2024届高考英语二轮复习语法：能力突破必备PPT 03代词与介词课件(共61张PPT)
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| 名称 | 2024届高考英语二轮复习语法：能力突破必备PPT 03代词与介词课件(共61张PPT) |  | |
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(共61张PPT)
03代词和介词
代词
考点精析
代词的分类
复 数 复 数
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
人称代词 主语 I you he, she, it we you they
宾格 me you him, her, it us you them
物主代词 形容词性 my your his, her, its our your their
名词性 mine yours his, hers, its ours yours theirs
反身代词 myself yourself himself, herself, itself ourselves yourselves themselves
指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, the same
疑问代词连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which
关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that as
不定代词 some, any, every, each, many, much, a few, a little, all, none, both, either, neither, other, another
相互代词 each other, one another
代词分为九类，大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用。
考点一 人称代词
1.人称代词的形式和用法
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 复数
主格 I we you you he,she,it they
宾格 me us you you him,her,it them
人称代词的主格和宾格在句中作不同的成分，主格多作句子主语，有时用作表语；宾格用在及物动词或介词后作宾语，也可作表语或同位语。在口语中，常用人称代词的宾格作表语。
To really understand a man we must judge him in misfortune. -Napoleon
要真正了解一个人，我们必须要在不幸中考察他。-拿破仑
考点二 物主代词
1.物主代词的形式和用法
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 复数
形容词性物主代词 my our your your his,her,its their
名词性物主代词 mine ours yours yours his,hers,its theirs
形容词性物主代词置于名词之前，起修饰作用，表示“……的”，在句中作定语。名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词＋名词”，在句中作主语、表语或宾语。
The main difference between our brains and those of monkeys is that ours are bigger.我们的大脑和猴子的大脑之间的主要差别在于我们的要大些。(our作定语，修饰名词brains; ours在表语从句中作主语，相当于our brains)
考点三 反身代词
1.反身代词的形式和用法
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 复数
反身代词 myself ourselves yourself yourselves himself,herself,itself themselves
oneself也是反身代词。反身代词多在句中作宾语、表语或同位语。
Self-image is your own mind’s picture of yourself.
自我形象是你内心对自己的印象。
She is not quite herself today.
她今天身体不太舒服。(作表语)
She herself heard him say so yesterday.
她昨天亲耳听他这么说的。(作同位语)
含有反身代词的习惯用语
(1)与介词连用
by oneself独自地 for oneself亲自；为了自己
of oneself 自动地 in oneself本质上；本身
(2)与动词连用
come to oneself 苏醒；恢复知觉 devote oneself to 致力于；献身于
behave oneself举止规矩有礼；表现得体 apply oneself to 专心致志于
help oneself to 随便吃／用 enjoy oneself 玩得开心 seat oneself 就座；入席
make oneself at home 不拘礼 adapt／adjust oneself to 适应于
teach oneself 自学 speak to oneself 自言自语
think for oneself 独立思考
考点四 指示代词
常用的指示代词有this, that, these, those。另外，为方便学习，我们
（1）this意为“这；这个”，复数为these，指刚提到的人、事物、想法或刚发生以及将发生的事情，起启下的作用。that意为“那；那个”，复数为those，指已经提到或已经知道的人、事物、想法等，起承上的作用。
The boy was afraid and the dog had sensed this.男孩害怕了，狗已经察觉到这一点。《牛津高阶》
(this指前面提到的The boy was afraid 这件事)
“We've been cheated,” she said. Those were her exact words.
她说：“我们被骗了。”那是她的原话。
Making a full-length clay figure would not exhaust my strength-and that is what I intend to do!制作一个全身的泥塑不会耗尽我的力气-那就是我要做的！
（2）this／these一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物；that／those 常指时间或空间上较远的人或物。
I think you'll find these more comfortable than those.我想你会发现这些比那些更舒适。（these为近指，those为远指）
考点五 疑问代词的形式和功能
形式/功能 主语 宾语 表语 定语 跟of短语
指人 主语 who √ √ √
宾语 whom √ √
所有格 whose √ √ √ √
指物 which （也可指人） √ √ √ √ √
what √ √ √ √
考点六 it 的用法
1.it作人称代词的用法
(1)it 可以指除人以外的一切事物或动物。如:
We have $500. Will it be enough for a deposit
(2)指人主要用于指性别不明的婴儿或用于确认某人的身份。如:
Her new baby is tiny. It only weighs 2 kilos.
2.it 作非人称代词的用法
(1)主要用于指时间、距离、价值、天气、气候及温度等自然现象。如:
It’s quite warm at the moment.
(2)用于某些句型。如:
It’s time for sth.该做某事了。
It’s time to do sth.到该做某事的时候了。
It’s time for sb. to do sth.某人该做某事了。
It’s (about/high) time+that-从句.某人该做某事了。(从句谓语用过去式,有时也用“should+动词原形”)
It’s the first (second...) time+ that-从句.某人第一(二……)次做某事。(从句谓语用现在完成时)
It’s+时间段+since-从句.自从……有一段时间了。
It’s+时间段+before-从句.过多长时间才……
3.it用作形式主语或形式宾语
(1)用作形式主语的重要句型
It+be+adj.for (of) sb. to do sth.
对于某人来说做某事是怎么样的。/某人做某事是怎么样的。
It is necessary for us to have some exercise every day.
It is very considerate of you to send me a birthday card.
(2)用作形式宾语的重要句型
①主语+think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep...+it+adj./n. (for/of sb.) to do/从句
②主语+think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep...
+it+important/necessary/natural/essential+that... (should)...
点津: 某些及物动词或短语后不能直接跟从句。此时须先用it作形式宾语, 然后接从句, 有此用法的动词(短语)有:like, dislike, hate, appreciate, depend on, rely on, count on, see to等。
I believe it important to separate good failures from bad failures.
I would appreciate it if you could help me to solve the technical problem.
I hate it when people tell me that they are unemployed.
考点七 不定代词
1.all,both,either,neither,any,each,none的用法比较:
(1)both(两者都),either(两者中的任何一个),neither(两者都不)。以上这些词使用范围为两者。
As far as I could tell, neither of us was under observation.
(2)both与复数名词连用,either与单数名词连用。
Both sides are looking for ways to settle their differences.
There are many tall buildings on either side of the street.
(3)all(所有的,全部的人或物),any(任何一个),none(都不)。以上词使用范围为三者或三者以上。
All the soldiers were praised for bravery in battle.
(4)all和both与not 连用表示部分否定;none以及not...any表示全部否定。
Not all the machines of the company are imported.
Both of the substances do not dissolve in water.
None of you had the courage to face the situation.
(5)each可指两者,也可指两者以上。
I believe that each of us can contribute to the future of the world.
2.another,other,the other,others的用法比较
(1)another既可以单独使用,也可以用于单数名词前,泛指三者或三者以上中的“另外一个人或物”。还可以用于“another+数词+复数名词”中,表示“再,又”。
I need another ten minutes to finish my homework.
(2)other可用作形容词,意思为 “别的,其他的”,泛指“其他的(人或物)”。
They will then have more money to spend on other things.
(3)①the other指两个人或物中的一个,不能用another,此时other作代词使用。
He has one shoulder a little higher than the other.
②the other后可接可数名词单数也可接复数名词,不接不可数名词。此时other 作为形容词。
She turned over on her stomach on the other side of the bed.
He played the violin, and he stood out from all the other musicians.
(4)others泛指“另外几个/其他的人或物”。others不能作定语,表示复数意义,相当于“other+复数名词”;the others相当于“the other+复数名词”,指剩下的全部。
He demands perfection in others, but cannot see faults in himself.
