的。
三、被动语态的句型
1.肯定句：主语+ be +过去分词( + by... ) 如：English is spoken everywhere. 到处有人说英语。
2.否定句：主语+ be + not +过去分词( + by...) 如：English isn’t spoken by people here. 这里的人不说英语。
3.一般疑问句：Be +主语+过去分词(+ by...) 如：—Is English spoken everywhere 到处有人说英语吗？
—Yes, it is./No, it isn’t. 是的，到处有。/不，没有。
4.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+ be +主语+过去分词(+by...) 如：Why was this bridge destroyed by the government 政府为什么要拆毁这座桥
考点二：被动语态的用法
被动语态的主语是动作的承受者，主要用于以下几种情况：
1.不知道动作的执行者是谁。
如：The window was broken last night. 昨晚窗户被打破了。
2.没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。
如：Rice is grown in the south of China. 中国南方种水稻。
3.需要强调或突出动作的承受者。
如：Chinese is spoken by more and more people in the world. 世界上越来越多的人讲汉语。（强调汉语广泛使用）
4.动作的发出者不是人。
如：Many houses were washed away in the flood. 在洪水中许多房子被冲走了。
考点三：常见不同时态的被动语态及其构成
句型 主动语态 被动语态 例句
一般现在时 ①am/is/are②do/does am/is/are +过去分词 This kind of bag is made inChina.
一般过去时 ①was/were②did（V.-ed） was/were +过去分词 The task was completed byus yesterday.
一般将来时 will/be going to + do will/be going to + be +过去分词 A new road will be builtnext year.
现在进行时 am/is/are + doing am/is/are + being +过去分词 A novel is being readby him.
过去进行时 was/were + doing was/were + being +过去分词 The problem was being discussed.
现在完成时 have/has + done have/has been +过去分词 The work has already been finishedby us.
过去完成时 had + done had + been +过去分词 A new hotel had been builtwhen I got there.
含情态动词 情态动词+ v. 情态动词+ be +过去分词 English can be spokenby him.
考点四：主动语态和被动语态的转换
一、主动语态变被动语态“三步骤”
（1）宾变主：主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语；
（2）变谓语：主动语态的谓语动词变为与被动语态的主语保持一致的被动结构；
（3）主变宾：主动语态的主语变为“by+宾语”并置于被动语态的句末。“by+宾语”在口语中常省略。
二、主动语态变为被动语态的两个特殊点
含双宾语的主动句变被动句 常把间接宾语变为被动句的主语，直接宾语位置不变
直接宾语作被动句的主语时，间接宾语前有时加介词to或for
含复合宾语的主动句变被动句 由形容词、名词作宾语补足语的主动句变被动句时，只需将宾语变为主语
在主动句中，不定式用作动词一感（feel），二听（hear、listen to），三让（have、make、let），四看（look at、see、notice、watch），半帮助（help）等的宾语补足语时，需省略不定式符号“to”，但变为被动句时，必须加上“to”
如：My mother gave me a pencil. 妈妈送给我一支铅笔。
→I was given a pencil by my mother.
→A pencil was given to me by my mother.
I saw him cross the road and enter the shop. 我看到他穿过马路走进了商店。
→He was seen to cross the road and enter the shop(by me).
