2024年高考英语模拟试题分类汇编：阅读理解 (说明文&议论文)
Part 1 阅读理解之说明文
（一）
（204届 . 北京海淀区 . 统考一模）
With all the dietary information online, it can be hard to know what tips to follow. Watch out for these words and expressions.
Fat Is Good
It doesn't matter if you are part of the fat is GOOD for you or BAD for you group, the important question to ask is the source of the fat. If it comes from a land-based animal, and is likely to be solid at room temperature, then it is saturated (饱和的)fat whereas if it comes from fish or plants, and it is likely to be liquid at room temperature, then it is unsaturated fat. All the evidence indicates that eating more unsaturated fat than saturated fat lowers your risk of dying early.
Natural Sugar Is Better
The vast majority of sugar we consume is sucrose （蔗糖）.It is the white powdered stuff we cook with and is made up of glucose and fructose. How about sugar from honey It is often marketed as natural and better for you. Actually, it just has its own distinct flavour, but is as sweet because of glucose and fructose.
High-pH Water
Some people think we need to eat alkali （碱）food to maintain our blood at a pH of 7.4. But everything we eat or drink passes through the stomach, which, at a pH of 1.5, is the most acidic part of the body. It is then neutralised to a pH of 7. So, nothing we eat will change the pH of our blood.
Don’t Eat Anything That You Can't Pronounce
Whether foods are natural or highly processed, they are all full of chemicals. Are you supposed to fear “phenylthiocarbamide”, because you can't pronounce it This is simply the chemical responsible for the bitter taste found in brassicas, the plants in the cabbage and mustard family.
Don't Eat Food With More Than Five Ingredients （佐料）
Simple foods are not necessarily healthier for you. If I, for instance, use Chinese five spice powder in a recipe, that would count as one of the five ingredients. However, what if I added the typical components of five spice powder separately into a dish Does that mean my recipe suddenly becomes bad because it has more than five ingredients
21. According to the passage, healthier fat______.
A. can be found in fish and plants B. comes from land-based animals
C. remains solid at room temperature D. can lower the death rate of elders
22. The passage suggests that________.
A. diets can help adjust the pH of our blood B. honey sugar can do more good than sucrose
C. foods with more ingredients may be as healthy D. chemicals we can recognize are safer to take in
23. What is the main purpose of the passage
A. To compare tips on food choices. B. To introduce different health concepts.
C. To recommend fitness recipes to readers. D. To warn us of some dietary misunderstandings.
【答案】21. A 22. C 23. D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要是对一些常见的饮食相关的说法进行了分析和解释，以帮助人们更好地理解和选择饮食。
【21题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章中的“If it comes from a land-based animal, and is likely to be solid at room temperature, then it is saturated (饱和的) fat whereas if it comes from fish or plants, and it is likely to be liquid at room temperature, then it is unsaturated fat. All the evidence indicates that eating more unsaturated fat than saturated fat lowers your risk of dying early.”可知，来自鱼类和植物的脂肪是更健康的，吃更多不饱和脂肪比饱和脂肪降低早逝的风险，所以更健康的脂肪来自鱼类和植物。故选A。
【22题详解】
推理判断题。文章提到“Don’t Eat Anything That You Can't Pronounce”时说明不要因为食物名字不会读就认为它不健康，同时提到“Don't Eat Food With More Than Five Ingredients （佐料）”时说明食物成分多不一定就不健康，即食物含有更多成分可能也一样健康，C 选项正确；A 选项文章说的是胃的 pH 值，不是血液的 pH 值，排除；B 选项文章未提及蜂蜜糖比蔗糖更好，排除；D 选项文章说的是认识不认识化学物质和食物是否健康没有关系，排除。故选C。
【23题详解】
细节理解题。文章主要讲了一些关于饮食的常见误解，如脂肪的好坏、天然糖是否更好、高 pH 值水以及食物成分等方面，目的是提醒人们注意这些饮食方面的误解，D 选项正确；A 选项文章没有比较不同的食物选择建议，排除；B 选项不是文章的主要目的，文章只是举例说明一些饮食误解，排除；C 选项文章没有推荐健身食谱，排除。故选D。
（二）
（2024届 . 北京海淀区 . 统考一模）
Researchers hope brain implants will one day help people with aphasia （失语症）to get their voice back—and maybe even to sing. Now, for the first time, scientists have demonstrated that the brain's electrical activity can be decoded and used to reconstruct music.
A new study analyzed data from 29 people monitored for epileptic seizures （癫痫发作），using electrodes （电极）on the surface of their brain. As participants listened to a selected song, electrodes captured brain activity related to musical elements, such as tone, rhythm, and lyrics. Employing machine learning, Robert Knight from UC Berkeley and his colleagues reconstructed what the participants were hearing and published their study results. The paper is the first to suggest that scientists can “listen secretly to” the brain to synthesize （合成）music.
To turn brain activity data into musical sound, researchers trained an artificial intelligence （AI） model to decode data captured from thousands of electrodes that were attached to the participants as they listened to the song while undergoing surgery. Once the brain data were fed through the model, the music returned. The model also revealed some brain parts responding to different musical features of the song.
Although the findings focused on music, the researchers expect their results to be most useful for translating brain waves into human speech. Ludovic Bellier, the study's lead author, explains that speech, regardless of language, has small melodic differences—tempo, stress, accents, and intonation—known as prosody （韵律）.These elements carry meaning that we can't communicate with words alone. He hopes the model will improve brain-computer interfaces （BCI）, assistive devices that record speech-associated brain waves and use algorithms to reconstruct intended messages. This technology, still in its infancy, could help people who have lost the ability to speak because of aphasia.
Future research should investigate whether these models can be expanded from music that participants have heard to imagined internal speech. If a brain-computer interface could recreate someone's speech with the prosody and emotional weight found in music, it could offer a richer communication experience beyond mere words.
Several barriers remain before we can put this technology in the hands—or brains—of patients. The current model relies on surgical implants. As recording techniques improve, the hope is to gather data non-invasively, possibly using ultrasensitive electrodes. However, under current technologies, this approach might result in a lower speed of decoding into natural speech. The researchers also hope to improve the playback clarity by packing the electrodes closer together on the brain’s surface, enabling an even more detailed look at the electrical symphony the
brain produces.
28. What can we learn from the study
A. Electrodes can analyze musical elements.
B. The decoding of brain data helps recreate music.
C. Machine learning greatly enhances brain activity.
D. The AI model monitors music-responsive brain regions.
29. What hopefully makes it possible to expand the model to speech
A. The prosody of speech. B. The collection of brain waves.
C. The emotional weight of music. D. The reconstruction of information.
30. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage
A. Unlocking the Secrets of Melodic Mind B. Brain Symphony: Synthesized Human Speech
C. BCI Brings Hope to People with Aphasia D. Remarkable Journey: Decoding Brain with AI
【答案】28. B 29. A 30. B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲科学家首次证明大脑电活动可解码并用于重构音乐，他们还期望该研究成果能助失语症患者恢复说话能力，未来需克服一些障碍才能将此技术应用于患者。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。根据原文“To turn brain activity data into musical sound, researchers trained an artificial intelligence (AI) model to decode data captured from thousands of electrodes that were attached to the participants as they listened to the song while undergoing surgery.”可知，解码大脑数据有助于重新创造音乐。故选B。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。根据原文“These elements carry meaning that we can't communicate with words alone. He hopes the model will improve brain-computer interfaces (BCI), assistive devices that record speech-associated brain waves and use algorithms to reconstruct intended messages.”可知，是语音的韵律使得将模型扩展到语音成为可能。故选A。
【30题详解】
主旨大意题。文章主要讲述了科学家通过解码大脑的电活动来合成音乐，并且希望这项技术可以用于转化人类语言，帮助失语症患者，B 选项能够很好地概括文章主旨。故选B。
（三）
（2024届 . 北京西城区 . 统考一模）
Evan Selinger, professor in RIT’s Department of Philosophy, has taken an interest in the ethics (伦理标准) of Al
and the policy gaps that need to be filled in. Through a humanities viewpoint, Selinger asks the questions, “How can AI cause harm, and what can governments and companies creating Al programs do to address and manage it ” Answering them, he explained, requires an interdisciplinary approach.
“AI ethics go beyond technical fixes. Philosophers and other humanities experts are uniquely skilled to address the nuanced (微妙的) principles, value conflicts, and power dynamics. These skills aren’t just crucial for addressing current issues. We desperately need them to promote anticipatory (先行的) governance, ” said Selinger.
One example that illustrates how philosophy and humanities experts can help guide these new, rapidly growing technologies is Selinger’s work collaborating with a special AI project. “One of the skills I bring to the table is identifying core ethical issues in emerging technologies that haven’t been built or used by the public. We can take preventative steps to limit risk, including changing how the technology is designed, ”said Selinger.
Taking these preventative steps and regularly reassessing what risks need addressing is part of the ongoing journey in pursuit of creating responsible AI. Selinger explains that there isn’t a step-by-step approach for good governance. “AI ethics have core values and principles, but there’s endless disagreement about interpreting and applying them and creating meaningful accountability mechanisms, ” said Selinger. “Some people are rightly worried that AI can become integrated into ‘ethics washing’-weak checklists, flowery mission statements, and empty rhetoric that covers over abuses of power. Fortunately, I’ve had great conversations about this issue, including with some experts, on why it is important to consider a range of positions. ”
Some of Selinger’s recent research has focused on the back-end issues with developing AI such as the human impact that comes with testing AI chatbots before they’re released to the public. Other issues focus on policy, such as what to do about the dangers posed by facial recognition and other automated surveillance(监视) approaches.
Selinger is making sure his students are informed about the ongoing industry conversations on AI ethics and responsible AI. “Students are going to be future tech leaders. Now is the time to help them think about what goals their companies should have and the costs of minimizing ethical concerns. Beyond social costs, downplaying ethics can negatively impact corporate culture and hiring, ” said Selinger. “To attract top talent, you need to consider whether your company matches their interests and hopes for the future. ”
28. Selinger advocates an interdisciplinary approach because ________.
A. humanities experts possess skills essential for AI ethics
B. it demonstrates the power of anticipatory governance
C. AI ethics heavily depends on technological solutions
D. it can avoid social conflicts and pressing issues
29. To promote responsible AI, Selinger believes we should ________.
A. adopt a systematic approach B. apply innovative technologies
C. anticipate ethical risks beforehand D. establish accountability mechanisms
30. What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs
A. More companies will use AI to attract top talent.
B. Understanding AI ethics will help students in the future.
C. Selinger favors companies that match his students’ values.
D. Selinger is likely to focus on back-end issues such as policy.
【答案】28. A 29. C 30. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了RIT哲学系教授Evan Selinger对于对人工智能的伦理的一些看法和建议。
【28题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段““AI ethics go beyond technical fixes. Philosophers and other humanities experts are uniquely skilled to address the nuanced (微妙的) principles, value conflicts, and power dynamics. These skills aren’t just crucial for addressing current issues. We desperately need them to promote anticipatory (先行的) governance, ” said Selinger.( Selinger说：“人工智能伦理超越了技术修复。哲学家和其他人文专家在处理微妙的原则、价值冲突和权力动态方面具有独特的技能。这些技能不仅对解决当前问题至关重要。我们迫切需要他们来促进预见性治理。”)”可知，塞林格主张跨学科的方法，因为人文学科专家拥有人工智能伦理所必需的技能。故选A。
【29题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段“Taking these preventative steps and regularly reassessing what risks need addressing is part of the ongoing journey in pursuit of creating responsible AI.(采取这些预防措施并定期重新评估需要解决的风险，是追求创造负责任的人工智能的持续旅程的一部分)”可知，为了促进负责任的人工智能，塞林格认为我们应该事先预测道德风险。故选C。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段““Students are going to be future tech leaders. Now is the time to help them think about what goals their companies should have and the costs of minimizing ethical concerns. Beyond social costs, downplaying ethics can negatively impact corporate culture and hiring, ” said Selinger. “To attract top talent, you
need to consider whether your company matches their interests and hopes for the future.”(“学生们将成为未来的科技领袖。现在是时候帮助他们思考他们的公司应该有什么样的目标，以及最小化道德问题的成本。除了社会成本之外，轻视道德还会对企业文化和招聘产生负面影响。”“为了吸引顶尖人才，你需要考虑你的公司是否符合他们的兴趣和对未来的希望。”)”可推知，理解人工智能伦理对学生未来有帮助。故选B。
（四）
（2024届 . 北京西城区 . 统考一模）
While some allergies (过敏症) disappear over time or with treatment, others last a lifetime. For decades, scientists have been searching for the source of these lifetime allergies.
Recently, researchers found that memory B cells may be involved. These cells produce a different class of antibodies known as IgG, which ward off viral infections. But no one had identified exactly which of those cells were recalling allergens or how they switched to making the IgE antibodies responsible for allergies. To uncover the mysterious cells, two research teams took a deep dive into the immune (免疫的) cells of people with allergies and some without.
Immunologist Joshua Koenig and colleagues examined more than 90, 000 memory B cells from six people with birch allergies, four people allergic to dust mites and five people with no allergies. Using a technique called RNA sequencing, the team identified specific memory B cells, which they named MBC2s that make antibodies and proteins associated with the immune response that causes allergies.