The snowy main peak towers above all the others.
考法1 人称、物主与反身代词的用法
单句语法填空
1. (2023·全国卷I) Nanxiang aside, the best Xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them to be lifted out of the steamer basket without allowing them tearing or spilling any of _______ (they) contents.
2. (2021·全国卷Ⅰ·64) As the song goes,this long and winding road“will never
disappear”，and it will always stick in the visitor’s memory.It sure does in_______(I)
their
mine
解析：考查代词。句意：除了南翔，最好的小笼包有一个精致的外皮，可以让它们从蒸笼篮中拿出来，而不会撕裂或溢出里面的东西。修饰后面的名词contents (东西)需用形容词性物主代词their。故填their。
解析：句意为：正如歌中所唱，这条漫长而蜿蜒的道路“永远不会消失”，它将永远留在游客的记忆中。它确实也留在我的记忆中。设空处代指my memory，作介词in的宾语，应用名词性物主代词。故填mine。
高考链接
3. ［浙江2021年6月·61］Mary loved it．She was extremely pretty, and her house was a reflection of __________ (she),everything in good taste and in perfect order.
4. ［全国II2018·68］When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find____________ (they) alive.
herself
them
解析：句意为：玛丽喜欢它。她非常漂亮，而且她的房子反映了她的特点，所有的东西都很有品位，且井井有序。根据句意可知，设空处应指“玛丽自己”。
解析：句意为；当大猩猩和我互相吓到对方时，我只是很欣喜地发现他们还活着。此处为宾语补足语”结构，意为“发现······处于······状态”；设空处作动词find的宾语，应用人称代词的宾格形式。故填them。
考法2 it 作替代词和形式主语或形式宾语的用法（10年2考）
（1）考查it作替代词，指代已提及的事物、想法或已发生的事情等。考生应掌握it作替代词与其他替代词one，that，those等的用法区别。
（2）考查it作形式主语或形式宾语。
［全国I 2018·70］If you are time poor，you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give__________a try.
it
解析：设空处作及物动词give的宾语，指代前面提到的“跑步”，因此设空处可用it指代；也可填run的名词形式running。
高考链接
考法3 不定代词的用法
对于不定代词，解题时一定要明确所指代的对象，并掌握复合不定代词的用法。
［浙江 2019年6月·56改编］When every pupil in the school wears the uniform, ______________will have to worry about fashion.
nobody/none
解析：句意为：当校园里每一个学生都穿校服的时候，就没有人会担心时尚（的问题）了。由句意可知，设空处表示“没有人”，故填nobody/none。
高考链接
语法填空(代词专练)
I can’t believe I made _____ into San Francisco at last!
To catch my 10:00 a.m. flight this morning, I went to the airport by _______ (I). I got there early. Since I had an electronic ticket, _______ was more convenient, I then went straight to the boarding gate. When I was there, I couldn’t believe my ears — ____ was announced that the flight was put off for two hours!
I watched the flight monitors carefully to see if there was an earlier flight to San Francisco. I found that there was ________ flight that will leave in 40 minutes, so I ran to the boarding gate of _____ flight. When I got there, I asked the gate agent if I could get on that flight instead. She said that I needed to stay in the gate area and wait for ____ name to be called if _____ had a seat available. So, I waited and waited. _____ the passengers were impatient.
The gate agent began calling our names. Guess what I found ________ was behind me. _____ was called at last. The last seat left on the plane was a middle ____ and though I usually prefer to sit near a window, I was just happy on board the plane. I didn’t want my vacation to get delayed because of the late flight.
it
myself
which
another
that
they
All
nobody
Mine
it
my
one
介词
考点精析
框架结构图
介词
用法
后加名词、动名词、代词宾格
介词固定搭配
时间介词
in
on
at
方式介词
with
in
by
地点介词
不用介词的情况
at
in,on,to
beneath, over, under, above, below
in front of / in the front of / behind
between/among
over/across/through
考点一 表示“除....之外”的介词或介词短语
介词（短语） 用法及例句
besides 意为“除······之外（还有）”，包括后面所提的人或物，相当于 in addition to。Welike biology besides English.
除了英语外，我们还喜欢生物。
except 意为“除·····之外（其他的都）”，不包括后面所提到的人或物，表示同类之间的关系。除了名词、代词、动名词之外，其后还可接副词、介词短语以及that，what，when，where等引导的从句。
Everyone isexcited except me.除了我以外，每个人都很激动。
He is never late except when he isill.除了生病的时候以外，他从不迟到。
expect for 意为“除······之外”，排除的部分与前面的内容不属于同一类，着重用于对个别状况的补充说明。During her time in the cave,Stefania had been completely except for two white mice.
斯特凡尼娅在山洞里的时候，除了两只白鼠，她完全是独自一人。
but 意为“除······之外”（＝except），常用于nobody,none, no one, nothing, anything,everyone，all之后。
We’ve had nothing but trouble with this car.我们这辆车净出毛病。
考点一 表示“除....之外”的介词或介词短语
介词（短语） 用法及例句
apart/aside from 既可相当于besides或in addition to，也可相当于except 或 except for。Apart／Aside from good service, the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Fujian dishes.除了优质的服务外，这家饭店还提供各种各样的传统福建菜。（相当于besides 或 in addition to）Apart／Aside from the ending， it’s a really good film.除了结局，这部电影真的不错。（相当于except for)
知识拓展：
besides还可作副词，意为“另外，而且”，在句中常作插入语
I don’t want to go; besides, it’s too late now.
我不想去；而且，现在太晚了。
考点二 表示原因的介词和介词短语
1.at, for, with, out of 的用法
介词（短语） 用法及例句
at 一般指由于看到、听到或感觉到客观事物而产生某种情感、情绪、态度或行为等。
They were impatient at the delay.他们对拖延不耐烦了。［《牛津高阶》］
for 一般指由于客观原因（如举止、语言等）而导致某种结果。
The Smiths are praised for the way they bring up their children.
史密斯夫妇因为他们养育孩子的方式而受到称赞。
with 一般指由于某种感情或身体状况而做出某
种行为。I was too weak with hunger to cry.我饿得都没有力气哭了。
out of 一般指出于某种情感驱使而做出某种行为。
I asked out of curiosity，我出于好奇问了问。
考点二 表示原因的介词和介词短语
1.because of,owing to, on account of, due to, thanks to, as a result of的用法
介词（短语） 用法及例句
because of/owing to/on account of 表示引起结果的直接原因，通常作状语，位于句首或句中。Students like using laptops for note-taking because of speed and legibility.由于速度和易读性，学生们喜欢使用笔记本电脑来记笔记。
due to 相当于owing to，多用于正式文体，可作表语。The restaurant’s success was due largely to its new manager.这家餐馆的成功很大程度上归功于新来的经理。
thanks to 意为“幸亏；多亏”，既可用于褒义，又可用于贬义，多位于句首。Thanks to your help，we were successful.多亏你的帮助，我们成功了。
as a result of 意为“因为”，表示直接的因果关系。As a result of the pilots' strike, all flights have had to be canceled.由于飞行员罢工，所有航班都被迫取消。
考点三 表示“关于”的介词
介词（短语） 用法及例句
about 表示一般意义的“关于”。He told me a lot about himself.他给我讲了许多关于他自己的事情。
on 表示有关专业知识或理论的“关于”，比较有系统地或理论性较强地论述某事。It's good for you to read some books on China.读一些关于中国的书对你有好处。
of 在与know，think，read，hear等动词连用时, of涉及的情况较为粗略，而about 涉及的情况则更为详细。I have heard of him.我听说过他。
concerning 正式用语，意义上相当于 about。He refused to answer questions concerning his private life.他拒绝回答关于他私生活的问题。
考点三 表示“关于”的介词
介词（短语） 用法及例句
with/in regard to 正式用语，其中to为介词。Laws in／with regard to human rights have beenintroduced.关于人权的法律已经开始实施了。
regarding 正式用语，尤用于书函或演讲中。Regarding your recent enquiry, I have enclosed a copy of our user guide.关于您最近的咨询，我随信附上一份我们的用户指南。
as for/as to 表示“关于”，as for后一般只接名词或动名词，as to后还可以接wh-类连接词引导的宾语从句。As for my past，I’m not telling you anything.关于我的过去，我什么都不会告诉你。He is in no doubt as to what is needed. 他很确定需要什么。
考点四 几个常考介词的用法——at的用法
含义及用法 例句
用在表示地点、场合、方位等的名词前，表示“在某处” I'll pick you up at the airport at 2 o’clock this afternoon．
今天下午两点钟我会到机场接你。
用在表示时刻、钟点、期间、年龄等的名词前 He left school at (the age of) 16.