考点五：主动结构表被动意义的情况
1.open，lock，write，read，sell，clean，watch，cut，burn，drive等词作不及物动词时，若主语为物，可用主动结构表被动意义。
如：This kind of pen writes very smoothly. 这种钢笔写起来很流畅。
This kind of shirt sells well here. 这种衬衫在这里卖得很好。
2.look， sound， taste， smell， feel等感官动词用主动结构表被动意义。
如：Light music sounds very soft. 轻音乐听起来很柔和。
Mooncakes taste very delicious. 月饼尝起来很好吃。
3.be worth doing sth.“值得做某事”，用主动形式表被动意义。
如：This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。
4.want/need/require＋doing相当于want/need/require＋to be done，to be done为不定式的被动结构。
如：My bike needs repairing.＝My bike needs to be repaired. 我的自行车需要修理。
句法-分类
谓语动词
非谓语动词
谓语动词和非谓语动词
动词是词性/谓语是句子成分
谓语动词：be（am,is,are,was,were）,动词原形，动词第三人称单数，动词过去式
非谓语动词：理论上说除谓语动词之外的都是非谓语动词。常见和常考的形式有to+动词原形（动词不定式），doing（现在分词），done（过去分词）
2.动词为什么要分为谓语动词和非谓语动词两种形式
英语中所有的句子可分为三种类型。
一，单句（有且只有一个谓语动词）。
二，复句（由引导词连接多个单句构成）。
三，并列句（由连词连接过个单句构成）。
非谓语动词
考点一：
动词不定式
一、动词不定式的构成
动词不定式的基本形式为“ to +动词原形 ”，有时可以不用to，这里的to是不定式符号，本身无词义，其否定形式为 not to do sth. 。不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能作谓语，但能保持动词的特点。
二、动词不定式的句法功能
1.动词不定式作主语
动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语置于句末，这样可使主语不至显得太长，避免头重脚轻的现象。动词不定式作主语的基本结构是：It + be +形容词(+for/of sb) + to do sth.
如：To learn English well is not easy. =__It___ ___is__ not easy ___to__ __learn__ English well.学好英语不容易。
【注意】在“It’s + adj + for/of sb to do sth”结构中，用for和用of的区别：
It’s + adj + for / of sb to do sth
▲for sb.句型前常用表示事物的特征、特点、客观形式的形容词。
如：difficult, easy, hard, important, impossible, necessary 等。
▲of sb.句型前常用表示人物的性格、品德、主观感情、态度、赞扬或批评的形容词。
如：careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, nice, right, silly, stupid, wise, rude, brave等。
2.动词不定式作宾语
常见接动词不定式作宾语的动词的有(v.＋to do sth.)：
【注意】动词不定式作宾语其后又有补足语时，常用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语即动词不定式后置。
常用于以下动词：主语+ feel/find/make/think + it +宾补(形容词/名词)+ to do sth.
如：I find it useful to learn English well. 我发现学好英语很有用。
agree 同意　　 afford 负担　　 choose 选择 dare 敢于 decide 决定 expect 期望
help 帮助 hope 希望 manage 完成 offer 提供 plan 计划 prepare 准备
promise 许诺 refuse 拒绝 want 想要 wish 希望 would like 想要 volunteer 自愿
fail 失败 learn 学习 ask 要求 seem 好像 prefer 更喜欢 need 需要

3. 动词不定式作宾语补足语
常见接动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有(v.＋sb. to do sth.)： 【注意】使役动词（let, make, have）和感官动词（see, hear, watch, notice, feel等）后要用不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。但是，当上述动词变为被动语态时，其后的to要补上。（help后不定式的to可以省略，也可以保留。）如：We often hear her sing. 我们经常听见她唱歌。→She is often heard to sing by us. 她唱歌经常被我们听到。 （hear sb. do sth. 听到某人经常做某事） →（sb. be heard to do sth. 某人经常被听到做某事）【易错点】常考的几个易混固定搭配：
动词 基本结构 含义
使役动词 主动语态：make/have sb. do sth. 让......做某事
被动语态：make/have done sth. 让......被做
感官动词 see see sb. doing sth. 看见某人正在做某事（正在做）
see sb. do sth. 看见某人经常做/做过某事（已做）
hear hear sb. doing sth. 听到某人正在做某事（正在做）
hear sb. do sth. 听到某人经常做/做过某事（已做）
4.动词不定式作状语
（1）动词不定式作目的状语：表目的时，to do通常翻译为“为了……”，不定式可放在句子的前面也可放在句子的末尾。但在句子前面时，不定式常与句子用逗号隔开，而在句子末尾时一般不用逗号隔开。
