2024届高三英语二轮复习第一讲 句子成分和基本句型课件（共48张PPT 内嵌视频）

(共48张PPT)
一轮复习 第一讲
词性、短语、句子成分及基本句型
目录
01
02
03
04
CONTENTS
词性及短语的分类
句子成分
句子结构及分类
基本句型
Part 01
词性及短语
英语词类分十种：
名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、介词、冠词、连词、代词、感叹词。
动词(verb—v. /v b/ )
形容词(adjective—adj. / d kt v/)
数词( numeral—num. /'nj m r l/ )
代词(pronoun—pron. / pr na n/)
冠词(article—art. / ɑ t kl/)
连词(conjunction—conj. /k n d k n/)
副词(adverb—adv. / dv b/)
名词(noun—n. /na n/)
介词(preposition—prep. / prep z n/ )
感叹词(interjection—interj. / nt d ek n/)
词 性
英语词类分十种：
名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、介词、冠词、连词、代词、感叹词。
6 种英语实词：
（有实义，有词性变化，在句中可独立担任句子成分）：
名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、代词
4 种英语虚词：
（起结构作用，在句中表明词和词或句子中各个部分的关系）
冠词、介词、连词和感叹词
英语词类分十种：
名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、介词、冠词、连词、代词、感叹词。
1．boy，morning，bag，ball，class，orange——
名词(noun—n. /na n/): 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。
2．am，is，are，have，see——
动词(verb—v. /v b/ ): 表示动作或状态。
3．good，right，white，orange——
形容词(adjective—adj. / d kt v/)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。
4．now，very，here，often，quietly，slowly——
副词(adverb—adv. / dv b/): 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，说明时间、 地点、方式、程度等。
5．one，two，three，four
first，second，third，fourth——
数词( numeral—num. /'nj m r l/ ):
表示数目【基数词】或事物的顺序【序数词】。
英语词类分十种：
名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、介词、冠词、连词、代词、感叹词。
6．in，on，from，above，behind——
介词(preposition—prep. / prep z n/ ): 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。
7．a，an，the——
冠词(article—art. / ɑ t kl/)：用在名词前，帮助说明名词。
8．and，but，before——
连词(conjunction—conj. /k n d k n/): 用来连接词、短语或句子。9．who，she，you，it——
代词(pronoun—pron. / pr na n/): 主要用来代替名词。
10．oh，well，hi，hello——
感叹词(interjection—interj. / nt d ek n/)：表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。
短语(Phrases)是英语中有一定意义但不构成独立从句或句子的一组词。
从形式角度划分，英语的短语可分为
名词短语(noun phrases)、动词短语(verb phrases)、形容词短语(adjective phrases)、副词短语(adverbial phrases)、介词短语(prepositional phrases)等。
英语短语可在句中充当主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语、同位语等。
短语
* Noun phrase
* Verb phrase
* Adjective phrase
* Adverbial phrase
* Prepositional phrase
in fact; out of control
a silk dress; a reading room
look after; come up with
eager to; aware of
very well; again and again
Part 02
句子成分
句子成分（句法成分）：句子的组成部分。
主要包括：【主谓宾表，定状补同】
主语、谓语、宾语、表语、
定语、状语、宾语补足语和同位语。
句子成分
主要成分？
次要成分？
主要成分
次要成分
1.主语(subject)
主语是句子所要说明的动作或状态的主体，句子中的陈述对象.
一般在句首,动词前面。
一般由名词，代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当。
1.We study in LianPing Middle School.
2.Our classroom is very clean.
3.To teach you English is my job.
4.Surfing, diving and swimming are all water sports.
5.Four plus four is eight.
6.What you said made me sad.
7.The young should respect the old.
8.It made me excited that dad bought me a computer.
代词
名词
不定式
动名词
数词
从句
the+adj.
it作形式主语
[即时测试1]——分析句子成分
(1)(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. ____________作主语
(2)(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. ____________作主语
(3)What benefits us most in learning English is reading various books.____________作主语
(4)To choose a suitable present for her father is difficult.____________作主语
(5)It is not immediately clear whether the financial crisis will soon be over. It作________，whether 引导的从句作____________
名词
动词-ing形式
主语从句
动词不定式
形式主语
真正的主语
2.谓语(verb)
表示主语的动作或状态。【时态、语态】
必须由动词充当。
一般在主语后面，和主语在人称和数方面必须一致【主谓一致】。
谓语有简单谓语、复合谓语之分。
(1) 简单谓语： 是由单个动词或动词词组组成的。
She always studies hard.
He often listens to music.
(2) 复合谓语：由“情态动词或助动词 + 实义动词”“系表结构”构成.
He can speak English.
