专题02阅读理解-说明文【好题汇编】2024高考英语二模真题分类汇编（新高考专用）（含解析）

中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
模拟好题
（2024·广东·二模）Increased involvement from grandparents can be crucial in a child’s development. From helping children navigate stressful situations to giving kids that little extra bit of love and care, grandparents play an important role in the well-being of a child. Now, there’s scientific data to back this up.
According to a study of over 1,500 children, conducted by Professor Ann Buchanan from the Department of Social Policy and Intervention at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, children who have tight-knit relationships with their grandparents tend to have fewer problems, both emotionally and when it comes to their behavior. Besides, children also have less difficulty when interacting and maintaining relationships with others.
Kimberly Agresta, the co-founder of Englewood’s Agresta Psychotherapy Group, has also noticed in a study the significant benefits of allowing grandparents to be more involved in children’s lives. “If parents regularly involve grandparents in their child’s life early on, a child can develop real emotional closeness to their grandparents and begin to see them as a source of strong social support,” she stated in an interview. “So a child will feel they have other adults, aside from their parents, who care about them in the same way, and this adds to their sense of stability and security.”
She continued, “Stressful situations are less impactful to such children because they have other people in their lives who they have these attachments to and support from.” This is because grandparents are generally not responsible for disciplining or raising the child, and they’re able to love the child a little more freely and unconditionally than a parent, Agresta explained.
“Grandparents are a wealth of knowledge and information, and not only can they pass on valuable skills from real-life experience, but they can also share the past with their grandchildren,” added Agresta. “They can serve as historians, sharing various traditions and stories about when their own children were growing up, which create s a sense of continuity for a child.” So it looks like it may be time to set up a play date for your kids with their grandparents!
1．What is the impact of children spending time with grandparents according to Buchanan’s study
A．Improved social skills. B．Lower intelligence level.
C．Better academic performance. D．Increased behavioral problems.
2．How does Agresta probably describe grandparents’ treating their children
A．More critical. B．More positive.
C．Less supportive. D．Less judgmental.
3．What does Agresta talk about in the last paragraph
A．The features of grandparents’ love.
B．Various roles grandparents take on.
C．The typical qualities of grandparents.
D．Grandparents’ advantages over parents.
4．How does the author mainly organize the text
A．By quoting a few people’ opinions.
B．By analyzing two scientific surveys.
C．By giving the findings of two studies.
D．By making comparisons between studies.
（2024·山东·二模）Do you know cultivated meat Typically, making this sort of meat starts with cells from domestic animals. The cells are grown in bioreactors full of nutrient-rich liquid, and then harvested, and eventually become products such as steak or chicken. In a homely kitchen of Eat Just, a startup, a slice of such meat was fried and then served with peppers. The first mouthful of it was extraordinary because the meat was grown in a lab, rather than on an animal. Meanwhile, it was also dull, because the texture, taste, look and smell of the meat was almost identical to that of chicken.
In June, Eat Just and Upside Foods became the first two companies to win regulatory approval to sell cultivated meat in America. A handful of other firms are trying to bring cultivated meat to market. But the hope is fading owing to continued high costs and troubles with mass production.
The UN reports meat and dairy production already accounts for 12% of humanity’s greenhouse-gas emissions, Demand for meat is skyrocketing among the growing middle classes of Africa and Asia. Lab-grown meat could help meet that demand without the world breaking its carbon budget. By contrast, two-fifths of Americans claim to restrict their meat consumption either for ethical(伦理的) reasons or environmental ones. Lab-grown meat may seem less ethically worrisome than eating animals. And the early success of plant-based meat alternatives gave investors hope. Beyond Meat, one such firm, went public in 2019, and saw its value shoot to $14 billion.
Though lab-grown meat offers an alternative to farm-grown meat, questions have been raised about how climate-friendly it can be. A study published earlier this year found that in some circumstances cultivated meat could be more polluting than the conventional stuff because the bioreactor is in great need of power to control its temperature. Consequently, only if renewable energy is used in the production process will cultivated meat cut the carbon footprint of the meat industry.
Whether this effort can make lab-grown meat attractive and cheap enough to attract consumers remains to be seen.
5．What does the author focus on concerning cultivated meat in paragraph 1
A．Its characteristics. B．Its health benefits.
C．Its cooking methods. D．Its similarities to artificial meat.
6．What can we infer from paragraph 3
A．Most Americans skip meat.
B．Asians prefer lab-grown meat.
C．Beyond Meat is facing financial collapse.
D．Lab-grown meat may have a vast consumer market.
7．In which aspect does the cultivated-meat industry damage the environment
A．Poisonous chemical leaks. B．Land occupation.
C．Grecnhouse-gas emissions. D．Water consumption.
8．What’s the author’s attitude to lab-grown meat
A．Opposed. B．Favorable. C．Uncaring. D．Reserved.
（2024·山东·二模）You may well remember the last time you made a fool of yourself when asked a question in front of the entire class or when you felt you stood out, either positively, like scoring a perfect goal in a soccer game, or negatively, like wearing a piece of clothing that made you look entirely out of place.
These situations differ greatly, but one thing is for sure: in none of them did people pay attention to you to the extent that you might have thought they did. We estimate our own significance from our perspective, colored by the fact that we are all the center of our own universes, which is the noted “egocentric bias”, represented by the spotlight effect.
A study conducted by Tom Gilovich and other researchers found the participants greatly overestimated the number of people who might have noticed an embarrassing T-shirt they were wearing. But when required to view a recording of a third person wearing an embarrassing T-shirt, they got the estimate of the number of people who noticed it nearly right. What seems to shift the memorability of the T-shirt in our eyes, then, is us.
The spotlight effect doesn’t apply merely to appearance but to actions. In another part of the same study, the student participants similarly overestimated how much importance their classmates in a group discussion attached to their performance. Having an accurate idea of how much our performance matters to other people is vital. Overestimating how impressed our classmates are with our positive performance can cause us to have a ballooning sense of self-importance. Yet understanding fewer people than we realize actually care about our negative performance or errors can be incredibly freeing.
If we continuously fall into the trap of the spotlight effect, it may harm our mental health. We may respond with inaction to opportunities we want to participate in based on a mistaken assumption that others will analyze and judge us for them. The comforting truth is that just reminding ourselves of the fact that others almost never notice us as much as we think they do can be enough to counteract the spotlight effect.
9．What occasions are mentioned in paragraph 1
A．When you are judged. B．When you feel noticed.
C．Highlights of your life. D．Your embarrassing moments.
10．Why did researchers ask participants to watch a third person in an embarrassing T-shirt
A．To make a comparison.
B．To apply the spotlight effect.
C．To stress the essence of evaluation.
D．To analyze external factors’ effect on thinking.
11．If we perform poorly, insight into the spotlight effect may make us________.
A．gain respect B．feel liberated
C．take pride in ourselves D．break down mentally
12．What does the underlined word “counteract” mean in the last paragraph
A．Act out. B．Find fault with. C．Cancel out. D．Take notice of.