如：To get there on time, we set out at five in the morning. 为了按时到那里，我们早上五点就出发了。
He goes there to enjoy the fresh air. 他去那里为了享受新鲜的空气。
（2）动词不定式作原因状语：不定式常跟在表示情感的形容词后，修饰形容词，作原因状语，不定式作原因状语的基本结构是：“sb.+ be + adj. + to do sth.”。能用于该结构的形容词有：angry, clever, careful, happy, lucky, nice, pleased, right, sorry, slow等。
如：I’m very glad to have the opportunity to work in your company. 我很高兴能有机会到你的公司工作。
（3）动词不定式作结果状语：多见于“too +形容词+ to do sth.”结构句中。
如：The T-shirt is too big for me to wear. 这件T恤对于我来说太大了而不能穿。
5.动词不定式作定语（须后置）
动词不定式作定语时，放在被修饰名词或代词的后面，作后置定语。
如：He needs time to do homework. 他需要时间做作业。
I have nothing to say on this question. 对于这个问题我没有什么要说的。
6.动词不定式作表语
动词不定式往往放在系动词be（become, sound, taste等系动词后面一般不接不定式）的后面作表语，表示将来的情况，说明主语的内容。
如：My wish is to be a teacher. 我的愿望是当一名教师。
7.动词不定式的特殊结构
（1）“疑问词＋不定式”结构：动词不定式可以和疑问词what、which、who、how、when、where等连用，构成不定式短语，相当于一个宾语从句。
如：I can’t decide where to go. 我不能决定去哪里？
（2）常见省略to的不定式的句型：
had better (not) do sth. 最好（不要）做某事
would rather do sth. than do sth. 宁愿做某事而不愿做某事
prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. 宁愿做某事而不愿做某事
Why not do sth. ＝Why don’t you do sth. 为什么不做某事呢？
Could/Would/Will you please (not) do sth. 你能（不要）做某事吗？

考点二：
动名词
一、动名词的构成
动名词由“动词原形+ing”构成，与现在分词的形式相同，动名词具有名词的特征，也有动词的特征，它可以有宾语，也可用状语来修饰。在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语和定语。
二、动名词的句法功能
1.动名词作主语
动名词作主语时，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。
如：Playing computer games too much is (be) bad for your eyes. 过度地玩电脑游戏对你的眼睛有害。
2.动名词作宾语
动名词可用作动词或介词的宾语，表示一般的习惯、抽象的行为或经常性的动作。
常见接动名词作宾语的动词(组)有(v.＋doing sth.)：
avoid 避免　 enjoy 喜欢 　keep 保持 suggest 建议 finish 完成 feel like 想要
practice 练习 mind 介意 consider 考虑 imagine 想象 give up 放弃 be busy 忙于
be worth 值得 can’t help 情不自禁 look forward to 期待 pay attention to 注意
3.动名词作表语
多数情况下动名词作表语可以转换成作主语。
如：One of my duties is typing letters.= Typing letters is one of my duties. 我的职责之一是打信件。
4.动名词作定语
只表明它所修饰的词的用途、所属关系等。置于所修饰词之前。
如：We should improve our learning method. 我们应该改进学习方法。
5.动名词和不定式作宾语的区别
有些动词后既可接动词不定式又可接动名词作宾语，但表达的意义不同。常见结构有：
动词 结构 含义
stop stop doing sth. 停止做某事
stop to do sth. 停下来去做另外一件事
try try doing sth. 尝试做某事
try to do sth. 尽力做某事
need need doing sth. 需要做某事（被动含义）
need to do sth. 需要去做某事（主动含义）
regret regret doing sth. 很遗憾做了某事（已做）
regret to do sth. 很遗憾要去做某事（未做）
remember remember doingsth. 记得做过某事（已做）
remember to dosth. 记得去做某事（未做）
forget forget doingsth. 忘记做过某事（已做）
forget to dosth. 忘记去做某事（未做）
如：
I’ll try to catch up with my class this term.
这一学期我将尽力赶上同学们。
I tried reading the text without consulting my dictionary. 我试着不查词典来阅读课文。
I remember seeing you somewhere before. 我记得以前在哪儿见过你。
Please remember to turn off the light when you leave. 离开时请记得关好灯
考点三：
分词
一、分词的构成
分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词由“动词原形+ing”构成，有主动、进行之意，所修饰的人或物是动作的执行者；过去分词由“动词原形+ed”构成，有被动、完成之意，所修饰的人或物是动作的承受者。
二、分词的句法功能
现在分词和过去分词都具有形容词、副词的特征，在句中可作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。
功能 说明 示例
定语 现在分词作定语时，逻辑主语是其所修饰的词 China is a developingcountry.