We have finished reading the book.
I did see her yesterday.
She is good at singing and dancing.
情态动词+v原
助动词+v
助动词+v
系表结构
动词分类
助动词(辅助动词Auxiliary Verb）
协助主要动词构成谓语的词叫助动词,被协助的动词称作主要动词（Main Verb）。
用来构成时态和语态,也可构成疑问句和否定句，构成否定句时与否定副词not连用。
最常用的助动词有：be， have/has， do/does/did ， shall， should， will， would等。
情态动词（Modal verb）
表示说话人对这一动作或状态的看法或主观设想。
后接动词原形一起构成谓语，否定在情态动词后面加“not”
无人称和数的变化，过去式用来表达更加客气，委婉的语气，
常用： can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would)。
实义动词（行为动词）
词义完整，能独立作谓语，表示实实在在有意思的动词。
可分成：及物动词vt.（transitive verb）和不及物动词vi.（intransitive verb）。
有时态/语态之分,有人称和数的变化【主谓一致】
系动词（连系动词Linking Verb）
本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的特征、性质、状况等情况。
动词分类
[即时测试2]——标出以下句子中的谓语
(1)(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals.
(2)(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)She adds that the program's benefits go beyond nutrition.
(3)The English programme is widely popular among us students.
(4)We can make full use of the extensive educational resources online to broaden the horizons.
3.宾语(object)
表示动作的对象或结果。
用在及物动词或介词后面，构成“动宾”或“介宾”
一般由名词，代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当。
She is playing the piano.
He often helps me.
He likes to sleep in the open air.
He is addicted to smoking.
We enjoy living in China.
I think it important to learn English.
有些动词可接双宾语：直接宾语和间接宾语。
Please pass me the book.= Please pass the book to me.
He bought her some flowers.=He bought some flowers for her.
名词
代词
不定式
动名词
动名词
it作形式宾语
常见可接双宾语的动词：tell, teach, bring, send, return, offer, pay, award等。
[即时测试3]——分析句子成分
(1)(2023·全国乙卷)I have missed plenty of beautiful sunsets/sunrises due to being on the spot only five minutes before the best moment. ________作宾语
(2)If you concentrate on what you don't have, you will never, ever have enough.____________作宾语
(3)Don't forget to praise your friend for the delicious foods he offers. ____________作宾语
(4)My teacher gave me a lot of valuable advice on how to improve my writing.
me为____________宾语，a lot of valuable advice为________宾语
(5)No matter where he is, he makes it a rule to go for a walk before breakfast.
it作____________，to go for a walk before breakfast为动词不定式作____________
名词
宾语从句
动词不定式
间接
直接
形式宾语
真正的宾语
4.表语(predicative)
说明主语的身份或特征。
位于系动词后面。
1.You look younger than before.
2.I am a teacher.
3.Jim is out.
4.Now they are at home.
5.I’m not quite myself today.
6.He got lost in the forest.
7.His hobby is swimming.
8.My job is to teach you English.
9.The book is what I need.
形容词
名词
副词
介词短语
反身代词
过去分词
动名词
不定式
表语从句
状态“是” be
持续“继续或保持” keep, remain, stay, lie
表像“看起来像” seem, appear, look
感官 look,feel, smell, sound, taste
变化“变成......” become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run
终止“证明是，结果是” prove, turn out
系动词
[即时测试4]——分析句子成分
(1)(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥).____________作表语
(2)(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅱ) The flight was uneventful, and Tiffy was a great passenger.
uneventful为__________作表语；a great passenger为____________作表语
(3)To my great surprise, the message was from my father.__________作表语
(4)Jason was determined not to go against his father's wishes.____________作表语
动词不定式
形容词
名词短语
介词短语
形容词
5.定语(attribute)
用来修饰名词或代词,起类似于形容词的修饰作用.
1.You are a clever boy.
2.I want to tell you something important.
3.His father works in a shoe factory.
4.There are 66 students in our class.
5.Do you know Betty’s sister
6.There is a sleeping baby in bed.
7.The girl standing under the tree is his daughter.
8.We have nothing to do.
9.His spoken English is good.
10.The girl in red is his sister.