（2024·山东·二模）The 2024 Consumer Electronics Show is upon us and we’ve chosen four most functional-seeming ones to share with you.A desk bike to charge your phone
Combining the health benefits of a pedal (脚踏) desk with the energy savings of a body-powered phone charger, Ampera Bike seems ideally suited for office multitaskers. A half-hour of pedaling can charge the average phone about 50 percent. The bike, small and unnoticeable enough for a home office, allows workers to finish the same tasks moving as they did sitting still.Walking assist robot
For many, walking is a challenge because of aging, illness or muscle weakness. That’s why WIM, a robotic assist device tied around your waist and legs, was created. It reduces the energy needed to walk by 20 percent, potentially enabling walkers to go farther and feel less tired. The entire device weighs 3 pounds and folds up to the size of a purse. WIM can also be used in an exercise mode, providing resistance similar to walking in water and targeting specific muscles.A mental health mirror
How do you feel when looking in the mirror in the morning BMind Smart Mirror can take one look, use AI and natural language processing to analyze your expressions and gestures, tell your moods and then offer “personalized mental health coaching” to help. This technology that can monitor for heath changes has the potential of improving the quality of millions of lives.Targeted hearing device
People with hearing loss have difficulty listening to a specific voice in a noisy space. OrCam Hear addresses this issue with a system of earphones and an AI-powered app. The app samples voices and creates speaker profiles, which then allows users to select to select their wanted voice and deaden other ones, making a game-changing, experience for hearing aids in general.
13．What is special about Ampera Bike
A．It’s handy to carry about.
B．It charges phones with batteries.
C．It integrates fitness with energy supply.
D．It’s an economical form of transportation.
14．Which of the following devices may read your thoughts
A．Ampera Bike. B．WIM.
C．BMind Smart Mirror. D．OrCam Hear.
15．How does OrCam Hear favor the hearing-disabled
A．By restoring damaged hearing. B．By screening out undesired sounds.
C．By boosting the volume of hearing aids. D．By turning unclear voices into words.
（2024·浙江嘉兴·二模）It’s commonly acknowledged that our lives are ruled by algorithms (算法), but have we really collectively understood how they have transformed our culture and personality
In Filterworld: How algorithms flattened culture, Kyle Chayka argues convincingly that the rise of algorithm-driven feeds, used everywhere online from Instagram to Spotify, has led to a more uniform culture. Our tastes and desires increasingly don’t belong to us, but to algorithms that are designed to keep people engaged at all costs. If the collection of our tastes truly shapes our entire personality, then this loss is more psychologically damaging than it first appears. Aimlessly scrolling (滚屏) through Netflix or TikTok may seem harmless, but over days, months or years, we lose touch with what we like and enjoy.
Taste-making algorithms are inescapable. Chayka shows this by working through all corners of life: what we wear(TikTok), where we eat(Google Maps), music we listen to(Spotify), even who we date or marry(Tinder). This universe of algorithm-driven decisions has society-wide implications: “It extends to influence our physical spaces, our cities, and the routes we move through…flattening them in turn.” No one gets out of the Filterworld untouched.
If you’re lucky enough not to need any sort of algorithm-based system for your work, then you have the option to step back from algorithms for a while. But if your friend suggests a film recommended on X/Twitter or you feel the need to buy those shoes suddenly everyone has started wearing after social media advertisements, what are you to do It all feels fruitless.
This Filterworld may be inescapable, but there is hope. You can start by engaging more with the media you do choose to consume. This could mean reading up about a film you watched or paying artists you like directly. Even the thoughtful act of recommending an album (专辑) to a friend is more rewarding than a random TikTok feed. As Chayka says, resistance to algorithms “requires an act of willpower, a choice to move through the world in a different way.”
16．What is Kyle Chayka’s opinion on algorithms
A．They improve our tastes. B．They make our culture more alike.
C．They help to identify our personality. D．They contribute to psychological problems.
17．What does the underlined part in paragraph 3 refer to
A．The society with advanced technology. B．The world without social media platforms.
C．The network of algorithm-driven decisions. D．The community free from algorithmic influence.
18．Which of the following is a way to resist the impact of algorithms
A．Limiting the use of social media platforms. B．Making choices based on friends’ suggestions.
C．Getting more involved with the selected media. D．Disconnecting from social media advertisements.
19．What is the best title for the text
A．Algorithms: Cultural Takeover B．The Secret of Algorithms
C．Social Media: Cultural Messenger D．The Rise of Digital Platforms
（2024·重庆涪陵·二模）For decades, scientists thought of the brain as the most valuable and consequently most closely guarded part of the body. Locked safely behind the blood-brain barrier, it was broadly free of the harm of viruses and the battles started by the immune system (免疫系统). Then, about 20 years ago, some researchers began to wonder: is the brain really so separated from the body The answer, according to a growing body of evidence, is no.
The list of brain conditions that have been associated with changes elsewhere in the body is long and growing. Changes in the makeup of the microorganisms in the digestive system have been linked to disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. There is also a theory that infection during pregnancy could lead to brain diseases in babies.
The effect is two-way. There is a lengthening list of symptoms not typically viewed as disorders of the nervous system, but the brain plays a large part in them. For example, the development of a fever is influenced by a population of nerve cells that control body temperature and appetite. Evidence is mounting that cancers use nerves to grow and spread.
The interconnection between the brain and body has promising implications for our ability to both understand and treat illnesses. If some brain disorders start outside the brain, then perhaps treatments for them could also reach in from outside. Treatments that take effect through the digestive system, the heart or other organs, would be much easier and less risky than those that must cross the blood-brain barrier.
It also works in the opposite direction. Study shows mice have healthier hearts after receiving stimulation to a brain area involved in positive emotion and motivation. Activation of the brain reward centre — called the ventral tegmental area (VTA) — seems to cause immune changes that contribute to it. Working out how this happens could help to destroy cancers, enhance responses to vaccines and even re-evaluate physical diseases that, for centuries, have not been considered as being psychologically driven.
20．What do the researchers focus on about the brain
A．Its protecting system. B．Its exposure to diseases.
C．Its controlling function. D．Its connection to the body.
21．How does the author support his idea in paragraph 2
A．By explaining a theory. B．By providing examples.
C．By making comparisons. D．By presenting cause and effect.
22．Which best describes treatments that do not cross the blood-brain barrier
A．Cheaper. B．More specific.
C．Safer. D．More direct.
23．What does the study suggest in the last paragraph
A．Brain health depends on immune changes.
B．Brain stimulation leads to negative emotions.
C．The brain can help enhance psychological health.
D．The brain may be key to treating physical diseases.
（2024·重庆涪陵·二模）Ariel Procaccia has thought a lot about how to cut a cake over the last 15 years. As the father of three children, he knows how hard it is to divide a birthday cake to everyone’s satisfaction. But it’s also because Procaccia’s work focuses on exploring the mathematical rules for dividing stuff up fairly. One way to do that is to think abstractly about dessert.
For decades, researchers have been asking the seemingly simple question of how to cut a cake fairly. The answer reaches far beyond birthday parties. A mathematical problem at its heart, cake cutting connects strict reasoning to real-world issues of fairness, and so attracts not only mathematicians, but also social scientists, economists and more. “It’s a very elegant model in which you can distill what fairness really is, and reason about it,” Procaccia says.
