2024届高三下学期英语二轮复习专项推理判断同步学案 （无答案）
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高考专题复习—阅读理解（推理判断）
推理判断题五种类型
1.___________________________________________________________________________________
2.___________________________________________________________________________________
3.___________________________________________________________________________________
4.___________________________________________________________________________________
5.___________________________________________________________________________________
Part 1 细节推断
细节推断类设问方式：
题干中常出现infer（推断），indicate（象征，暗示），imply（暗示），suggest（暗示），conclude（作出结论），assume（假定，设想）等词。主要设题方式有：
1.It can be inferred from the passage that________.
2.The author strongly suggests that________
3.It can be concluded from the passage that________.
4.The writer/author indicates/implies/suggests that_____
5.What the writer really means is_______.
6.What do we know about___________
7.What we can learn from________
技巧点拨：
1).找到信息源
2).忠实原文,但不是原文
3).理解文章中直接陈述的观点或描述的事实的基础上,领悟作者的言外之意，得出符合作者意愿的结论，即根据作者提供的细节或例证，推断出合理的结论。
1.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)“You can use me as a last resort (选择)，and if nobody else volunteers，then I will do it.” This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids' lacrosse (长曲棍球) club.
What can we infer about the parent from her reply in Paragraph 1
A．She knows little about the club. B．She isn't good at sports.
C．She just doesn't want to volunteer. D．She's unable to meet her schedule.
2. Scientists believe the world's average temperature has risen by about 0.8℃ since 1900, and nearly 0.2℃ every ten years since 1979.
So far, efforts to cut emissions (排放) of planet warming greenhouse gases are not seen as enough to prevent the Earth heating up beyond 2℃ this century—a point scientists say will bring the danger of a changeable climate in which weather extremes are common, leading to drought, floods, crop failures and rising sea levels.
What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs about the world's temperature
A.It has risen nearly 0.2℃ since 1979. B.Its change will lead to weather extremes.
C.It is 0.8℃ higher in 1979 than that of 1900. D.It needs to be controlled within 2℃ in this century.
3.Every year, like clockwork, people make resolutions for themselves that are impractical, vague or overly ambitious. In gyms across the United States, the most popular time to sign up for gym memberships is just after New Year's Day. A month later, the gym is a ghost town….
What does the author mean by saying“A month later,the gym is a ghost town.”in the second paragraph.？
A.It means that people are out of for vocation a month later.
B.It means that the gym is holding a “ghost”party.
C.It means that few people can insist on going to the gym longer than a month.
D.It means that the gym is closed down after a month.
4.(2019全国) Just two seats over, Andrew Mazoleny, a local videographer, is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he’s on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction（交流）. “I reflect on how my day’s gone and think about the rest of the week,” he said. “It’s a chance for self-reflection. You return to work recharged and with a plan.”
What do we know about Mazoleny
A. He makes videos for the bar. B. He’s fond of the food at the bar.
C. He interviews customers at the bar. D. He’s familiar with the barkeeper.
5. (全国III 2016 阅读理解D）
“The ‘ if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media, " says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania." They want your eyeballs and don’t care how you're feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You don't want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.”
What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer
A. They're socially inactive. B. They're good at telling stories.
C. They're inconsiderate of others. D. They're careful with their words.
6. While Solar Foods does not expect Solein to challenge conventional protein production methods in the next two decades, it does expect it to become a “new harvest” for humanity, which is significant considering so far we have only relied on plants and animals for sustenance. The Helsinki-based company plans to open its first Solein factory at the end of 2021 and scale up production to two billion meals per year by 2022.
What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A. The company thinks Solein would have a rewarding future.
B. Solein is supposed to challenge traditional protein production.
C. There is still a long way for Solein to be put into production.
D.Humans can completely rely on Solein to survive.
7. Although some psychologists remain skeptical about whether music may have powerful effects on our thinking, a number of studies he shown that listening to music can increase people's spatial reasoning abilities. Furthermore, it is clear that music can greatly influence our emotions. Personally significant music activates areas of the brain associated with pleasure and reward, the same areas that are activated by sex and good food.
It can be learned from paragraph 4 that____________.
A. no doubt music can increase people's thinking ability.
B. music simply gives people positive emotions.
C. only music can give pople pure pleasure and reward.
D. music has a great influence on human beings.
8. (2020全国卷II)Then there’s Righteous Fur and its unusual fashion. Model Paige Morgan says, “To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them — I think that’s going to be a massive thing, at least here in New York.” Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable. She’s trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly.
What can we infer about wearing fur in New York according to Morgan
A. It’s formal. B. It’s risky. C. It’s harmful. D. It’s traditional.
9. (2020全国卷III) In some cases, it’s not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that has activists worried; it’s the off-set training and living conditions that are raising concerns. And there are questions about the films made outside the States, which sometimes are not monitored as closely as productions filmed in the Sates.
What can we infer from the last paragraph about animal actors
A. They may be badly treated. B. They should take further training.
C. They could be traded illegally. D. They would lose popularity.
10. (2021全国甲卷) The adorable female calf is the second black rhino born this year at the reserve, but it is too early to tell if the calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild. The first rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg. His mother, grandmother and great grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there.
What can be inferred about Porn Lympne Reserve
A. The rhino section will be open to the public.
B. It aims to control the number of the animals.
C. It will continue to work with the World Wildlife Fund.
D. Some of its rhinos may be sent to the protected wild areas.
11.(2020全国I卷) There are three books I reread annually. The first, which I take to reading every spring, is Ernest Hemingway’s A Moveable Feast. Published in 1964, it’s his classic memoir of 1920s Paris. The language is almost intoxicating (令人陶醉的)，an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time. Another is Annie Dillard’s Holy the Firm, her poetic 1975 ramble (随笔) about everything and nothing. The third book is Julio Cortazar’s Save Twilight: Selected Poems, because poetry. And because Cortazar.
