(共91张PPT)
14 句子成分、结构和分类
专项复习
2024年中考二轮复习
Content
命题趋势分析
01
知识系统构建
02
知识点(真题)解析
03
能力拔高特训
04
目录
命题趋势分析
该部分的命题方向主要以点:
一、各种句型的结构及其回答;
二、各种疑问词的选择;
三、句型变换;
四、部分倒装和完全倒装
从近几年的中考情况来看,各种句型知识是必考的命题点,主要涉及陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句、倒装句和there be句型,主要考察各种句型的结构和句型变化,疑问词的选择,there be句型的主谓一致问题等,对于倒装句,主要考查正确使用部分倒装和完全倒装,以及"so+助动词/情态动/系动词+主语"的用法。
考察的题型主要以选择题和填空题为主。
知识系统构建
知识点(真题)
解析
句子的各个组成部分,叫做句子成分.
英语句子成分可以分为基本成分,修饰成分和独立成分。
基本成分是构成五大基本句型的组成成分,包括主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语。
修饰成分是用来修饰其他成分或整个句子的成分,包括定语、状语。
句子成分概述
此外有些句子还带有呼唤语、感叹语、插入语,它们在句法上与句子的其他成分不发生关系,叫做独立成分。
英语中一个句子就是基本成分加上修饰成分,如果有必要还可以加上一些独立成分。
1.主语
主语就是一句话要说明或描述的对象。
主语一般在谓语之前,英语里可担任主语的有名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式,动名词、从句等.
Beijing is the capital of China.北京是中国的首都.(名词作主语)
They have lived in Beijing since 2019.自2019年以来,他们就住在北京.(代词作主语)
Ten is a very important number.10是一个重要数字.(数词作主语)
各种句子成分
The rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer. 富者愈富,贫者愈贫.(名词化的形容词作主语)
To read in the sun is bad for your eyes.太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好.(不定式“短语”作主语)
Smoking is bad for you.吸烟对你有害.(-ing分词作主语)
Whenever you are ready will be fine.你不论什么时候准备好都行.(从句作主语)
(二)谓语
谓语是用来描述主语的具体情况,如陈述主语做什么,主语的性质或状态怎么样等等.
谓语一般由动词单独或者动词及其宾语等构成.通常情况下,谓语位于主语之后。
实义动词包括及物动词和不及物动词,及物动词后面要带宾语,不及物动词不用带宾语。
情态动词和助动词不能单独充当谓语,它们必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语。
谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。
She likes drawing.她喜欢画画.(及物动词+宾语)
I had finished my homework before 9 o'clock.在9点前我已完成我的家庭作业.(及物动词+宾语)
The game is very boring.这场比赛真没劲.(连系动词+表语)
She can swim very fast.她游泳游得很快.(情态动词+动词原形)
(三)表语
是指跟在连系动词be,seem,look,sound,feel,get,smell,become等词后面的词语或从句,用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态.由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、动词不定式、介词短语、-ing分词、过去分词(短语)、从句等充当.
You are a student.I am a student,too.你是学生,我也是学生.(名词作表语)
-Who is it 是谁呀
-It's me/I.是我.(代词作表语,当人称代词作表语时,在口语中常用宾格,在正式文体中用主格.)
The girl is quite pretty.这个姑娘长得相当漂亮.(形容词作表语)
The meeting is over.会议结束了.(副词作表语)
My books are on the desk.我的书在书桌上.(介词短语作表语)
My wish is to be an artist.我的愿望是成为一名艺术家.(动词不定式短语作表语)
What he likes is reading novels.他的喜好是读小说.(-ing分词短语作表语)
Are you excited about your new job 你对你的新工作感到高兴吗 (过去分词作表语)
The question is what we should do first.问题是我们先干什么.(从句作表语)
(四)宾语
1.直接宾语
宾语表示动作的对象或行为的承受者,用在及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语动词之后.可以作宾语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式(短语)、名词化的形容词、-ing分词(短语)、从句等.
She is playing the piano now.她正在弹钢琴.(名词作宾语)
She often helps us with our study.她常常帮助我们学习.(代词作宾语)
I can give two.我可以给两个.(数词作宾语.)
I hate to sing.我不喜欢唱歌.(不定式作宾语)
We should respect the old.我们应尊敬老人.(名词化的形容词作宾语)
Return the book to the library as soon as you finish reading it.你一看完这本书就还回图书馆.(-ing分词作宾语)
She said that she was busy.她说她很忙.(从句作宾语)
2.间接宾语
在英语中,有些及物动词,如bring,give,send,show,tell,teach,lend,pass等,可以有两个宾语,一个指人,一个指物,指人的叫做间接宾语,指物的叫做直接宾语,间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前.
Can you give me any information on this matter 你能给我提供这些事的任何信息吗
Write me a letter every month,please.请每月给我写封信.
Please make her a model plane.请给她做个飞机模型.
有时,也可以在间接宾语之前加介词to或for,构成介词短语,并把这个短语放在直接宾语之后.
Mother bought the handkerchieffor you, not for me.母亲是给你,而不是给我买的手帕.