The simplest approach is called the “divider-chooser” method, where one person cuts the cake into two equal pieces in his view, and the other person picks first. Each receives a piece that they feel is as valuable as the other’s. But when personal preferences are taken into account, even the easiest rule becomes complicated. Suppose Alice and Bob are to divide a cake, and Alice knows Bob prefers chocolate, she may knowingly divide the cake unequally so the smaller piece contains more chocolate. Then Bob will choose according to his preference, and Alice will get the larger piece. Both of them are satisfied with what they get, but the meaning of fairness changes in this situation.
The cake is a symbol for any divisible good. When cake-cutting principles are employed to settle disagreements, they are potentially helping the world find solutions. Procaccia has used fair division algorithms(算法) to model food distribution. Social scientist Haris Aziz is exploring situations ranging from how to divide up daily tasks to how to best schedule doctors’ shifts in hospitals.
Even after decades of investigation, cake cutting isn’t like a simple jigsaw puzzle(拼图) with a well-defined solution. Instead, over time, it has evolved into a kind of mathematical sandbox, a constructive playground that brings together abstract proofs and easy applications. The more researchers explore it, the more there is to explore.
24．What does the underlined word “distill” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Get the essence of. B．Find the opposite of.
C．Keep the focus on. D．Reduce the impact on.
25．What can we learn about fairness from the example given in paragraph 3
A．Its standard is stable. B．It prevents unequal division.
C．Its concept is complex. D．It dominates personal preferences.
26．What is paragraph 4 mainly about concerning cake cutting
A．The application of its rules. B．The details of its process.
C．The problems it produces. D．The harmony it symbolizes.
27．What is the best title for the text
A．Who benefits most from fairness
B．How has fairness changed over time
C．What method works best in cake-cutting
D．Why are researchers so interested in cake-cutting
（2024·重庆涪陵·二模）“The mountains are calling and I must go”—the famous quote is from John Muir(1838-1914), who is described as “the wilderness poet” and “the citizen of the universe.” He once jokingly referred to himself as a “poet-geologist-botanist and ornithologist (鸟类学家)-naturalist etc. etc.!” He is known as the Father of American National Parks.
Famed documentary filmmaker Ken Burns recently said, “As we got to know him… he was among the highest individuals in America; I’m talking about the level of Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King Jr., and Thomas Jefferson—people who have had a transformational effect on who we are.”
So where is the quote from Well, John Muir was a productive writer. Whether he was writing poetry or simply letters to his family, John Muir was always putting pen to paper. The quote is from within one of his many letters written to his sister:
September 3rd, 1873 Yosemite ValleyDear sister Sarah, I have just returned from the longest and hardest trip I have ever made in the mountains, having been gone over five weeks. I am weary, but resting fast; sleepy, but sleeping deep and fast; hungry, but eating much. For two weeks I explored the glaciers of the summits east of here, sleeping among the snowy mountains without blankets and with little to eat on account of its being so inaccessible. After my icy experiences, it seems strange to be down here in so warm and flowery a climate. I will soon be off again, determined to use all the season in carrying through my work—will go next to Kings River a hundred miles south, then to Lake Tahoe and surrounding mountains, and in winter work in Oakland with my pen. Though slow, someday I will have the results of my mountain studies in a form in which you all will be able to read and judge them. The mountains are calling and I must go, and I will work on while I can, studying incessantly(永不停息地). I will write again when I return from Kings River Canyon. Farewell, with love everlasting. Yours, John
28．What can we learn from John Muir’s self-description in paragraph 1
A．He longed to expand his own career.
B．He enjoyed his involvement in nature.
C．He wanted to find his real advantage.
D．He valued his identity as a poet most.
29．What did Ken Burns mainly talk about
A．Muir’s political influence. B．A documentary film on Muir.
C．Muir’s historic significance. D．The social circle around Muir.
30．How did Muir feel when writing the first paragraph of his letter
A．Relieved but regretful. B．Exhausted but content.
C．Excited but lonely. D．Defeated but hopeful.
31．Why must John Muir go into mountains again
A．To go on with his mountain studies.
B．To seek freedom from social connection.
C．To attend an appointment in Oakland.
D．To experience the hardship of wilderness.
（2024·福建南平·二模）Using a headset at home to deliver a low electrical current to the brain can relieve symptoms of depression. The approach, called transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), is effective when used several times a week for half an hour at a time.
Previous trials have shown that the therapy works under medical supervision in a clinic or lab. Now, a randomised trial has demonstrated that a tDCS headset can also reduce depression symptoms when worn at home.
Several forms of electrical brain stimulation may have the potential to treat depression. With tDCS, sponge electrodes are placed on the left and right sides of the forehead, causing a mild current to flow from the left to the right. This makes brain cells on the left side more likely to fire, with some studies suggesting that activity in this region is low in people with depression.
Repeated sessions of stimulation may lead to longer term changes in the brain cells, increasing their activity levels, says team member Cynthia Fu at the University of East London. Affecting activity in this region probably alters activity in multiple areas, she says. “There are probably many brain regions causing depression.”
To see if people can benefit from using such a device at home, the team randomly assigned 174 people with moderate or severe depression to receive either a full session of stimulation from the headset or stimulation from the same device that lasted just a few seconds. People felt their skin aching at the start and end of each session.
While the depression symptoms of both groups improved on a 52-point scale, those who got the real treatment showed the most benefit, by about 9 points compared with 7, a degree of difference that is similar to that seen with antidepressants (抗抑郁药), “We found people liked having it at home,” says Fu. “Participants could build it into their day.”
32．What is the function of the headset
A．Curing depression in patients. B．Testing the degree of depression.
C．Adjusting brain’s electrical current. D．Reducing symptoms of depression.
33．How does the tDCS approach work
A．By making the left-brain cells active. B．By causing a strong electrical current.
C．By changing the brain wave’s direction. D．By stimulating all brain regions repeatedly.
34．What does the underlined word “alters” in paragraph 4 mean
A．Monitors. B．Disturbs. C．Limits. D．Changes.
35．What can be learned about the participants from the last two paragraphs
A．They feel relieved to some extent. B．They remain relaxed in the session.
C．They use different kinds of headsets. D．They are bound to rely on the headsets.
（2024·海南海口·二模）In a major medical breakthrough, Tel Aviv University researchers have “printed” the world’s first 3D vascularized (有血管的) engineered heart using a patient’s own cells and biological materials. Their findings were published on April IS in a study in Advanced Science.
“This is the first time anyone anywhere has successfully engineered and printed an entire heart,”says Prof. Tal Dvir of Department of Materials Science and Engineering, who led the research for the study. “This heart is made from human cells and patient-specific biological materials. In our process, these materials serve as the bioinks, something made of sugars and proteins that can be used for 3D printing of complex tissue models,” Prof. Dvir says. “People managed to 3D print the structure of a heart in the past, but not with cells or with blood vessels (血管). Our results demonstrate the potential of our approach for engineering personalized tissue and organ replacement in the future.”
According to Prof. Dvir, the use of “native” patient-specific materials is important to successfully engineering tissues and organs.
The researchers are now planning on culturing the printed hearts in the lab and “teaching them to behave” like hearts, Prof. Dvir says. They then plan to transplant the 3D-printed heart in animal models.
“We need to develop the printed heart further,” he concludes. “The cells need to form a pumping ability; they can currently contract (收缩) , but we need them to work together. Our hope is that we will succeed and prove our method’s efficacy (功效) and usefulness. “Maybe, in ten years, there will be organ printers in the finest hospitals around the world, and these procedures will be conducted routinely.”