他16岁便离开了学校。
处于······状态 I felt at a disadvantage.
我觉得（自己）处于不利地位。
表示“以，按（价格、速度、数量等）” Admission is at normal charges and you don’t need to book.
门票费以正常价格收取，你无须预约。
考点四 几个常考介词的用法——（1）at的用法
含义及用法 例句
表示动作、感情的原因，意为“因···而；一听到／看到／想到···就···”，与形容词连用 We were frightened at the terrible sight.
看到这可怕的景象，我们被吓到了。
表示“朝，向（某方向／目标）”，与动词连用 He shot at the bird but missed it.
他向那只鸟射击，但是没射中。
表示“在····方面”，与形容词连用 She's hopeless at managing people.
她对人事管理一窍不通。
考点四 几个常考介词的用法——（1）by的用法
含义及用法 例句
含义及用法（时间）不迟于，在······之前 例句He is sure to come by three o＇clock.
他三点之前肯定会来。
（位置）靠近，在·····旁边／附近 On a cold evening, it is pleasant to sit by the fire.
在寒冷的傍晚，坐在炉火旁边很舒服。
（标准、度量、数量）根据，按照，以······计算；常用结构为“单数可数名词” They sell eggs by the dozen.
他们按打卖鸡蛋。
We rent the car by the day.
我们按日租用汽车。
考点四 几个常考介词的用法——（1）by的用法
含义及用法 例句
（程度、数量）相差 We lost the match by one goal.
我们以一球之差输了这场比赛。
经过，经由 They came in by the back door.
他们是从后门进来的。
靠，用，通过（某种方法、手段） You can reserve the tickets by phone.
你可以通过电话订票。
被·····（常置于表被动的动词后，表示施动者） He was knocked down by a car.
他被一辆小汽车撞倒了。
考点四 几个常考介词的用法——（2）for的用法
含义及用法 例句
（表示目的或功能）为了 Are you learning English for pleasure or for your work？ 你学英语是出于消遣还是为了工作？ ［《牛津高阶》］
（表示对象或用途）给，对 The problem was that it was too valuable for everyday use.
问题是这对日常使用来说太贵重了。
（表示原因）因为，由于 Campbell was arrested for dangerous driving.
坎贝尔因危险驾车被拘捕。
（表示时间、距离、数量）达，计 We drove for miles before we found a phone box.
我们开车数英里后才找到一个电话亭。
考点四 几个常考介词的用法——（2）for的用法
含义及用法 例句
（表示等值或比例关系）换取 He agreed to pay 300 dollars for the picture．
他答应付300美元买下那幅画。
支持，赞成 How many people voted for the proposal？
有多少人支持这项提议？
至于，关于；就······而言（表示某种特点令人惊讶） You look young for your age.
你看起来比实际年龄年轻。
（表示去向）往，向（表示陈述或问题的对象）对于 A few days later she would be leaving for New York.
过几天她就要去纽约了 。［《朗文当代》］
（表示去向）往，向（表示陈述或问题的对象）对于 I'm sure she's the ideal person for the job.
我确信她是这个职位的理想人选。
考点四 几个常考介词的用法——（3）in的用法
含义及用法 例句
（表示地点、场所、 位置等）在······里 面，在······内 The telephone was in the little study on the ground floor.
电话在一楼的小书房里。
（表示时间在······期间；在······之后 It will be ready in a week's time.
还需要一周时间就准备好了。
（表示某人或某 物的状态、情况） 处于······中 The engine appears to be in good condition.
引擎状态似乎很好。
关于；在......方面 The foods that you buy in hamburger restautants are high in fat, sugar and salt.
你在汉堡店买的食物所含的脂肪、糖和盐的量都很高。
（表示服饰）穿着，戴着 He looked very handsome in his uniform.
我确信她是这个职位的理想人选。
考点四 几个常考介词的用法——（4）on的用法
含义及用法 例句
（表示接触或由某一表面支撑着）在······上 People were sunbathing on the grass.
人们在草地上晒日光浴。
（表示时间）在·····时候 All patients are examined on admission to the hospital.
所以病人入院时都要体检。
关于，有关 He will give a talk on the economic situation.
他将做一个关于经济形势的报告。
We rent the car by the day.
我们按日租用汽车。
考点四 几个常考介词的用法——（4）on的用法
含义及用法 例句
对着，朝 They are making an attack on the enemy.
他们在向敌人发起攻击。
处于（活动或状况）中 My girlfriend is often away on business trips.
我的女朋友经常出差。
借助于，通过，以......方式 The information is available on the Internet.
他将做一个关于经济形势的报告。
考点四 几个常考介词的用法——（5）to的用法
含义及用法 例句
(表示方向、距离）到，向，去 From Buddhist temples to museums, narrow hutong to royal palaces, it is home to more than 3000 years of glorious history even down to its layout, with the city keeping its carefully built system of ring roads.
从佛教寺庙到博物馆，从狭窄的胡同到皇家宫殿，这座城市，甚至它的布局都拥有3000多年的辉煌历史，该城市保存着精心建造的环路系统。
（离某件事或某个时间）还差......时间 He wakes at a quarter to six every morning.
他每天早上5:45醒来。
（表示比较、比例、参照）与......相比，相对于......而言 That is why the fish prefer shallow water to deep water because the former is warmer.
鱼喜欢浅水胜过深水是因为前者更温暖。
考点五 介词的习惯搭配
1.与形容词构成的搭配
(1)be+adj.+about be anxious about对……忧虑 be curious about 对……好奇
(2)be+adj.+at
be angry at因……生气 be good at擅长
(3)be+adj.+in
be absorbed in专注于…… be active in积极于……
be dressed in穿着…… be engaged in忙于……
(4)be+adj.+for
be eager for渴望…… be famous for因……著名
be fit for适合,胜任…… be ready for准备好……
(5)be+adj.+from
be absent from缺席 be different from不同于
(6)be+adj.+to
be close to接近…… be devoted to致力于……
be equal to等于…… be familiar to对……来说熟悉
(7)be+adj.+of
be aware of意识到……be fond of喜欢……
(8)be+adj.+with
be busy with忙于……
be familiar with对……熟悉
be patient with对……有耐心
2.与名词构成的搭配
(1)“at+n.”表示状态
at a loss不知所措 at peace处于和平中
at war在战争中 at work在工作
(2)“on+n.”表示状态
on exhibition/show在展出 on fire着火
on sale出售,打折 on the way在途中
(3)“by+n.”表示方式
by accident偶然 by air/plane乘飞机 by chance偶然 by design故意
(4)“in+n.”表示方式
in cash 用现金付款 in depth 在深度上
in detail 详细地 in height 在高度上
(5)“of+n.”表示特征(等于相应的形容词)
of benefit 有益处的 of use 有用的
(6)“out of+n.”表示状态
out of balance 失去平衡 out of breath 上气不接下气
(7)“with+n.”表示方式
with delight/joy 高兴地 with difficulty 困难地
“四种方法”确定介词
(1)根据介词短语与谓语的逻辑关系;
(2)根据语境含义并结合介词用法;
(3)根据特殊的结构关系, 如接复合宾语就只能用with或without;
(4)根据介词与动词、形容词、名词等的搭配。
考向 1常见介词的考查
单句语法填空
1. (2023·全国甲卷) She warns of the environmental dangers facing society, and she teaches that people must take responsibility _____ saving their environment.