In another experiment, Koenig and colleagues used a peanut protein to go fishing for memory B cells from people with peanut allergies. The team pulled out the same type of cells found in people with birch and dust mite allergies. In people with peanut allergies, those cells increased in number and produced IgE antibodies as the people started treatment to desensitize them to peanut allergens.
Another group led by Maria Curotto de Lafaille, an immunologist at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City, also found that similar cells were more plentiful in 58 children allergic to peanuts than in 13 kids without allergies. The team found that the cells are ready to switch from making protective IgG antibodies to allergy-causing IgE antibodies. Even before the switch, the cells were making RNA for IgE but didn’t produce the protein. Making that RNA enables the cells to switch the type of antibodies they make when they encounter allergens. The signal to switch partially depends on a protein called JAK, the group discovered. “Stopping JAK from sending the signal could help prevent the memory cells from switching to IgE production,” Lafaille says. She also predicts that allergists may be able to examine aspects of these memory cells to forecast whether a patient's allergy is likely to last or disappear with time or treatment.
“Knowing which population of cells store allergies in long-term memory may eventually help scientists identify other ways to kill the allergy cells,” says Cecilia Berin, an immunologist at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. “You could potentially get rid of not only your peanut allergy but also all of your allergies.”
31. Why did scientists investigate the immune cells of individuals with and without allergies
A. To explore the distinctions between IgG and IgE.
B. To uncover new antibodies known as IgG and IgE.
C. To identify cells responsible for defending against allergies.
D. To reveal cells associated with the development of allergies.
32. What does the word “desensitize” underlined in Paragraph 4 most probably mean
A Make. . . less destructive. B. Make. . . less responsive.
C. Make. . . less protective. D. Make. . . less effective.
33. What can we learn from the two research teams’ work
A. MBC2s make antibodies and proteins that prevent allergies.
B. Memory B cells generate both RNA for IgE and the corresponding protein.
C. JAK plays a role in controlling antibody production when exposed to allergens.
D Allergists are capable of predicting whether an allergy will last or disappear.
34. Which could be the best title for the passage
A. RNA Sequencing Is Applied in Immunology Research
B. Specific Cells Related to Peanut Allergies Are Identified
C. Unmasking Cells’ Identities Helps Diagnose and Treat Allergies
D. Newfound Immune Cells Are Responsible for Long-lasting Allergies
【答案】31. D 32. B 33. C 34. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文，本文主要讲述两个研究小组为了揭示与发生过敏有关的细胞进行研究，最终确定了特定的记忆B细胞。
【31题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中“But no one had identified exactly which of those cells were recalling allergens or how they switched to making the IgE antibodies responsible for allergies. To uncover the mysterious cells, two research teams took a deep dive into the immune (免疫的) cells of people with allergies and some without.(但是没有人确切
地确定哪些细胞会召回过敏原，或者它们是如何转变为产生导致过敏的IgE抗体的。为了揭开这些神秘的细胞，两个研究小组深入研究了过敏人群和非过敏人群的免疫细胞)”可知，科学家研究过敏和没有过敏的个体的免疫细胞是为了揭示与发生过敏有关的细胞，故选D。
【32题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第三段中“Using a technique called RNA sequencing, the team identified specific memory B cells, which they named MBC2s that make antibodies and proteins associated with the immune response that causes allergies.(利用一种名为RNA测序的技术，研究小组确定了特定的记忆B细胞，他们将其命名为MBC2s，这些细胞产生与导致过敏的免疫反应相关的抗体和蛋白质)”可知，记忆B细胞会产生与导致过敏的免疫反应相关的抗体和蛋白质，结合划线词前“those cells increased in number and produced IgE antibodies(这些细胞的数量增加并产生IgE抗体)”可知，记忆B细胞数量增加并产生抗体，说明不再过敏，desensitize意为“使……不再过敏”符合题意，故选B。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据第五段中“The team found that the cells are ready to switch from making protective IgG antibodies to allergy-causing IgE antibodies. Even before the switch, the cells were making RNA for IgE but didn’t produce the protein. Making that RNA enables the cells to switch the type of antibodies they make when they encounter allergens. The signal to switch partially depends on a protein called JAK, the group discovered.(研究小组发现，这些细胞已经准备好从产生保护性的IgG抗体转变为引起过敏的IgE抗体。即使在转换之前，细胞也在为IgE制造RNA，但不产生蛋白质。小组发现，制造这种RNA可以使细胞在遇到过敏原时转换抗体的类型。转换信号部分取决于一种叫做JAK的蛋白质)”可知，当暴露于过敏原时，JAK在控制抗体产生中起作用，故选C。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第一段中“For decades, scientists have been searching for the source of these lifetime allergies.(几十年来，科学家们一直在寻找这些终生过敏的来源)”以及第二段中“Recently, researchers found that memory B cells may be involved.(最近，研究人员发现记忆B细胞可能参与其中)”可知，本文主要讲述两个研究小组为了揭示与发生过敏有关的细胞进行研究，最终确定了特定的记忆B细胞，D项“新发现的免疫细胞是造成长期过敏的原因”为最佳标题，故选D。
（五）
（2024届 . 北京东城区等五区 . 统考一模）
In Thailand, human-elephant conflict is increasing. To local farmers, elephants threaten their safety and economic livelihood.
Bring the Elephant Home (BTEH) is a non-profit organisation whose mission is to increase chances of survival for elephants and work towards a world in which people and elephants can live in harmony, benefting from each other’s existence. BTEH’s projects root in local communities. Their work is characterised by three principles:local involvement, a healthy ecology, and benefits for people and elephants simultaneously (同时地). They lead to shared decision making, ownership of local communities, sustainability, and a peaceful coexistence of people and animals.
A group of BTEH researchers and local farmer volunteers are experimenting with how to make the plantations less appealing to elephants and prevent them from coming into the farms. And the Tom Yum Project comes into being.
The name of the Tom Yum Project comes from the Thai soup. The ingredients (原料) for the soup are chilli, garlic, lemongrass, and onion—none of which are attractive to elephants. This project gives hope to alternative crops as a solution to human-elephant conflict in Thailand. The project works in the following steps.
The Tom Yum Project is the first research and community-based alternative crop planting initiative to promote human-elephant coexistence. Now, some similar projects will be carried out in Sri Lanka.
21. According to the passage, BTEH’s mission is to
A. develop rural communities B. create healthy environments
C. improve local economic livelihood D. promote human-elephant coexistence
22. In the Tom Yum Project, researchers and local farmers_______.
A. form some guarding teams B. volunteer to collect ingredients
C. experiment with alternative crops D. provide elephants with the Thai soup
23. In which step do farmers turn the harvested crops into organic honey or teas
A. Step 2. B. Step 3. C. Step 4. D. Step 5.
【答案】21 D 22. C 23. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍泰国一个非盈利组织BTEH为了促进人像和谐共存开发了Tom Yum Project，鼓励农民种植对大象吸引力小的替代作物，同时也让农民可以生产有机产品。
【21题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中“Bring the Elephant Home (BTEH) is a non-profit organisation whose mission is to increase chances of survival for elephants and work towards a world in which people and elephants can live in harmony, benefting from each other’s existence. (“把大象带回家”(BTEH)是一个非营利性组织，其使命是增加大象的生存机会，并努力建立一个人与大象和谐相处，相互受益的世界)”可知，BTEH的任务是促进人和大象的和谐共处。故选D。
【22题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中“This project gives hope to alternative crops as a solution to human-elephant conflict in Thailand.(这个项目为泰国解决人象冲突的替代作物带来了希望)”和第五段中“The Tom Yum Project is the first research and community-based alternative crop planting initiative to promote human-elephant coexistence.(Tom Yum项目是第一个以研究和社区为基础的替代作物种植倡议，以促进人象共存)”可知，在Tom Yum Project项目中研究人员和当地农民实验替代作物。故选C。
【23题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四张图片中的叙述“Farmers harvest crops and create organic products in eco-friendly packaging.(农民收割农作物，生产环保包装的有机产品)”可知，在这一步农民把收获的作物变成有机蜂蜜或茶叶。故选C。
（六）
（2024届 . 北京东城区等五区. 统考一模）
Time is one of humanity’s greatest blind spots. We experience it as days, months or years. But nature functions on much grander scales, measured in centuries, and even longer phases often grouped as “deep time.” Humanity’s shortsightedness around time creates major limits on modern conservation. As the climate and biodiversity crises accelerate, we are urgently working to protect and regenerate ecosystems without understanding how they functioned when they were truly doing well. A deep time perspective can help change that.
Take forest management. For decades, our practices called for all-out prevention of even the mildest forest fires,
believing that fire was bad for both people and nonhuman nature. Until recently we ignored the forest management strategies indigenous (土著的) communities had successfully used for centuries, in particular the application of small-scale controlled burns. Fire, it turns out, has always been an integral ingredient in healthy forest ecosystems, promoting new growth by thinning the understory. Today, we’re beginning to see widespread application of indigenous knowledge to forest management, tapping into this ancient wisdom.
But how can we know what an ecosystem looked like centuries ago One pathway is through modern mathematical modeling. We have married it with streams of long-term data and discovered a possible way to preserve the ecosystem of California’s kelp forest. By examining how North Pacific kelp forests existed long before the 19th century, we found that we’ve ignored the presence of a keystone species—the Steller’s sea cow, and its role in maintaining the harmony of this ecosystem.
Our model described the interactions between giant kelp and understory algae competing for light and space on the seafloor. Then we ran the model again, but this time with the Steller’s sea cow added in. These mammals fed on the leaves from the upper kelp layers. This allowed light to reach the sea bottom, which in turn stimulated the growth of not only the kelp but other kinds of organisms. In re-creating that vanished historical system that included the Steller’s sea cow, we could see a more diverse forestwhere the understory competed better with kelp
In short, what we assume we know about an ecosystem based on the recent past may impede our ability to fully understand and protect it. To ensure that our boldest conservation efforts are successful, we must begin looking at time as an essential tool.
28. According to the passage, what gets in the way of human’s conservation efforts
A. Lack of insights into deep time B. The worsening of biodiversity crises
C. The blindness to management strategies. D. Resistance to taking a deep time perspective.
29. What can we learn from the passage
A. Ignoring the Steller’s sea cow led to ecological imbalance.
B. People now prioritize fire prevention over controlled burns.
C. Mathematical modeling matters more than indigenous knowledge
D. Harvesting upper kelp leaves encourages fresh growth in the understory.
30. What does the underlined word “impede” in the last paragraph probably mean
A. Bring forth. B. Boost up. C. Shut down. D. Hold back.
【答案】28. A 29. D 30. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章指出人类应该以世纪为单位，从遥远的过去寻求保护生态系统的方法。
【28题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中“Humanity’s shortsightedness around time creates major limits on modern conservation. (人类对时间短视造成了现代保护的重大限制。)”可知，缺乏对深层时间的洞察阻碍了人类的保护努力。故选A。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“These mammals fed on the leaves from the upper kelp layers. This allowed light to reach the sea bottom, which in turn stimulated the growth of not only the kelp but other kinds of organisms. (这些哺乳动物以上层海藻层的叶子为食。这使得光线能够到达海底，这反过来不仅刺激了海带的生长，还刺激了其他生物的生长。)”可知，食用上层的叶子，可以使光线到达海底，这能刺激海带和其他物种的生长。由此推知，收获上部海带的叶子可以促进林下植被的生长。故选D。
【30题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第一段中“A deep time perspective can help change that. (深入的时间视角可以帮助改变这一点。)”和最后一段中“To ensure that our boldest conservation efforts are successful, we must begin looking at time as an essential tool. (为了确保我们最大胆的保护努力取得成功，我们必须开始把时间视为一个必不可少的工具。)”可知，人类基于最近生态系统的假设可能阻碍我们理解和保护它的能力，因此我们应该以世纪为单位，从遥远的过去寻求保护生态系统的方法。由此猜测impede意为“阻碍”，与hold back同义。故选D。
（七）
（2024届 . 北京东城区等五区. 统考一模）
Several dozen graduate students in London were recently tasked with outwitting a large language model (LLM), a type of AI designed to hold useful conversations. LLMs are often programmed with guardrails designed to stop them giving harmful replies: instructions on making bombs in a bathtub, say, or the confident statement of “facts” that are not actually true.
The aim of the task was to break those guardrails. Some results were merely stupid. For example, one participant got the chatbot to claim ducks could be used as indicators of air quality. But the most successful efforts were those that made the machine produce the titles, publication dates and host journals of non-existent academic articles.
AI has the potential to be a big benefit to science. Optimists talk of machines producing readable summaries of complicated areas of research; tirelessly analysing oceans of data to suggest new drugs and even, one day, coming up with hypotheses of their own. But AI comes with downsides, too.
Start with the simplest problem: academic misconduct.Some journals allow researchers to use LLMs to help write papers. But not everybody is willing to admit to it. Sometimes, the fact that LLMs have been used is obvious. Guillaume Cabanac, a computer scientist, has uncovered dozens of papers that contain phrases such as “regenerate response” — the text of a button in some versions of ChatGPT that commands the program to rewrite its most recent answer, probably copied into the manuscript (原稿) by mistake.