What do we know about the book A Moveable Feast
A. It’s a brief account of a trip. B. It’s about Hemingway’s life as a young man.
C. It’s a record of a historic event. D. It’s about Hemingway’s friends in Paris.
12. (2023全国卷乙卷) Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2
A. His report was scientific. B. He represented the local people.
C. He ruled over Botany Bay. D. His record was one-sided.
Part 2 推断作者观点或态度
观点/态度推断设问方式：
观点态度推断题考查考生是否了解文章作者或者文中人物对某事物所持的观点或者态度。这就要求考生在正确理解文章大意的基础上，对观点或者态度倾向进行分析、识别，关注作者对人物心理或者细节的描写，对文章所交代的人或者事情进行评判。
主要设题方式有:
1.The attitude of the author towards something is__________
2.The writer of the passage seems to think that__________
3.What's the author's opinion on…
4. The writer thought that______.
5. The writer of the text has a _______ attitude towards dangerous sports.
6.What is________’s attitude towards the lives of the indigenous Guianese
7.Which of the following best describe…..
在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感彩的形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子，推断出作者的弦外之音。
1. (2021全国甲卷) Port Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding (繁育) programme, has welcomed the arrival of a rare black rhino calf (犀牛幼崽). When the tiny creature arrived on January 31, she became the 40th black rhino to be born at the reserve. And officials at Port Lympne were delighted with the new arrival, especially as black rhinos are known for being difficult to breed in captivity (圈养).
……..
The adorable female calf is the second black rhino born this year at the reserve, but it is too early to tell if the calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild. The first rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg. His mother, grandmother and great grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there.
Which of the following best describes the breeding programme
A. Costly. B. Controversial. C. Ambitious. D. Successful.
2. (2020新高考卷) This is a quick look at life in Uzbekistan, made of friendliness and warmth, but also its darker side of society. In Samarkand, Mr Bissell admires the architectural wonders, while on his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when suspected of drug dealing. In Ferghana, he attends a mountain funeral(葬礼)followed by a strange drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan, he is saddened by the dust storms, diseases and fishing boats stuck miles from the sea.
Which of the following best describes Mr Bissell's road trip in Uzbekistan
A. Romantic. B. Eventful. C. Pleasant. D. Dangerous.
3.(2020全国III卷) The doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leads straight to his mother-in-law, she lives on the ground floor, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters.
Four years ago they all moved into a three-storey Victorian house in Bristol — one of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof. They share a front door and a washing machine, but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground floor.
“We floated the idea to my mum of sharing a house,” says Kathryn Whitehead. Rita cuts in: “We spoke more with Nick because I think it’s a big thing for Nick to live with his mother-in-law.”
And what does Nick think “From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well. Would I recommend it Yes, I think I would.”
What is Nick’s attitude towards sharing the house with his mother-in -law
A. Positive. B. Carefree. C. Tolerant. D. Unwilling.
4. (2021全国I卷) Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence
A. Favorable. B. Intolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear.
5. (2023全国甲卷)
He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences, and he does so with plenty of humor. Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history, and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding (解读) their messages and adding his own interpretation.
The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. The invitation is clear: Weiner wants you to pick up a coffee or tea and sit down with this book. I encourage you to take his offer. It’s worth your time, even if time is something we don’t have a lot of.
What does the author think of Weiners book
A. Objective and plain. B. Daring and ambitious.
C. Serious and hard to follow. D. Humorous and straightforward.
6. (2023全国乙卷)
One time my friends and I drove three hours to Devil’s Lake, Wisconsin, to climb the purple quartz (石英) rock around the lake. After we found a crazy-looking road that hung over a bunch of rocks, we decided to photograph the scene at sunset. The position enabled us to look over the lake with the sunset in the background. We managed to leave this spot to climb higher because of the spare time until sunset. However, we did not mark the route (路线) so we ended up almost missing the sunset entirely. Once we found the place, it was stressful getting lights and cameras set up in the limited time. Still, looking back on the photos, they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely.
How does the author find his photos taken at Devil’s Lake
A. Amusing. B. Satisfying. C. Encouraging. D. Comforting.
7.It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking.
Which best describes cookery programme on British TV
A. Authoritative. B. Creative. C. Profitable. D. Influential.
8. (2023全国I卷)
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
9. (2023全国II卷)
She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,” she says, “and they feel successful.”
Which of the following best describes the impact of the program
A. Far-reaching. B. Predictable. C. Short-lived. D. Unidentifiable.
10. (2023浙江卷1月)
Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back. I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson, sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars, and have so little trash! A few days later, I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries, and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere. It came off as a bit discouraging.
What was the attitude of the author’s father toward buying groceries with jars
A. He disapproved of it. B. He was favorable to it.
C. He was tolerant of it. D. He didn’t care about it.
11. (2022年北京卷)
“What would the world be if there were no hunger ” It’s a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges.
As for systems thinking, which would the author agree with
A. It may be used to justify power imbalance. B. It can be applied to tackle challenges.
C. It helps to prove why hunger exists. D. It goes beyond human imagination.
12. (2022北京卷)
For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.”
……
Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.
Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________.
A. sympathetic B. unconcerned C. doubtful D. excited
13. (2022天津卷)
Fortunately, as I grew older, there came a turning point. One day a white girl caught my eye on the school bus when she suddenly turned back. To my astonishment, she had a thin sheet of sweat on her nose too, and it was in November! “Wow,” I whispered to myself, “this isn’t a genetic(遗传的) disorder after all. It’s perfectly normal.” Days later, my life took an-other twist(转折). Searching the internet for stuttering cures, I accidentally learned that such famous people as Isaac Newton and Winston Churchill also stuttered. I was greatly relieved and then an idea suddenly hit me—if I’m smart, I shouldn’t allow my stuttering to stand between me and my success.
How did the author feel on noticing the similarity between her and ne girl on the bus
A. Blessed and proud. B. Confused and afraid.
C. Amazed and relieved. D. Shocked and ashamed.
Part3 推断写作目的/意图
写作意图推断设问方式：
写作意图推断要求考生根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图和写作手法。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这就要求考生不但要理解文章的主旨大意，而且要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。主要设题方式有：
(1) 考查整篇文章的写作目的
What is the main purpose of the author writing the text/ passage/article
The writer of the story wants to tell us that__________
In writing the passage, the author intends to _____.