36．What do we know about the latest3D-printed heart
A．It can be cultured in the lab.
B．It can match a patient perfectly.
C．It has been transplanted in animals.
D．It has been widely used in hospitals,
37．What is Prof, Dvir’s attitude to the development of the printed heart
A．Ambiguous. B．Positive.
C．Disapproving. D．Cautious.
38．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A．To explain the basic principle of 3Dtechnology.
B．To introduce a breakthrough of medical research.
C．To doubt the medical value of a new invention.
D．To prove the effectiveness of the new technology.
（2024·河北·二模）From misremembering a movie quote to forgetting a vital ingredient from the shops for an evening dinner, the human memory is not always reliable. Now, researchers have discovered that sleep may play a key role in distorting (扭曲) memories, but perhaps in a good way.
As part of this study, researchers from the University of York’s Department of Psychology tested 488 participants on their ability to recall a list of words 12 hours after seeing them, with some of the participants being allowed to sleep in the 12-hour period.
They found that those who had slept remembered more of the words on the list than those who had not, but they were also more likely to give words that weren’t on the list, but were related. The related incorrect words are known as “lure words”. If a list contained words like nurse, hospital and sick, the false memories may include lure words like doctor.
Dr Matthew Mak, first author of the study, said, “Participants may falsely recall the lure words because ‘doctor’ most probably represents the gist (要旨) of the word list, and humans are known to often rely on gist encoding.” Co-author Professor Gareth Gaskell added, “Memories in some ways are more about our future than our past. They exist to provide knowledge about our past that can be applied in a generalised way to help us to deal with future events. So a gist-like representation might actually be more useful than a ‘perfect’detailed representation. What sleep might be doing is helping us to store memories in a gist-like way that can then be better applied to our future interactions.”
However, the researchers did recognize several limitations of their study, namely that all participants were aged between 18 and 25, and that the tests were performed online, meaning that other distractions (干扰) and environments could not be controlled.
39．What does paragraph 3 mainly tell us about the study
A．Its purpose. B．Its process. C．Its subject. D．Its finding.
40．What is Gaskell’s attitude to a gist-like representation
A．Negative. B．Doubtful. C．Favorable. D．Unclear.
41．What message does the author want to convey in the last paragraph
A．The tests make little sense. B．The study needs improving.
C．The conclusion is satisfying. D．The participants are nervous.
42．Which can be a suitable title for the text
A．Sleep May Bring About False Memories B．Old People Tend to Have Short Memories
C．A Good Night’s Sleep Keeps Us Energetic D．Rising Early Delivers a Promising Start
（2024·广东佛山·二模）Initial conversations can have a huge impact on how relationships develop over time. People are often stuck in the impressions they think they might have made the minute they finish speaking with someone for the first time: “Did they like me or were they just being polite ” “Were they deep in thought or deeply bored ”
To find out whether these worries are necessary, we have conducted nearly 10 years of research. In our studies, participants in the UK talked with someone they had never met before. Afterward, they were asked how much they liked their conversation partner and how much they believed that their conversation partner liked them. This allowed us to compare how much people believed they were liked to how much they were actually liked.
Time and time again, we found that people left their conversations with negative feelings about the impression they made. That is, people systematically underestimate how much their conversation partners like them and enjoy their company — a false belief we call the “liking gap”.
This bias (偏见) may seem like something that would occur only in initial interactions, but its effects extend far beyond a first impression. Surprisingly, the liking gap can constantly affect a variety of relationships, including interactions with coworkers, long after the initial conversations have taken place. Having a larger liking gap is associated with being less willing to ask workmates for help, less willing to provide workmates with open and honest feedback, and less willing to work on another project together.
There are numerous strategies to minimize your biased feelings. One place to start is shifting your focus of attention. Try to direct your attention to your conversation partner, be genuinely curious about them, ask them more questions, and really listen to their answers. The more you’re zeroed in on the other person, and the less you’re focused on yourself, the better your conversation will be and the less your mind will turn to all the things you think you didn’t do well.
43．Why did the author carry out 10 years of research
A．To dismiss national concerns. B．To check out a potential bias.
C．To enhance human communication. D．To develop harmonious relationships.
44．What is one effect of people’s liking gap
A．Fewer chances of new projects. B．Underestimation of their ability.
C．Bad relationships with people around. D．Low willingness to interact with others.
45．What does the author intend to do in the last paragraph
A．Restate opinions. B．Deliver warnings. C．Give suggestions. D．Make a summary.
46．Which might be the best title for the text
A．Liking Gap May Influence Work Performances
B．First Impressions Rely On Initial Conversations
C．People Probably Like You More Than You Think
D．How People Like You Matters Less Than You Assume
（2024·广东佛山·二模）Building artificial intelligences that sleep and dream can lead to more dependable models, according to researchers who aim to mimic (模仿) the behavior of the human brain.
Concetto Spampinato and his research members at the University of Catania, Italy, were looking for ways to avoid a phenomenon known as “disastrous forgetting”, where an AI model trained to do a new task loses the ability to carry out jobs it previously excelled at. For instance, a model trained to identify animals could learn to spot different fish species, but then might lose its ability to recognize birds. They developed a method of training AI called Wake-Sleep Consolidated Learning (WSCL), which mimics the way that our brains reorganize short-term memories of daily learning when we are asleep.
Besides the usual training for the “awake” phase, models using WSCL are programmed to have periods of “sleep”, where they analyze awake data from earlier lessons. This is similar to human spotting connections and patterns while sleeping.
WSCL also has a period of “dreaming”, which involves novel data made from combining previous concepts. This helps to integrate previous paths of digital “neurons (神经元)”, freeing up space for future concepts. It also prepares unused neurons with patterns that will help them pick up new lessons more easily.
The researchers tested three AI models using a traditional training method, followed by WSCL training. Then they compared performances for image identification. The sleep-trained models were 2 to 12 percent more likely to correctly identify the contents of an image. They also measured an increase in how much old knowledge a model uses to learn a new task.
Despite the results, Andrew Rogoyski at the University of Surrey, UK, says using the human brain as a blueprint isn’t necessarily the best way to boost AI performance. Instead, he suggests mimicking dolphins, which can “sleep” with one part of the brain while another part remains active. After all, an AI that requires hours of sleep isn’t ideal for commercial applications.
47．WSCL was developed to help improve AI’s ______.
A．reliability B．creativity C．security D．popularity
48．What do models using WSCL do during the “sleeping” periods
A．Generate new data. B．Process previous data.
C．Receive data for later analysis. D．Save data for the “awake” phase.
49．What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A．The application of WSCL. B．The benefits of AI research.
C．The findings of the research. D．The underlying logic of WSCL.
50．Which best describes Andrew’s attitude towards the sleep-trained models
A．Cautious. B．Prejudiced. C．Pessimistic. D．Unconcerned.
（2024·河北承德·二模）Genetic researchers at the University of Cambridge in Britain say ancient DNA shows why northern Europeans have a higher risk of getting a nerve disease than other Europeans. The disease is called multiple sclerosis(多发性硬化) or MS.
A study released in2023saidit identified the earliest evidence of horse riding in people called the Yamnaya. The scientists say they lived 4, 500 to 5, 000 years ago during the Bronze Age period of human history.