Another problem arises when AI models are trained on AI-generated data. LLMs are trained on text from the Internet. As they churn out (大量炮制) more such text, the risk of LLMs taking in their own outputs grows. That can cause “model collapse”. In 2023 llia Shumailov, a computer scientist, co-authored a paper in which a model was fed handwritten digits and asked to generate digits of its own, which were fed back to it in turn. After a few cycles, the computer’s numbers became more or less illegible.After 20iterations (迭代), it could produce only rough circles or blurry lines.
Some worry that computer-generated insights might come from models whose inner workings are not understood. Inexplainable models are not useless, says David Leslie at an AI-research outfit in London, but their outputs will need rigorous testing in the real world. That is perhaps less unnerving than it sounds. Checking models against reality is what science is supposed to be about, after all.
For now, at least, questions outnumber answers. The threats that machines pose to the scientific method are, at the end of the day, the same ones posed by humans. AI could accelerate the production of nonsense just as much as it accelerates good science. As the Royal Society has it,nullius in verba: take nobody’s word for it. No thing’s, either.
31. The result of the task conducted in London shows that ________.
A. LLMs give away useful information B. the guardrails turn out to be ineffective
C. AI’s influence will potentially be decreased D. the effort put into the study of AI hardly pays off
32. What does “model collapse” indicate
A. The readability of the models’output is underestimated.
B. The diverse sources of information confuse the models.
C. Training on regenerated data stops models working well.
D. The data will become reliable after continuous iterations.
33. According to the passage, people’s worry over the inexplainable models is __________.
A. impractical B. unjustified C. groundless D. unsettling
34. What would be the best title for the passage
A. Faster Nonsense: AI Could Also Go Wrong B. Imperfect Models: How Will AI Make Advances
C. The Rise of LLMs: AI Could Still Be Promising D. Bigger Threats: AI Will Be Uncontrollable
【答案】31. B 32. C 33. B 34. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了人工智能也可能出错。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段中“LLMs are often programmed with guardrails designed to stop them giving harmful replies: instructions on making bombs in a bathtub, say, or the confident statement of “facts” that are not actually true.”（LLM通常被编程为带有护栏，旨在阻止他们做出有害的回复：比如说，关于在浴缸里制造炸弹的说明，或者对事实并非真实的“事实”的自信陈述。）以及第二段“The aim of the task was to break those guardrails. Some results were merely stupid. For example, one participant got the chatbot to claim ducks could be used as indicators of air quality. But the most successful efforts were those that made the machine produce the titles, publication dates and host journals of non-existent academic articles.”（这项任务的目的是打破那些护栏。有些结果很愚蠢。例如，一名参与者让聊天机器人声称鸭子可以作为空气质量的指标。但最成功的努力是让机器生成不存在的学术文章的标题、出版日期和主办期刊。）可知，在伦敦进行的这项任务的结果表明，LLM这些护栏是无效的，并没有能够阻止非真实的信息的生成。故选B项。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段中“‘model collapse’”下文“In 2023 llia Shumailov, a computer scientist, co-authored a paper in which a model was fed handwritten digits and asked to generate digits of its own, which were fed back to it in turn. After a few cycles, the computer’s numbers became more or less illegible. After 20 iterations (迭代), it could produce only rough circles or blurry lines.”（2023年，计算机科学家llia Shumailov与人合著了一篇论文，在论文中，一个模型被输入手写数字，并被要求生成自己的数字，这些数字依次被反馈给它。几个周期后，计算机的数字变得或多或少难以辨认。经过20次迭代，它只能生成粗糙的圆圈或模糊的线条。）可知，一个模型被输入手写数字并被要求生成自己的数字，这些数字依次被反馈给它，经过20次迭代后，只能生成粗糙的圆圈或模糊的线条，而不是数字，由此可知，再生数据的训练使这个模型崩溃，无法正常工作，由此可知，“model collapse(模型崩溃)”表明对再生数据的训练使模型无法正常工作。故选C项。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据第六段“Inexplainable models are not useless, says David Leslie at an AI-research outfit in London, but their outputs will need rigorous testing in the real world. That is perhaps less unnerving than it sounds. Checking models against reality is what science is supposed to be about, after all.”（伦敦一家人工智能研究机构的
David Leslie表示，无法解释的模型并非毫无用处，但它们的结果需要在现实世界中进行严格的测试。这也许没有听起来那么令人不安。毕竟，根据现实检验模型才是科学应该做的事情。）可知，根据文章，人们对无法解释的模型的担忧是不合理的，因为它们的结果需要在现实世界中进行严格的测试。故选B项。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第三段“But AI comes with downsides, too.”（但人工智能也有缺点.）以及根据最后一段“AI could accelerate the production of nonsense just as much as it accelerates good science. ”（人工智能可以加速废话的产生，就像它可以加速好的科学一样。）可知，文章主要阐述人工智能也会出错，生成虚假信息，所设置的“护栏”并不能起到作用；因此，短文的最佳标题为“更快的废话：人工智能也可能出错”。故选A项。
（八）
（2024届 . 北京石景山区. 统考一模）
It’s a known fact that emissions (排放物) from gas-powered vehicles are harming the atmosphere. In response to this, Porsche, the German sports car company, began producing e-fuels at a pilot plant in Chile last year. Currently, the fuel will be used only in sports cars at Porsche’s performance and experience centers.
E-fuels are made by passing electricity through water. The electricity separates the hydrogen and oxygen from water. The hydrogen is then mixed with CO to produce a liquid e-fuel, which can be produced using many renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power. E-fuels follow the chemical structure of gasoline, making it possible for gas-powered cars to run on e-fuels almost without any change.
E-fuels can help ease the transform away from gas-powered cars, for those who may not be able to afford electric vehicles (EV). It will also help to reduce waste by keeping gas-powered cars in service, instead of throwing them away prematurely. Additionally, the use of e-fuels will not require new facility to be built unlike EVs. Existing gas stations and cars will be able to stay in use, which is already a big saving.
Despite the many benefits, opinions differ on whether e-fuels are truly eco-friendly. E-fuels are widely said to be nearly carbon neutral (碳中和), although an independent study indicates that e-fuels release the same amount of CO as gasoline. Since e-fuels are still being developed and tested, their true impacts are still unknown. Meanwhile, e-fuels are very expensive to produce, partly due to energy loss during production. Unfortunately, only about half of the energy used in producing e-fuels is actually transformed into fuel. Additionally, only about 16% of the energy used in e-fuel production is actually used to power the car. Whereas, about 70% of energy is preserved when powering an EV. Even though the use of e-fuels will preserve existing facility, it will still take time and money to integrate it into everyday life. Currently, the price of e-fuels is nearly double the cost of regular fuel.
E-fuels are still a work in progress. Though opinions are divided on e-fuels, with more testing and development, they have been considered another way to help fight against the climate crisis. “There are currently more than 1.3 billion vehicles with combustion (内燃) engines worldwide. Many of these will be on the roads for decades to come, and e-fuels offer the owners of existing cars a nearly carbon-neutral alternative. With the e-fuels pilot plant, Porsche is playing a leading role in this development,” said Michael Steiner, member of the Executive Board for Development and Research at Porsche AG.
28. What can we learn from this passage
A. E-fuels release no CO . B. E-fuels were tested in Germany at first.
C. E-fuels are applicable to gas-powered cars. D. E-fuels need to be mixed with CO in actual use.
29. The author quotes Michael Steiner mainly to ______.
A. draw a conclusion. B. present an opinion
C. further a discussion D. provide a solution
30. What is the author’s attitude towards e-fuels
A. Positive. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Objective.
【答案】28. C 29. C 30. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。德国跑车公司保时捷去年开始在智利的一家试点工厂生产电动燃料，以减少汽车排放物对大气的影响。文章对此进行了介绍。
【28题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“E-fuels follow the chemical structure of gasoline, making it possible for gas-powered cars to run on e-fuels almost without any change.(电子燃料遵循汽油的化学结构，这使得以汽油为动力的汽车几乎不需要任何改变就可以使用电子燃料。)”可知，电子燃料适用于汽油动力汽车。故选C。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句“Though opinions are divided on e-fuels, with more testing and development, they have been considered another way to help fight against the climate crisis.(尽管人们对电子燃料的看法存在分歧，但随着更多的测试和开发，它们已被认为是帮助应对气候危机的另一种方式。)”和第三句中的“There are currently more than 1.3 billion vehicles with combustion (内燃) engines worldwide. Many of these will be on the roads for decades to come, and e-fuels offer the owners of existing cars a nearly carbon-neutral alternative. With the e-fuels pilot plant, Porsche is playing a leading role in this development(通用场景术语库目前全球有超
过13亿辆内燃机汽车。其中许多将在未来几十年上路，而电子燃料为现有汽车的车主提供了一种几乎碳中和的替代方案。随着电动燃料试点工厂的建立，保时捷在这一发展中发挥着主导作用)”可知，作者引用迈克尔·斯坦纳的话主要是为了进一步讨论前文中提到的结论。故选C。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句“Though opinions are divided on e-fuels, with more testing and development, they have been considered another way to help fight against the climate crisis.(尽管人们对电子燃料的看法存在分歧，但随着更多的测试和开发，它们已被认为是帮助应对气候危机的另一种方式。)”可知，作者对电子燃料的态度是积极的。故选A。
（九）
（2024届 . 北京石景山区. 统考一模）
On Feb. 21, four students were standing on the side of Pacific Coast Highway in Malibu when a driver going 110 miles per hour lost control of his car and it crashed into the parked vehicles.12 people were killed at the scene, including 2 drivers.
This kind of traffic death shouldn’t be called an accident. In Los Angeles, we seem to have accepted constant carnage (屠杀) in our streets in exchange for maximizing driver speed and convenience. The official responses to proven traffic dangers are mere gestures, if even that.
Los Angeles is a uniquely deadly city with a death rate that is four times the national average. Unsurprisingly, it’s also a city that has been designed with one thing in mind: a concept called level of service, which grades streets on how well they serve those in automobiles. To many Angelenos, that makes sense — to design our streets for car traffic, which is the way many get around the city. Unfortunately, we don’t recognize that there’s a trade-off. We can either have streets bettered for free-flowing traffic, or we can design streets for people to move around safely outside of cars.
City leaders consistently choose for the easy but deadly option. In one recent example, a resident asked the city’s Department of Transportation to block drivers from using Cochran Avenue at Venice Boulevard as a cut-through street, as they were speeding through a quiet residential neighbourhood. The department responded by suggesting a “speed awareness campaign” in which neighbours put up yard signs urging drivers to slow down.
People don’t drive based on signage, but they drive on the design of the street. The trunk roads of Los Angeles such as Venice Boulevard all need to be revised so that people are prioritized over cars. This would include narrowing travel lanes (道), building bike lanes, and banning right turns at red lights. These measures would make drivers feel like they’re in a city and not on a highway. A recent John Hopkins study says this would have substantial safety
benefits.
With more than 7,500 miles of streets in the city of Los Angeles, they won’t all be rebuilt anytime soon. But with each road construction project, or each crash, we should be revising streets to make them safer for all road users.
The solution to traffic jam isn’t to make more space for cars. It’s to design the streets to be safe enough for alternatives such as biking, walking and mass transit, especially for the 50% of trips daily in Los Angeles that are less than three miles. The solution to protecting people dining outdoors isn’t crash barriers. It’s a street design that forces drivers to go slowly. The problem is carnage in the streets, and we know the solutions.
31. Why should the traffic death in Los Angeles be called “constant carnage”
A. The traffic accidents happen quite often.
B. Too many people are killed in the traffic accidents.
C. The drivers’ speeding is to blame for the traffic death.
D. City leaders’ consistent choice contributes to the traffic death.
32. What does the word “trade-off” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean
A. Balance. B. Guideline. C. Conflict. D. Resolution.
33. According to the passage, which is a likely solution to the traffic problem
A. To widen travel lanes. B. To add more crosswalks.
C. To arrange more traffic police. D. To punish speeding drivers.
34. Which would be the best title for the passage
A. Drivers first or walkers first B. Traffic death or constant carnage
C. More warning signs or safer designs D. More narrow lanes or speedy highways
【答案】31. D 32. A 33. B 34. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了洛杉矶街道设计的不合理之处以及改进措施。
【31题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段“City leaders consistently choose for the easy but deadly option.”（城市领导人总是选择简单但致命的选项）可知，为什么洛杉矶的交通死亡被称为“持续的屠杀”是因为城市领导的一贯选择导致交通死亡。故选D项。
【32题详解】
词句猜测题，根据第三段“. To many Angelenos, that makes sense—to design our streets for car traffic, which is the
way many get around the city. ”（对许多洛杉矶人来说，为汽车交通设计街道是有意义的，这是许多人在城市里出行的方式）根据下文“We can either have streets bettered for free-flowing traffic, or we can design streets for people to move around safely outside of cars.”（我们可以让街道变得更好，让交通更加畅通，或者我们可以设计街道，让人们在没有汽车的情况下安全地走动。）可知，不幸的是，我们没有意识到应该平衡一下。所以划线词的意思是“平衡”。故选A项。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“The solution to traffic jam isn’t to make more space for cars. It’s to design the streets to be safe enough for alternatives such as biking, walking and mass transit,”（解决交通堵塞的办法不是为汽车腾出更多的空间。而是为了设计足够安全的街道，让人们可以选择骑自行车、步行和公共交通，）可知，.增加人行横道可能是解决交通问题的方法。故选B项。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。短文介绍了洛杉矶街道的设计导致车道成为了快车道，并导致死亡事故不断地产生。有的部门提出，建议开展一项“速度意识运动”，让邻居们在院子里竖起标志，敦促司机减速。有的提出了解决措施如缩小行车车道，修建自行车道，禁止在红灯时右转。这些措施会让司机感觉他们是在一个城市，而不是在高速公路上。以短文的标题为“更多的警告标志还是更安全的设计 ”切题。故选C项。
（十）
（2024届 . 北京房山区. 统考一模）
Volunteer in Africa
Dreaming of volunteering in Africa International Volunteer HQ (IVHQ) will enable you to be immersed in vibrant cultures, discover unique wildlife and make valuable contributions to the local communities.
