2024届高考英语阅读理解专题训练----社会科学研究类(原卷版+解析版)

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名称 2024届高考英语阅读理解专题训练----社会科学研究类(原卷版+解析版)
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阅读理解专题训练----社会科学研究类(解析版)
语篇1(2024浙江首考)
The Stanford marshmallow(棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child,was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We're not tempted(诱惑)by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets---all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value---a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we've reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn't eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment.We are now ceaselessly bombarded(轰炸) with new information.Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption,we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.

1.What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel's test
A.Take an examination alone
B.Show respect for the researchers.
C.Share their treats with others.
D.Delay eating for fifteen minutes.
2. According to Paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between .
A.the calorie-poor world and our good appetites
B.the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs
C.the rich food supply and our unchanged brains
D.the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit
3. What does the author suggest readers do
A.Absorb new information readily.
B.Be selective information consumers.
C.Use diverse information sources.
D.Protect the information environment.
4. Which of the following is the best title for the text
A.Eat Less,Read More B.The Bitter Truth about Early Humans
C.The Later,the Better D.The Marshmallow Test for Grownups
语篇2(2024九省联考)
In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: “I have come to the conclusion that there is only one way to get the best of an argument—and that is to avoid it.” This distaste for arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes problems for our personal and social lives—and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.
Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal(言语的)fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. You would be feeling almost as bad if arguments were even just competitions—like, say, tennis tournaments. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner comes out from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking explains why so many people try to avoid arguments.
However, there are ways to win an argument every time. When you state your position, formulate(阐述)an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. When you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view and spell out their argument fully. Assess its strength and weakness. Raise objections(异议) and listen carefully to their replies. This method will require effort, but practice will make you better at it.
These tools can help you win every argument—not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about what divides people, learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments—from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain respect and understanding from each other—then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument.
1. What is the author's attitude toward Carnegie's understanding of argument
A. Critical. B. Supportive. C. Tolerant. D. Uncertain.
2. Why do many people try to avoid arguments
A. They lack debating skills.
B. They may feel bad even if they win.
C. They fear being ignored.
D. They are not confident in themselves.
3. What does the underlined phrase “spell out” in Paragraph 3 probably mean
A. Defend. B. Explain. C. Conclude. D. Repeat.
4. What is the key to “winning” an argument according to the author
A. Sense of logic. B. Solid supporting evidence.
C. Proper manners. D. Understanding from both sides.
语篇3(2024九省联考)
For lots of kids, toddlerhood (幼儿期) is an important time for friendship. Studies show that the earlier kids learn to form positive relationships, the better they are at relating to others as teenagers and adults. Playing together also helps these kids practice social behaviors, such as kindness, sharing, and cooperation.
Even so, how quickly your child develops into a social creature may also depend on his temperament(性格). Some toddlers are very social, but others are shy. In addition, the way that toddlers demonstrate that they like other children is markedly different from what adults think of as expressions of friendship. Research at Ohio State University in Columbus found that a toddler's way of saying “I like you” during play is likely to come in the form of copying a friend's behavior.
This seemingly unusual way of demonstrating fondness can result in unpleasant behavior. Regardless of how much they like a playmate, they may still grab his toys, refuse to share, and get bossy. But experts say that this is a normal and necessary part of friendship for kids this age. Through play experiences, toddlers learn social rules. That's why it's so important to take an active role in your toddler's social encounters by setting limits and offering frequent reminders of what they are. When you establish these guidelines, explain the reasons behind them.
Begin by helping your child learn sympathy (“Ben is crying. What's making him so sad ”), then suggest how he could resolve the problem (“Maybe he would feel better if you let him play the ball.”). When your child shares or shows empathy(同理心) toward a friend, praise him (“Ben stopped crying! You made him feel better.”).
Another way to encourage healthy social interaction is by encouraging kids to use words—not fists—to express how they feel. It's also important to be mindful of how your child's personality affects playtime. Kids are easy to get angry when they're sleepy or hungry, so schedule playtime when they're refreshed.