(2) 考查某处细节的写作意图
The fact... is mentioned by the author to show________
The writer uses the example of…to show that___.
The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to _____.
…are mentioned in the first paragraph to _____.
What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader
从文体类别来推断写作目的
(1) to tell an interesting experience;
to entertain readers: 常见于个人经历或故事类的文章；
(2) to sell a product or a service;
to attract more visitors / readers / audience;
to persuade readers:这种主要是通过对旅游景点﹑报刊杂志﹑影片﹑电视节目等的介绍来达到写作目的: 吸引更多的游客﹑读者或订户﹑观众或者推销产品或者服务等；
(3) to explain sth;
to inform readers:多见于科普类﹑新闻报道类﹑文化类或社会类的文章；
(4) to prove /analyze /show /argue :常见于议论文--说服读者接受或赞同某一观点，倡导某种做法等
1．(2023全国I卷) Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A.To review John’s research plans. B.To show an application of John’s idea.
C.To compare John’s different jobs. D.To erase doubts about John’s invention.
2. (2023全国II卷)
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.
What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader
A. The printed book is not totally out of date. B. Technology has changed the way we read.
C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked. D. People now rarely have the patience to read.
3. (2023浙江卷1月)
A machine can now not only beat you at chess, it can also outperform you in debate. Last week, in a public debate in San Francisco, a software program called Project Debater beat its human opponents, including Noa Ovadia, Israel’s former national debating champion.
Why does the author mention Noa Ovadia in the first paragraph
A. To explain the use of a software program. B. To show the cleverness of Project Debater.
C. To introduce the designer of Project Debater. D. To emphasize the fairness of the competition.
4. (2022北京卷)
“What would the world be if there were no hunger ” It’s a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges.
The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to ________.
A. illustrate an argument. B. highlight an opinion
C. introduce the topic D. predict the ending
5. (2022天津卷) Further studies have backed up the mind-body interaction. In one ex-periment, test subjects(实验对象) were asked to judge people after being handed a hot or a cold drink. They all made warm evaluations when their fingertips perceived warmth rather than coolness. And it works the other way too; in another study, subjects’ fingertip temperatures were measured after being“included” in or “rejected” from a group task. Those who were included felt physically warmer.
The experiments mentioned in Paragraph 4 further prove________.
A. environment impacts how we judge others B. how body temperature is related to health
C. the mind and the body influence each other D. how humans interact with their surroundings
6. (2022天津卷)
(para5)For further proof, we can look at the metaphors(比喻说法) that we use without even thinking. A kind and sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very strong and calm in difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock. And this kind of metaphorical use is common across languages.
Now that you have the knowledge of mind-body interaction, why not use it If you’re having a bad day,a warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure. If you know you’re physically cold, warm up before making metaphorical use is common across languages.
What does the author intend to prove by citing the metaphors in Paragraph 5
A. Human speech is alive with metaphors. B. Human senses have effects on thinking.
C. Human language is shaped by visual images.
D. Human emotions are often compared to natural materials.
7. (2022天津卷)
For further proof, we can look at the metaphors(比喻说法) that we use without even thinking. A kind and sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very strong and calm in difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock. And this kind of metaphorical use is common across languages.
(last para)Now that you have the knowledge of mind-body interaction, why not use it If you’re having a bad day,a warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure. If you know you’re physically cold, warm up before making any interpersonal decisions.
What is the author’s purpose in writing the last paragraph
A. To share with the reader ways to release their emotions.
B. To guide the reader onto the path to career success.
C. To encourage the reader to put EC into practice.
D. To deepen the reader’s understanding of EC.
8. (广东 2014 ) Scientists today are making greater effort to study ocean currents (洋流). Most do it using satellites and other high-tech equipment. However, ocean expert Curtis Ebbesmeyer does it in a special way --- by studying movements of random floating garbage. A scientist with many years’ experience, he started this type of research in the early 1990s when he heard about hundreds of athletic shoes washing up on the shores of the northwest coast of the United States. There were so many shoes that people were setting up swap meets to try and match left and right shoes to sell or wear.
What is the purpose of the author in writing this passage
A. To call people's attention to ocean pollution. B. To warn people of shipping safety in the ocean.
C. To explain a unique way of studying ocean currents.
D. To give tips on how to search for lost objects on the beach.
9. (2022年全国乙卷)
In Wickenden’s book, she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism, which of course influenced the girls’ decision to go to Elkhead. A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed (牵涉) drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms. The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy’s return to Auburn.
Wickenden is a very good storyteller. The sweep of the land and the stoicism (坚忍) of the people move her to some beautiful writing. Here is a picture of Dorothy Woodruff, on her horse, looking down from a hill top: “When the sun slipped behind the mountains, it shed a rosy glow all around them. Then a full moon rose. The snow was marked only by small animals: foxes, coyotes, mice, and varying hares, which turned white in the winter.”
What is the text
A. A news report. B. A book review. C. A children’s story. D. A diary entry.
Part4 推断文章出处或读者对象
推断文章出处设问方式：
推测文章的来源或者读者对象要求读者本身要具备一定的常识，这样文章的内容才能与读者本身具备的常识结合起来。有时命题者为了增加试题的难度，特殊的格式或日期可能不出现，这时需要根据文章的题材内容进行推断。如果内容是发布新闻，最可能是出现在报纸上；如果是科普读物，可能是出自科普杂志上。
主要设题方式有：
1.This passage would be most likely to be found in____________
2.The passage is probably/likely taken out of _____________
3.Where does this text probably come from
4.Which section of a magazine is this passage probably taken from
5.The passage is most likely a part of ________.
6.In which of the following would this passage most likely to be found
7.The passage is probably intended for_____
1.(2023全国乙卷) If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
…….
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from
A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World B. A Short History of Australia
C. A History of the World in 100 Objects D. How Art Works Tell Stories
2. (2023全国II卷) In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses —absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.
Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect (才智), wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks — transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.
Where is the text most probably taken from
A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing.
C. A guidebook to a museum. D. A review of modern paintings.
3. (2022天津卷) Getting into college is a big step for high school graduates, and it comes with a lot of changes. For most students, it’s the first time they’re living away from home and managing their own life. Not surprisingly, adapting to this new lifestyle can be challenging. The following four tips will make high school graduates better prepared for college life.
Who is this passage most probably written for
College teachers. B. University graduates. C. High school teachers. D. Would-be college students.
4. 2020年1月浙江卷 A
I never knew anyone who’d grown up in Jackson without being afraid of Mrs. Calloway, our librarian. She ran Jackson’s Carnegie Library absolutely by herself. SILENCE in big black letters was on signs hung everywhere. If she thought you were dressed improperly, she sent you straight back home to change your clothes. I was willing; I would do anything to read.
My mother was not afraid of Mrs. Calloway. She wished me to have my own library card to check out books for myself. She took me in to introduce me. “Eudora is nine years old and has my permission to read any book she wants from the shelves, children or adults,” Mother said.
Mrs. Calloway made her own rules about books. You could not take back a book to the library on the same day you’d taken it out; it made no difference to her that you’d read every word in it and needed another to start. You could take out two books at a time and two only. So two by two, I read library books as fast as I could go, rushing them home in the basket of my bicycle. From the minute I reached our house, I started to read. I knew this was extreme happiness, knew it at the time.
My mother shared this feeling of mine. Now, I think of her as reading so much of the time while doing something else. I remember her reading a magazine while taking the part of the Wolf in a game of “Little Red Riding Hood” with my brother’s two daughters. She’d just look up at the right time, long enough to answer — in character — “The better to eat you with, my dear,” and go back to her place in the magazine article.
Where is the text probably from
A. A guidebook. B. A book review. C. A news report. D. An autobiography.
5. (2022全国I卷)
Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature
Grading Scale
90-100, A; 80-89, B; 70-79, C; 60-69, D; Below 60, E.
Essays (60%)
Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course: Essay 1 = 10%; Essay 2 = 15%; Essay 3 = 15%; Essay 4 = 20%.
Where is this text probably taken from
A. A textbook. B. An exam paper. C. A course plan. D. An academic article.
6. (2021全国乙卷)
You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
What are Von Wong’s artworks intended for
A. Beautifying the city he lives in. B. Introducing eco-friendly products.
C. Drawing public attention to plastic waste. D. Reducing garbage on the beach.
7. (2019全国I卷) As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric （生物测量）technologies — like fingerprint scans — to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device（装置） that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence （节奏）with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people’s identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it’s connected to — regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It also doesn’t require a new type of technology that people aren’t already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.
In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.
Where is this text most likely from
A. A diary. B. A guidebook. C. A novel. D. A magazine.
Part5 推断上下文内容
推断上下文设问方式：
判断文章的后续内容是推理判断题的重要设题方式之一，也是难点。要求考生预测后续文章的内容。
主要设题方式有：
1.The next paragraph would most probably deal with __________.
2.What would the author talk about in the following part
3.What will the writer most probably talk about in the paragraph that follows
4. What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraph that follows
5.The paragraph preceding this one would most likely discuss ______.
1、推测下文的内容：根据作者的思路进行推理, 关注最后一段，尤其是文段结尾
2、推测上文的内容：关注第一段，特别是文段开始的几句话。
3 、如果文章的最后的内容没有有用的信息，那么解题时，就一定要注意根据文章的整体结构来判断。
1.(2023全国乙卷) According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.
What might the author continue talking about
A. The art of cooking in other countries. B. Male chefs on TV programmes.
C. Table manners in the UK. D. Studies of big eaters.
2. When early humans hunted and gathered food, they were not in control of their environment. They could only interact with their surroundings as lower organisms did. When humans learned to make fire, however, they became capable of altering their environment. To provide themselves with fuel they stripped bark from trees, causing the trees to die. Clearings were burned in forests to increase the growth of grass and to provide a greater grazing area for the wild animals that humans fed upon. This development led to farming and the domestication of animals. Fire also provided the means for cooking plants which had previously been inedible. Only when the process of meeting the basic need for food reached a certain level of sophistication was it possible for humans to follow other pursuits such as the founding of cities.
The paragraph following this passage would most likely be about_________
A. fire B. hunting C. farming D.urbanization
3. On the whole, Brooks' story is acceptable if uninspired. As one would expect, his writing is mostly clear and, to be fair, some chapters stand out above the rest. I enjoyed, for instance, the chapter in which Harold discovers how to think on his own. While Harold and Erica are certainly not strong or memorable characters, the more serious problems with The Social Animal lie elsewhere. These problems partly involve Brooks' attempt to translate his tale into science.
What is the author likely to write about after the last paragraph
A. Problems with the book. B. Brooks' life experience.
C. Death of the characters. D. Brooks' translation skills.
4. William, Shakespeare said, “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn(纱线), good and ill together. ” The above brief review of the application of only one part of human activities—science seems to prove what Shakespeare said. But does it have to be so Must the ill always go together with the good Are we biologically programmed for war
What do you think the author is most likely to suggest if he continues to write
A. Further application of science to war. B. More reading of William Shakespear.
C. Proper use of science in the new century. D. Effective ways to separate the good from the ill.
Conclusion
在推理判断时要牢记以下几点：
1.严格按照阅读材料中所提供的信息进行推理，千万不要掺杂自己的主观想法或经验;
2.如果某选项中的内容是阅读材料的简单重复，那它就不是推论，也就不是正确答案;
3.不选虽在文章中提到，但很片面或不完整的选项。
4. 文中的虚拟语气和情态动词(should, must, may, etc.)往往能流露出作者的弦外之音，这有助于我们确定正确答案;
5.注意作者在文章中的措辞，比如作者在形容词前用了too, excessively, rather则常带有否定的口气;
6.某些过渡词(例如：however, but, on the contrary, what’s more)后面所表达的内容往往能反映作者的观点和态度。
推理判断题五种类型
1.___________________________________________________________________________________
2.___________________________________________________________________________________
3.___________________________________________________________________________________
4.___________________________________________________________________________________
5.___________________________________________________________________________________
Part 1 细节推断
细节推断类设问方式：
题干中常出现infer（推断），indicate（象征，暗示），imply（暗示），suggest（暗示），conclude（作出结论），assume（假定，设想）等词。主要设题方式有：
1.It can be inferred from the passage that________.