Common questions about volunteering in Africa
What volunteer work in Africa does IVHQ offer
Whether you want to volunteer and teach English in Africa support construction projects, wildlife volunteering, or nursing and medical volunteer abroad projects, IVHQ has volunteer work in Africa that is suitable for volunteers with a range of skills and experience.
How much does it cost to volunteer in Africa
Our fully hosted Africa volunteer programs start from as little as $20/day! This includes your accommodation, meals, airport pickup, orientation and comprehensive support services that you won’t find elsewhere.
Is it safe to volunteer in Africa
We have a comprehensive approach to managing safety and reducing risks across all of our programs, which gives volunteers the knowledge and confidence they need to stay safe, secure and healthy. This includes:
All local teams are trained in volunteer management, are required to undertake first aid training and ensure that programs adhere to IVHQ’s Risk Management Policy.
All IVHQ volunteers receive pre-departure and 24/7 in-country support, are required to have travel insurance and are strongly encouraged to take our online pre-departure training which can be accessed for free.
How to volunteer in Africa
Applying to volunteer in Africa is simple! Once you’ve decided which country you want to volunteer in and which Africa project you would like to join, you can apply. It’s free, only takes a few minutes and there is no commitment needed at this stage. Our team of Volunteer Travel Specialists will then guide you through the next steps to secure your spot and start preparing for your trip.
21. In Africa, IVHQ volunteers can ________.
A. manage construction projects B. organize program orientation
C. work as language teachers D. undertake first aid training
22. What does IVHQ provide to ensure the safety of volunteers
A. Volunteer projects suitable for all. B. An online pre-departure training.
C. Well-trained local communities. D. Lectures on cultural difference.
23. Which of the following should be done at the application stage
A. Selecting countries and projects. B. Obtaining passports and visas.
C. Making some commitments. D. Arranging accommodations.
【答案】21. C 22. B 23. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了国际志愿者组织(IVHQ)在非洲的志愿者项目。
【21题详解】
细节理解题。根据What volunteer work in Africa does IVHQ offer (IVHQ在非洲提供哪些志愿工作 )部分中“Whether you want to volunteer and teach English in Africa, support construction projects, wildlife volunteering, or nursing and medical volunteer abroad projects, IVHQ has volunteer work in Africa that is suitable for volunteers with a range of skills and experience. (无论你是想在非洲做志愿者，教英语，支持建设项目，野生动物志愿者，还是海外护理和医疗志愿者项目，IVHQ在非洲都有适合你的志愿者工作，你需要有一系列的技能和经验。)”
可知，在非洲，IVHQ的志愿者可以作语言教师。故选C项。
【22题详解】
细节理解题。根据Is it safe to volunteer in Africa (在非洲做志愿者安全吗 )部分中“All IVHQ volunteers receive pre-departure and 24/7 in-country support, are required to have travel insurance and are strongly encouraged to take our online pre-departure training which can be accessed for free. (所有IVHQ志愿者在出发前都会得到全天候的国内支持，需要购买旅行保险，并强烈鼓励他们参加我们的在线出发前培训，这些培训可以免费获得。)”可知，为确保志愿者的安全，IVHQ提供出发前的在线培训。故选B项。
【23题详解】
细节理解题。根据How to volunteer in Africa(如何在非洲做志愿者)部分中“Once you’ve decided which country you want to volunteer in and which Africa project you would like to join, you can apply. (一旦你决定了你想在哪个国家做志愿者，你想参加哪个非洲项目，你就可以申请了。)”可知，在申请阶段要选择国家和项目。故选A项。
（十一）
（2024届 . 北京房山区. 统考一模）
Clinical intuition is finally getting the respect it may have long deserved. New research is supporting a process that combines rapid judgments and perceptions that occur outside of conscious awareness — a way of knowing something without knowing how you know it. The value of clinical intuition in medicine is now being studied and becoming particularly relevant as interest grows in developing AI systems that can analyze medical data to diagnose or treat patients.
A study in 2023 found that clinical intuition from physiotherapists on the prognosis for functional recovery among patients was closely associated with the recovery afterwards. Another study concluded that in comparison to relying only on clinical data, “preoperative surgeon intuition alone is an independent predictor of patient outcomes.”
“This is a cognitive process. Clinical intuition is about expertise, knowledge, and pattern recognition that accumulate through experience. The mind is putting together all kinds of information and sequencing it in ways that say this person is really sick — or not,” says Meredith Vanstone, an associate professor in McMaster University. Given the depth of this cognitive process, some experts are skeptical that AI technology can make medical decisions as well as a human physician.
“As physicians go through years of interactions with patients and seeing thousands of cases, those gut feelings become a sort of summary statement of all the experiences they’ve seen,” says Mohammad Ghassemi, a researcher at Michigan State University. “Clinicians can observe different things that are not always captured or made available by
machines.”
Researchers found that physicians and nurses practicing in a medical specialty involving a high likelihood of an emergency or dimensions of complexity are more likely to use intuitive decision-making in their practice. “As surgeons the first thing we need to do is look at the patient because the structured data may not be consistent with what we see with the patient,” says Gabriel Brat from Harvard Medical School.
Research has found that clinical intuition from nurses and physicians about the chances that older patients visiting emergency departments would die or have other adverse outcomes within 30 days was highly accurate.
None of known experiences suggest that clinical intuition should be blindly acted upon. Making clinical decisions solely on the basis of a physician’s intuition isn’t the way to go, experts say. But relying solely on medical algorithms (mathematical models) that generate predictions about how a patient is likely to respond to different treatments isn’t the best course of action either.
To optimize patient care, some experts believe a hybrid approach that integrates clinical intuition, predictive algorithms, patient preferences, and other key factors is essential.
28. According to the passage, clinical intuition is influenced by ________.
A. rapid judgement B. medical algorithms
C. conscious awareness D. professional knowledge
29. Which of the following would Mohammad Ghassemi agree
A. Clinicians have a sharp eye for a patient’s condition.
B. Machines always generate more accurate predictions.
C. Doctors should summarize the experiences they’ve seen.
D. Physicians’ interactions with patients have been devalued.
30. Why does the author mention the research finding in Paragraph 6
A. To introduce the wide use of clinical intuition.
B. To explain the logic chain of clinical intuition.
C. To prove the accuracy of clinical intuition.
D. To present feedbacks on clinical intuition.
【答案】28. D 29. A 30. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是什么是临床直觉以及它的意义。
【28题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“Clinical intuition is about expertise, knowledge, and pattern recognition that accumulate through experience.(临床直觉是通过经验积累的专业知识、知识和模式识别。)”可知，临床直觉受到专业知识的影响。故选D。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“As physicians go through years of interactions with patients and seeing thousands of cases, those gut feelings become a sort of summary statement of all the experiences they’ve seen(当医生经历了多年与病人的互动，看到了成千上万的病例时，这些直觉就变成了他们所见过的所有经历的总结)”和“Clinicians can observe different things that are not always captured or made available by machines.(临床医生可以观察到不同的东西，这些东西并不总是被机器捕捉到或提供。)”可知，Mohammad Ghassemi会同意的说法是临床医生对病人的病情有敏锐的眼光。故选A。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据第六段“Research has found that clinical intuition from nurses and physicians about the chances that older patients visiting emergency departments would die or have other adverse outcomes within 30 days was highly accurate.(研究发现，护士和医生对急诊科老年患者在30天内死亡或出现其他不良后果的几率的临床直觉非常准确。)”可知，作者在第6段提到了研究发现是为了证明临床直觉的准确性。故选C。
（十二）
（2024届 . 北京门头沟. 统考一模）
Are you ready to become an international UN Volunteer
You can contribute your time, skills and knowledge through volunteering with the UN. This is an opportunity to create a positive impact and be a significant force for achieving peace and development. Make a difference to the lives of many!
The first step to volunteer abroad with the UN is to determine whether you meet the minimum requirements. If this is the case, register your profile in our Unified Volunteering Platform. Then, you may apply for assignments that are in high demand or even in highly specialized areas.
The minimum age to serve as an international UN Volunteer is 18 years old. However, there are specific requirements for various categories: UN Youth Volunteers, including University Volunteers, must be aged 18-26, UN Volunteer specialists must be at least 27years old, and UN Expert Volunteers must be 35 years of age and above.
There may also be requirements of relevant professional and academic experience, as well as language proficiency (熟练). Refer to the Description of Assignment for the UN Volunteer assignment for the position you are
applying for because different assignments have their specific requirements.
All UN Volunteers must display a commitment to the values and principles of volunteerism and the activities of the United Nations and the UN Charter, and an ability to work in a multicultural environment and with local partners and communities. They should be prepared to adjust to difficult living conditions in sometimes remote locations. UN Volunteers should be professional, with strong interpersonal and organizational skills.
21. Which is a requirement for being an international UN Volunteer
A. Having a positive impact. B. Being younger than 18 years old.
C. Having relevant work experience. D. Being talented in foreign languages.
22. If selected as a UN volunteer, one will need to .
A. show his education level B. improve local living conditions
C. follow the rules of the activities D. communicate with others efficiently
23. Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage
A. Every assignment has its particular requirements.
B. If you meet the requirements, you can register by email.
C. UN Volunteers will work in remote locations independently.
D. As a volunteer, you should make principles of volunteerism.
【答案】21. C 22. D 23. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了要成为国际联合国志愿者的具体要求。
【21题详解】
细节理解题。由倒数第二段中“There may also be requirements of relevant professional and academic experience, as well as language proficiency (熟练). (还可能对相关职业和学术经验以及语言熟练度提出要求)”可知，成为一名国际联合国志愿人员需要有相关工作经验。故选C项。
【22题详解】
细节理解题。由最后一段中“UN Volunteers should be professional, with strong interpersonal and organizational skills. (联合国志愿人员应该是专业的，具有很强的人际关系和组织能力)”可知，联合国志愿人员具有很强的人际关系，如果被选为联合国志愿人员，他/她需要与他人有效沟通。故选D项。
【23题详解】
细节理解题。由倒数第二段中“Refer to the Description of Assignment for the UN Volunteer assignment for the
position you are applying for because different assignments have their specific requirements. (请参阅您申请职位的联合国志愿人员任务说明，因为不同的任务有其具体要求)”可知，不同的任务有其具体要求，A项“每项任务都有其特殊要求”正确。故选A项。
（十三）
（2024届 . 北京门头沟. 统考一模）
Artificial intelligence is almost twice as accurate as a biopsy (活组织检查) at judging the aggressiveness of some cancers, experts say. Cancer kills 10 million people globally every year, according to the WHO. But for patients the disease can be prevented if detected instantly and dealt with quickly.
A recent study suggested an AI algorithm (算法) was far better than a biopsy at correctly grading the aggressiveness of sarcomas (肉瘤), a rare form of cancer. Researchers hope AI will improve outcomes for patients by giving doctors a more accurate way of grading tumours (肿瘤). Because high-grade tumours can indicate aggressive disease, the tool could help ensure those high-risk patients are identified more quickly and treated instantly. Low-risk patients could also be spared unnecessary treatments, follow-up scans and hospital visits.
Researchers say the algorithm could be applied to other types of cancer in future. The team specifically looked at retroperitoneal sarcomas, which develop at the back of the abdomen and are difficult to diagnose (诊断) and treat due to their location. They used CT scans from 170 patients with the two most common forms of retroperitoneal sarcoma — leiomyosarcoma and liposarcoma. Using data from these scans they created an AI algorithm, which was then tested on 89 patients in other countries. In grading how aggressive the tumour was, the technology was accurate in 82% of the cases, while biopsies were 44%.
AI could also recognize leiomyosarcoma and liposarcoma in 84% of sarcomas tested, while radiologists were able to identify them in 65% of the cases. Christina Messiou, the study leader, said: “We’re incredibly excited by the potential of this state-of-the-art technology, which could lead to patients having better outcomes through faster diagnosis. As patients with retroperitoneal sarcoma are routinely scanned with CT, we hope this tool will eventually be used globally, ensuring that not just specialist centres can reliably identify and grade the disease.”