过去分词作定语时，逻辑宾语是其所修饰的词 America is adeveloped country.
状语 分词的逻辑主语为句子的主语 Being sick, I stayed at home.
表语 现在分词表示主语的性质和特征 The book isinteresting.
过去分词表示某种状态 I’m interested in the book.
补足语 现在分词作补足语,与被补充说明的词之间是主动关系 They kept me waitingfor a long time.
过去分词作补足语,与被补充说明的词之间存在被动关系 The rabbit found his carrot stolen.
易混点：动名词和现在分词
动名词的概念
首先，我们来整体掌握一个概念：
【动名词】：v-ing形式在起名词作用时，称为动名词。
【现在分词】：v-ing形式除了起名词作用外，还可以起其他作用的，称为现在分词。
▲ 动名词顾名思义，就是动词v-ing形式在句中相当于一个名词来使用，那么动名词在句中通常可以做的成分有如下：
● 用作主语
Dancing bored him.
● 用作表语
Her hobby is collecting stamps.
● 用作宾语
Please stop talking.
● 用作介词宾语
He was arrested for smuggling.
● 构成合成词
Who won the singing contest.
▲ 还可以在下面这类句子中：
No smoking.
No loitering.
No spitting.
No parking.
▲ 作为动词，它当然也可以拥有时态和语态的形式：
主动形式 被动形式
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
▲ 它也可以有它的宾语（a）或者状语（b）
a. He was fond of playing tennis.
b. She is thinking of going home this summer.
▲ 它还可以用一个代词或名词所有格表示其逻辑上的主语：
He disliked her working late.
▲ 使用名词所有格会显得比较文气，在口语中常把's省略掉：
I don't remember my mother's talking about it.
I don't remember my mother talking about it.
▲ 有些动名词已变得接近名词或干脆就是名词了，所有我们还会看到它们有复数形式（a），前面可以加冠词（b），甚至有定语修饰（c）：
a. Dickens often gave readings of his works.
b. Who did the cooking
c. I always enjoy a little light reading.
▲ 我们把这些动名词称为名词化动名词（Verbal Nouns）有些以-ing结尾的词已完全变成名词：
He could not analyze his feelings.
Take good care of your belongings.
动名词作主语和表语
▲ 动名词可用作主语：
Reading French is easier than speaking it.
Talking to him is talking to a wall.
Finding work is difficult these days.
Smoking may cause cancer.
To her, windsurfing is too dangerous.
Talking mends no holes. (谚) 空谈无济于事。
▲ 有时，可用先行词it作主语，而把动名词主语放到句子后面，作表语的可以时形容词（a），也可以时名词（b）：
a. It's nice seeing you again.
It's hopeless arguing about it.
Is it worthwhile quarreling with her
b. It's a wonder meeting you here.
It's no good coming before that.
It's no use asking me. I don't know any more than you do.
▲ “There is+no”后可以用动名词作主语，表示“没法...”：
There was no knowing what he could do.
There was no telling when this might happen again.
He's selfish, there's no denying it.
▲ 动名词还可以用作表语：
Seeing is believing. (谚) 眼见为实。
Her job was tending the sheep.
One of her duties is keeping the department files.
动名词作宾语：
▲ 有许多动词可用动名词作宾语：
I suggested bringing the meeting to an end.
He admitted taking the money.
Do you enjoy teaching
Avoid over-eating.
【归纳】常见的用动名词作宾语的动词：
suggest admit enjoy avoid fancy couldn't help consider detest dread love like hate stop finish keep risk practice deny prefer propose advise continue loath mind mean recall recollect resist need want
▲ 许多动词短语也可以用动名词作宾语：
He has given up playing football.
They will put off doing it until next year.
Even then she carried on talking.
Prices keep on increasing.
Ned left off talking about the film.
She waved to me and went on sketching.