2. (2023·全国新课标卷II) And who do they speak English ______
for
with
高考链接
解析：考查介词。句意：她警告社会面临的环境危险，并教导人们必须承担起保护环境的责任。take responsibility for对……负责。故填for。
解析：考查介词。句意：那他们和谁说英语呢？根据句子意思判断，他们和谁用英语交流。故填with。
.
3. (2023·全国乙卷) From Buddhist temples to museums, narrow hutong ____ royal palaces, it is home to more than 3,000 years of glorious history even down to its layout, with the city keeping its carefully built system of ring roads.
4. (2022·全国甲卷) He flew 4,700 kilometers _______ Xi’an to Kashgar on Sept. 20, planning to hike back to Xi’an in five months.
to
from
解析：考查介词。这里指通往皇宫的狭窄的胡同。通往什么地方，常用介词to。故填to。
解析：考查介词。9月20日，他从西安飞行了4,700公里到达喀什，计划在五个月内徒步回到西安。表示“从……到……”，要用from...to...。故填from。
5. (2021·全国甲卷) It was built originally to protect the city _____ the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复).
6. (2020·全国新高考I卷) Museums must compete _____ people’s spare time and money with other amusements.
for
in
解析：考查介词。句意：它原本是为了保护唐朝的城市，现在已经完全恢复。表示“在某个朝代”用介词in。故填in。
解析：考查介词。句意：博物馆必须与其他娱乐活动竞争人们的业余时间和金钱。这里意为“为......而竞争”。此题很容易误填in，把它当成是固定搭配in one’s spare time。故用for。
7. (2019·浙江卷) The answer _____ this question is not clear.
8. (2018·浙江卷) If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you go to your mum’s home _____ dinner, get a few cooking tips from her.
to
for
解析：考查介词。句意：这个问题的答案不清楚。the key/ answer to…..这是固定搭配，“……的答案是……”。故填 to。
解析:考查介词。表示去母亲家去吃饭，表示去向、目的用介词 for，故填 for。
9. (2017·全国I) This trend, which was started by the medical community (医学界) ____ a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
10. (2017·全国Ⅲ) After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree ____ engineering or architecture.
as
in
解析：考查介词。此处指作为抵抗心脏病的一种方法，所以用介词 as。
解析：考查介词。关于某个专业的学位要用介词 in。a degree in engineering or architecture 工程学或建筑学学位。故填in。
11. (全国Ⅲ) Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat _____ their hands.
12. (全国I ) For those who fly to Guilin, it’s only an hour away ____ car and offers all the scenery of the better known city.
with
by
解析：考查介词。with one’s hands 用某人的手。介词 with 意为“用”。
解析：考查介词。根据句意可知，此处表示“驱车只有一个小时的路程”。“by+交通工具名词”表示乘坐交通工具。故填by。
13. (广东) One day, the cow was eating grass when it began to rain heavily. While making great efforts to run away, she fell over the hill and died. Then the Johnsons had to make a living ________ the cow.
without
解析：根据句意可知，奶牛在慌忙躲雨的时候，不小心摔死了，因此Johnson一家就不得不在没有了奶牛的情况下谋生。 故填 without。
解析：考查介词。句意：在那里，你会发现它们的制作方式不同——更多汤包，更少的汤，包子皮是用手压的，而不是擀出来的。by hand“用手”是固定搭配，根据句意，故填by。
考向 2 短语搭配中的介词
单句语法填空
1. (2023·全国卷I) There you will find them prepared differently-- more dumpling and less soup, and the wrappers are pressed _____ hand rather than rolled.
2. (2022·全国卷I) Giant pandas also serve _____ an umbrella species (物种), bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China.
by
as
高考链接
解析：考查介词。句意：大熊猫还扮演着保护伞的角色，为中国西南和西北地区的许多动植物带来保护。分析句子可知，此处考查固定短语serve as，意为“充当”，故空处应填介词as。故填as。
3. (2022·全国乙卷) May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day, which was named officially _____ the United Nations on November 27th, 2019.
4. (2021·全国乙卷) Due to the growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel, various types _____ trips are now being classified as ecotourism.
by
by
解析：考查介词。此处be named by表示“由……命名”。根据前面的被动语态was named可知，此处填介词by表被动。
解析：考查介词。various types of...各种各样的……。
5. (2019·全国I卷) Modern methods ______ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive to perform consistently over a large area.
6. (2019·全国III 卷) We were first greeted with the barking by a pack ____ dogs, seven to be exact.
of/for
of
解析：考查介词。此处 tracking polar bear populations 作 modern methods 的定语，用 of 连接，“methods of doing sth.”，意为“……的方法”，构成固定结构。或者意为“对于跟踪北极熊的方法”用 for。故填 of/for。
解析：考查介词。句意：我们首先受到一群狗叫声的欢迎，准确地说是七只。“a pack of”意为“一群”。故填 of。
7. (2018·全国卷Ⅲ) I was searching _____ these three western lowland gorillas I’d been observing. No one had seen them for hours, and my colleagues and I were worried.
8. (2017·全国II) It (the first underground passenger railway) ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and _____ work.
for
from
解析：考查动词短语搭配。search for是固定搭配，表示“寻找”，表示“我”在寻找“我”研究的三只西部低地的大猩猩。故填for。
解析：考查介词短语搭配。travel to and from work意为“上下班”。故填from。
9. (全国I) But my connection with pandas goes back _____ my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s.
10.(全国Ⅱ) Most of us are more focused _____ our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.
to
on
解析：考查动词短语搭配。句意：但是我和熊猫的联系可以追溯到上世纪80年代中期我在一个电视节目中的日子。go back to为固定短语，意为“回到，追溯到”。
解析：考查动词短语搭配。句意：我们中的很多人早晨的注意力要比一天中晚些 时候的注意力更集中。be focused on 专心于，集中于，为固定 短语。
11.(全国Ⅱ) When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day; ____ the same time, they warm up again for the night.
12. (新课标全国Ⅱ) When the bus finally came, we all hurried on board. I got a place next ____ the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk.
解析：考查介词短语搭配。at the same time意为“同时”，是一个常用的介词短语。故填at。
at
to
解析：考查动词短语搭配。此处考查一个固定短语 next to，意为“挨着；在......隔壁”。故填to。
语法填空(介词专练)
China is widely known _____ its ancient civilisation which has continued all the way ________ into modern times, _______ the many ups and downs in its history. There are many reasons why this has been possible, but one of the main factors has been the Chinese writing system.
_____ the beginning, written Chinese was a picture-based language. It dates back several thousand years _____ the use of longgu—animal bones and shells ____ which symbols were carved by ancient Chinese people. Some of the ancient symbols can still be seen in today’s hanzi.