The Yamnaya moved from the grasslands of what is now Ukraine and Russia into northwestern Europe. However, the researchers say those people carried gene versions that today are known to increase a person’s risk of MS. The researchers added that they believe the same genes protected those herders(牧民) from infections from their cattle and sheep.
The finding was made possible by a gene bank with thousands of examples of early humans in Europe and western Asia. While MS can strike any population, it is most common among white descendants(后代) of northern Europeans. Scientists have been unable to explain why.
The cause of the disease is not known. However, one theory is that infections could cause it in people who have certain genetic qualities. Scientists say they have found 230 genetic variants that might increase the risk of MS.
The researchers studied DNA from about 1, 600 ancient Eurasians. They used the information to develop a map of population movements in northern Europe. They said farmers from the Middle East began pushing out hunter-gatherers about 5, 000 years ago. Then the Yamnaya moved in. They travelled with horses and wagons and herded cattle and sheep.
The research team compared the ancient DNA to the genetic information of 400, 000modern-day people stored in UK Biobank in Britain. They wanted to see if MS-linked genetic variations persisted(持续存在) in the north. That is the part of Europe where the Yamnaya moved, rather than southern Europe.
In what is now Denmark, the Yamnaya replaced ancient farmers, making them the closest ancestors of modern Danes. Rates of MS are especially high in the northern part of Europe known as Scandinavia. The findings raise additional questions and suggest a need for more research.
51．Which of the following is currently clear in the research
A．Northern Europeans are easy targets of MS.
B．The MS genes can’t be passed down between generations.
C．The MS genes protected the Yamnaya from infections with MS.
D．There are 230 genetic variants that definitely increase the risk of MS.
52．What method was mainly used in the published research
A．Performing DNA data comparison.
B．Referring to various historical materials.
C．Drawing a distribution map of MS patients.
D．Tracking patients throughout the entire process.
53．Where could the ancestors of modern Danes possibly come from
A．The Middle East. B．The current regions of Ukraine and Russia.
C．The northern Europe. D．The southern Europe.
54．What can be the best title for the text
A．The Mystery of the Scandinavian
B．A Map of Ancient Population Movements in Europe
C．Researchers Find Link to Nerve Disease in Ancient DNA
D．The Genetic Inheritance of the Ancestors of Modern Danes
（2024·河北承德·二模）At first look, the playground at the Children’s Guild-Transformation Academy in Baltimore, Maryland, looks like any other. But it is not just a place for fun. Everything is specifically designed for kids aged 5 to 21 with autism (自闭症) spectrum disorder (ASD) and are lower-functioning.
The goal of the school is to make the students as independent as possible in an effort to help them prepare for adult life. The school aims to provide help with developing communication and social skills, as well as practical abilities like cleaning or cooking.
Parts of the playground that seem small are very important for children with autism and other disabilities. The surrounding fence extends into a wooded area to make it seem more open. And the ground under the play areas is made of soft, but solid materials to support students using wheelchairs.
Instead of just one slide, there are two sitting side-by-side. That way, parents or teachers with older, larger students can go down the slide together with the kids.
The playground’s designers say a number of sensory elements are also included to help the students. The benches (长凳) on the outside of the playground look simple from faraway but are “one of our most inclusive sensory” elements. They have many different colours that bring about feelings of calm and curiosity. They are also made with smooth material that can be felt and moved. If a child starts to feel uneasy, they can sit down and feel the bench, which can help them relax.
One of the most important designs is a tower that can spray water on multiple children. This can be an important way for older children with autism to get over their fears of water, which for them can be over stimulating. Like the shower, much of the equipment is designed to persuade students to interact with each other, even though they might usually like playing alone. A swing set is designed to permit two kids to swing at the same time, for example.
The school plans to open up the playground for everyone in the autism community, even if they do not attend Transformation Academy.
55．Which of the following can accurately describe Transformation Academy
A．An on-profit private organization.
B．A special school for children with disabilities.
C．A public school that integrates education and fitness.
D．An important place for community children’s activities.
56．What are the basic principles for selecting materials within the play area
A．They should be soft and affordable.
B．They should be small and comfortable.
C．They should be cheap and eco-friendly.
D．They should be safe and considered from multiple angles.
57．What is special about the benches on the playground
A．They are simple and uniform in colour.
B．They are only for one person to sit alone.
C．They are smooth and fixed in one position.
D．They are a combination of various physical senses,
58．What can be inferred about the playground
A．It encourages students to play alone.
B．It is not different from any other playground.
C．It is only available for students from the school.
D．It score is to create opportunities for secure communication.
参考答案：
1．A 2．D 3．B 4．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了有祖父母陪伴的孩子在情感和行为方面的问题更少，和他人相处更容易。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Besides, children also have less difficulty when interacting and maintaining relationships with others.(此外，孩子们在与他人互动和维持关系方面也没有那么困难。)”可知，根据布坎南的研究，孩子花时间和祖父母在一起会提高社交能力。故选A。