2.The author strongly suggests that________
3.It can be concluded from the passage that________.
4.The writer/author indicates/implies/suggests that_____
5.What the writer really means is_______.
6.What do we know about___________
7.What we can learn from________
技巧点拨：
1).找到信息源
2).忠实原文,但不是原文
3).理解文章中直接陈述的观点或描述的事实的基础上,领悟作者的言外之意，得出符合作者意愿的结论，即根据作者提供的细节或例证，推断出合理的结论。
1.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)“You can use me as a last resort (选择)，and if nobody else volunteers，then I will do it.” This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids' lacrosse (长曲棍球) club.
What can we infer about the parent from her reply in Paragraph 1
A．She knows little about the club. B．She isn't good at sports.
C．She just doesn't want to volunteer. D．She's unable to meet her schedule.
2. Scientists believe the world's average temperature has risen by about 0.8℃ since 1900, and nearly 0.2℃ every ten years since 1979.
So far, efforts to cut emissions (排放) of planet warming greenhouse gases are not seen as enough to prevent the Earth heating up beyond 2℃ this century—a point scientists say will bring the danger of a changeable climate in which weather extremes are common, leading to drought, floods, crop failures and rising sea levels.
What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs about the world's temperature
A.It has risen nearly 0.2℃ since 1979. B.Its change will lead to weather extremes.
C.It is 0.8℃ higher in 1979 than that of 1900. D.It needs to be controlled within 2℃ in this century.
3.Every year, like clockwork, people make resolutions for themselves that are impractical, vague or overly ambitious. In gyms across the United States, the most popular time to sign up for gym memberships is just after New Year's Day. A month later, the gym is a ghost town….
What does the author mean by saying“A month later,the gym is a ghost town.”in the second paragraph.？
A.It means that people are out of for vocation a month later.
B.It means that the gym is holding a “ghost”party.
C.It means that few people can insist on going to the gym longer than a month.
D.It means that the gym is closed down after a month.
4.(2019全国) Just two seats over, Andrew Mazoleny, a local videographer, is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he’s on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction（交流）. “I reflect on how my day’s gone and think about the rest of the week,” he said. “It’s a chance for self-reflection. You return to work recharged and with a plan.”
What do we know about Mazoleny
A. He makes videos for the bar. B. He’s fond of the food at the bar.
C. He interviews customers at the bar. D. He’s familiar with the barkeeper.
5. (全国III 2016 阅读理解D）
“The ‘ if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media, " says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania." They want your eyeballs and don’t care how you're feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You don't want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.”
What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer
A. They're socially inactive. B. They're good at telling stories.
C. They're inconsiderate of others. D. They're careful with their words.
6. While Solar Foods does not expect Solein to challenge conventional protein production methods in the next two decades, it does expect it to become a “new harvest” for humanity, which is significant considering so far we have only relied on plants and animals for sustenance. The Helsinki-based company plans to open its first Solein factory at the end of 2021 and scale up production to two billion meals per year by 2022.
What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A. The company thinks Solein would have a rewarding future.
B. Solein is supposed to challenge traditional protein production.
C. There is still a long way for Solein to be put into production.
D.Humans can completely rely on Solein to survive.
7. Although some psychologists remain skeptical about whether music may have powerful effects on our thinking, a number of studies he shown that listening to music can increase people's spatial reasoning abilities. Furthermore, it is clear that music can greatly influence our emotions. Personally significant music activates areas of the brain associated with pleasure and reward, the same areas that are activated by sex and good food.
It can be learned from paragraph 4 that____________.
A. no doubt music can increase people's thinking ability.
B. music simply gives people positive emotions.
C. only music can give pople pure pleasure and reward.
D. music has a great influence on human beings.
8. (2020全国卷II)Then there’s Righteous Fur and its unusual fashion. Model Paige Morgan says, “To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them — I think that’s going to be a massive thing, at least here in New York.” Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable. She’s trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly.
What can we infer about wearing fur in New York according to Morgan
A. It’s formal. B. It’s risky. C. It’s harmful. D. It’s traditional.
9. (2020全国卷III) In some cases, it’s not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that has activists worried; it’s the off-set training and living conditions that are raising concerns. And there are questions about the films made outside the States, which sometimes are not monitored as closely as productions filmed in the Sates.
What can we infer from the last paragraph about animal actors
A. They may be badly treated. B. They should take further training.
C. They could be traded illegally. D. They would lose popularity.
10. (2021全国甲卷) The adorable female calf is the second black rhino born this year at the reserve, but it is too early to tell if the calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild. The first rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg. His mother, grandmother and great grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there.
What can be inferred about Porn Lympne Reserve
A. The rhino section will be open to the public.
B. It aims to control the number of the animals.
C. It will continue to work with the World Wildlife Fund.
D. Some of its rhinos may be sent to the protected wild areas.
11.(2020全国I卷) There are three books I reread annually. The first, which I take to reading every spring, is Ernest Hemingway’s A Moveable Feast. Published in 1964, it’s his classic memoir of 1920s Paris. The language is almost intoxicating (令人陶醉的)，an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time. Another is Annie Dillard’s Holy the Firm, her poetic 1975 ramble (随笔) about everything and nothing. The third book is Julio Cortazar’s Save Twilight: Selected Poems, because poetry. And because Cortazar.