____ the Shang Dynasty, these symbols had become a well-developed writing system. _____ the years, the system developed _____ different forms, as it was a time when people were divided geographically, leading to many varieties of dialects and characters. This, however, changed ______ Emperor Qinshihuang of the Qin Dynasty.
for
through
despite
At
to
on
By
Over
into
under
考点集训
03代词和介词
代词
考点精析
代词的分类
复 数 复 数
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
人称代词 主语 I you he, she, it we you they
宾格 me you him, her, it us you them
物主代词 形容词性 my your his, her, its our your their
名词性 mine yours his, hers, its ours yours theirs
反身代词 myself yourself himself, herself, itself ourselves yourselves themselves
指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, the same
疑问代词连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which
关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that as
不定代词 some, any, every, each, many, much, a few, a little, all, none, both, either, neither, other, another
相互代词 each other, one another
代词分为九类，大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用。
考点一 人称代词
1.人称代词的形式和用法
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 复数
主格 I we you you he,she,it they
宾格 me us you you him,her,it them
人称代词的主格和宾格在句中作不同的成分，主格多作句子主语，有时用作表语；宾格用在及物动词或介词后作宾语，也可作表语或同位语。在口语中，常用人称代词的宾格作表语。
To really understand a man we must judge him in misfortune. -Napoleon
要真正了解一个人，我们必须要在不幸中考察他。-拿破仑
考点二 物主代词
1.物主代词的形式和用法
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 复数
形容词性物主代词 my our your your his,her,its their
名词性物主代词 mine ours yours yours his,hers,its theirs
形容词性物主代词置于名词之前，起修饰作用，表示“……的”，在句中作定语。名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词＋名词”，在句中作主语、表语或宾语。
The main difference between our brains and those of monkeys is that ours are bigger.我们的大脑和猴子的大脑之间的主要差别在于我们的要大些。(our作定语，修饰名词brains; ours在表语从句中作主语，相当于our brains)
考点三 反身代词
1.反身代词的形式和用法
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 复数
反身代词 myself ourselves yourself yourselves himself,herself,itself themselves
oneself也是反身代词。反身代词多在句中作宾语、表语或同位语。
Self-image is your own mind’s picture of yourself.
自我形象是你内心对自己的印象。
She is not quite herself today.
她今天身体不太舒服。(作表语)
She herself heard him say so yesterday.
她昨天亲耳听他这么说的。(作同位语)
含有反身代词的习惯用语
(1)与介词连用
by oneself独自地 for oneself亲自；为了自己
of oneself 自动地 in oneself本质上；本身
(2)与动词连用
come to oneself 苏醒；恢复知觉 devote oneself to 致力于；献身于
behave oneself举止规矩有礼；表现得体 apply oneself to 专心致志于
help oneself to 随便吃／用 enjoy oneself 玩得开心 seat oneself 就座；入席
make oneself at home 不拘礼 adapt／adjust oneself to 适应于
teach oneself 自学 speak to oneself 自言自语
think for oneself 独立思考
考点四 指示代词
常用的指示代词有this, that, these, those。另外，为方便学习，我们
（1）this意为“这；这个”，复数为these，指刚提到的人、事物、想法或刚发生以及将发生的事情，起启下的作用。that意为“那；那个”，复数为those，指已经提到或已经知道的人、事物、想法等，起承上的作用。
The boy was afraid and the dog had sensed this.男孩害怕了，狗已经察觉到这一点。《牛津高阶》
(this指前面提到的The boy was afraid 这件事)
“We've been cheated,” she said. Those were her exact words.
她说：“我们被骗了。”那是她的原话。
Making a full-length clay figure would not exhaust my strength-and that is what I intend to do!制作一个全身的泥塑不会耗尽我的力气-那就是我要做的！
（2）this／these一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物；that／those 常指时间或空间上较远的人或物。
I think you'll find these more comfortable than those.我想你会发现这些比那些更舒适。（these为近指，those为远指）
考点五 疑问代词的形式和功能
形式/功能 主语 宾语 表语 定语 跟of短语
指人 主语 who √ √ √
宾语 whom √ √
所有格 whose √ √ √ √
指物 which （也可指人） √ √ √ √ √
what √ √ √ √
考点六 it 的用法
1.it作人称代词的用法
(1)it 可以指除人以外的一切事物或动物。如:
We have $500. Will it be enough for a deposit
(2)指人主要用于指性别不明的婴儿或用于确认某人的身份。如:
Her new baby is tiny. It only weighs 2 kilos.
2.it 作非人称代词的用法
(1)主要用于指时间、距离、价值、天气、气候及温度等自然现象。如:
It’s quite warm at the moment.
(2)用于某些句型。如:
It’s time for sth.该做某事了。
It’s time to do sth.到该做某事的时候了。
It’s time for sb. to do sth.某人该做某事了。
It’s (about/high) time+that-从句.某人该做某事了。(从句谓语用过去式,有时也用“should+动词原形”)
It’s the first (second...) time+ that-从句.某人第一(二……)次做某事。(从句谓语用现在完成时)
It’s+时间段+since-从句.自从……有一段时间了。
It’s+时间段+before-从句.过多长时间才……
3.it用作形式主语或形式宾语
(1)用作形式主语的重要句型
It+be+adj.for (of) sb. to do sth.
对于某人来说做某事是怎么样的。/某人做某事是怎么样的。
It is necessary for us to have some exercise every day.
It is very considerate of you to send me a birthday card.
(2)用作形式宾语的重要句型
①主语+think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep...+it+adj./n. (for/of sb.) to do/从句
②主语+think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep...
+it+important/necessary/natural/essential+that... (should)...
点津: 某些及物动词或短语后不能直接跟从句。此时须先用it作形式宾语, 然后接从句, 有此用法的动词(短语)有:like, dislike, hate, appreciate, depend on, rely on, count on, see to等。
I believe it important to separate good failures from bad failures.
I would appreciate it if you could help me to solve the technical problem.
I hate it when people tell me that they are unemployed.
考点七 不定代词
1.all,both,either,neither,any,each,none的用法比较:
(1)both(两者都),either(两者中的任何一个),neither(两者都不)。以上这些词使用范围为两者。
As far as I could tell, neither of us was under observation.
(2)both与复数名词连用,either与单数名词连用。
Both sides are looking for ways to settle their differences.
There are many tall buildings on either side of the street.
(3)all(所有的,全部的人或物),any(任何一个),none(都不)。以上词使用范围为三者或三者以上。
All the soldiers were praised for bravery in battle.
(4)all和both与not 连用表示部分否定;none以及not...any表示全部否定。
Not all the machines of the company are imported.
Both of the substances do not dissolve in water.
None of you had the courage to face the situation.
(5)each可指两者,也可指两者以上。
I believe that each of us can contribute to the future of the world.
2.another,other,the other,others的用法比较
(1)another既可以单独使用,也可以用于单数名词前,泛指三者或三者以上中的“另外一个人或物”。还可以用于“another+数词+复数名词”中,表示“再,又”。
I need another ten minutes to finish my homework.
(2)other可用作形容词,意思为 “别的,其他的”,泛指“其他的(人或物)”。
They will then have more money to spend on other things.
(3)①the other指两个人或物中的一个,不能用another,此时other作代词使用。
He has one shoulder a little higher than the other.
②the other后可接可数名词单数也可接复数名词,不接不可数名词。此时other 作为形容词。
She turned over on her stomach on the other side of the bed.
He played the violin, and he stood out from all the other musicians.
(4)others泛指“另外几个/其他的人或物”。others不能作定语,表示复数意义,相当于“other+复数名词”;the others相当于“the other+复数名词”,指剩下的全部。
He demands perfection in others, but cannot see faults in himself.
The snowy main peak towers above all the others.