Richard Davison, chief executive of Sarcoma UK, said the results looked “very promising”. He added: “People are more likely to survive sarcoma if diagnosed early. One in six people with sarcoma cancer wait more than a year to receive an accurate diagnosis, so any research that helps patients receive better treatment and support is welcome.”
28. According to the passage, AI is capable of .
A. grading the risk of sarcomas B. measuring the scale of sarcomas
C. providing cancer treatment for clinicians D. classifying cancers with its advanced algorithm
29. What can be inferred from this passage
A. More sarcomas can be detected with the help of AI.
B. Biopsies will be replaced by AI algorithm in identifying cancers.
C. More patients suffering from cancers will benefit from AI algorithm.
D. AI algorithm has been applied in hospitals for detecting most cancers.
30. What is the passage mainly about
A. AI has a profound market in curing cancers. B. New treatments for sarcomas are well underway.
C. AI helps identify high-risk and low-risk patients. D. AI does better in assessing some types of sarcomas.
【答案】28. A 29. C 30. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究表明在判断某些癌症的侵袭性方面人工智能的准确度几乎是活检的两倍，可以对肉瘤的风险进行分级。文章详细介绍了其研究过程，研究人员认为该算法未来可以应用于其他类型的癌症。
【28题详解】
细节理解题。由第二段中“A recent study suggested an AI algorithm (算法) was far better than a biopsy at correctly grading the aggressiveness of sarcomas (肉瘤), a rare form of cancer. Researchers hope AI will improve outcomes for patients by giving doctors a more accurate way of grading tumours (肿瘤). (最近的一项研究表明，在正确分级肉瘤（一种罕见的癌症）的侵袭性方面，人工智能算法远优于活组织检查。研究人员希望人工智能能为医生提供更准确的肿瘤分级方法，从而改善患者的预后)”可知，人工智能有能力对肉瘤的风险进行分级。故选A项。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。由第三段中“Researchers say the algorithm could be applied to other types of cancer in future. (研究人员表示，该算法未来可以应用于其他类型的癌症)”可得出，更多的癌症患者将受益于AI算法。故选C项。
【30题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段中“Artificial intelligence is almost twice as accurate as a biopsy (活组织检查) at judging the aggressiveness of some cancers, experts say. (专家表示，在判断某些癌症的侵袭性方面，人工智能的准确度几乎是活检的两倍)”和第二段中“A recent study suggested an AI algorithm (算法) was far better than a biopsy at correctly grading the aggressiveness of sarcomas (肉瘤), a rare form of cancer. (最近的一项研究表明，在正确分级肉瘤（一种罕见的癌症）的侵袭性方面，人工智能算法远优于活组织检查)”可知，文章介绍了研究
表明在判断某些癌症的侵袭性方面，人工智能的准确度几乎是活检的两倍，可以对肉瘤的风险进行分级。D项“人工智能在评估某些类型的肉瘤方面做得更好”符合文意。故选D项。
（十四）
（2024届 . 北京门头沟. 统考一模）
A recent global study, which surveyed 10,000 young people from 10 countries, showed that nearly 60 percent of them were extremely worried about the future state of the planet. The report, which was published in The Lancet, also showed that nearly half of the respondents said that such distress affected them daily, and three quarters agreed with the statement that “the future is frightening.” This, along with many other studies, shows clearly that climate change is not just a threat to the environment that we inhabit. It also poses a very real threat to our emotional well-being. Psychologists have categorized these feelings of grief and worry about the current climate emergency, a common occurrence among youth today, under the label of “eco-anxiety”.
Eco-anxiety doesn’t just affect young people. It also affects researchers who work in climate and ecological science, burdened by the reality depicted by their findings, and it affects the most economically marginalized (边缘化的) across the globe, who bear the damaging impacts of climate breakdown.
In 2024, eco-anxiety will rise to become one of the leading causes of mental health problems. The reasons are obvious. Scientists estimate that the world is likely to breach safe limits of temperature rise above pre-industrial levels for the first time by 2027.
In recent years, we’ve seen wildfires tear through Canada and Greece, and summer floods ruin regions in Pakistan that are home to nearly 33 million people. Studies have shown that those impacted by air pollution and rising temperatures are more likely to experience psychological distress.
To make matters worse, facing climate crisis, our political class is not offering strong leadership. The COP28 conference in Dubai will be headed by an oil and gas company executive. In the UK, the government is b2024年高考英语模拟试题分类汇编：阅读理解 (说明文&议论文)
Part 1 阅读理解之说明文
（一）
（204届 . 北京海淀区 . 统考一模）
With all the dietary information online, it can be hard to know what tips to follow. Watch out for these words and expressions.
Fat Is Good
It doesn't matter if you are part of the fat is GOOD for you or BAD for you group, the important question to ask is the source of the fat. If it comes from a land-based animal, and is likely to be solid at room temperature, then it is saturated (饱和的)fat whereas if it comes from fish or plants, and it is likely to be liquid at room temperature, then it is unsaturated fat. All the evidence indicates that eating more unsaturated fat than saturated fat lowers your risk of dying early.
Natural Sugar Is Better
The vast majority of sugar we consume is sucrose （蔗糖）.It is the white powdered stuff we cook with and is made up of glucose and fructose. How about sugar from honey It is often marketed as natural and better for you. Actually, it just has its own distinct flavour, but is as sweet because of glucose and fructose.
High-pH Water
Some people think we need to eat alkali （碱）food to maintain our blood at a pH of 7.4. But everything we eat or drink passes through the stomach, which, at a pH of 1.5, is the most acidic part of the body. It is then neutralised to a pH of 7. So, nothing we eat will change the pH of our blood.
Don’t Eat Anything That You Can't Pronounce
Whether foods are natural or highly processed, they are all full of chemicals. Are you supposed to fear “phenylthiocarbamide”, because you can't pronounce it This is simply the chemical responsible for the bitter taste found in brassicas, the plants in the cabbage and mustard family.
Don't Eat Food With More Than Five Ingredients （佐料）
Simple foods are not necessarily healthier for you. If I, for instance, use Chinese five spice powder in a recipe, that would count as one of the five ingredients. However, what if I added the typical components of five spice powder separately into a dish Does that mean my recipe suddenly becomes bad because it has more than five ingredients
21. According to the passage, healthier fat______.
A. can be found in fish and plants B. comes from land-based animals
C. remains solid at room temperature D. can lower the death rate of elders
22. The passage suggests that________.
A. diets can help adjust the pH of our blood B. honey sugar can do more good than sucrose
C. foods with more ingredients may be as healthy D. chemicals we can recognize are safer to take in
23. What is the main purpose of the passage
A. To compare tips on food choices. B. To introduce different health concepts.
C. To recommend fitness recipes to readers. D. To warn us of some dietary misunderstandings.
（二）
（2024届 . 北京海淀区 . 统考一模）
Researchers hope brain implants will one day help people with aphasia （失语症）to get their voice back—and maybe even to sing. Now, for the first time, scientists have demonstrated that the brain's electrical activity can be decoded and used to reconstruct music.
A new study analyzed data from 29 people monitored for epileptic seizures （癫痫发作），using electrodes （电极）on the surface of their brain. As participants listened to a selected song, electrodes captured brain activity related to musical elements, such as tone, rhythm, and lyrics. Employing machine learning, Robert Knight from UC Berkeley and his colleagues reconstructed what the participants were hearing and published their study results. The paper is the first to suggest that scientists can “listen secretly to” the brain to synthesize （合成）music.
To turn brain activity data into musical sound, researchers trained an artificial intelligence （AI） model to decode data captured from thousands of electrodes that were attached to the participants as they listened to the song while undergoing surgery. Once the brain data were fed through the model, the music returned. The model also revealed some brain parts responding to different musical features of the song.
Although the findings focused on music, the researchers expect their results to be most useful for translating brain waves into human speech. Ludovic Bellier, the study's lead author, explains that speech, regardless of language, has small melodic differences—tempo, stress, accents, and intonation—known as prosody （韵律）.These elements carry meaning that we can't communicate with words alone. He hopes the model will improve brain-computer interfaces （BCI）, assistive devices that record speech-associated brain waves and use algorithms to reconstruct intended messages. This technology, still in its
infancy, could help people who have lost the ability to speak because of aphasia.
Future research should investigate whether these models can be expanded from music that participants have heard to imagined internal speech. If a brain-computer interface could recreate someone's speech with the prosody and emotional weight found in music, it could offer a richer communication experience beyond mere words.
Several barriers remain before we can put this technology in the hands—or brains—of patients. The current model relies on surgical implants. As recording techniques improve, the hope is to gather data non-invasively, possibly using ultrasensitive electrodes. However, under current technologies, this approach might result in a lower speed of decoding into natural speech. The researchers also hope to improve the playback clarity by packing the electrodes closer together on the brain’s surface, enabling an even more detailed look at the electrical symphony the brain produces.
28. What can we learn from the study
A. Electrodes can analyze musical elements.
B. The decoding of brain data helps recreate music.
C. Machine learning greatly enhances brain activity.
D. The AI model monitors music-responsive brain regions.
29. What hopefully makes it possible to expand the model to speech
A. The prosody of speech. B. The collection of brain waves.
C. The emotional weight of music. D. The reconstruction of information.
30. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage
A. Unlocking the Secrets of Melodic Mind B. Brain Symphony: Synthesized Human Speech
C. BCI Brings Hope to People with Aphasia D. Remarkable Journey: Decoding Brain with AI
（三）
（2024届 . 北京西城区 . 统考一模）
Evan Selinger, professor in RIT’s Department of Philosophy, has taken an interest in the ethics (伦理标准) of Al and the policy gaps that need to be filled in. Through a humanities viewpoint, Selinger asks the questions, “How can AI cause harm, and what can governments and companies creating Al programs do to address and manage it ” Answering them, he explained, requires an interdisciplinary approach.
“AI ethics go beyond technical fixes. Philosophers and other humanities experts are uniquely skilled to address the nuanced (微妙的) principles, value conflicts, and power dynamics. These skills aren’t just crucial for addressing current issues. We desperately need them to promote anticipatory (先行的) governance, ” said Selinger.
One example that illustrates how philosophy and humanities experts can help guide these new, rapidly growing technologies is Selinger’s work collaborating with a special AI project. “One of the skills I bring to the table is identifying core ethical issues in emerging technologies that haven’t been built or used by the public. We can take preventative steps to limit risk, including changing how the technology is designed, ”said Selinger.
Taking these preventative steps and regularly reassessing what risks need addressing is part of the ongoing journey in pursuit of creating responsible AI. Selinger explains that there isn’t a step-by-step approach for good governance. “AI ethics have core values and principles, but there’s endless disagreement about interpreting and applying them and creating meaningful accountability mechanisms, ” said Selinger. “Some people are rightly worried that AI can become integrated into ‘ethics washing’-weak checklists, flowery mission statements, and empty rhetoric that covers over abuses of power. Fortunately, I’ve had great conversations about this issue, including with some experts, on why it is important to consider a range of positions. ”
Some of Selinger’s recent research has focused on the back-end issues with developing AI such as the human impact that comes with testing AI chatbots before they’re released to the public. Other issues focus on policy, such as what to do about the dangers posed by facial recognition and other automated surveillance(监视) approaches.
Selinger is making sure his students are informed about the ongoing industry conversations on AI ethics and responsible AI. “Students are going to be future tech leaders. Now is the time to help them think about what goals their companies should have and the costs of minimizing ethical concerns. Beyond social costs, downplaying ethics can negatively impact corporate culture and hiring, ” said Selinger. “To attract top talent, you need to consider whether your company matches their interests and hopes for the future. ”
28. Selinger advocates an interdisciplinary approach because ________.
A. humanities experts possess skills essential for AI ethics
B. it demonstrates the power of anticipatory governance
C. AI ethics heavily depends on technological solutions
D. it can avoid social conflicts and pressing issues
29. To promote responsible AI, Selinger believes we should ________.
A. adopt a systematic approach B. apply innovative technologies
C. anticipate ethical risks beforehand D. establish accountability mechanisms
30. What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs
A. More companies will use AI to attract top talent.
B. Understanding AI ethics will help students in the future.
C. Selinger favors companies that match his students’ values.
D. Selinger is likely to focus on back-end issues such as policy.
（四）
（2024届 . 北京西城区 . 统考一模）
While some allergies (过敏症) disappear over time or with treatment, others last a lifetime. For decades, scientists have been searching for the source of these lifetime allergies.
Recently, researchers found that memory B cells may be involved. These cells produce a different class of antibodies known as IgG, which ward off viral infections. But no one had identified exactly which of those cells were recalling allergens or how they switched to making the IgE antibodies responsible for allergies. To uncover the mysterious cells, two research teams took a deep dive into the immune (免疫的) cells of people with allergies and some without.
Immunologist Joshua Koenig and colleagues examined more than 90, 000 memory B cells from six people with birch allergies, four people allergic to dust mites and five people with no allergies. Using a technique called RNA sequencing, the team identified specific memory B cells, which they named MBC2s that make antibodies and proteins associated with the immune response that causes allergies.