He burst out crying like a child.
She decided to cut out smoking.
▲ 在（be）worth 后也可以跟动名词作宾语：
His suggestion is worth considering.
It's worth making an effort.
That's worth watching, isn't it
▲ 有些动词后可以用动名词作宾语，也可以用不定式作宾语，有时两者意思不同：
▲ 有时两种结构只有细微的差别，例如在like，love，prefer，hate，dread等动词之后，动名词多表示一般情况，不定式多表示即将发生的事：
▲ 在begin，start，intend，continue和cause后跟动名词或不定式都可以，有时候意思上没有什么区别，例如：
It has started raining (to rain).
The band began playing (to play).
He intended coming (to come) back soon.
▲ 有时有点细微的差别，在begin，start和cease后，不定式多表示情况发生变化（a），而动名词表示有意识地开始或停止（b）：
a. Suddenly it started to rain.
Philip began to cry.
The matter has ceased to be mystery to us.
b. Then the little girl started singing.
We began making preparations for the trip.
The factory has ceased making bicycles.
▲ 在以-ing结尾的动词后不易再用动名词，以避免-ing的重复：
He was beginning to miss her.
It's starting to rain.
【注】stop后面有时候跟不定式，但它并不是宾语而是状语，用于说明stop的目的：He stopped to talk to us.(比较：He stopped talking to us.)
动名词作介词的宾语：
▲ 有许多由介词构成的动词短语后可以跟动名词作宾语：
She insisted on writing at once.
Why do you persist in writing such things
Robbie couldn't keep from laughing.
They objected to leaving the motel.
He thought of writing to her.
The young man dreamed of becoming a surgeon.
I've always believed in being broad-minded.
The plant must aim at increasing production.
Andrew set about writing his report.
▲ 还有不少“be+形容词+介词”的结构后也常常可以选择用动名词作宾语：
Are you interested in going with us
I was afraid of making them uneasy.
He was fond of speaking French.
She is awfully good at looking after people.
He wasn't keep on buying a car.
I was angry about missing the film
He was excited at hearing the news.
▲ 在“及物动词+宾语+介词”这类结构后，也常可以跟动名词作宾语：
They accused him of playing his radio too loudly.
He charged them with receiving stolen goods.
They suspected him of being the thief.
Thank you for doing this job for us.
Excuse me for not answering your letter earlier.
Forgive (Pardon) me for interrupting you.
▲ 许多介词可以跟动名词构成状语：
Bass waited a little while before making up his mind.
After standing in the queue for an hour, we got two tickets.
And, in doing so, he fell into contradictions.
On reaching the city, he called up Lester.
I don't blame you for being cautions.
▲ 还有一些由介词构成的短语，后面可以跟动名词作宾语：
Instead of going to New York, we got off a Boston.
Guests can relax in the lounge prior to entering the theatre.
He was afraid of to speak for fear of making errors.
He is studying with a view to going to university.
I called in the hope of finding her at home.
▲ 有些介词可以和动名词构成定语:
He is good at the art of making friends.
I admired his skill at driving.
He had the chance (opportunity) of visiting Beijing.
It's a device for opening bottles.
He invented a new process of dyeing.
She doesn't have much experience in dealing with children.
She couldn't invent a reason for not going.
What's the advantage of using muclear power
He advocated a new method of teaching English.
▲ 偶尔介词也可以和动词一道构成表语：
I‘m for doing nothing till the police arrive.
I'm in the habit of reading the newspaper at breakfast.
Father was against selling the property.
动名词被动形式和完成形式：
▲ 动名词有时需要被动形式，可作动词的宾语（a）或介词的宾语（b）：
a. He hates being interrupted.
He narrowly escaped being run over.
I appreciate being given this opportunity.
I remembered being taken to Paris as a small child.
Grace resented being called a baby.
b. I objected to being spoken to like that.
He hoped to get out without being seen.
All laws have to be submitted to Parliament for ratification before being put into force.
He ran away for fear of being hurt.
Who can prevent their plans from being carried on.
▲ 动名词有时需要完成式，可作动词的宾语（a）或介词的宾语（b）：
a. He denied having been there.