2．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“This is because grandparents are generally not responsible for disciplining or raising the child, and they’re able to love the child a little more freely and unconditionally than a parent, Agresta explained.(格雷斯塔解释说，这是因为祖父母通常不负责管教或抚养孩子，他们比父母更自由、更无条件地爱孩子。)”可推知，格雷斯塔认为祖父母对孩子不会过分挑剔。故选D。
3．主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段““Grandparents are a wealth of knowledge and information, and not only can they pass on valuable skills from real-life experience, but they can also share the past with their grandchildren,” added Agresta. “They can serve as historians, sharing various traditions and stories about when their own children were growing up, which create s a sense of continuity for a child.”(“祖父母是知识和信息的财富，他们不仅可以从现实生活中传递宝贵的技能，还可以与孙子们分享过去，”Agresta补充道。“他们可以充当历史学家，分享自己孩子成长过程中的各种传统和故事，这给孩子带来了一种延续性。”)”可知，作者在最后一段讲述了祖父母在孙子孙女生活中扮演的角色。故选B。
4．推理判断题。根据文章第二段对Ann Buchanan研究的介绍以及第三、四、五段对Kimberly Agresta的研究的介绍可知，文章是通过介绍两个研究的发现成果来组织全文的。故选C。
5．A 6．D 7．C 8．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了人造肉这一特征以及人造肉目前巨大的消费市场，与此同时，它可能在环境方面带来的影响。
5．细节理解题。根据第一段中“The cells are grown in bioreactors full of nutrient-rich liquid, and then harvested, and eventually become products such as steak or chicken. In a homely kitchen of Eat Just, a startup, a slice of such meat was fried and then served with peppers. The first mouthful of it was extraordinary because the meat was grown in a lab, rather than on an animal. Meanwhile, it was also dull, because the texture, taste, look and smell of the meat was almost identical to that of chicken.”（这些细胞在充满营养丰富液体的生物反应器中生长，然后收获，最终成为牛排或鸡肉等产品。在创业公司Eat Just简朴的厨房里，一片这样的肉被煎熟，然后配上辣椒。第一口就感觉很特别，因为这种肉是在实验室里培育出来的，而不是在动物身上培育出来的。同时，它也很沉闷，因为肉的质地、味道、外观和气味几乎与鸡肉一模一样。）可知，在第一段中，作者关注的是人造肉的特征。故选A项。
6．推理判断题。根据第三段“The UN reports meat and dairy production already accounts for 12% of humanity’s greenhouse-gas emissions, Demand for meat is skyrocketing among the growing middle classes of Africa and Asia. Lab-grown meat could help meet that demand without the world breaking its carbon budget. By contrast, two-fifths of Americans claim to restrict their meat consumption either for ethical(伦理的) reasons or environmental ones. Lab-grown meat may seem less ethically worrisome than eating animals. And the early success of plant-based meat alternatives gave investors hope. Beyond Meat, one such firm, went public in 2019, and saw its value shoot to $14 billion.”（联合国报告称，肉类和奶制品的生产已经占到人类温室气体排放量的12%，非洲和亚洲不断壮大的中产阶级对肉类的需求正在飙升。实验室培育的肉类可以在不打破世界碳预算的情况下帮助满足这一需求。相比之下，五分之二的美国人声称出于道德或环境原因限制肉类消费。与食用动物相比，实验室培育的肉类似乎不那么令人担忧。植物性肉类替代品的早期成功给了投资者希望。Beyond Meat就是这样一家公司，于2019年上市，市值飙升至140亿美元。）可知，从第三段我们可以推断出实验室培育的肉可能有巨大的消费市场。故选D项。
7．推理判断题。根据第四段“Though lab-grown meat offers an alternative to farm-grown meat, questions have been raised about how climate-friendly it can be. A study published earlier this year found that in some circumstances cultivated meat could be more polluting than the conventional stuff because the bioreactor is in great need of power to control its temperature. Consequently, only if renewable energy is used in the production process will cultivated meat cut the carbon footprint of the meat industry.”（尽管实验室培育的肉类为农场培育的肉类提供了另一种选择，但人们对它的气候友好性提出了质疑。今年早些时候发表的一项研究发现，在某些情况下，养殖肉类可能比传统肉类污染更严重，因为生物反应器非常需要电力来控制其温度。因此，只有在生产过程中使用可再生能源，养殖肉类才能减少肉类行业的碳足迹。）可推知，人造肉产业在温室气体排放方面破坏了环境。故选C项。
8．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Whether this effort can make lab-grown meat attractive and cheap enough to attract consumers remains to be seen.”（这一努力是否能使实验室培育的肉具有足够的吸引力和价格，从而吸引消费者，还有待观察。）可推知，作者对实验室培育的肉持保守态度。故选D项。
9．B 10．A 11．B 12．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了“聚光灯效应”（spotlight effect）的概念，以及这种效应如何影响我们对自己在他人眼中的重要性的认知。
9．推理判断题。根据第一段“You may well remember the last time you made a fool of yourself when asked a question in front of the entire class or when you felt you stood out, either positively, like scoring a perfect goal in a soccer game, or negatively, like wearing a piece of clothing that made you look entirely out of place.”（你可能还记得上一次当着全班同学的面被问到一个问题时，你出丑的时候，或者你觉得自己很突出，正面的，比如在足球比赛中打进了一个完美的进球，负面的，比如穿着一件让你看起来完全不合适的衣服。）可知，这些情况都是你感觉自己被注意到的时候，故选B。
10．推理判断题。根据第三段“A study conducted by Tom Gilovich and other researchers found the participants greatly overestimated the number of people who might have noticed an embarrassing T-shirt they were wearing. But when required to view a recording of a third person wearing an embarrassing T-shirt, they got the estimate of the number of people who noticed it nearly right.”（ 汤姆·吉洛维奇(Tom Gilovich)和其他研究人员进行的一项研究发现，参与者大大高估了可能注意到自己穿着一件令人尴尬的t恤的人数。但当被要求观看第三个人穿着令人尴尬的t恤的录像时，他们对注意到这件事的人数的估计几乎是正确的）可知，为什么研究人员要求参与者看第三个人穿着令人尴尬的t恤是为了做一个比较。故选A。
11．细节理解题。根据第四段“Overestimating how impressed our classmates are with our positive performance can cause us to have a ballooning sense of self-importance. Yet understanding fewer people than we realize actually care about our negative performance or errors can be incredibly freeing.”（ 高估我们的同学对我们积极的表现的印象会导致我们有一种膨胀的自我重要感。然而，理解我们的负面表现或错误实际上比我们意识到的人关心的人少，可以让人令人难以置信的自由。）可知，如果我们表现不佳，对聚光灯效应的洞察可能会让我们感到自由。故选B。
12．词句猜测题。根据上文“The comforting truth is that just reminding ourselves of the fact that others almost never notice us as much as we think they do can be enough to counteract the spotlight effect.”（令人欣慰的事实是，只需提醒我们自己，其他人几乎永远不会像我们认为的那样注意我们，就足以counteract聚光灯效应）可知，意识到其他实际上并没有关注我们就可以抵消聚光灯效应。所以划线词的意思是“抵消”。故选C。
13．C 14．C 15．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了四款看起来非常实用的电子产品。
13．细节理解题。根据A desk bike to charge your phone中“Combining the health benefits of a pedal desk with the energy savings of a body-powered phone charger, Ampera Bike seems ideally suited for office multitaskers. A half-hour of pedaling can charge the average phone about 50 percent.”（Ampera Bike结合了脚踏式办公桌的健康益处和身体充电式手机充电器的节能优势，似乎非常适合办公室的多任务工作者。骑车半小时可以给手机充电50%。）可知，Ampera Bike的特别之处是它将健身与能量供应结合在一起。故选C项。