In another experiment, Koenig and colleagues used a peanut protein to go fishing for memory B cells from people with peanut allergies. The team pulled out the same type of cells found in people with birch and dust mite allergies. In people with peanut allergies, those cells increased in number and produced IgE antibodies as the people started treatment to desensitize them to peanut allergens.
Another group led by Maria Curotto de Lafaille, an immunologist at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City, also found that similar cells were more plentiful in 58 children allergic to peanuts than in 13 kids without allergies. The team found that the cells are ready to switch from making protective IgG antibodies to allergy-causing IgE antibodies. Even before the switch, the cells were making RNA for IgE but didn’t produce the protein. Making that RNA enables the cells to switch the type of antibodies they make when they encounter allergens. The signal to switch partially depends on a protein called JAK, the group discovered. “Stopping JAK from sending the signal could help prevent the memory cells from switching to IgE production,” Lafaille says. She also predicts that allergists may be able to examine aspects of these memory cells to forecast whether a patient's allergy is likely to last or disappear with time or treatment.
“Knowing which population of cells store allergies in long-term memory may eventually help scientists identify
other ways to kill the allergy cells,” says Cecilia Berin, an immunologist at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. “You could potentially get rid of not only your peanut allergy but also all of your allergies.”
31. Why did scientists investigate the immune cells of individuals with and without allergies
A. To explore the distinctions between IgG and IgE.
B. To uncover new antibodies known as IgG and IgE.
C. To identify cells responsible for defending against allergies.
D. To reveal cells associated with the development of allergies.
32. What does the word “desensitize” underlined in Paragraph 4 most probably mean
A Make. . . less destructive. B. Make. . . less responsive.
C. Make. . . less protective. D. Make. . . less effective.
33. What can we learn from the two research teams’ work
A. MBC2s make antibodies and proteins that prevent allergies.
B. Memory B cells generate both RNA for IgE and the corresponding protein.
C. JAK plays a role in controlling antibody production when exposed to allergens.
D Allergists are capable of predicting whether an allergy will last or disappear.
34. Which could be the best title for the passage
A. RNA Sequencing Is Applied in Immunology Research
B. Specific Cells Related to Peanut Allergies Are Identified
C. Unmasking Cells’ Identities Helps Diagnose and Treat Allergies
D. Newfound Immune Cells Are Responsible for Long-lasting Allergies
（五）
（2024届 . 北京东城区等五区 . 统考一模）
In Thailand, human-elephant conflict is increasing. To local farmers, elephants threaten their safety and economic livelihood.
Bring the Elephant Home (BTEH) is a non-profit organisation whose mission is to increase chances of survival for elephants and work towards a world in which people and elephants can live in harmony, benefting from each other’s existence. BTEH’s projects root in local communities. Their work is characterised by three principles:local involvement, a healthy ecology, and benefits for people and elephants simultaneously (同时地). They lead to shared decision making, ownership of local communities, sustainability, and a peaceful coexistence of people and animals.
A group of BTEH researchers and local farmer volunteers are experimenting with how to make the plantations less appealing to elephants and prevent them from coming into the farms. And the Tom Yum Project comes into being.
The name of the Tom Yum Project comes from the Thai soup. The ingredients (原料) for the soup are chilli, garlic, lemongrass, and onion—none of which are attractive to elephants. This project gives hope to alternative crops as a solution to human-elephant conflict in Thailand. The project works in the following steps.
The Tom Yum Project is the first research and community-based alternative crop planting initiative to promote human-elephant coexistence. Now, some similar projects will be carried out in Sri Lanka.
21. According to the passage, BTEH’s mission is to
A. develop rural communities B. create healthy environments
C. improve local economic livelihood D. promote human-elephant coexistence
22. In the Tom Yum Project, researchers and local farmers_______.
A. form some guarding teams B. volunteer to collect ingredients
C. experiment with alternative crops D. provide elephants with the Thai soup
23. In which step do farmers turn the harvested crops into organic honey or teas
A. Step 2. B. Step 3. C. Step 4. D. Step 5.
（六）
（2024届 . 北京东城区等五区. 统考一模）
Time is one of humanity’s greatest blind spots. We experience it as days, months or years. But nature functions on much grander scales, measured in centuries, and even longer phases often grouped as “deep time.” Humanity’s
shortsightedness around time creates major limits on modern conservation. As the climate and biodiversity crises accelerate, we are urgently working to protect and regenerate ecosystems without understanding how they functioned when they were truly doing well. A deep time perspective can help change that.
Take forest management. For decades, our practices called for all-out prevention of even the mildest forest fires, believing that fire was bad for both people and nonhuman nature. Until recently we ignored the forest management strategies indigenous (土著的) communities had successfully used for centuries, in particular the application of small-scale controlled burns. Fire, it turns out, has always been an integral ingredient in healthy forest ecosystems, promoting new growth by thinning the understory. Today, we’re beginning to see widespread application of indigenous knowledge to forest management, tapping into this ancient wisdom.
But how can we know what an ecosystem looked like centuries ago One pathway is through modern mathematical modeling. We have married it with streams of long-term data and discovered a possible way to preserve the ecosystem of California’s kelp forest. By examining how North Pacific kelp forests existed long before the 19th century, we found that we’ve ignored the presence of a keystone species—the Steller’s sea cow, and its role in maintaining the harmony of this ecosystem.
Our model described the interactions between giant kelp and understory algae competing for light and space on the seafloor. Then we ran the model again, but this time with the Steller’s sea cow added in. These mammals fed on the leaves from the upper kelp layers. This allowed light to reach the sea bottom, which in turn stimulated the growth of not only the kelp but other kinds of organisms. In re-creating that vanished historical system that included the Steller’s sea cow, we could see a more diverse forestwhere the understory competed better with kelp
In short, what we assume we know about an ecosystem based on the recent past may impede our ability to fully understand and protect it. To ensure that our boldest conservation efforts are successful, we must begin looking at time as an essential tool.
28. According to the passage, what gets in the way of human’s conservation efforts
A. Lack of insights into deep time B. The worsening of biodiversity crises
C. The blindness to management strategies. D. Resistance to taking a deep time perspective.
29. What can we learn from the passage
A. Ignoring the Steller’s sea cow led to ecological imbalance.
B. People now prioritize fire prevention over controlled burns.
C. Mathematical modeling matters more than indigenous knowledge
D. Harvesting upper kelp leaves encourages fresh growth in the understory.
30. What does the underlined word “impede” in the last paragraph probably mean
A. Bring forth. B. Boost up. C. Shut down. D. Hold back.
（七）
（2024届 . 北京东城区等五区. 统考一模）
Several dozen graduate students in London were recently tasked with outwitting a large language model (LLM), a type of AI designed to hold useful conversations. LLMs are often programmed with guardrails designed to stop them giving harmful replies: instructions on making bombs in a bathtub, say, or the confident statement of “facts” that are not actually true.
The aim of the task was to break those guardrails. Some results were merely stupid. For example, one participant got the chatbot to claim ducks could be used as indicators of air quality. But the most successful efforts were those that made the machine produce the titles, publication dates and host journals of non-existent academic articles.
AI has the potential to be a big benefit to science. Optimists talk of machines producing readable summaries of complicated areas of research; tirelessly analysing oceans of data to suggest new drugs and even, one day, coming up with hypotheses of their own. But AI comes with downsides, too.
Start with the simplest problem: academic misconduct.Some journals allow researchers to use LLMs to help write papers. But not everybody is willing to admit to it. Sometimes, the fact that LLMs have been used is obvious. Guillaume Cabanac, a computer scientist, has uncovered dozens of papers that contain phrases such as “regenerate response” — the text of a button in some versions of ChatGPT that commands the program to rewrite its most recent answer, probably copied into the manuscript (原稿) by mistake.
Another problem arises when AI models are trained on AI-generated data. LLMs are trained on text from the Internet. As they churn out (大量炮制) more such text, the risk of LLMs taking in their own outputs grows. That can cause “model collapse”. In 2023 llia Shumailov, a computer scientist, co-authored a paper in which a model was fed handwritten digits and asked to generate digits of its own, which were fed back to it in turn. After a few cycles, the computer’s numbers became more or less illegible.After 20iterations (迭代), it could produce only rough circles or blurry lines.
Some worry that computer-generated insights might come from models whose inner workings are not understood. Inexplainable models are not useless, says David Leslie at an AI-research outfit in London, but their outputs will need rigorous testing in the real world. That is perhaps less unnerving than it sounds. Checking models against reality is what science is supposed to be about, after all.
For now, at least, questions outnumber answers. The threats that machines pose to the scientific method are, at
the end of the day, the same ones posed by humans. AI could accelerate the production of nonsense just as much as it accelerates good science. As the Royal Society has it,nullius in verba: take nobody’s word for it. No thing’s, either.
31. The result of the task conducted in London shows that ________.
A. LLMs give away useful information B. the guardrails turn out to be ineffective
C. AI’s influence will potentially be decreased D. the effort put into the study of AI hardly pays off
32. What does “model collapse” indicate
A. The readability of the models’output is underestimated.
B. The diverse sources of information confuse the models.
C. Training on regenerated data stops models working well.
D. The data will become reliable after continuous iterations.
33. According to the passage, people’s worry over the inexplainable models is __________.
A. impractical B. unjustified C. groundless D. unsettling
34. What would be the best title for the passage
A. Faster Nonsense: AI Could Also Go Wrong B. Imperfect Models: How Will AI Make Advances
C. The Rise of LLMs: AI Could Still Be Promising D. Bigger Threats: AI Will Be Uncontrollable
（八）
（2024届 . 北京石景山区. 统考一模）
It’s a known fact that emissions (排放物) from gas-powered vehicles are harming the atmosphere. In response to this, Porsche, the German sports car company, began producing e-fuels at a pilot plant in Chile last year. Currently, the fuel will be used only in sports cars at Porsche’s performance and experience centers.
E-fuels are made by passing electricity through water. The electricity separates the hydrogen and oxygen from water. The hydrogen is then mixed with CO to produce a liquid e-fuel, which can be produced using many renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power. E-fuels follow the chemical structure of gasoline, making it possible for gas-powered cars to run on e-fuels almost without any change.
E-fuels can help ease the transform away from gas-powered cars, for those who may not be able to afford electric vehicles (EV). It will also help to reduce waste by keeping gas-powered cars in service, instead of throwing them away prematurely. Additionally, the use of e-fuels will not require new facility to be built unlike EVs. Existing gas stations and cars will be able to stay in use, which is already a big saving.
Despite the many benefits, opinions differ on whether e-fuels are truly eco-friendly. E-fuels are widely said to be nearly carbon neutral (碳中和), although an independent study indicates that e-fuels release the same amount of CO
as gasoline. Since e-fuels are still being developed and tested, their true impacts are still unknown. Meanwhile, e-fuels are very expensive to produce, partly due to energy loss during production. Unfortunately, only about half of the energy used in producing e-fuels is actually transformed into fuel. Additionally, only about 16% of the energy used in e-fuel production is actually used to power the car. Whereas, about 70% of energy is preserved when powering an EV. Even though the use of e-fuels will preserve existing facility, it will still take time and money to integrate it into everyday life. Currently, the price of e-fuels is nearly double the cost of regular fuel.
E-fuels are still a work in progress. Though opinions are divided on e-fuels, with more testing and development, they have been considered another way to help fight against the climate crisis. “There are currently more than 1.3 billion vehicles with combustion (内燃) engines worldwide. Many of these will be on the roads for decades to come, and e-fuels offer the owners of existing cars a nearly carbon-neutral alternative. With the e-fuels pilot plant, Porsche is playing a leading role in this development,” said Michael Steiner, member of the Executive Board for Development and Research at Porsche AG.
28. What can we learn from this passage
A. E-fuels release no CO . B. E-fuels were tested in Germany at first.
C. E-fuels are applicable to gas-powered cars. D. E-fuels need to be mixed with CO in actual use.
29. The author quotes Michael Steiner mainly to ______.
A. draw a conclusion. B. present an opinion
C. further a discussion D. provide a solution
30. What is the author’s attitude towards e-fuels
A. Positive. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Objective.
（九）
（2024届 . 北京石景山区. 统考一模）
On Feb. 21, four students were standing on the side of Pacific Coast Highway in Malibu when a driver going 110 miles per hour lost control of his car and it crashed into the parked vehicles.12 people were killed at the scene, including 2 drivers.
This kind of traffic death shouldn’t be called an accident. In Los Angeles, we seem to have accepted constant carnage (屠杀) in our streets in exchange for maximizing driver speed and convenience. The official responses to proven traffic dangers are mere gestures, if even that.
Los Angeles is a uniquely deadly city with a death rate that is four times the national average. Unsurprisingly, it’s also a city that has been designed with one thing in mind: a concept called level of service, which grades streets on
how well they serve those in automobiles. To many Angelenos, that makes sense — to design our streets for car traffic, which is the way many get around the city. Unfortunately, we don’t recognize that there’s a trade-off. We can either have streets bettered for free-flowing traffic, or we can design streets for people to move around safely outside of cars.