I could not recall having heard anyone say that before.
I don't recollect having seen him before.
I regretted having left Montreal.
He reported having met noly a cyclist.
b. He accused me of having broken my word.
We congratulated him on having passed the examination.
He was ashamed of having failed to pass the test.
Don't be angry with me for not having written to you
动名词的逻辑主语
▲ 动名词的逻辑主语多用一个物主代词或名词所有格表示，可用在：
a. 主语前：
Your coming to help is a great encouragement to me.
Her going off in such a hurry is very risky.
Jane's not having received proper training was to her disadvantage.
Your denying everything will get you nowhere.
It has been a great honour your coming to visit us.
b. 宾语前：
I hate your going away.
Forgive my (me) ringing you up so early.
You can't prevent his (him) spending his own money.
I appreciate your giving me so much of your time.
I don't remember my mother's complaining about it .
She suggested his sending it to Tagore.
c. 介词宾语前：
I strongly object to your saying that.
I'm fed up with your grumbling.
I'm not surprised at your misunderstanding me.
I never dreamt of its hurting you.
I have made no objection to his doing it.
▲ 在口语中，有时用名词或人称代词宾格表示动名词的逻辑主语：
He didn't mind Flora (her) leaving home.
I don't remember my mother complaining about it.
I can't understand him (his) leaving his wife.
动名词构成的合成名词：
▲ 许多合成名词由“动名词+名词”构成：
swimming pool swimming suit
boxing compitetion speaking contest
sleeping bag sleeping pill
writing desk writing paper
diving suit diving board
watering can filling station
drawing board drawing pin
washing machine washing powder
fishing pole fishing line
drinking water drinking fountain
waiting room waiting list
parking lot parking meter
checking account banking system
sewing machine printing-press
hearing aid operating table
▲ 还有一类合成词由“形容词（名词）+动名词”构成：
deep-ploughing close-planting
physical training job-hunting
weight lifting sight seeing
window-shopping tap dancing
air conditioning shadow boxing
zebra crossing data processing
food poisoning family planning
water-skiing house-warming
【注】
有些动名词已成为名词，有些为不可数名词：
boating/bowling/yachting/surfing/dancing/mountaineering
有些为可数名词：painting/saying/warning/meaning/ending/feeling
有些甚至经常以复数形式出现：findings/savings/surroundings/sufferings/belongings
现在分词概说：
动词-ing的形式，除了作动名词外，还可以起到其他的作用，称为现在分词，它在句中可用来：
▲ 构成谓语（主要是构成各种进行时）：
They are doing some pattern practice.
She is seeing a friend off.
I'll be waiting for you at the entrance.
They have been designing a new jet plane.
▲ 构成不定式的进行形式：
He seems to be worrying about something.
Walter happened to be working in the next room.
They're said to be making an immportant experiment.
I don't want you to be wasting your time like this.
▲ 作表语：
The situation is quite encouraging.
▲ 作定语：
He found her a charming girl.
▲ 构成复合宾语：
I watched the children flying kites.
▲ 作状语:
We spent all day looking for you.
▲ 作为动词，它也可以有自己的宾语（a）或状语（b），构成现在分词短语：
a. He stood there for two hours watching the game.
b. I saw her speaking to a neighbour.
偶尔还可以跟表语：
Feeling tired, I went to bed.
现在分词可有下面这些形式：
do主动形式 被动形式
一般形式 doing being done
完成形式 having done having been done
现在分词作表语：
▲ 现在分词常可用作表语，特别是那些表示情绪的词：
The dirty street is disgusting.
It's amazing that you should know that.
The report is most alarming.
He was very amusing.
This interruption is very annoying.
It's astonishing to me that he should be absent.
The plight of the starving natives is appalling.
The book was rather boring.
The day was so charming.
Some foreign press reports are quite confusing.
To us all this was peculiarly distressing.
▲ 一些表示状态，品质的现在分词也可以用作表语：
The photogragh is missing.
She is always very obliging.
The reason he gave was not very convincing.
These developments were rather disturbing.
In a way, teaching is rewarding.