1. What does it indicate when toddlers copy their playmates' behavior
A. They are interested in acting.
B. They are shy with the strangers.
C. They are fond of their playmates.
D. They are tired of playing games.
2. What does the author suggest parents do for their kids
A. Design games for them.
B. Find them suitable playmates.
C. Play together with them.
D. Help them understand social rules.
3. What is the function of the quoted statements in Paragraph 4
A. Giving examples. B. Explaining concepts.
C. Providing evidence. D. Making comparisons.
4. Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. How Children Adapt to Changes
B. How to Be a Role Model for Children
C. How Your Baby Learns to Love
D. How to Communicate with Your Kid

语篇4(2024湖南长郡中学高考适应性考试)
When consuming information, we try to acquire more signals and less noise.We feel like the more information we consume the more signals we receive. While this is probably true on an absolute basis, Nassim Taleb argues in the book Antifragile that it is not true on a relative basis. As you consume more data and the ratio(比率) of noise to signals increases, you know less about what’s going on and you are likely to cause more unintentional trouble.
The supply of information to which we are exposed under modernity is transforming humans from a calm person to a neurotic(神经质的) one. For the purpose of our discussion, the first person only reacts to real information, and the second largely to noise. The difference between the two will show us the difference between noise and signals. Noise is what you are supposed to ignore; signals are what you need to heed.
In science, noise is a generalization beyond the actual sound to describe random information that is totally useless for any purpose, and that you need to clean up to make sense of what you are listening to.You can use and take advantage of noise and randomness, but noise and randomness can also use and take advantage of you, particularly with the data you get on the Internet or through other media. The more frequently you look at data the more noise you are likely to get, and the higher the noise-to-signal ratio is.
Say you look at information on a yearly basis—the changes you see will all be large ones.The ratio of signals to noise is about one to one —this means that about half the changes are real improvements or degradations, and the other half come from randomness. But if you look at the very same data on a daily basis, the composition would change to 95 percent noise and 5 percent signals, and the changes you see daily will certainly be small.
1. What opinion does Nassim Taleb probably hold
A.It's hard to know the real truth.
B.The noise-to-signal ratio is changing.
C.The information explosion can be harmful.
D.More information brings more signals.
2. What does the underlined word "heed" probably mean in Paragraph 2
A.Notice. B.Analyse. C.Solve D.Describe
3. What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A.Causes and harms of more noise.
B.The meaning and impact of noise.
C.The relationship between noise and signals.
D.Advantages and disadvantages of noise.
4. How should we handle information according to the author
A.Check it frequently. B.Make use of online data.
C.Look at key changes. D.Focus on all changes in it.
语篇5(2024重庆三诊)
Handwriting notes in class might seem outdated as smartphones and other digital technology cover every aspect of learning across schools and universities. But a steady stream of research continues to suggest that taking notes the traditional way is still the best way to learn, especially for young children. And now scientists are finally zeroing in on why.
The new research, by Audrey van der Meer and Ruud van der Weel at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), builds on a foundational 2014 study suggesting that people taking notes by computer were typing without thinking. “It kind of goes in through your ears and comes out through your fingertips, but you don’t process the incoming information," she says. But when taking notes by hand it is often impossible to write everything down; students have to actively pay attention to the incoming information and process it— prioritize it, consolidate it and try to relate it to things they've learned before.This conscious action of building onto existing knowledge can make it easier to stay engaged and grasp new concepts.
To understand specific brain activity differences during the two note-taking approaches, the researchers sewed electrodes(电极) into a hairnet with 256 sensors that recorded the brain activity of 36 students as they wrote or typed 15 words from the game Pictionary that were displayed on a screen.
When students wrote the words by hand, the sensors detected widespread connectivity across many brain regions.Typing, however, led to minimal activity, if any, in the same areas. Handwriting set off connection patterns covering visual regions, which receive and process sensory information, and the motor cortex(运动皮层). The latter handles body movement and sensorimotor integration, which helps the brain use environmental inputs to inform a person's next action.
Sophia Vinci-Booher, an assistant professor of educational brain science at Vanderbilt University says," People may not realize when they materialize something by writing or drawing it, this strengthens the concept and helps it stick in their memory."