14．细节理解题。根据A mental health mirror中“BMind Smart Mirror can take one look, use AI and natural language processing to analyze your expressions and gestures, tell your moods and then offer “personalized mental health coaching” to help.”（BMind智能镜子可以看一眼，利用人工智能和自然语言处理来分析你的表情和手势，告诉你的情绪，然后提供“个性化的心理健康指导”来提供帮助。）可知，BMind智能镜可以读懂你的想法。故选C项。
15．细节理解题。根据Targeted hearing device中“OrCam Hear addresses this issue with a system of earphones and an AI-powered app. The app samples voices and creates speaker profiles, which then allows users to select to select their wanted voice and deaden other ones, making a game-changing, experience for hearing aids in general.”（OrCam Hear通过一个耳机系统和一个人工智能驱动的应用程序解决了这个问题。该应用程序对声音进行采样并创建扬声器配置文件，然后允许用户选择选择他们想要的声音并屏蔽其他声音，为助听器提供了一种改变游戏规则的体验。）可知，OrCam Hear通过过滤掉不想要的声音来帮助听障人士。故选B项。
16．B 17．C 18．C 19．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了人们的生活普遍受到了算法的影响，算法使我们的文化更加相似，对此提出了一些避免文化被算法趋同的建议。
16．细节理解题。根据第二段“In Filterworld: How algorithms flattened culture, Kyle Chayka argues convincingly that the rise of algorithm-driven feeds, used everywhere online from Instagram to Spotify, has led to a more uniform culture. Our tastes and desires increasingly don’t belong to us, but to algorithms that are designed to keep people engaged at all costs. (在《过滤器世界：算法如何使文化扁平化》一书中，Kyle Chayka令人信服地指出，从Instagram到Spotify，算法驱动的信息流在网上无处不在，它的兴起导致了一种更加统一的文化。我们的品味和欲望越来越不属于我们自己，而是属于那些旨在不惜一切代价让人们参与其中的算法。)”可知，Kyle Chayka对算法的看法是它们使我们的文化更加相似。故选B。
17．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“This universe of algorithm-driven decisions has society-wide implications: “It extends to influence our physical spaces, our cities, and the routes we move through…flattening them in turn.” (这种由算法驱动的决策对整个社会都有影响：“它延伸到影响我们的物理空间、城市和我们走过的路线……反过来使它们扁平化。”)”可知，算法驱动的决策网络影响到了我们生活的各个方面，没有人能不受影响地从算法驱动的决策网络走出来。故划线部分指的是“算法驱动的决策网络”。故选C。
18．细节理解题。根据最后一段“This Filterworld may be inescapable, but there is hope. You can start by engaging more with the media you do choose to consume. (这个“过滤世界”可能是不可避免的，但还是有希望的。你可以从更多地参与你选择消费的媒体开始。)”可知，更多地参与选定的媒体是抵抗算法影响的方法。故选C。
19．主旨大意题。根据第一段“It’s commonly acknowledged that our lives are ruled by algorithms (算法), but have we really collectively understood how they have transformed our culture and personality (人们普遍认为，我们的生活是由算法控制的，但我们真的理解了它们是如何改变我们的文化和个性的吗？)”结合文章主要说明了人们的生活普遍受到了算法的影响，算法使我们的文化更加相似，对此提出了一些避免文化被算法趋同的建议。可知，A选项“算法：文化接管”最符合文章标题。故选A。
20．D 21．B 22．C 23．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍一些研究人员发现大脑并不是身体中保护最严密的部分，它和身体的其它部分产生的疾病是有联系的。
20．细节理解题。根据第一段“Then, about 20 years ago, some researchers began to wonder: is the brain really so separated from the body The answer, according to a growing body of evidence, is no. (然后，大约20年前，一些研究人员开始怀疑：大脑真的与身体如此分离吗？根据越来越多的证据，答案是否定的。)”可知，研究人员主要研究大脑与身体的联系。故选D。
21．推理判断题。根据第二段“The list of brain conditions that have been associated with changes elsewhere in the body is long and growing. Changes in the makeup of the microorganisms in the digestive system have been linked to disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. There is also a theory that infection during pregnancy could lead to brain diseases in babies. (与身体其他部位变化相关的大脑状况清单很长，而且还在不断增加。消化系统中微生物组成的变化与帕金森病等疾病有关。还有一种理论认为，怀孕期间的感染可能会导致婴儿脑部疾病。)”可知，这一段作者主要通过消化系统和怀孕期间的感染2个例子来论证自己的观点，说明大脑并不是身体中保护最严密的部分。故选B。
22．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Treatments that take effect through the digestive system, the heart or other organs, would be much easier and less risky than those that must cross the blood-brain barrier. (通过消化系统、心脏或其他器官进行的治疗比必须穿过血脑屏障的治疗更容易，风险更小。)”可知，不通过血脑屏障的治疗风险更小。故选C。
23．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Study shows mice have healthier hearts after receiving stimulation to a brain area involved in positive emotion and motivation. Activation of the brain reward centre — called the ventral tegmental area (VTA) — seems to cause immune changes that contribute to it. Working out how this happens could help to destroy cancers, enhance responses to vaccines and even re-evaluate physical diseases that, for centuries, have not been considered as being psychologically driven. (研究表明，在大脑中涉及积极情绪和动机的区域受到刺激后，小鼠的心脏更健康。大脑奖赏中心——被称为腹侧被盖区（VTA）——的激活似乎会导致免疫变化。弄清楚这种情况是如何发生的，可以帮助摧毁癌症，增强对疫苗的反应，甚至重新评估几个世纪以来一直不被认为是心理驱动的物理疾病。)”可知，大脑可能是治疗身体疾病的关键。故选D。
24．A 25．C 26．A 27．D
【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍各个领域的研究人员对切蛋糕这一问题的本质和方法的研究以及切蛋糕的规则在解决现实问题中的应用。
24．词句猜测题。根据第二段“A mathematical problem at its heart, cake cutting connects strict reasoning to real-world issues of fairness, and so attracts not only mathematicians, but also social scientists, economists and more. “It’s a very elegant model in which you can distill what fairness really is, and reason about it,” Procaccia says. (切蛋糕是一个数学问题的核心，它将严格的推理与现实世界的公平问题联系在一起，因此不仅吸引了数学家，也吸引了社会科学家、经济学家等。Procaccia说：“这是一个非常优雅的模型，在这个模型中，你可以distill出什么是公平，并对此进行推理。”)”可知，这里说明人们可以通过切蛋糕问题来提炼理解什么是公平，所以distill的意思应该是“提炼”，和选项A意思一致。故选A。
25．推理判断题。根据第三段“But when personal preferences are taken into account, even the easiest rule becomes complicated. Suppose Alice and Bob are to divide a cake, and Alice knows Bob prefers chocolate, she may knowingly divide the cake unequally so the smaller piece contains more chocolate. Then Bob will choose according to his preference, and Alice will get the larger piece. Both of them are satisfied with what they get, but the meaning of fairness changes in this situation. (但当考虑到个人偏好时，即使是最简单的规则也会变得复杂。假设爱丽丝和鲍勃要分一块蛋糕，爱丽丝知道鲍勃更喜欢巧克力，她可能会故意把蛋糕分得不相等，这样小的一块含有更多的巧克力。然后鲍勃会根据自己的喜好进行选择，爱丽丝会得到更大的一块。他们都对所得到的感到满意，但公平的意义在这种情况下发生了变化。)”可知，公平这一概念是很复杂的。故选C。
26．主旨大意题。根据第四段“The cake is a symbol for any divisible good. When cake-cutting principles are employed to settle disagreements, they are potentially helping the world find solutions. Procaccia has used fair division algorithms(算法) to model food distribution. Social scientist Haris Aziz is exploring situations ranging from how to divide up daily tasks to how to best schedule doctors’ shifts in hospitals. (蛋糕是任何可分割商品的象征。当切蛋糕的原则被用来解决分歧时，它们有可能帮助世界找到解决方案。Procaccia使用公平分配算法对食物分配进行建模。社会科学家Haris Aziz正在探索各种情况，从如何分配日常任务到如何最好地安排医生在医院的轮班。)”可知，这一段主要介绍切蛋糕规则的应用。故选A。