City leaders consistently choose for the easy but deadly option. In one recent example, a resident asked the city’s Department of Transportation to block drivers from using Cochran Avenue at Venice Boulevard as a cut-through street, as they were speeding through a quiet residential neighbourhood. The department responded by suggesting a “speed awareness campaign” in which neighbours put up yard signs urging drivers to slow down.
People don’t drive based on signage, but they drive on the design of the street. The trunk roads of Los Angeles such as Venice Boulevard all need to be revised so that people are prioritized over cars. This would include narrowing travel lanes (道), building bike lanes, and banning right turns at red lights. These measures would make drivers feel like they’re in a city and not on a highway. A recent John Hopkins study says this would have substantial safety benefits.
With more than 7,500 miles of streets in the city of Los Angeles, they won’t all be rebuilt anytime soon. But with each road construction project, or each crash, we should be revising streets to make them safer for all road users.
The solution to traffic jam isn’t to make more space for cars. It’s to design the streets to be safe enough for alternatives such as biking, walking and mass transit, especially for the 50% of trips daily in Los Angeles that are less than three miles. The solution to protecting people dining outdoors isn’t crash barriers. It’s a street design that forces drivers to go slowly. The problem is carnage in the streets, and we know the solutions.
31. Why should the traffic death in Los Angeles be called “constant carnage”
A. The traffic accidents happen quite often.
B. Too many people are killed in the traffic accidents.
C. The drivers’ speeding is to blame for the traffic death.
D. City leaders’ consistent choice contributes to the traffic death.
32. What does the word “trade-off” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean
A. Balance. B. Guideline. C. Conflict. D. Resolution.
33. According to the passage, which is a likely solution to the traffic problem
A. To widen travel lanes. B. To add more crosswalks.
C. To arrange more traffic police. D. To punish speeding drivers.
34. Which would be the best title for the passage
A. Drivers first or walkers first B. Traffic death or constant carnage
C. More warning signs or safer designs D. More narrow lanes or speedy highways
（十）
（2024届 . 北京房山区. 统考一模）
Volunteer in Africa
Dreaming of volunteering in Africa International Volunteer HQ (IVHQ) will enable you to be immersed in vibrant cultures, discover unique wildlife and make valuable contributions to the local communities.
Common questions about volunteering in Africa
What volunteer work in Africa does IVHQ offer
Whether you want to volunteer and teach English in Africa support construction projects, wildlife volunteering, or nursing and medical volunteer abroad projects, IVHQ has volunteer work in Africa that is suitable for volunteers with a range of skills and experience.
How much does it cost to volunteer in Africa
Our fully hosted Africa volunteer programs start from as little as $20/day! This includes your accommodation, meals, airport pickup, orientation and comprehensive support services that you won’t find elsewhere.
Is it safe to volunteer in Africa
We have a comprehensive approach to managing safety and reducing risks across all of our programs, which gives volunteers the knowledge and confidence they need to stay safe, secure and healthy. This includes:
All local teams are trained in volunteer management, are required to undertake first aid training and ensure that programs adhere to IVHQ’s Risk Management Policy.
All IVHQ volunteers receive pre-departure and 24/7 in-country support, are required to have travel insurance and are strongly encouraged to take our online pre-departure training which can be accessed for free.
How to volunteer in Africa
Applying to volunteer in Africa is simple! Once you’ve decided which country you want to volunteer in and which Africa project you would like to join, you can apply. It’s free, only takes a few minutes and there is no commitment needed at this stage. Our team of Volunteer Travel Specialists will then guide you through the next steps to secure your spot and start preparing for your trip.
21. In Africa, IVHQ volunteers can ________.
A. manage construction projects B. organize program orientation
C. work as language teachers D. undertake first aid training
22. What does IVHQ provide to ensure the safety of volunteers
A. Volunteer projects suitable for all. B. An online pre-departure training.
C. Well-trained local communities. D. Lectures on cultural difference.
23. Which of the following should be done at the application stage
A. Selecting countries and projects. B. Obtaining passports and visas.
C. Making some commitments. D. Arranging accommodations.
（十一）
（2024届 . 北京房山区. 统考一模）
Clinical intuition is finally getting the respect it may have long deserved. New research is supporting a process that combines rapid judgments and perceptions that occur outside of conscious awareness — a way of knowing something without knowing how you know it. The value of clinical intuition in medicine is now being studied and becoming particularly relevant as interest grows in developing AI systems that can analyze medical data to diagnose or treat patients.
A study in 2023 found that clinical intuition from physiotherapists on the prognosis for functional recovery among patients was closely associated with the recovery afterwards. Another study concluded that in comparison to relying only on clinical data, “preoperative surgeon intuition alone is an independent predictor of patient outcomes.”
“This is a cognitive process. Clinical intuition is about expertise, knowledge, and pattern recognition that accumulate through experience. The mind is putting together all kinds of information and sequencing it in ways that say this person is really sick — or not,” says Meredith Vanstone, an associate professor in McMaster University. Given the depth of this cognitive process, some experts are skeptical that AI technology can make medical decisions as well as a human physician.
“As physicians go through years of interactions with patients and seeing thousands of cases, those gut feelings become a sort of summary statement of all the experiences they’ve seen,” says Mohammad Ghassemi, a researcher at Michigan State University. “Clinicians can observe different things that are not always captured or made available by machines.”
Researchers found that physicians and nurses practicing in a medical specialty involving a high likelihood of an emergency or dimensions of complexity are more likely to use intuitive decision-making in their practice. “As surgeons the first thing we need to do is look at the patient because the structured data may not be consistent with
what we see with the patient,” says Gabriel Brat from Harvard Medical School.
Research has found that clinical intuition from nurses and physicians about the chances that older patients visiting emergency departments would die or have other adverse outcomes within 30 days was highly accurate.
None of known experiences suggest that clinical intuition should be blindly acted upon. Making clinical decisions solely on the basis of a physician’s intuition isn’t the way to go, experts say. But relying solely on medical algorithms (mathematical models) that generate predictions about how a patient is likely to respond to different treatments isn’t the best course of action either.
To optimize patient care, some experts believe a hybrid approach that integrates clinical intuition, predictive algorithms, patient preferences, and other key factors is essential.
28. According to the passage, clinical intuition is influenced by ________.
A. rapid judgement B. medical algorithms
C. conscious awareness D. professional knowledge
29. Which of the following would Mohammad Ghassemi agree
A. Clinicians have a sharp eye for a patient’s condition.
B. Machines always generate more accurate predictions.
C. Doctors should summarize the experiences they’ve seen.
D. Physicians’ interactions with patients have been devalued.
30. Why does the author mention the research finding in Paragraph 6
A. To introduce the wide use of clinical intuition.
B. To explain the logic chain of clinical intuition.
C. To prove the accuracy of clinical intuition.
D. To present feedbacks on clinical intuition.
（十二）
（2024届 . 北京门头沟. 统考一模）
Are you ready to become an international UN Volunteer
You can contribute your time, skills and knowledge through volunteering with the UN. This is an opportunity to create a positive impact and be a significant force for achieving peace and development. Make a difference to the lives of many!
The first step to volunteer abroad with the UN is to determine whether you meet the minimum requirements. If this is the case, register your profile in our Unified Volunteering Platform. Then, you may apply for assignments that
are in high demand or even in highly specialized areas.
The minimum age to serve as an international UN Volunteer is 18 years old. However, there are specific requirements for various categories: UN Youth Volunteers, including University Volunteers, must be aged 18-26, UN Volunteer specialists must be at least 27years old, and UN Expert Volunteers must be 35 years of age and above.
There may also be requirements of relevant professional and academic experience, as well as language proficiency (熟练). Refer to the Description of Assignment for the UN Volunteer assignment for the position you are applying for because different assignments have their specific requirements.
All UN Volunteers must display a commitment to the values and principles of volunteerism and the activities of the United Nations and the UN Charter, and an ability to work in a multicultural environment and with local partners and communities. They should be prepared to adjust to difficult living conditions in sometimes remote locations. UN Volunteers should be professional, with strong interpersonal and organizational skills.
21. Which is a requirement for being an international UN Volunteer
A. Having a positive impact. B. Being younger than 18 years old.
C. Having relevant work experience. D. Being talented in foreign languages.
22. If selected as a UN volunteer, one will need to .
A. show his education level B. improve local living conditions
C. follow the rules of the activities D. communicate with others efficiently
23. Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage
A. Every assignment has its particular requirements.
B. If you meet the requirements, you can register by email.
C. UN Volunteers will work in remote locations independently.
D. As a volunteer, you should make principles of volunteerism.
（十三）
（2024届 . 北京门头沟. 统考一模）
Artificial intelligence is almost twice as accurate as a biopsy (活组织检查) at judging the aggressiveness of some cancers, experts say. Cancer kills 10 million people globally every year, according to the WHO. But for patients the disease can be prevented if detected instantly and dealt with quickly.
A recent study suggested an AI algorithm (算法) was far better than a biopsy at correctly grading the aggressiveness of sarcomas (肉瘤), a rare form of cancer. Researchers hope AI will improve outcomes for patients by giving doctors a more accurate way of grading tumours (肿瘤). Because high-grade tumours can indicate aggressive
disease, the tool could help ensure those high-risk patients are identified more quickly and treated instantly. Low-risk patients could also be spared unnecessary treatments, follow-up scans and hospital visits.
Researchers say the algorithm could be applied to other types of cancer in future. The team specifically looked at retroperitoneal sarcomas, which develop at the back of the abdomen and are difficult to diagnose (诊断) and treat due to their location. They used CT scans from 170 patients with the two most common forms of retroperitoneal sarcoma — leiomyosarcoma and liposarcoma. Using data from these scans they created an AI algorithm, which was then tested on 89 patients in other countries. In grading how aggressive the tumour was, the technology was accurate in 82% of the cases, while biopsies were 44%.
AI could also recognize leiomyosarcoma and liposarcoma in 84% of sarcomas tested, while radiologists were able to identify them in 65% of the cases. Christina Messiou, the study leader, said: “We’re incredibly excited by the potential of this state-of-the-art technology, which could lead to patients having better outcomes through faster diagnosis. As patients with retroperitoneal sarcoma are routinely scanned with CT, we hope this tool will eventually be used globally, ensuring that not just specialist centres can reliably identify and grade the disease.”
Richard Davison, chief executive of Sarcoma UK, said the results looked “very promising”. He added: “People are more likely to survive sarcoma if diagnosed early. One in six people with sarcoma cancer wait more than a year to receive an accurate diagnosis, so any research that helps patients receive better treatment and support is welcome.”
28. According to the passage, AI is capable of .
A. grading the risk of sarcomas B. measuring the scale of sarcomas
C. providing cancer treatment for clinicians D. classifying cancers with its advanced algorithm
29. What can be inferred from this passage
A. More sarcomas can be detected with the help of AI.
B. Biopsies will be replaced by AI algorithm in identifying cancers.
C. More patients suffering from cancers will benefit from AI algorithm.
D. AI algorithm has been applied in hospitals for detecting most cancers.
30. What is the passage mainly about
A. AI has a profound market in curing cancers. B. New treatments for sarcomas are well underway.
C. AI helps identify high-risk and low-risk patients. D. AI does better in assessing some types of sarcomas.
（十四）
（2024届 . 北京门头沟. 统考一模）
A recent global study, which surveyed 10,000 young people from 10 countries, showed that nearly 60 percent of
them were extremely worried about the future state of the planet. The report, which was published in The Lancet, also showed that nearly half of the respondents said that such distress affected them daily, and three quarters agreed with the statement that “the future is frightening.” This, along with many other studies, shows clearly that climate change is not just a threat to the environment that we inhabit. It also poses a very real threat to our emotional well-being. Psychologists have categorized these feelings of grief and worry about the current climate emergency, a common occurrence among youth today, under the label of “eco-anxiety”.
Eco-anxiety doesn’t just affect young people. It also affects researchers who work in climate and ecological science, burdened by the reality depicted by their findings, and it affects the most economically marginalized (边缘化的) across the globe, who bear the damaging impacts of climate breakdown.
In 2024, eco-anxiety will rise to become one of the leading causes of mental health problems. The reasons are obvious. Scientists estimate that the world is likely to breach safe limits of temperature rise above pre-industrial levels for the first time by 2027.
In recent years, we’ve seen wildfires tear through Canada and Greece, and summer floods ruin regions in Pakistan that are home to nearly 33 million people. Studies have shown that those impacted by air pollution and rising temperatures are more likely to experience psychological distress.
To make matters worse, facing climate crisis, our political class is not offering strong leadership. The COP28 conference in Dubai will be headed by an oil and gas company executive. In the UK, the government is backtracking on its green commitments.
Fortunately, greater levels of eco-anxiety will also offer an avenue for resolving the climate crisis directly. According to Caroline Hickman, a researcher on eco-anxiety from the University of Bath, anyone experiencing eco-anxiety is displaying entirely natural and rational reactions to the climate crisis. This is why, in 2024, we will also see more people around the world join the fight for climate justice and seek jobs that prioritize environmental sustainability. Campaigners will put increased pressure on fossil fuel industries and the governments to rapidly abandon the usage of polluting coal, oil, and gas.