考法1 人称、物主与反身代词的用法
单句语法填空
1. (2023·全国卷I) Nanxiang aside, the best Xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them to be lifted out of the steamer basket without allowing them tearing or spilling any of _______ (they) contents.
2. (2021·全国卷Ⅰ·64) As the song goes,this long and winding road“will never
disappear”，and it will always stick in the visitor’s memory.It sure does in_______(I)
their
mine
解析：考查代词。句意：除了南翔，最好的小笼包有一个精致的外皮，可以让它们从蒸笼篮中拿出来，而不会撕裂或溢出里面的东西。修饰后面的名词contents (东西)需用形容词性物主代词their。故填their。
解析：句意为：正如歌中所唱，这条漫长而蜿蜒的道路“永远不会消失”，它将永远留在游客的记忆中。它确实也留在我的记忆中。设空处代指my memory，作介词in的宾语，应用名词性物主代词。故填mine。
高考链接
3. ［浙江2021年6月·61］Mary loved it．She was extremely pretty, and her house was a reflection of __________ (she),everything in good taste and in perfect order.
4. ［全国II2018·68］When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find____________ (they) alive.
herself
them
解析：句意为：玛丽喜欢它。她非常漂亮，而且她的房子反映了她的特点，所有的东西都很有品位，且井井有序。根据句意可知，设空处应指“玛丽自己”。
解析：句意为；当大猩猩和我互相吓到对方时，我只是很欣喜地发现他们还活着。此处为宾语补足语”结构，意为“发现······处于······状态”；设空处作动词find的宾语，应用人称代词的宾格形式。故填them。
考法2 it 作替代词和形式主语或形式宾语的用法（10年2考）
（1）考查it作替代词，指代已提及的事物、想法或已发生的事情等。考生应掌握it作替代词与其他替代词one，that，those等的用法区别。
（2）考查it作形式主语或形式宾语。
［全国I 2018·70］If you are time poor，you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give__________a try.
it
解析：设空处作及物动词give的宾语，指代前面提到的“跑步”，因此设空处可用it指代；也可填run的名词形式running。
高考链接
考法3 不定代词的用法
对于不定代词，解题时一定要明确所指代的对象，并掌握复合不定代词的用法。
［浙江 2019年6月·56改编］When every pupil in the school wears the uniform, ______________will have to worry about fashion.
nobody/none
解析：句意为：当校园里每一个学生都穿校服的时候，就没有人会担心时尚（的问题）了。由句意可知，设空处表示“没有人”，故填nobody/none。
高考链接
语法填空(代词专练)
I can’t believe I made _____ into San Francisco at last!
To catch my 10:00 a.m. flight this morning, I went to the airport by _______ (I). I got there early. Since I had an electronic ticket, _______ was more convenient, I then went straight to the boarding gate. When I was there, I couldn’t believe my ears — ____ was announced that the flight was put off for two hours!
I watched the flight monitors carefully to see if there was an earlier flight to San Francisco. I found that there was ________ flight that will leave in 40 minutes, so I ran to the boarding gate of _____ flight. When I got there, I asked the gate agent if I could get on that flight instead. She said that I needed to stay in the gate area and wait for ____ name to be called if _____ had a seat available. So, I waited and waited. _____ the passengers were impatient.
The gate agent began calling our names. Guess what I found ________ was behind me. _____ was called at last. The last seat left on the plane was a middle ____ and though I usually prefer to sit near a window, I was just happy on board the plane. I didn’t want my vacation to get delayed because of the late flight.
it
myself
which
another
that
they
All
nobody
Mine
it
my
one
介词
考点精析
框架结构图
介词
用法
后加名词、动名词、代词宾格
介词固定搭配
时间介词
in
on
at
方式介词
with
in
by
地点介词
不用介词的情况
at
in,on,to
beneath, over, under, above, below
in front of / in the front of / behind
between/among
over/across/through
考点一 表示“除....之外”的介词或介词短语
介词（短语） 用法及例句
besides 意为“除······之外（还有）”，包括后面所提的人或物，相当于 in addition to。Welike biology besides English.
除了英语外，我们还喜欢生物。
except 意为“除·····之外（其他的都）”，不包括后面所提到的人或物，表示同类之间的关系。除了名词、代词、动名词之外，其后还可接副词、介词短语以及that，what，when，where等引导的从句。
Everyone isexcited except me.除了我以外，每个人都很激动。
He is never late except when he isill.除了生病的时候以外，他从不迟到。
expect for 意为“除······之外”，排除的部分与前面的内容不属于同一类，着重用于对个别状况的补充说明。During her time in the cave,Stefania had been completely except for two white mice.
斯特凡尼娅在山洞里的时候，除了两只白鼠，她完全是独自一人。
but 意为“除······之外”（＝except），常用于nobody,none, no one, nothing, anything,everyone，all之后。
We’ve had nothing but trouble with this car.我们这辆车净出毛病。
考点一 表示“除....之外”的介词或介词短语
介词（短语） 用法及例句
apart/aside from 既可相当于besides或in addition to，也可相当于except 或 except for。Apart／Aside from good service, the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Fujian dishes.除了优质的服务外，这家饭店还提供各种各样的传统福建菜。（相当于besides 或 in addition to）Apart／Aside from the ending， it’s a really good film.除了结局，这部电影真的不错。（相当于except for)
知识拓展：
besides还可作副词，意为“另外，而且”，在句中常作插入语
I don’t want to go; besides, it’s too late now.
我不想去；而且，现在太晚了。
考点二 表示原因的介词和介词短语
1.at, for, with, out of 的用法
介词（短语） 用法及例句
at 一般指由于看到、听到或感觉到客观事物而产生某种情感、情绪、态度或行为等。
They were impatient at the delay.他们对拖延不耐烦了。［《牛津高阶》］
for 一般指由于客观原因（如举止、语言等）而导致某种结果。
The Smiths are praised for the way they bring up their children.
史密斯夫妇因为他们养育孩子的方式而受到称赞。
with 一般指由于某种感情或身体状况而做出某
种行为。I was too weak with hunger to cry.我饿得都没有力气哭了。
out of 一般指出于某种情感驱使而做出某种行为。
I asked out of curiosity，我出于好奇问了问。
考点二 表示原因的介词和介词短语
1.because of,owing to, on account of, due to, thanks to, as a result of的用法
介词（短语） 用法及例句
because of/owing to/on account of 表示引起结果的直接原因，通常作状语，位于句首或句中。Students like using laptops for note-taking because of speed and legibility.由于速度和易读性，学生们喜欢使用笔记本电脑来记笔记。
due to 相当于owing to，多用于正式文体，可作表语。The restaurant’s success was due largely to its new manager.这家餐馆的成功很大程度上归功于新来的经理。
thanks to 意为“幸亏；多亏”，既可用于褒义，又可用于贬义，多位于句首。Thanks to your help，we were successful.多亏你的帮助，我们成功了。
as a result of 意为“因为”，表示直接的因果关系。As a result of the pilots' strike, all flights have had to be canceled.由于飞行员罢工，所有航班都被迫取消。
考点三 表示“关于”的介词
介词（短语） 用法及例句
about 表示一般意义的“关于”。He told me a lot about himself.他给我讲了许多关于他自己的事情。
on 表示有关专业知识或理论的“关于”，比较有系统地或理论性较强地论述某事。It's good for you to read some books on China.读一些关于中国的书对你有好处。
of 在与know，think，read，hear等动词连用时, of涉及的情况较为粗略，而about 涉及的情况则更为详细。I have heard of him.我听说过他。
concerning 正式用语，意义上相当于 about。He refused to answer questions concerning his private life.他拒绝回答关于他私生活的问题。
考点三 表示“关于”的介词
介词（短语） 用法及例句
with/in regard to 正式用语，其中to为介词。Laws in／with regard to human rights have beenintroduced.关于人权的法律已经开始实施了。
regarding 正式用语，尤用于书函或演讲中。Regarding your recent enquiry, I have enclosed a copy of our user guide.关于您最近的咨询，我随信附上一份我们的用户指南。
as for/as to 表示“关于”，as for后一般只接名词或动名词，as to后还可以接wh-类连接词引导的宾语从句。As for my past，I’m not telling you anything.关于我的过去，我什么都不会告诉你。He is in no doubt as to what is needed. 他很确定需要什么。
考点四 几个常考介词的用法——at的用法
含义及用法 例句
用在表示地点、场合、方位等的名词前，表示“在某处” I'll pick you up at the airport at 2 o’clock this afternoon．
今天下午两点钟我会到机场接你。
用在表示时刻、钟点、期间、年龄等的名词前 He left school at (the age of) 16.