1. What do we know about the new research
A.It is an initial study on note-taking.
B.It offers a new note-taking method.
C.It finds the evidence for previous finding.
D.It introduces how to take notes effectively.
2. What does the underlined word “consolidate” probably mean in Paragraph 2
A.Integrate. B.Demonstrate. C.Obtain. D.Share.
3. What happens in the brain when taking notes by hand
A.Visual systems are lacking in activities.
B.Some brain areas are highly involved.
C.Sensory information is processed rapidly.
D.The motor cortex accepts visual information.
4. What is Sophia Vinci-Booher's attitude towards the new research
A.Approving. B.Dismissive. C.Doubtful. D.Unclear
答案详解:
语篇1
【语篇导读】文章首先介绍了针对4-6岁儿童的一个“棉花糖实验”,即延迟满足和未来成功的联系。然后将这一实验延伸到成人世界,我们每天都会面对类似棉花糖的诱惑,比如海量的信息。接着还分析了人类早期为什么会被卡路里诱惑以及后来慢慢对卡路里有了抵制。最后作者建议人们对待信息要像对待卡路里一样,谨慎选择,以便有效管理我们的时间。
1. D 细节理解。根据第一段“Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat.”,waited for 15 minutes before eating 与 Delay eating for fifteen minutes表达的意义一致,故选D。
2. C 细节理解+推理判断。根据第三段“But as we've reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch ...”可知,当我们极大地减少了获取食物热量的成本和努力时,我们的大脑和几千年前并无区别,说明这个mismatch就是食物供应的增多和我们未变的大脑之间的联系。
3. B 细节理解+推理判断。根据最后一段“Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food”...”可知,作者建议我们在信息消费方面要更加深思熟虑,抵制精神垃圾的诱惑。B选项“成为善于筛选信息的消费者”意义符合。
4. D 主旨大意。这类题目最好使用排除法,尤其当4个选项都不是很符合同学们自己的预期时。A选项“少吃多读”,文章没提到多读,B选项“人类早期的苦涩事实”和C选项“越晚越好”都只是文章某个片段的大意,而不是整篇文章的大意。

语篇2
【语篇导读】本文首先引用了Dale Carnegie的一个观点“赢得争论的唯一办法就是避免争论”,然后作者表示自己有不同的见解。如果你把争论当作打架或者竞争,那当然会导致两败俱伤,但如果你从不同的角度来看待争论,把它当作是互相理解和交流的方式,倾听对方的理论和支撑,那么你就能从每一次的争论中有所收获,也就是所谓的赢得争论。
1. A 推理判断。根据第一段“This distaste for arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments... ”可知,作者认为Carnegie的观点很普遍,但这种观点是基于对争论有错误的认识,因此可推论作者对Carnegie的观点是怀疑和批判的。
2. B 细节理解。根据第二段“Even when you win, you end up no better off. You would be feeling almost as bad... This kind of thinking explains why so many people try to avoid arguments. ”可知,很多人试图避免争论,是因为他们认为即便争赢了,最后也不会感觉良好,故选B。
3. B 词义猜测。spell out their argument fully与give you a reason for their view并列,说明它们的意义应该是接近或者顺承,“给出他们观点的理由”其实也就是在阐述他们的观点,故选B。
4. D 细节理解。根据最后一段“If we readjust our view of arguments—from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain respect and understanding from each other—then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument. ”可知,通过理性的交流,我们互相获得尊重和理解,这才是赢得争论的本质。故选D

语篇3
【语篇导读】本文开篇便列出观点:幼儿时期建立友谊和积极的社交关系对于他们整个人生都非常重要,接着便讲述了幼儿建立友谊的过程以及会出现的一些问题,由此引出家长需要通过正确的引导,让幼儿理解社交规则,从而帮助他们建立积极健康的社交关系。
1. C 细节理解。根据第二段最后一句“a toddler's way of saying‘I like you’ during play is likely to come in the form of copying a friend's behavior.”可知,幼儿说“我喜欢你”的表现就是去模仿朋友的行为,反过来,如果幼儿模仿他的伙伴,说明他喜欢这个伙伴。故选C。
2. D 推理判断。根据第三段最后三句“Through play experiences, toddlers learn social rules. That's why it's so important to take an active role ...”,可知,幼儿在玩耍中学习社交规则,在这个过程中家长的作用很重要,家长要给他们设置限制并经常提醒,同时还要给他们讲解背后的原因,因此可推论,作者建议家长帮助孩子理解社交规则。故选D。
3. A 推理判断。第四段括号中的内容都是在举例说明家长可以具体说什么来引导孩子学会同理心和学会解决问题。故选A。
4. C 主旨大意。这道题有些同学会觉得4个标题都不是很恰当,因此又要运用到我们的策略,选择与自己的预期沾边的那个。这篇文章主要讲的是幼儿如何建立友谊和社交关系,C选项“幼儿如何学会爱人”跟这个主旨有点沾边,因为你需要有同理心才能交到朋友。而其余三个选项“孩子如何适应变化”“如何成为孩子的楷模”“如何与你的孩子沟通”与主旨相差甚远。