It’s now clear that not only are these industries the main causes for the climate crisis, they are also responsible for the mental health crisis, which is starting to affect most of us. Eco-anxiety is not something we will defeat with therapy, but something we will tackle by taking action.
31. What can we learn from the passage
A. The cause of eco-anxiety is emotions existing in our mind.
B. People in developed countries are more likely to suffer from eco-anxiety.
C. Eco-anxiety is a new kind of psychological disease due to climate change.
D. The author is disappointed about government behaviour towards climate crisis.
32. What does the underlined word “breach” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean
A. Break. B. Reach. C. Raise. D. Affect.
33. As for Caroline Hickman’s opinion on eco-anxiety, the author is .
A. puzzled B. favourable C. suspicious D. unconcerned
34. What would be the best title for the passage
A. Who Is to Blame for Eco-anxiety B. How Should You See Eco-anxiety
C. How Will Eco-anxiety Be Resolved D. Why Do People Suffer from Eco-anxiety
Part 2 阅读理解之议论文
（一）
（2024届 . 北京海淀区 . 统考一模）
“Assume you are wrong.” The advice came from Brian Nosek, a psychology professor, who was offering a strategy for pursuing better science.
To understand the context for Nosek's advice, we need to take a step back to the nature of science itself. You see despite what many of us learned in elementary school, there is no single scientific method. Just as scientific theories become elaborated and change, so do scientific methods.
But methodological reform hasn't come without some fretting and friction. Nasty things have been said by and about methodological reformers. Few people like having the value of their life's work called into question. On the other side, few people are good at voicing criticisms in kind and constructive ways. So, pail of the challenge is figuring out how to bake critical self-reflection into the culture of science itself, so it unfolds as a welcome and integrated part of the process, and not an embarrassing sideshow.
What Nosek recommended was a strategy for changing the way we offer and respond to critique. Assuming you are right might be a motivating force, sustaining the enormous effort that conducting scientific work requires. But it also makes it easy to interpret criticisms as personal attacks. Beginning,
instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to interpret as a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong—a goal that your critic presumably shares.
One worry about this approach is that it could be demoralizing for scientists. Striving to be less wrong might
be a less effective motivation than the promise of being right. Another concern is that a strategy that works well within science could backfire when it comes to communicating science with the public. Without an appreciation for how science works, it's easy to take uncertainty or disagreements as marks against science, when in fact they reflect some of the very features of science that make it our best approach to reaching reliable conclusions about the world. Science is reliable because it responds to evidence: as the quantity and quality of our evidence improves, our theories can and should change, too.
Despite these worries, I like Nosek's suggestion because it builds in cognitive humility along with a sense that we can do better. It also builds in a sense of community—we're all in the same boat when it comes to falling short of getting things right.
Unfortunately, this still leaves us with an untested hypothesis （假说）：that assuming one is wrong can change community norms for the better, and ultimately support better science and even, perhaps, better decisions in life. I don't know if that's true. In fact, I should probably assume that it's wrong. But with the benefit of the scientific community and our best methodological tools, I hope we can get it less wrong, together.
31. What can we learn from Paragraph 3
A. Reformers tend to devalue researchers’ work.
B. Scientists are unwilling to express kind criticisms.
C. People hold wrong assumptions about the culture of science.
D. The scientific community should practice critical self-reflection.
32. The strategy of “assuming you are wrong” may contribute to__________.
A. the enormous efforts of scientists at work
B. the reliability of potential research results
C. the public’s passion for scientific findings
D. the improvement in the quality of evidence
33. The underlined word “demoralizing” in Paragraph 5 means_____________.
A. discouraging B. ineffective C. unfair D. misleading
34. The tone the author uses in talking about the untested hypothesis is______.
A. doubtful but sincere B. disapproving but soft
C. authoritative and direct D. reflective and humorous
（二）
（2024届 . 北京房山区. 统考一模）
A good meal has a positive impact on one’s mood. Those who feast on Christmas buffet almost enjoy an immediate rise in their blood sugar. That will prompt a flood of chemicals that act as happy hormones to rush through their brains.
But the pleasure goes deeper. Tyrosine and tryptophan are needed for the production, respectively, of dopamine, a neurotransmitter (神经传递素) that controls feelings of pleasure and reward, and serotonin, another such, which helps regulate mood. And cranberries are high in vitamin C, which is involved in converting dopamine to noradrenaline, another neurotransmitter, and a lack of which seems to be associated with depression.
With mental-health disorders rising, a growing number of scientists are investigating how food or nutritional supplements affect the mind. But separating the brain’s nutritional needs from those of the rest of the body is difficult. Not possible for now, at least. And, compared with other fields, nutritional science is understudied. That is partly because it is hard to do well. Randomised controlled trials (rcts), used to test drugs, are tricky. Few people want to stick to an experimental diet for years. Instead, most nutritional science is based on observational studies that try to establish associations between particular foods or nutrients and diseases. They cannot be used to definitively prove a causal ( 因 果 关 系 的 ) connection between a disease and a particular contributing factor in a diet. But as with smoking and lung cancer, put together enough of these kinds of trials and causal narratives begin to emerge.
It is now clear that some diets are particularly good for the brain. One recent study concludes that sticking to the “Mediterranean diet”, high in vegetables, fruit, pulses and wholegrains, low in red and processed meats and saturated fats, decreases the chances of experiencing strokes, cognitive impairment and depression. Other recent work looking at a “green” Mediterranean diet high in polyphenols found it reduced age-related brain atrophy. Another version, the mind diet, emphasises, among other things, eating berries over other kinds of fruit and seems to lessen the risk of dementia.
Scientists think such diets may work by reducing inflammation in the brain. This, in turn, may affect areas such as the hippocampus, which is associated with learning, memory and mood regulation—and where new neurons grow in adults. Studies in animals show that when they are fed a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids (from walnuts, for example), flavonoids (consumed mainly via tea and wine), antioxidants (found in berries) and resveratrol (found in red grapes), neuron growth is stimulated and inflammatory processes are reduced. This fits with research suggesting that those who regularly eat ultra-processed, fried and sugary foods, which increase inflammation in the brain, heighten their risk of developing depression.
31. Which of the following words can replace “tricky” in Paragraph 3
A. Rare. B. Tough. C. Traditional. D. Contradictory.
32. How do researchers do observational studies in nutritional science
A. By keeping at an experimental diet for years.
B. By carrying out randomized controlled trials.
C. By identifying a particular contributing factor.
D. By comparing findings of certain kinds of trials.
33. What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs
A. A diet rich in fruit is good for cognitive abilities.
B. People fond of sugary foods may be a risk lover.
C. Red grapes add fuel to inflammation in the brain.
D. Drinking tea can solve age-related brain problems.
34. What is mainly discussed in the passage
A. The links between diets and diseases. B. The significance of Mediterranean diet.
C. The function of various neurotransmitters. D. The influence of nutrients on mental health.
（三）
（2024届 . 北京门头沟. 统考一模）
EVs are in the middle of an obesity epidemic
Fisker, an electric vehicle, unveiled the future line-up on August 3rd. It included: a souped-up, off-road version of the Ocean. Though Fisker says sustainability is one of its founding principles, it is indulging in a trait almost universal among car firms: building bigger, stronger cars, even when they are electric.
There are two reasons for this. The first is profit. As with conventional cars, bigger EVs generate higher margins. The second is consumer preference. For decades, drivers have been opting for SUVs and pickup trucks rather than smaller cars, and this now applies to battery-charged ones. EV drivers, who worry about the availability of charging infrastructure, want more range, hence bigger batteries. That may help make for a more reassuring ride. But eventually the supersizing trend will prove to be unsustainable and unsafe.
For now, carmakers can argue that however big the electric rigs, they have a positive impact on the planet. Though manufacturing EVs—including sourcing the metals and minerals that go into them—generates more greenhouse gases than a conventional car, they quickly compensate for that through the absence of tallpipe emissions.
But in the long run the trend for bigger butteries may backfire, for economic and environmental reasons. First, the bigger the battery, the more pressure there will be on the supply chain. If battery sizes increase there are likely to be looming seareitles of lithium and nickel. That will push up the cost of lithium-ion batteries, undermining
carmakers’ profitability. Second, to charge bigger batteries in a carbon-neutral way requires more low-carbon electricity. That may create bottlenecks on the grid. Third, the more pressure on scarce resources vital for EV production, the harder it will be to make affordable electric cars critical for electrifying the mass market. That will slow the overall decarbonisation of transport. Finally, there is safety. Not only is a battle tank that does zero to 100 kilometres per hour in the blink of an eye a liability for anyone that happens to be in its way.
Governments have ways to encourage EVs to shrink. The most important is to support the expansion of charging infrastructure, which would reduce range anxiety and promote smaller cars. Taxes could punish heavier vehicles and subsidies could promote lighter ones.
Ultimately, the industry is almost sure to realise the folly of pursuing size for its own sake. The penny is starting to drop. Ford’s CEO, Jim Farley, recently said carmakers could not make money with the longest-range batteries. His opposite number at General Motors, Mary Barra, has taken the unexpected step of reversing a plan to retire the affordable Chevy Bolt EV. In Europe, carmakers like Volkswagen are building smaller, cheaper EVs. Tesla is said to be planning a compact model made in Mexico.
28. Consumers want EVs with more range and bigger batteries because ______.
A. they can bring more profits B. they can reduce tailpipe emissions
C. they are more secure D. there are insufficient charging facilities for them
29. From the passage, we know that ______.
A. Rising cost of batteries will increase profitability
B. Conventional cars produce more greenhouse gases than EVs in production
C. Bigger batteries may create more pressure on the supply chain
D. The demand on scarce resources in EVs makes electric cars more affordable
30. What is the passage trying to tell us
A. Lighter electric vehicles should be encouraged.
B. Bigger, stronger cars are safer and more sustainable.
C. Supersizing electric vehicles have a positive impact on the planet.
D. EVs with bigger batteries may help make for a more comfortable ride.
（四）
（2024届 . 北京门头沟. 统考一模）
It is rapidly emerging as one of the most important technological, and increasingly ideological, divides of our times: should powerful generative artificial intelligence systems be open or closed
Supporters say they broaden access to the technology, stimulate innovation and improve reliability by encouraging outside scrutiny. Far cheaper to develop and deploy, smaller open models also inject competition into a field dominated by big US companies such as Google. Microsoft and OpenAI that have invested billions developing massive, closed and closely controlled generative Al systems.
But detractors argue open models risk lifting the lid on a Pandora’s box of troubles. Bad actors can exploit them to spread personalised disinformation, while terrorists might use them to manufacture cyber or bio weapons. “The danger of open source is that it enables more crazies to do crazy things, “Geoffrey Hinton, one of the pioneers of modern AI, has warned.
The history of OpenAI, which developed the popular ChatGPT chatbot, is itself instructive. As its name suggests, the research company was founded in 2015 with a commitment to develop the technology as openly as possible. But it later abandoned that approach for both competitive and safety reasons. Once OpenAI realised that its generative AI models were going to be “unbelievably potent”, it made little sense to open source them, Ilya Sutskever, OpenAI’s chief scientist said.
Supporters of open models hit back, ridiculing the idea that open generative AI models enable people to access information they could not otherwise find from the internet or a rogue scientist. They also highlight the competitive self-interest of the big tech companies in shouting about the dangers of open models, whose intention is to establish their own market dominance strongly.
But there is an ideological dimension to this debate, too. Yann LeCun, chief scientist of Meta, has likened the arguments for controlling the technology to medieval obscurantism (蒙昧主义): the belief that only a self-selecting priesthood of experts is wise enough to handle knowledge.
In the future, all our interactions with the vast digital repository of human knowledge will be mediated through Al systems. We should not want a handful of Silicon Valley companies to control that access. Just as the internet flourished by resisting attempts to enclose it, so AI will thrive by remaining open, LeCun argues.
Wendy Hall, royal professor of computer science at Southampton university, says we do not want to live in a world where only the big companies run generative Al. Nor do we want to allow users to do anything they like with open models. “We have to find some compromise,” she suggests.
We should certainly resist the tyranny (暴政) of the binary (二进制) when it comes to thinking about AI models. Both open and closed models have their benefits and flaws. As the capabilities of these models evolve, we will constantly have to tweak the weightings between competition and control.
31. What does the underlined word “potent” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean
A. Accessible. B. Powerful. C. Significant. D. Unnoticeable.
32. What can we learn from this passage
A. It needs billions of dollars to develop and deploy open-source models.
B. The field of generative AI systems is dominated by big companies.
C. Only self-selecting experts can handle open models wisely.
D. Users can do anything they like with open models at this moment.
33. Regarding Wendy Hall’s suggestions, the author is ______.
A. sympathetic B. puzzled C. unconcerned D. opposed
34. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage
A. How to Keep the Lid on the Pandora’s Box of Open AI
B. Divides on Open AI: technology and ideology
C. Where does the Debate on Open AI End
D. Pros and Cons of Open AI