他16岁便离开了学校。
处于······状态 I felt at a disadvantage.
我觉得（自己）处于不利地位。
表示“以，按（价格、速度、数量等）” Admission is at normal charges and you don’t need to book.
门票费以正常价格收取，你无须预约。
考点四 几个常考介词的用法——（1）at的用法
含义及用法 例句
表示动作、感情的原因，意为“因···而；一听到／看到／想到···就···”，与形容词连用 We were frightened at the terrible sight.
看到这可怕的景象，我们被吓到了。
表示“朝，向（某方向／目标）”，与动词连用 He shot at the bird but missed it.
他向那只鸟射击，但是没射中。
表示“在····方面”，与形容词连用 She's hopeless at managing people.
她对人事管理一窍不通。
考点四 几个常考介词的用法——（1）by的用法
含义及用法 例句
含义及用法（时间）不迟于，在······之前 例句He is sure to come by three o＇clock.
他三点之前肯定会来。
（位置）靠近，在·····旁边／附近 On a cold evening, it is pleasant to sit by the fire.
在寒冷的傍晚，坐在炉火旁边很舒服。
（标准、度量、数量）根据，按照，以······计算；常用结构为“单数可数名词” They sell eggs by the dozen.
他们按打卖鸡蛋。
We rent the car by the day.
我们按日租用汽车。
考点四 几个常考介词的用法——（1）by的用法
含义及用法 例句
（程度、数量）相差 We lost the match by one goal.
我们以一球之差输了这场比赛。
经过，经由 They came in by the back door.
他们是从后门进来的。
靠，用，通过（某种方法、手段） You can reserve the tickets by phone.
你可以通过电话订票。
被·····（常置于表被动的动词后，表示施动者） He was knocked down by a car.
他被一辆小汽车撞倒了。
考点四 几个常考介词的用法——（2）for的用法
含义及用法 例句
（表示目的或功能）为了 Are you learning English for pleasure or for your work？ 你学英语是出于消遣还是为了工作？ ［《牛津高阶》］
（表示对象或用途）给，对 The problem was that it was too valuable for everyday use.
问题是这对日常使用来说太贵重了。
（表示原因）因为，由于 Campbell was arrested for dangerous driving.
坎贝尔因危险驾车被拘捕。
（表示时间、距离、数量）达，计 We drove for miles before we found a phone box.
我们开车数英里后才找到一个电话亭。
考点四 几个常考介词的用法——（2）for的用法
含义及用法 例句
（表示等值或比例关系）换取 He agreed to pay 300 dollars for the picture．
他答应付300美元买下那幅画。
支持，赞成 How many people voted for the proposal？
有多少人支持这项提议？
至于，关于；就······而言（表示某种特点令人惊讶） You look young for your age.
你看起来比实际年龄年轻。
（表示去向）往，向（表示陈述或问题的对象）对于 A few days later she would be leaving for New York.
过几天她就要去纽约了 。［《朗文当代》］
（表示去向）往，向（表示陈述或问题的对象）对于 I'm sure she's the ideal person for the job.
我确信她是这个职位的理想人选。
考点四 几个常考介词的用法——（3）in的用法
含义及用法 例句
（表示地点、场所、 位置等）在······里 面，在······内 The telephone was in the little study on the ground floor.
电话在一楼的小书房里。
（表示时间在······期间；在······之后 It will be ready in a week's time.
还需要一周时间就准备好了。
（表示某人或某 物的状态、情况） 处于······中 The engine appears to be in good condition.
引擎状态似乎很好。
关于；在......方面 The foods that you buy in hamburger restautants are high in fat, sugar and salt.
你在汉堡店买的食物所含的脂肪、糖和盐的量都很高。
（表示服饰）穿着，戴着 He looked very handsome in his uniform.
我确信她是这个职位的理想人选。
考点四 几个常考介词的用法——（4）on的用法
含义及用法 例句
（表示接触或由某一表面支撑着）在······上 People were sunbathing on the grass.
人们在草地上晒日光浴。
（表示时间）在·····时候 All patients are examined on admission to the hospital.
所以病人入院时都要体检。
关于，有关 He will give a talk on the economic situation.
他将做一个关于经济形势的报告。
We rent the car by the day.
我们按日租用汽车。
考点四 几个常考介词的用法——（4）on的用法
含义及用法 例句
对着，朝 They are making an attack on the enemy.
他们在向敌人发起攻击。
处于（活动或状况）中 My girlfriend is often away on business trips.
我的女朋友经常出差。
借助于，通过，以......方式 The information is available on the Internet.
他将做一个关于经济形势的报告。
考点四 几个常考介词的用法——（5）to的用法
含义及用法 例句
(表示方向、距离）到，向，去 From Buddhist temples to museums, narrow hutong to royal palaces, it is home to more than 3000 years of glorious history even down to its layout, with the city keeping its carefully built system of ring roads.
从佛教寺庙到博物馆，从狭窄的胡同到皇家宫殿，这座城市，甚至它的布局都拥有3000多年的辉煌历史，该城市保存着精心建造的环路系统。
（离某件事或某个时间）还差......时间 He wakes at a quarter to six every morning.
他每天早上5:45醒来。
（表示比较、比例、参照）与......相比，相对于......而言 That is why the fish prefer shallow water to deep water because the former is warmer.
鱼喜欢浅水胜过深水是因为前者更温暖。
考点五 介词的习惯搭配
1.与形容词构成的搭配
(1)be+adj.+about be anxious about对……忧虑 be curious about 对……好奇
(2)be+adj.+at
be angry at因……生气 be good at擅长
(3)be+adj.+in
be absorbed in专注于…… be active in积极于……
be dressed in穿着…… be engaged in忙于……
(4)be+adj.+for
be eager for渴望…… be famous for因……著名
be fit for适合,胜任…… be ready for准备好……
(5)be+adj.+from
be absent from缺席 be different from不同于
(6)be+adj.+to
be close to接近…… be devoted to致力于……
be equal to等于…… be familiar to对……来说熟悉
(7)be+adj.+of
be aware of意识到……be fond of喜欢……
(8)be+adj.+with
be busy with忙于……
be familiar with对……熟悉
be patient with对……有耐心
2.与名词构成的搭配
(1)“at+n.”表示状态
at a loss不知所措 at peace处于和平中
at war在战争中 at work在工作
(2)“on+n.”表示状态
on exhibition/show在展出 on fire着火
on sale出售,打折 on the way在途中
(3)“by+n.”表示方式
by accident偶然 by air/plane乘飞机 by chance偶然 by design故意
(4)“in+n.”表示方式
in cash 用现金付款 in depth 在深度上
in detail 详细地 in height 在高度上
(5)“of+n.”表示特征(等于相应的形容词)
of benefit 有益处的 of use 有用的
(6)“out of+n.”表示状态
out of balance 失去平衡 out of breath 上气不接下气
(7)“with+n.”表示方式
with delight/joy 高兴地 with difficulty 困难地
“四种方法”确定介词
(1)根据介词短语与谓语的逻辑关系;
(2)根据语境含义并结合介词用法;
(3)根据特殊的结构关系, 如接复合宾语就只能用with或without;
(4)根据介词与动词、形容词、名词等的搭配。
考向 1常见介词的考查
单句语法填空
1. (2023·全国甲卷) She warns of the environmental dangers facing society, and she teaches that people must take responsibility _____ saving their environment.