27．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Ariel Procaccia has thought a lot about how to cut a cake over the last 15 years. As the father of three children, he knows how hard it is to divide a birthday cake to everyone’s satisfaction. But it’s also because Procaccia’s work focuses on exploring the mathematical rules for dividing stuff up fairly. One way to do that is to think abstractly about dessert. (Ariel Procaccia在过去的15年里思考了很多关于如何切蛋糕的问题。作为三个孩子的父亲，他知道要让每个人都满意地分一个生日蛋糕有多难。但这也是因为Procaccia的工作专注于探索公平划分事物的数学规则。一种方法是抽象地思考甜点。)”和最后一段“Even after decades of investigation, cake cutting isn’t like a simple jigsaw puzzle(拼图) with a well-defined solution. Instead, over time, it has evolved into a kind of mathematical sandbox, a constructive playground that brings together abstract proofs and easy applications. The more researchers explore it, the more there is to explore. (即使经过几十年的调查，切蛋糕也不像一个简单的拼图游戏，有明确的解决方案。相反，随着时间的推移，它已经演变成一种数学沙盒，一个将抽象证明和简单应用程序结合在一起的建设性游乐场。研究人员对它的探索越多，就越有探索的余地。)”可知，这篇文章主要介绍研究者为什么对切蛋糕问题感兴趣。故选D。
28．B 29．C 30．B 31．A
【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍约翰·缪尔（John Muir）和他的名言，以及他给妹妹的一封信。
28．推理判断题。根据第一段““The mountains are calling and I must go”—the famous quote is from John Muir(1838-1914), who is described as “the wilderness poet” and “the citizen of the universe.” He once jokingly referred to himself as a “poet-geologist-botanist and ornithologist(鸟类学家)-naturalist etc. etc.!” He is known as the Father of American National Parks. (“群山在呼唤，我必须要去”——这句名言出自约翰·缪尔（1838-1914），他被描述为“荒野诗人”和“宇宙公民”。他曾戏称自己是“诗人、地质学家、植物学家、鸟类学家、博物学家等！”他被称为美国国家公园之父。)”可知，约翰·缪尔非常喜欢他在大自然中的探索。故选B。
29．推理判断题。根据第二段“Famed documentary filmmaker Ken Burns recently said, “As we got to know him… he was among the highest individuals in America; I’m talking about the level of Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King Jr., and Thomas Jefferson—people who have had a transformational effect on who we are.”(著名纪录片制作人肯·伯恩斯最近说：“随着我们对他的了解……他是美国最优秀的人之一；我说的是亚伯拉罕·林肯、马丁·路德·金和托马斯·杰斐逊的水平，他们对我们的身份产生了变革性的影响。”)”可知，这一段肯·伯恩斯把约翰·缪尔与亚伯拉罕·林肯、马丁·路德·金和托马斯·杰斐逊放在一起对比，体现出了约翰·缪尔的重要性。故选C。
30．推理判断题。根据信件的第一段“I am weary, but resting fast; sleepy, but sleeping deep and fast; hungry, but eating much. (我很累，但休息得很快；昏昏欲睡，但睡得又深又快；饿了，但吃得多。)”可知，缪尔当时身心疲惫但内心却很满足。故选B。
31．推理判断题。根据信件的第三段“Though slow, someday I will have the results of my mountain studies in a form in which you all will be able to read and judge them. The mountains are calling and I must go, and I will work on while I can, studying incessantly(永不停息地). (虽然速度很慢，但总有一天我会以你们都能阅读和判断的形式获得我的山地研究结果。大山在召唤我，我必须去，我会尽我所能继续努力，不断学习。)”可知，约翰·缪尔必须再次上山是要继续他的山地研究。故选A。
32．D 33．A 34．D 35．A
【导语】本文为一篇说明文，介绍了经颅直流电刺激法（tDCS）对于治疗抑郁症的原理和用处。
32．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Using a headset at home to deliver a low electrical current to the brain can relieve symptoms of depression.(在家里使用耳机向大脑输送低电流可以缓解抑郁症状)”可知，第一段提到的耳机可以减轻抑郁症状。故选D。
33．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“With tDCS, sponge electrodes are placed on the left and right sides of the forehead, causing a mild current to flow from the left to the right. This makes brain cells on the left side more likely to fire, with some studies suggesting that activity in this region is low in people with depression.(使用tDCS时，海绵电极被放置在前额的左右两侧，使轻微的电流从左流向右。这使得左侧的脑细胞更容易激活，一些研究表明，抑郁症患者这一区域的活动较低)”可知，tDCS方法将轻微的电流从左侧大脑流经右侧大脑，左侧的脑细胞更容易激活，加大这一区域的活动。故选A。
34．词义猜测题。根据划线词前文“Repeated sessions of stimulation may lead to longer term changes in the brain cells, increasing their activity levels(反复的刺激可能会导致脑细胞的长期变化，增加它们的活动水平)”及后文“activity in multiple areas(多个区域的活动)”及“There are probably many brain regions causing depression.(可能有许多大脑区域会导致抑郁症)”可知，刺激脑部这一区域会改变多区域的活动性，划线词意思为“改变”，与change意思相近。故选D。
35．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“While the depression symptoms of both groups improved on a 52-point scale, those who got the real treatment showed the most benefit, by about 9 points compared with 7, a degree of difference that is similar to that seen with antidepressants (抗抑郁药).(虽然两组的抑郁症状都得到了52分的改善，但那些接受了真正治疗的人表现出了最大的好处，大约是9分，而不是7分，这种程度的差异与服用抗抑郁药的情况相似)”可知，这种方法对于抑郁症患者有一定效果，他们在某种程度上感到了放松。故选A。
36．A 37．B 38．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文，主要讲述了特拉维夫大学的研究者们使用病人自身的细胞和生物材料成功打印出世界上首个3D血管化工程心脏的过程，以及他们对未来3D打印器官的展望。
36．细节理解题。根据第四段“The researchers are now planning on culturing the printed hearts in the lab and ‘teaching them to behave’ like hearts, Prof. Dvir says. They then plan to transplant the 3D-printed heart in animal models.（研究人员现在计划在实验室中培养打印出的心脏，并“教会它们”像心脏一样工作，然后计划将3D打印的心脏移植到动物模型中，Dvir教授说。）”可知，目前心脏尚未在动物中进行移植，故选A项。
37．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Our hope is that we will succeed and prove our method’s efficacy (功效) and usefulness.（我们的希望是我们将成功并证明我们方法的功效和有用性。）”可知，Prof. Dvir对3D打印心脏的发展持积极态度，故选B项。
38．推理判断题。根据第二段“‘This is the first time anyone anywhere has successfully engineered and printed an entire heart,’ says Prof. Tal Dvir of Department of Materials Science and Engineering, who led the research for the study.（“这是第一次任何人在任何地方成功地工程化并打印出一个完整的心脏，”领导这项研究的特拉维夫大学材料科学与工程系的Tal Dvir教授说。）”可知，文章的主要内容是介绍3D打印技术在医学研究中的一个突破性进展，即成功打印出第一个3D血管化工程心脏，以及对未来3D打印器官的展望。这表明作者的目的是介绍医学研究的一个突破，故选B项。
39．D 40．C 41．B 42．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了英国约克大学的一项研究表明，睡眠可能会使我们产生错误的记忆。
39．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段“They found that those who had slept remembered more of the words on the list than those who had not, but they were also more likely to give words that weren’t on the list, but were related. The related incorrect words are known as “lure words”. If a list contained words like nurse, hospital and sick, the false memories may include lure words like doctor. (他们发现，那些睡过觉的人比那些没有睡过觉的人记住了更多的单词，但他们也更有可能给出不在列表中但相关的单词。相关的错误词被称为“诱饵词”。如果列表包含护士、医院和病人等词，则错误记忆可能包括医生等诱饵词。)”可知，本段主要讲述了该研究的发现，故选D项。
40．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Co-author Professor Gareth Gaskell added, “Memories in some ways are more about our future than our past. They exist to provide knowledge about our past that can be applied in a generalised way to help us to deal with future even