11.Do you know the man who stands there
冠词+形容词
物主代词
数词
名词所有格
冠词+现在分词
物主代词+过去分词
介词短语
形容词
现在分词短语
定语从句
不定式
冠词+名词
前置：单个形容词
后置：短语、从句
[即时测试5]——分析句子成分
(1)(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅱ) They talk to the flood of international tourists and to visiting Chinese zookeepers who often come to check on the pandas.形容词visiting 作________定语，修饰名词zookeepers；who引导的定语从句作________定语，修饰名词zookeepers
(2)It provides us with a good opportunity to have a better understanding of traditional Chinese culture.____________作后置定语
(3)Volunteering gives you a chance to change lives，including your own. ____________作后置定语
(4)The room is empty except for a bookshelf standing in one corner. ____________作后置定语
(5)Bangladesh Relief provides food, clothing and essential supplies for disadvantaged people.____________作前置定语
前置
后置
动词不定式
动词不定式
动词-ing形式
形容词
6.状语(adverbial)
修饰动词，形容词，副词，介短或句子, 起类似于副词的作用 。
一般表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度，结果，条件，让步和伴随等意义。
1.He did it carefully.
2.She is very enthusiastic about it.
3.He works extremely hard.
4.He comes to see us every day.
5.He is at the library looking up some information.
6.I’ll be back in a while.
7.Without his help, we couldn’t work it out.
8.He was late because of the heavy rain.
9.Please call me up if it is necessary.
10.She was beautiful when she was a girl.
副词
副词
副词
频度副词
动词-ing作伴随状语
介词短语作时间状语
介词短语作伴随状语
介词短语作原因状语
if条件状语从句
when时间状语从句
[即时测试6]——分析句子成分
(1)(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. ____________作状语
(2)Tired and short of breath, Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai. ____________作状语
(3)To catch the early flight, we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early. ____________作状语，表示________
(4)The news reporters hurried to the airport, only to be told the film stars had left.
____________作状语，表示□出乎意料□ 自然而然的结果
(5)Newly-built wooden cottages line the street, turning the old town into a dreamland.
________________作状语，表示 □出乎意料□自然而然的结果
(6)Without his help, we couldn't have worked it out.____________作状语
时间状语从句
形容词
动词不定式
目的
动词不定式

动词-ing形式

介词短语
7.1宾语补足语(object complement)
放在宾语后面,对宾语进行补充说明,与宾语一起构成复合宾语。
I made my room beautiful.
I can see her dancing there.
He made himself known to them.
She asked me to lend her my bike.
Please make yourself at home.
Please keep the dog out.
We call her Miss Zhang.
形容词
现在分词
过去分词
不定式
介词短语
副词
名词
常用于三类动词:
①使役动词: keep, make, let, have, leave, get..
②感官动词: see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel, find, catch, look at, listen to, smell...
③ask/tell/order/request/permit/persuade/ ... sb to do sth;等。
consider/elect/appoint sb (to be)…
7.2主语补足语(subject complement)
对主语进行补充说明。
把下列句子改为被动语态:
1.We saw Tom dancing in his room.
Tom was seen dancing in his room.
2.They elected Jim monitor of their class.
Jim was elected monitor of their class.
3.We will make our country strong.
Our country will be made strong.
主动：主+动+宾+宾补
被动：“宾”+be done+“宾补”
主动句的宾语变成被动句的主语
[即时测试7]——分析句子成分
(1)(2022·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)The program invites guests to talk about certain topics, aimed at broadening students' horizons.____________作宾语补足语
(2)(2021·全国乙卷)However, you will find it difficult to be smart online learners for some students without self-control and learning goals.____________作宾语补足语
(3)He was caught cheating on the exam.______________作主语补足语
(4)He found that science amazed Times' readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.___________________作宾语补足语
(5)I found myself in a foreign country, with no one to turn to.
____________作宾语补足语
动词不定式
形容词
动词-ing形式
省略to的动词不定式
介词短语
8.同位语(apposition)
对前面的名词或代词做进一步解释,说明它们的性质和情况。
语法上处于同等地位
1. Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy.
2. I myself will do the experiment.
3. She is the oldest among them six.
4. The news that he is ill worries us.
名词短语
反身代词
数词
从句
[即时测试8]——分析句子成分
(1)(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. ____________作同位语
(2)The fact that she was foreign made it difficult for her to get a job in that country. ____________作同位语
(3)Thanks to the support from our community, you each have a chance to go to college. ____________作同位语
名词短语
同位语从句
代词
Part 03
简单句与基本句型
分析下列句子成分
1. Everyone laughed.
2. The books pleased the girl.
3. I am astonished.
4. I heard him shouting.
5. He bought his son some books.
6. There is an umbrella behind the door.
7. The young girl with long black hair is Kate.
8. Stephen apologized at once.
9. I have no idea when they will go.
10. I saw my friend Tom standing at the station.
简单句
1）SV 主语＋谓语(vi.)
eg. Everyone laughed.
2) SVP 主语＋谓语(vt.)＋宾语
eg. The books pleased the girl.
3) SVO 主语＋系动词＋表语
eg. The plan sounds perfect.