2. (2023·全国新课标卷II) And who do they speak English ______
for
with
高考链接
解析：考查介词。句意：她警告社会面临的环境危险，并教导人们必须承担起保护环境的责任。take responsibility for对……负责。故填for。
解析：考查介词。句意：那他们和谁说英语呢？根据句子意思判断，他们和谁用英语交流。故填with。
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3. (2023·全国乙卷) From Buddhist temples to museums, narrow hutong ____ royal palaces, it is home to more than 3,000 years of glorious history even down to its layout, with the city keeping its carefully built system of ring roads.
4. (2022·全国甲卷) He flew 4,700 kilometers _______ Xi’an to Kashgar on Sept. 20, planning to hike back to Xi’an in five months.
to
from
解析：考查介词。这里指通往皇宫的狭窄的胡同。通往什么地方，常用介词to。故填to。
解析：考查介词。9月20日，他从西安飞行了4,700公里到达喀什，计划在五个月内徒步回到西安。表示“从……到……”，要用from...to...。故填from。
5. (2021·全国甲卷) It was built originally to protect the city _____ the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复).
6. (2020·全国新高考I卷) Museums must compete _____ people’s spare time and money with other amusements.
for
in
解析：考查介词。句意：它原本是为了保护唐朝的城市，现在已经完全恢复。表示“在某个朝代”用介词in。故填in。
解析：考查介词。句意：博物馆必须与其他娱乐活动竞争人们的业余时间和金钱。这里意为“为......而竞争”。此题很容易误填in，把它当成是固定搭配in one’s spare time。故用for。
7. (2019·浙江卷) The answer _____ this question is not clear.
8. (2018·浙江卷) If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you go to your mum’s home _____ dinner, get a few cooking tips from her.
to
for
解析：考查介词。句意：这个问题的答案不清楚。the key/ answer to…..这是固定搭配，“……的答案是……”。故填 to。
解析:考查介词。表示去母亲家去吃饭，表示去向、目的用介词 for，故填 for。
9. (2017·全国I) This trend, which was started by the medical community (医学界) ____ a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
10. (2017·全国Ⅲ) After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree ____ engineering or architecture.
as
in
解析：考查介词。此处指作为抵抗心脏病的一种方法，所以用介词 as。
解析：考查介词。关于某个专业的学位要用介词 in。a degree in engineering or architecture 工程学或建筑学学位。故填in。
11. (全国Ⅲ) Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat _____ their hands.
12. (全国I ) For those who fly to Guilin, it’s only an hour away ____ car and offers all the scenery of the better known city.
with
by
解析：考查介词。with one’s hands 用某人的手。介词 with 意为“用”。
解析：考查介词。根据句意可知，此处表示“驱车只有一个小时的路程”。“by+交通工具名词”表示乘坐交通工具。故填by。
13. (广东) One day, the cow was eating grass when it began to rain heavily. While making great efforts to run away, she fell over the hill and died. Then the Johnsons had to make a living ________ the cow.
without
解析：根据句意可知，奶牛在慌忙躲雨的时候，不小心摔死了，因此Johnson一家就不得不在没有了奶牛的情况下谋生。 故填 without。
解析：考查介词。句意：在那里，你会发现它们的制作方式不同——更多汤包，更少的汤，包子皮是用手压的，而不是擀出来的。by hand“用手”是固定搭配，根据句意，故填by。
考向 2 短语搭配中的介词
单句语法填空
1. (2023·全国卷I) There you will find them prepared differently-- more dumpling and less soup, and the wrappers are pressed _____ hand rather than rolled.
2. (2022·全国卷I) Giant pandas also serve _____ an umbrella species (物种), bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China.
by
as
高考链接
解析：考查介词。句意：大熊猫还扮演着保护伞的角色，为中国西南和西北地区的许多动植物带来保护。分析句子可知，此处考查固定短语serve as，意为“充当”，故空处应填介词as。故填as。
3. (2022·全国乙卷) May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day, which was named officially _____ the United Nations on November 27th, 2019.
4. (2021·全国乙卷) Due to the growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel, various types _____ trips are now being classified as ecotourism.
by
by
解析：考查介词。此处be named by表示“由……命名”。根据前面的被动语态was named可知，此处填介词by表被动。
解析：考查介词。various types of...各种各样的……。
5. (2019·全国I卷) Modern methods ______ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive to perform consistently over a large area.
6. (2019·全国III 卷) We were first greeted with the barking by a pack ____ dogs, seven to be exact.
of/for
of
解析：考查介词。此处 tracking polar bear populations 作 modern methods 的定语，用 of 连接，“methods of doing sth.”，意为“……的方法”，构成固定结构。或者意为“对于跟踪北极熊的方法”用 for。故填 of/for。
解析：考查介词。句意：我们首先受到一群狗叫声的欢迎，准确地说是七只。“a pack of”意为“一群”。故填 of。
7. (2018·全国卷Ⅲ) I was searching _____ these three western lowland gorillas I’d been observing. No one had seen them for hours, and my colleagues and I were worried.
8. (2017·全国II) It (the first underground passenger railway) ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and _____ work.
for
from
解析：考查动词短语搭配。search for是固定搭配，表示“寻找”，表示“我”在寻找“我”研究的三只西部低地的大猩猩。故填for。
解析：考查介词短语搭配。travel to and from work意为“上下班”。故填from。
9. (全国I) But my connection with pandas goes back _____ my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s.
10.(全国Ⅱ) Most of us are more focused _____ our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.
to
on
解析：考查动词短语搭配。句意：但是我和熊猫的联系可以追溯到上世纪80年代中期我在一个电视节目中的日子。go back to为固定短语，意为“回到，追溯到”。
解析：考查动词短语搭配。句意：我们中的很多人早晨的注意力要比一天中晚些 时候的注意力更集中。be focused on 专心于，集中于，为固定 短语。
11.(全国Ⅱ) When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day; ____ the same time, they warm up again for the night.
12. (新课标全国Ⅱ) When the bus finally came, we all hurried on board. I got a place next ____ the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk.
解析：考查介词短语搭配。at the same time意为“同时”，是一个常用的介词短语。故填at。
at
to
解析：考查动词短语搭配。此处考查一个固定短语 next to，意为“挨着；在......隔壁”。故填to。
语法填空(介词专练)
China is widely known _____ its ancient civilisation which has continued all the way ________ into modern times, _______ the many ups and downs in its history. There are many reasons why this has been possible, but one of the main factors has been the Chinese writing system.
_____ the beginning, written Chinese was a picture-based language. It dates back several thousand years _____ the use of longgu—animal bones and shells ____ which symbols were carved by ancient Chinese people. Some of the ancient symbols can still be seen in today’s hanzi.
____ the Shang Dynasty, these symbols had become a well-developed writing system. _____ the years, the system developed _____ different forms, as it was a time when people were divided geographically, leading to many varieties of dialects and characters. This, however, changed ______ Emperor Qinshihuang of the Qin Dynasty.
for
through
despite
At
to
on
By
Over
into
under
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