What do we know about the book A Moveable Feast
A. It’s a brief account of a trip. B. It’s about Hemingway’s life as a young man.
C. It’s a record of a historic event. D. It’s about Hemingway’s friends in Paris.
12. (2023全国卷乙卷) Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2
A. His report was scientific. B. He represented the local people.
C. He ruled over Botany Bay. D. His record was one-sided.
Part 2 推断作者观点或态度
观点/态度推断设问方式：
观点态度推断题考查考生是否了解文章作者或者文中人物对某事物所持的观点或者态度。这就要求考生在正确理解文章大意的基础上，对观点或者态度倾向进行分析、识别，关注作者对人物心理或者细节的描写，对文章所交代的人或者事情进行评判。
主要设题方式有:
1.The attitude of the author towards something is__________
2.The writer of the passage seems to think that__________
3.What's the author's opinion on…
4. The writer thought that______.
5. The writer of the text has a _______ attitude towards dangerous sports.
6.What is________’s attitude towards the lives of the indigenous Guianese
7.Which of the following best describe…..
在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感彩的形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子，推断出作者的弦外之音。
1. (2021全国甲卷) Port Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding (繁育) programme, has welcomed the arrival of a rare black rhino calf (犀牛幼崽). When the tiny creature arrived on January 31, she became the 40th black rhino to be born at the reserve. And officials at Port Lympne were delighted with the new arrival, especially as black rhinos are known for being difficult to breed in captivity (圈养).
……..
The adorable female calf is the second black rhino born this year at the reserve, but it is too early to tell if the calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild. The first rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg. His mother, grandmother and great grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there.
Which of the following best describes the breeding programme
A. Costly. B. Controversial. C. Ambitious. D. Successful.
2. (2020新高考卷) This is a quick look at life in Uzbekistan, made of friendliness and warmth, but also its darker side of society. In Samarkand, Mr Bissell admires the architectural wonders, while on his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when suspected of drug dealing. In Ferghana, he attends a mountain funeral(葬礼)followed by a strange drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan, he is saddened by the dust storms, diseases and fishing boats stuck miles from the sea.
Which of the following best describes Mr Bissell's road trip in Uzbekistan
A. Romantic. B. Eventful. C. Pleasant. D. Dangerous.
3.(2020全国III卷) The doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leads straight to his mother-in-law, she lives on the ground floor, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters.
Four years ago they all moved into a three-storey Victorian house in Bristol — one of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof. They share a front door and a washing machine, but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground floor.
“We floated the idea to my mum of sharing a house,” says Kathryn Whitehead. Rita cuts in: “We spoke more with Nick because I think it’s a big thing for Nick to live with his mother-in-law.”
And what does Nick think “From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well. Would I recommend it Yes, I think I would.”
What is Nick’s attitude towards sharing the house with his mother-in -law
A. Positive. B. Carefree. C. Tolerant. D. Unwilling.
4. (2021全国I卷) Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence
A. Favorable. B. Intolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear.
5. (2023全国甲卷)
He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences, and he does so with plenty of humor. Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history, and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding (解读) their messages and adding his own interpretation.
The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. The invitation is clear: Weiner wants you to pick up a coffee or tea and sit down with this book. I encourage you to take his offer. It’s worth your time, even if time is something we don’t have a lot of.
What does the author think of Weiners book
A. Objective and plain. B. Daring and ambitious.
C. Serious and hard to follow. D. Humorous and straightforward.
6. (2023全国乙卷)
One time my friends and I drove three hours to Devil’s Lake, Wisconsin, to climb the purple quartz (石英) rock around the lake. After we found a crazy-looking road that hung over a bunch of rocks, we decided to photograph the scene at sunset. The position enabled us to look over the lake with the sunset in the background. We managed to leave this spot to climb higher because of the spare time until sunset. However, we did not mark the route (路线) so we ended up almost missing the sunset entirely. Once we found the place, it was stressful getting lights and cameras set up in the limited time. Still, looking back on the photos, they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely.
How does the author find his photos taken at Devil’s Lake
A. Amusing. B. Satisfying. C. Encouraging. D. Comforting.
7.It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking.
Which best describes cookery programme on British TV
A. Authoritative. B. Creative. C. Profitable. D. Influential.
8. (2023全国I卷)
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
9. (2023全国II卷)
She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,” she says, “and they feel successful.”
Which of the following best describes the impact of the program
A. Far-reaching. B. Predictable. C. Short-lived. D. Unidentifiable.
10. (2023浙江卷1月)
Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back. I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson, sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars, and have so little trash! A few days later, I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries, and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere. It came off as a bit discouraging.
What was the attitude of the author’s father toward buying groceries with jars
A. He disapproved of it. B. He was favorable to it.
C. He was tolerant of it. D. He didn’t care about it.
11. (2022年北京卷)
“What would the world be if there were no hunger ” It’s a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges.
As for systems thinking, which would the author agree with
A. It may be used to justify power imbalance. B. It can be applied to tackle challenges.
C. It helps to prove why hunger exists. D. It goes beyond human imagination.
12. (2022北京卷)
For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.”
……
Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.
Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________.
A. sympathetic B. unconcerned C. doubtful D. excited
13. (2022天津卷)
Fortunately, as I grew older, there came a turning point. One day a white girl caught my eye on the school bus when she suddenly turned back. To my astonishment, she had a thin sheet of sweat on her nose too, and it was in November! “Wow,” I whispered to myself, “this isn’t a genetic(遗传的) disorder after all. It’s perfectly normal.” Days later, my life took an-other twist(转折). Searching the internet for stuttering cures, I accidentally learned that such famous people as Isaac Newton and Winston Churchill also stuttered. I was greatly relieved and then an idea suddenly hit me—if I’m smart, I shouldn’t allow my stuttering to stand between me and my success.
How did the author feel on noticing the similarity between her and ne girl on the bus
A. Blessed and proud. B. Confused and afraid.
C. Amazed and relieved. D. Shocked and ashamed.
Part3 推断写作目的/意图
写作意图推断设问方式：
写作意图推断要求考生根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图和写作手法。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这就要求考生不但要理解文章的主旨大意，而且要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。主要设题方式有：
(1) 考查整篇文章的写作目的
What is the main purpose of the author writing the text/ passage/article
The writer of the story wants to tell us that__________
In writing the passage, the author intends to _____.