The tea smells inviting and tastes fresh.
The breeze was cool and refreshing.
现在分词作定语
▲ 上节提到的这类现在分词几乎都可以作定语，修饰一个名词：
Mary is an appalling cook.
Those relations of his are boring people.
The experiment was an amazing success.
That is the least convincing excuse you could offer.
It was an astonishing performence.
▲ 还有一些不及物动词的现在分词，不能用作表语，却可用作定语：
growing doubts diminishing returns
the exsiting conditions the prevailing fashion
the remaining days lasting peace
a shining example the leading newpapers
developing countries the rulling class
a fallling star the ageing population
living things the reigning champion
▲ 这类定语和构成合成词的动名词是有区别的。现在分词往往表示所修饰名词的动作，而动名词表示目的，用途等。我们一起来看看下面的内容，做个比较：
▲ 现在分词还可以构成合成形容词作定语：
long-lasting effects long-standing policy
close-fitting clothes a man-eating beast
a good-looking girl a hard-working teacher
far-reaching designs never-ending work
a time-consuming job an easy-going man
▲ 现在分词（短语）还可以用在名词后作宾语，作用接近一个定语从句：
a. Here is a leaflet giving (=that gives) full particulars of the plan.
This village is made up of 490 families belong (=who belonged) to five nationalities.
China stretches across a vast area covering (=which covers) the cold, temperate and tropical zones.
We are brothers sahring (=who share) weal and woe.
They plan to build a highway leading (=which lead) into the mountains.
b. Who is the woman talking (=who is talking) to Jim
There were 220 children studying (=who were studying) in the art school.
There are a few boys swimming (=who are swimming) in the stream.
There is a car waiting (=which was waiting) outside.
The girl sitting (=who was sitting) next to me was my cousin.
在把分词短语改为定语从句时，从句谓语可以是一个一般时态的动词（a）也可以是一个进行时态的动词（b），这从上面的举例中都能看出。
现在分词构成复合结构：
▲ 现在分词可在某些动词后面构成复合宾语：
I see him passing my house every day.
Did you hear the clock striking
I smelt something burning.
▲ 在某些动词后，复合宾语可由现在分词或不带to的不定式构成，表示动作正在进行时用现在分词，表示动作完成时用不定式，试试比较下面的句子：
●He saw her working in the garden.(She was working in the garden.)
He saw her enter the room.(She entered the room.)
●I heard a bell ringing.(The bell was ringing.)
I heard someone knock at the door.(He knocked at the door.)
有时两者都可以使用：
I saw the train coming/come into the station.
Did you notice him leaving/leave the house
▲ 上述结构很多可变为被动形式，这时句中可说包含了一个复合谓语：
He was found lying on the floor.
She was often heard humming this song.
He was seen sitting in a cafe.
I have been kept waiting for over an hour.
The man was caught selling drugs.
The papers were left lying around.
▲ 有些介词后有时也可以包含现在分词的复合宾语：
This is a picture of an old woman kneeling in a temple.
He was like an old tree blossoming again.
The story is about several boys hunting for treasure in the mountains.
The day was bright, with a fresh breeze blowing.
I can't move about in the city without everybody knowing.
▲ 下面这类“名（代）词+现在分词”结构也可以说是一种复合宾语：
I can't imagine Grandma riding a motor-bike.
I can't stop him (my father) telling me about it.
Excuse me not having come earlier.
He objected to people working for such low wages.
He insisted upon a second message being sent.
I should ask you instead of you asking me.
现在分词作状语：
▲ 在某些动词（a）或复合谓语（b）后可用现在分词（短语）作状语：
a. He spent a lot of money modernizing the house.
We wasted a whole afternoon trying to repair the car.
She's going shopping this afternoon.
The boy came running into the house.
b. The girls are busy making artificial flowers.
She was in the kitchen preparing supper.
Many vehicles there are idle awaiting repairs.
Over 20,000 people were there watching the football match.
▲ 在很多情况下，现在分词（短语）可表示一个同时发生的次要的（或者说时伴随的更准确更好理解）动作，这时常有一个逗号把它和句子的主要部分分开，分词短语可以放在句首（a），也可以放在后面（b），偶尔也会插在句中（c）：
a. Opening the drawer, he took out a box.