语篇4
【语篇导读】本文首先告诉读者,我们接触的信息里面有“信号”也有“噪声”,并非你接触的信息越多,获得的“信号”就越多,然后讲述了“噪声”的定义以及作用,最后建议人们不要太过频繁地关注信息,过量关注信息会导致你接收的“噪声”比例变大,从而关注不到大的变化。
1. C 推理判断。由第一段“We feel like the more information we consume the more signals we receive... Nassim Taleb argues in the book Antifragile that it is not true on a relative basis... you know less about what’s going on and you are likely to cause more unintentional trouble.”可知,Nassim Taleb的观点与我们通常认为的不同,你接触的信息越多,你反而不知道发生了什么,还可能会引起麻烦。因此C选项“信息爆炸可能有害”符合他的观点。
2. A 词义猜测。根据前文“噪声是我们应该忽视的”,与之对应,“信号”则应该是我们应该关注或者留意的。另外根据第一段第一句话“we try to acquire more signals and less noise”也可推知,我们要留意的主要是“信号”。
3. B 推理判断。第三段的第一句话讲了“noise”在科学中的定义,然后讲了它会干扰你的信息处理,过于频繁查看信息会增加“噪声”与“信号”的比例。
4. C 推理判断。根据最后一段,如果你一年看一次信息,你看到的都是大的变化,信噪比大概是1:1,而如果你每天都看信息,信噪比可能会变成5:95,你看到的都是小的变化。由此推知,我们不应该过于频繁查看信息,因为这样会降低信噪比,我们只需要关注大的变化。

语篇5
【语篇导读】本文首先讲述了最新研究表明手写记笔记比用电脑记笔记对学习更有益,接着从理论上分析了原因,然后又从科学实验的角度提供了深层次的证据证明这一论点。
1. C 细节理解+推理判断。根据第二段第一句“The new research,... builds on a foundational 2014 study...”可知,这项新的研究是基于2014年的一个基础研究,所以A选项“它是一个首次的研究”错误,而B和D纵观全文并未提及,故选C。
2. A 词义猜测。因为这三个动作“prioritize it, consolidate it and try to relate it to things they've learned before.”都是对process it的解释说明,因此画线的consolidate也应该是处理信息的一个环节,前面是将信息按重要性排序,后面是联系过往的知识,那么中间环节应为整合信息。此题也可用排除法,“论证”“获得”“分享”都不是在加工处理信息,故选A。
3. B 细节理解。根据倒数第二段首句“When students wrote the words by hand, the sensors detected widespread connectivity across many brain regions.”可知,学生手写记笔记时,传感器检测到了大脑很多区域的连接,因此B选项正确。A选项错误,因为视觉区域有参与,C选项未提及,D选项错误,因为接受视觉信息不是运动皮层的功能,而是视觉区域的功能。
4. A 推理判断。根据最后一段“People may not realize when they materialize something by writing or drawing it, this strengthens the concept and helps it stick in their memory.”可知,Sophia Vinci-Booher认为手写记笔记可以强化对概念的理解,同时增强大脑的记忆,因此可推知,他认同这项新研究的结论。阅读理解专题训练----社会科学研究类(原卷版)
语篇1(2024浙江首考)
The Stanford marshmallow(棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child,was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We're not tempted(诱惑)by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets---all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value---a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we've reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn't eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment.We are now ceaselessly bombarded(轰炸) with new information.Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption,we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.