5）SVOiOd 主语＋谓语+间接宾语＋直接宾语
e.g. He bought his son some books.
4) SVOC 主语＋谓语＋宾语＋补语
eg. I heard him shouting.
e.g. There is an umbrella behind the door.
6）there be 句型(+主语+状语)
倒装：there 仅为引导词，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后【就近】
双宾与复合宾语：
间直双宾是句子主语
动作的对象和内容；
复合宾语：宾语是宾补的逻辑主语
7.The young girl with long black hair is Kate.
↓
主语
↓
定语
↓
定语
↓
系动词
↓
表语
8. Stephen apologized at once.
↓
主语
↓
谓语
↓
状
语
9. I have no idea when they will go.
↓
主语
↓
谓
语
↓
宾语
↓
同位语
10.I saw my friend Tom standing at the station.
↓
主语
↓
谓
语
↓
定语
↓
宾
语
↓
同位语
↓
状
语
↓
宾语补足语
Part 04
句子结构与分类
句子分类
1.按句子的结构可分3种：
英语句式
简单句
并列句
复合句
只含有一个主谓结构的句子
1.主谓
2.主谓宾
3.主系表
4.主谓双宾
5.主谓宾宾补
6.there be句型
简单句+并列连词/;+简单句
1.表示连接两个同等概念，常用分号，and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等。
2.表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。
3.表示转折，常用的连词有but, yet, while等。
4.表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for等。
主句+从句
1.定语从句
2.状语从句
3.名词性从句
主语从句
宾语从句
表语从句
同位语从句
2.按句子的用途可分4种：
1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：
He is six years old.
She won’ t be late.
2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：
Do they like skating
How old is he
What would you like, tea or coffee
Mary can swim, can’t she
3）祈使句（肯定、否定）：
Be careful, boys.
Don’t talk in class.
4）感叹句：
How clever the boy is!=What a clever boy!
句子分类
Part 05
当堂训练
句子成分综合练习
1、You should study hard.
2、The teacher got very angry.
3、The boy told me his story.
4、We elected him our monitor.
5、The sun keeps us warm.
6、I told him to open the window.
7、We watched the train leaving the station.
状语
表语
间宾+直宾
宾语+宾补
宾语+宾补
宾语+宾补
宾语+宾补
8. I think it difficult to finish the work this morning.
9. There seems little hopes of success.
10、To our joy, they arrived safe.
11、The fact is very clear that our team will win the game.
12. After graduation he will work where he came from.
宾语+宾补
主语
状语
同位语从句
时间和地点状语
1. Our country is becoming more and more beautiful.
2. If you walk into the forest, you’ll put yourself
in danger.
3. When you do not understand a new word, you can look it up in this dictionary.
指出划线短语的类型和它们在句中充当的成分。
名词短语作主语
形容词短语作表语
动词短语作谓语
介词短语作宾补
名词短语作宾语
介词短语作状语
动词短语作谓语
4. My new car broke down yesterday so I had to go to
work by bike again.
5. The plane will take off very soon.
6. Look, the letter on the desk is for Mr Wu，
our department manager.
名词短语作主语
动词短语作谓语
介词短语作状语
动词短语作谓语
副词短语作状语
介词短语作定语
名词短语作同位语
You are sitting beside a dog.
There comes the bus !
The ego’s potential for expansion is limitless.
Breckenridge hosts the international Snow Sculpture Championships.
Our neighbors gave us a baby bird yesterday.
We think it our duty to study well.
主+谓（S+V）
主+谓（S+V）
主+系 +表（S+V+P）
主+动 +宾（SVO）
主+动 +间宾 +直宾（SVOiOd）
主+动 +宾 +补（SVOC）
判断下列句子属于何种句式
there be 的变体：
谓语动词be可以用
seem (to be), happen (to be),
remain, enter, live,
stand, lie, flow, exist
等不及物动词（或词组）来代替
1. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.
2. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.
3. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.
4. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.
5. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.
6. What he said at the meeting is very important.
7. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.
8. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.
并列句
复合句
并列句
复合句
复合句
简单句
简单句
复合句
简单句、并列句还是复合句
翻译句子
1.在过去的十年里,我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。
2.你们必须在两周内看完这些书。
3.冬季白天短，夜晚长。
4.李老师去年教我们德语。
5.我要你把真相告诉我。
1. 在过去的十年里,我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。
Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past ten years.
2.你们必须在两周内看完这些书。
You must finish reading these books in two weeks.
3. 冬季白天短，夜晚长。
In winter, the days are short and the nights are long.
4. 李老师去年教我们德语。
Mr. Li taught us German last year.
5.我要你把真相告诉我。
I want you to tell me the truth.
翻译句子
Thank you!