(2) 考查某处细节的写作意图
The fact... is mentioned by the author to show________
The writer uses the example of…to show that___.
The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to _____.
…are mentioned in the first paragraph to _____.
What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader
从文体类别来推断写作目的
(1) to tell an interesting experience;
to entertain readers: 常见于个人经历或故事类的文章；
(2) to sell a product or a service;
to attract more visitors / readers / audience;
to persuade readers:这种主要是通过对旅游景点﹑报刊杂志﹑影片﹑电视节目等的介绍来达到写作目的: 吸引更多的游客﹑读者或订户﹑观众或者推销产品或者服务等；
(3) to explain sth;
to inform readers:多见于科普类﹑新闻报道类﹑文化类或社会类的文章；
(4) to prove /analyze /show /argue :常见于议论文--说服读者接受或赞同某一观点，倡导某种做法等
1．(2023全国I卷) Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A.To review John’s research plans. B.To show an application of John’s idea.
C.To compare John’s different jobs. D.To erase doubts about John’s invention.
2. (2023全国II卷)
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.
What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader
A. The printed book is not totally out of date. B. Technology has changed the way we read.
C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked. D. People now rarely have the patience to read.
3. (2023浙江卷1月)
A machine can now not only beat you at chess, it can also outperform you in debate. Last week, in a public debate in San Francisco, a software program called Project Debater beat its human opponents, including Noa Ovadia, Israel’s former national debating champion.
Why does the author mention Noa Ovadia in the first paragraph
A. To explain the use of a software program. B. To show the cleverness of Project Debater.
C. To introduce the designer of Project Debater. D. To emphasize the fairness of the competition.
4. (2022北京卷)
“What would the world be if there were no hunger ” It’s a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges.
The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to ________.
A. illustrate an argument. B. highlight an opinion
C. introduce the topic D. predict the ending
5. (2022天津卷) Further studies have backed up the mind-body interaction. In one ex-periment, test subjects(实验对象) were asked to judge people after being handed a hot or a cold drink. They all made warm evaluations when their fingertips perceived warmth rather than coolness. And it works the other way too; in another study, subjects’ fingertip temperatures were measured after being“included” in or “rejected” from a group task. Those who were included felt physically warmer.
The experiments mentioned in Paragraph 4 further prove________.
A. environment impacts how we judge others B. how body temperature is related to health
C. the mind and the body influence each other D. how humans interact with their surroundings
6. (2022天津卷)
(para5)For further proof, we can look at the metaphors(比喻说法) that we use without even thinking. A kind and sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very strong and calm in difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock. And this kind of metaphorical use is common across languages.
Now that you have the knowledge of mind-body interaction, why not use it If you’re having a bad day,a warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure. If you know you’re physically cold, warm up before making metaphorical use is common across languages.
What does the author intend to prove by citing the metaphors in Paragraph 5
A. Human speech is alive with metaphors. B. Human senses have effects on thinking.
C. Human language is shaped by visual images.
D. Human emotions are often compared to natural materials.
7. (2022天津卷)
For further proof, we can look at the metaphors(比喻说法) that we use without even thinking. A kind and sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very strong and calm in difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock. And this kind of metaphorical use is common across languages.
(last para)Now that you have the knowledge of mind-body interaction, why not use it If you’re having a bad day,a warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure. If you know you’re physically cold, warm up before making any interpersonal decisions.
What is the author’s purpose in writing the last paragraph
A. To share with the reader ways to release their emotions.
B. To guide the reader onto the path to career success.
C. To encourage the reader to put EC into practice.
D. To deepen the reader’s understanding of EC.
8. (广东 2014 ) Scientists today are making greater effort to study ocean currents (洋流). Most do it using satellites and other high-tech equipment. However, ocean expert Curtis Ebbesmeyer does it in a special way --- by studying movements of random floating garbage. A scientist with many years’ experience, he started this type of research in the early 1990s when he heard about hundreds of athletic shoes washing up on the shores of the northwest coast of the United States. There were so many shoes that people were setting up swap meets to try and match left and right shoes to sell or wear.
What is the purpose of the author in writing this passage
A. To call people's attention to ocean pollution. B. To warn people of shipping safety in the ocean.
C. To explain a unique way of studying ocean currents.
D. To give tips on how to search for lost objects on the beach.
9. (2022年全国乙卷)
In Wickenden’s book, she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism, which of course influenced the girls’ decision to go to Elkhead. A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed (牵涉) drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms. The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy’s return to Auburn.
Wickenden is a very good storyteller. The sweep of the land and the stoicism (坚忍) of the people move her to some beautiful writing. Here is a picture of Dorothy Woodruff, on her horse, looking down from a hill top: “When the sun slipped behind the mountains, it shed a rosy glow all around them. Then a full moon rose. The snow was marked only by small animals: foxes, coyotes, mice, and varying hares, which turned white in the winter.”
What is the text
A. A news report. B. A book review. C. A children’s story. D. A diary entry.
Part4 推断文章出处或读者对象
推断文章出处设问方式：
推测文章的来源或者读者对象要求读者本身要具备一定的常识，这样文章的内容才能与读者本身具备的常识结合起来。有时命题者为了增加试题的难度，特殊的格式或日期可能不出现，这时需要根据文章的题材内容进行推断。如果内容是发布新闻，最可能是出现在报纸上；如果是科普读物，可能是出自科普杂志上。
主要设题方式有：
1.This passage would be most likely to be found in____________
2.The passage is probably/likely taken out of _____________
3.Where does this text probably come from
4.Which section of a magazine is this passage probably taken from
5.The passage is most likely a part of ________.
6.In which of the following would this passage most likely to be found
7.The passage is probably intended for_____
1.(2023全国乙卷) If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
…….
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from
A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World B. A Short History of Australia
C. A History of the World in 100 Objects D. How Art Works Tell Stories
2. (2023全国II卷) In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses —absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.
Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect (才智), wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks — transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.
Where is the text most probably taken from
A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing.
C. A guidebook to a museum. D. A review of modern paintings.
3. (2022天津卷) Getting into college is a big step for high school graduates, and it comes with a lot of changes. For most students, it’s the first time they’re living away from home and managing their own life. Not surprisingly, adapting to this new lifestyle can be challenging. The following four tips will make high school graduates better prepared for college life.
Who is this passage most probably written for
College teachers. B. University graduates. C. High school teachers. D. Would-be college students.
4. 2020年1月浙江卷 A
I never knew anyone who’d grown up in Jackson without being afraid of Mrs. Calloway, our librarian. She ran Jackson’s Carnegie Library absolutely by herself. SILENCE in big black letters was on signs hung everywhere. If she thought you were dressed improperly, she sent you straight back home to change your clothes. I was willing; I would do anything to read.
My mother was not afraid of Mrs. Calloway. She wished me to have my own library card to check out books for myself. She took me in to introduce me. “Eudora is nine years old and has my permission to read any book she wants from the shelves, children or adults,” Mother said.
Mrs. Calloway made her own rules about books. You could not take back a book to the library on the same day you’d taken it out; it made no difference to her that you’d read every word in it and needed another to start. You could take out two books at a time and two only. So two by two, I read library books as fast as I could go, rushing them home in the basket of my bicycle. From the minute I reached our house, I started to read. I knew this was extreme happiness, knew it at the time.
My mother shared this feeling of mine. Now, I think of her as reading so much of the time while doing something else. I remember her reading a magazine while taking the part of the Wolf in a game of “Little Red Riding Hood” with my brother’s two daughters. She’d just look up at the right time, long enough to answer — in character — “The better to eat you with, my dear,” and go back to her place in the magazine article.
Where is the text probably from
A. A guidebook. B. A book review. C. A news report. D. An autobiography.
5. (2022全国I卷)
Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature
Grading Scale
90-100, A; 80-89, B; 70-79, C; 60-69, D; Below 60, E.
Essays (60%)
Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course: Essay 1 = 10%; Essay 2 = 15%; Essay 3 = 15%; Essay 4 = 20%.
Where is this text probably taken from
A. A textbook. B. An exam paper. C. A course plan. D. An academic article.
6. (2021全国乙卷)
You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
What are Von Wong’s artworks intended for
A. Beautifying the city he lives in. B. Introducing eco-friendly products.
C. Drawing public attention to plastic waste. D. Reducing garbage on the beach.
7. (2019全国I卷) As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric （生物测量）technologies — like fingerprint scans — to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device（装置） that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence （节奏）with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people’s identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it’s connected to — regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It also doesn’t require a new type of technology that people aren’t already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.
In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.
Where is this text most likely from
A. A diary. B. A guidebook. C. A novel. D. A magazine.
Part5 推断上下文内容
推断上下文设问方式：
判断文章的后续内容是推理判断题的重要设题方式之一，也是难点。要求考生预测后续文章的内容。
主要设题方式有：
1.The next paragraph would most probably deal with __________.
2.What would the author talk about in the following part
3.What will the writer most probably talk about in the paragraph that follows
4. What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraph that follows
5.The paragraph preceding this one would most likely discuss ______.
1、推测下文的内容：根据作者的思路进行推理, 关注最后一段，尤其是文段结尾
2、推测上文的内容：关注第一段，特别是文段开始的几句话。
3 、如果文章的最后的内容没有有用的信息，那么解题时，就一定要注意根据文章的整体结构来判断。
1.(2023全国乙卷) According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.
What might the author continue talking about
A. The art of cooking in other countries. B. Male chefs on TV programmes.
C. Table manners in the UK. D. Studies of big eaters.
2. When early humans hunted and gathered food, they were not in control of their environment. They could only interact with their surroundings as lower organisms did. When humans learned to make fire, however, they became capable of altering their environment. To provide themselves with fuel they stripped bark from trees, causing the trees to die. Clearings were burned in forests to increase the growth of grass and to provide a greater grazing area for the wild animals that humans fed upon. This development led to farming and the domestication of animals. Fire also provided the means for cooking plants which had previously been inedible. Only when the process of meeting the basic need for food reached a certain level of sophistication was it possible for humans to follow other pursuits such as the founding of cities.
The paragraph following this passage would most likely be about_________
A. fire B. hunting C. farming D.urbanization
3. On the whole, Brooks' story is acceptable if uninspired. As one would expect, his writing is mostly clear and, to be fair, some chapters stand out above the rest. I enjoyed, for instance, the chapter in which Harold discovers how to think on his own. While Harold and Erica are certainly not strong or memorable characters, the more serious problems with The Social Animal lie elsewhere. These problems partly involve Brooks' attempt to translate his tale into science.
What is the author likely to write about after the last paragraph
A. Problems with the book. B. Brooks' life experience.
C. Death of the characters. D. Brooks' translation skills.
4. William, Shakespeare said, “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn(纱线), good and ill together. ” The above brief review of the application of only one part of human activities—science seems to prove what Shakespeare said. But does it have to be so Must the ill always go together with the good Are we biologically programmed for war
What do you think the author is most likely to suggest if he continues to write
A. Further application of science to war. B. More reading of William Shakespear.
C. Proper use of science in the new century. D. Effective ways to separate the good from the ill.
Conclusion
在推理判断时要牢记以下几点：
1.严格按照阅读材料中所提供的信息进行推理，千万不要掺杂自己的主观想法或经验;
2.如果某选项中的内容是阅读材料的简单重复，那它就不是推论，也就不是正确答案;
3.不选虽在文章中提到，但很片面或不完整的选项。
4. 文中的虚拟语气和情态动词(should, must, may, etc.)往往能流露出作者的弦外之音，这有助于我们确定正确答案;
5.注意作者在文章中的措辞，比如作者在形容词前用了too, excessively, rather则常带有否定的口气;
6.某些过渡词(例如：however, but, on the contrary, what’s more)后面所表达的内容往往能反映作者的观点和态度。