1.What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel's test
A.Take an examination alone
B.Show respect for the researchers.
C.Share their treats with others.
D.Delay eating for fifteen minutes.
2. According to Paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between .
A.the calorie-poor world and our good appetites
B.the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs
C.the rich food supply and our unchanged brains
D.the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit
3. What does the author suggest readers do
A.Absorb new information readily.
B.Be selective information consumers.
C.Use diverse information sources.
D.Protect the information environment.
4. Which of the following is the best title for the text
A.Eat Less,Read More B.The Bitter Truth about Early Humans
C.The Later,the Better D.The Marshmallow Test for Grownups
语篇2(2024九省联考)
In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: “I have come to the conclusion that there is only one way to get the best of an argument—and that is to avoid it.” This distaste for arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes problems for our personal and social lives—and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.
Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal(言语的)fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. You would be feeling almost as bad if arguments were even just competitions—like, say, tennis tournaments. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner comes out from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking explains why so many people try to avoid arguments.
However, there are ways to win an argument every time. When you state your position, formulate(阐述)an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. When you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view and spell out their argument fully. Assess its strength and weakness. Raise objections(异议) and listen carefully to their replies. This method will require effort, but practice will make you better at it.
These tools can help you win every argument—not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about what divides people, learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments—from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain respect and understanding from each other—then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument.
1. What is the author's attitude toward Carnegie's understanding of argument
A. Critical. B. Supportive. C. Tolerant. D. Uncertain.
2. Why do many people try to avoid arguments
A. They lack debating skills.
B. They may feel bad even if they win.
C. They fear being ignored.
D. They are not confident in themselves.
3. What does the underlined phrase “spell out” in Paragraph 3 probably mean
A. Defend. B. Explain. C. Conclude. D. Repeat.
4. What is the key to “winning” an argument according to the author
A. Sense of logic. B. Solid supporting evidence.
C. Proper manners. D. Understanding from both sides.
语篇3(2024九省联考)
For lots of kids, toddlerhood (幼儿期) is an important time for friendship. Studies show that the earlier kids learn to form positive relationships, the better they are at relating to others as teenagers and adults. Playing together also helps these kids practice social behaviors, such as kindness, sharing, and cooperation.
Even so, how quickly your child develops into a social creature may also depend on his temperament(性格). Some toddlers are very social, but others are shy. In addition, the way that toddlers demonstrate that they like other children is markedly different from what adults think of as expressions of friendship. Research at Ohio State University in Columbus found that a toddler's way of saying “I like you” during play is likely to come in the form of copying a friend's behavior.
This seemingly unusual way of demonstrating fondness can result in unpleasant behavior. Regardless of how much they like a playmate, they may still grab his toys, refuse to share, and get bossy. But experts say that this is a normal and necessary part of friendship for kids this age. Through play experiences, toddlers learn social rules. That's why it's so important to take an active role in your toddler's social encounters by setting limits and offering frequent reminders of what they are. When you establish these guidelines, explain the reasons behind them.
Begin by helping your child learn sympathy (“Ben is crying. What's making him so sad ”), then suggest how he could resolve the problem (“Maybe he would feel better if you let him play the ball.”). When your child shares or shows empathy(同理心) toward a friend, praise him (“Ben stopped crying! You made him feel better.”).
Another way to encourage healthy social interaction is by encouraging kids to use words—not fists—to express how they feel. It's also important to be mindful of how your child's personality affects playtime. Kids are easy to get angry when they're sleepy or hungry, so schedule playtime when they're refreshed.

1. What does it indicate when toddlers copy their playmates' behavior
A. They are interested in acting.
B. They are shy with the strangers.
C. They are fond of their playmates.
D. They are tired of playing games.
2. What does the author suggest parents do for their kids
A. Design games for them.
B. Find them suitable playmates.
C. Play together with them.
D. Help them understand social rules.
3. What is the function of the quoted statements in Paragraph 4
A. Giving examples. B. Explaining concepts.
C. Providing evidence. D. Making comparisons.
4. Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. How Children Adapt to Changes
B. How to Be a Role Model for Children
C. How Your Baby Learns to Love
D. How to Communicate with Your Kid