Taking off our shoes, we crept along the passage.
b. She went out, slamming the door.
Mary walked round the town, looking at the sights.
I got home, feeling very tired.
c. Those youngsters, shouldering spades and hoes, left merrily for the fields.
An old peasant, bringing his own food, volunteered as guide for us.
一般来说，现在分词表示的是句子主语的动作，换句话说，句子主语也是分词的逻辑主语。
▲ 分词短语有时表示原因，相当于一个表示原因的状语从句，可以放在前面（a）、后面（b）或者中间（c）：
a. Being a student (As he was a student), he was naturally interested in museums.
Not knowing her address (As we didn't know...), we couldn't get in touch with her.
Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.
b. They sent us an open letter, hoping to get our support.
They went on with their stuggle, thinking theirs was a just cause.
He never went out in daylight, fearing that the police would recognize him.
c. Many of us, being so excited, could not go to sleep that night.
The doctor, not wishing to alarm her, didn't tell her how serious her condition was.
▲ 分词短语还可以表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句，这有三种情况：
a. 表示一个动作一发生，另一个动作则随即发生（相当于when引导的从句）：
Turning around (=When she turned around), she saw an ambulance driving up.
Hearing the news (=When they heard the news), they all jumped with joy.
Returning home, he began writing a melody for it.
Arriving at the worksite, he found them busy laying bricks.
b. 表示在做某事的过程中，发生某事或者做某事，这时前面仍保留连词when和while：
They got engaged when travelling in Europe.
We wear plimsolls when doing physical exercises at school.
Don't metion this while talking to him.
c.表示上述情况时，也有不带when和while：
Coming (=While he was coming) down the mountain, he met Tom on the way.
Jim hurt his arm (while) playing tennis.
The man slipped and fell (when) getting off the bus.
【注】
有时由动名词和介词构成的短语中，介词会省略，这短语也可以看作是分词短语：
I'm fortunate (in)having you with me.
Are you through (with)asking question
What's the use (of)worrying
▲分词短语偶尔也可以表示结果：
Her husband died in 1960, leaving her with 5 children.
They opened fire, killing one of our patrolmen.
The snow lasted a week, resulting in a serious traffic confusion in the whole area.
有些表示状态或条件的从句，可以省略一些词，只剩下现在分词和连词一道构成状语：
He turned round from time to time as if (he was) searching for someone.
She paused for a while as though (she was) waiting for a reply
If (you're) travelling north, you must change at Leeds.
关于现在分词短语结构的几个问题
▲ 现在分词的完成式：
现在分词有时需要使用完成式，说明它表示的动作在主要谓语表示的动作之前发生，这类短语或是作时间状语（a），或是作原因状语（b）：
a. Having found a hotel, they began to look fora restaurant.
Having reviewed his lessons, he went to bed.
Having got our tickets, we drove to the ariport to board the plane.
Having sent the children to school, she got ready to go to work.
b. Having been ill for two weeks, she felt rather weak.
Having lived there for some time, she knew the place quite well.
Having invited so many people, we had to prepare sufficient food.
Not having got an answer, I decided to write him another letter.
▲ 独立结构：
有时现在分词可以有自己的逻辑主语，称之为独立结构 （Absolute Construction）:
The day being fine (= As the day was fine), we decided to go swimming.
It being a holiday (= As it was a holiday), all the shops were shut.
We're playing golf this afternoon---weather permitting (= if the weather permits).
We explored the caves, Peter acting as guide.
There being cie on the road, I told the driver to slow down.
▲ 现在分词构成句子状语：
现在分词一般表示句子主语的动作，但作句子状语（说明说话人的看法）时，则情况不是这样：
Strictly speaking, that school is not very old.
Broadly speaking, adjectives are words that qualify nouns.
I think, personally speaking, it's a good idea.
Judging by his testimonials, I think he will suit the post.
He leads a very active life, considering his age.
Supposing he can't come, who will do the work
这类状语也可以称为独立成分（Independent Element）
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