语篇4(2024湖南长郡中学高考适应性考试)
When consuming information, we try to acquire more signals and less noise.We feel like the more information we consume the more signals we receive. While this is probably true on an absolute basis, Nassim Taleb argues in the book Antifragile that it is not true on a relative basis. As you consume more data and the ratio(比率) of noise to signals increases, you know less about what’s going on and you are likely to cause more unintentional trouble.
The supply of information to which we are exposed under modernity is transforming humans from a calm person to a neurotic(神经质的) one. For the purpose of our discussion, the first person only reacts to real information, and the second largely to noise. The difference between the two will show us the difference between noise and signals. Noise is what you are supposed to ignore; signals are what you need to heed.
In science, noise is a generalization beyond the actual sound to describe random information that is totally useless for any purpose, and that you need to clean up to make sense of what you are listening to.You can use and take advantage of noise and randomness, but noise and randomness can also use and take advantage of you, particularly with the data you get on the Internet or through other media. The more frequently you look at data the more noise you are likely to get, and the higher the noise-to-signal ratio is.
Say you look at information on a yearly basis—the changes you see will all be large ones.The ratio of signals to noise is about one to one —this means that about half the changes are real improvements or degradations, and the other half come from randomness. But if you look at the very same data on a daily basis, the composition would change to 95 percent noise and 5 percent signals, and the changes you see daily will certainly be small.
1. What opinion does Nassim Taleb probably hold
A.It's hard to know the real truth.
B.The noise-to-signal ratio is changing.
C.The information explosion can be harmful.
D.More information brings more signals.
2. What does the underlined word "heed" probably mean in Paragraph 2
A.Notice. B.Analyse. C.Solve D.Describe
3. What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A.Causes and harms of more noise.
B.The meaning and impact of noise.
C.The relationship between noise and signals.
D.Advantages and disadvantages of noise.
4. How should we handle information according to the author
A.Check it frequently. B.Make use of online data.
C.Look at key changes. D.Focus on all changes in it.
语篇5(2024重庆三诊)
Handwriting notes in class might seem outdated as smartphones and other digital technology cover every aspect of learning across schools and universities. But a steady stream of research continues to suggest that taking notes the traditional way is still the best way to learn, especially for young children. And now scientists are finally zeroing in on why.
The new research, by Audrey van der Meer and Ruud van der Weel at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), builds on a foundational 2014 study suggesting that people taking notes by computer were typing without thinking. “It kind of goes in through your ears and comes out through your fingertips, but you don’t process the incoming information," she says. But when taking notes by hand it is often impossible to write everything down; students have to actively pay attention to the incoming information and process it— prioritize it, consolidate it and try to relate it to things they've learned before.This conscious action of building onto existing knowledge can make it easier to stay engaged and grasp new concepts.
To understand specific brain activity differences during the two note-taking approaches, the researchers sewed electrodes(电极) into a hairnet with 256 sensors that recorded the brain activity of 36 students as they wrote or typed 15 words from the game Pictionary that were displayed on a screen.
When students wrote the words by hand, the sensors detected widespread connectivity across many brain regions.Typing, however, led to minimal activity, if any, in the same areas. Handwriting set off connection patterns covering visual regions, which receive and process sensory information, and the motor cortex(运动皮层). The latter handles body movement and sensorimotor integration, which helps the brain use environmental inputs to inform a person's next action.
Sophia Vinci-Booher, an assistant professor of educational brain science at Vanderbilt University says," People may not realize when they materialize something by writing or drawing it, this strengthens the concept and helps it stick in their memory."

1. What do we know about the new research
A.It is an initial study on note-taking.
B.It offers a new note-taking method.
C.It finds the evidence for previous finding.
D.It introduces how to take notes effectively.
2. What does the underlined word “consolidate” probably mean in Paragraph 2
A.Integrate. B.Demonstrate. C.Obtain. D.Share.
3. What happens in the brain when taking notes by hand
A.Visual systems are lacking in activities.
B.Some brain areas are highly involved.
C.Sensory information is processed rapidly.
D.The motor cortex accepts visual information.
4. What is Sophia Vinci-Booher's attitude towards the new research
A.Approving. B.Dismissive. C.Doubtful. D.Unclear