I took it to the policeman on duty.我把它交给了值勤的警察.
(五)定语
定语是修饰名词或代词的.定语有前置定语和后置定语之分.一般来说,形容词、代词、数词、名词或名词所有格等作定语时通常放在被修饰的词之前作前置定语;而副词、介词短语、不定式短语、-ing分词短语、-ed分词短语、从句作定语时通常放在被修饰的词之后作后置定语.
He said he had an important meeting to attend.他说他有一个重要会议要出席.(形容词作前置定语)
This is my friend,Li Da.这是我的朋友,李达.(代词作前置定语)
When I sat down, a fourth man rose to speak.我坐下后第4个人又起来发言.(数词作前置定语)
We should follow the doctor's advice.我们应该听医生的嘱咐.(名词所有格作前置定语)
Who is the man over there 那边的男人是谁 (副词作后置定语)
A college in London had agreed to take me.最后伦敦的一所院校同意接受我.(介词短语作后置定语)
Can you give me some work to do 你能给我些活儿干吗 (不定式短语作后置定语)
Who is the boy dancing over there 在那儿跳舞的少年是谁呀 (-ing分词短语作后置定语)
There is a little difference between written English and spoken English.
书面英语和口头英语有些不同.(过去分词词组作后置定语)
I hate to see letters written in pencil.我讨厌看用铅笔写的信.(-ed分词短语作后置定语)
(六)状语
状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分.可用作状语的有副词、名词、介词短语、不定式、分词、从句等.
This is even better than that.这个比那个更好.(副词作状语)
The coat costs 40 dollars.这件上衣值40美元.(名词作状语)
To kill bugs,spray the area regularly.为了杀死臭虫,这地方要经常喷洒.(不定式作状语)
They entered the room,talking and laughing.他们又说又笑地走进房间.(-ing分词作状语)
2.状语的分类
状语按照内容可以分为时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、目的状语、结果状语、条件状语、让步状语、方式状语、程度状语、频度状语、伴随状语.
What were you doing at ten last night 昨晚十点钟你在干什么 (时间状语)
I met Professor Wu at the library.我在图书馆遇见了吴教授.(地点状语)
Having no money,he could not buy the TV set.因为没有钱,他不能买电视机.(原因状语)
In order to get into a good school, he studies hard day and night.
为了考入一个好的学校,他夜以继日地苦读.(目的状语)
The wind blew with such force that people could harly stand up against it.
风很大,人们几乎站不住.(结果状语)
I can't do it without your help.没有你的帮助,我做不成这件事.(条件状语)
Whatever/No matter what I said,he refused to go.不论我说什么他都不愿走.(让步状语)
They are always late for school.他们总是上学迟到.(频度状语)
He knew the country around as he knewv his own house.
他了解那儿的乡村一如他了解自己的房舍.(方式状语)
They are now at breakfast, talking about the plan for their trip.他们正在吃早餐,谈论着旅行计划.(伴随状语)
We are very busy.我们很忙.(程度状语)
作频度状语的副词always,often,usually,seldom,ever,never等一般放在实义动词之前,连系动词之后.
They can hardly stay at home alone.他们几乎不单独在家.(频度状语)
(七)宾语补足语
英语中有些及物动词,除了要有一个直接宾语外,还要带上宾语补足语,句子的意思才能完整.宾语和宾语补足语(简称宾补)一起构成复合宾语,二者之间有逻辑上的主谓关系.可以作宾补的有形容词、副词、名词、不定式(短语)、-ing分词(短语)、-ed分词(短语)、介词短语等.
I made the room beautiful.我把房子拾掇得漂漂亮亮的.(形容词作宾语补足语)
Keep the lights on while you are out.你不在家时,请让灯开着.(副词作宾语补足语)
They named the child John.他们给孩子取名约翰.(名词作宾语补足语)
What do you want me to do 你希望我为你做些什么事 (不定式短语作宾语补足语)
I saw him coming last night.我昨天晚上看见他来了.(-ing分词“短语”作宾语补足语)
I had my watch mended in town.我在城里修的表.(叫别人修的表)(-ed分词“短语”作宾语补足语)
You should put your things in order.你应该把你的东西摆整齐.(介词短语作宾语补足语)
(八)独立成分
1.呼唤语
称呼人的用语,称为呼语.它可位于句首,也可位于句末或句中.
Hurry up,children! or we'll be late.赶快吧,孩子们!否则我们要迟到了.
Shylock,how can you hope for mercy yourself when you show none
夏洛克,如果你不宽恕别人,你自己怎能希望得到别人的宽恕呢
2.感叹语
感叹语表示喜怒哀乐等感情.它多位于句首,也可放在句中或句末.常用作感叹语的感叹词有:hello,oh,well,why,alas,ch等.
Here!Don'tcry!好了!别哭了!
Oh,what a beautiful garden this is!啊!这是多么美丽的花园!
3.插入语
在叙事中途往往插入一些词语,对一句话作一些附加的解释.这类词语称为插入语.它可位于句首,句中或句尾.
常用的插入语有:Ithink我想,I believe我相信,I suppose 我猜想,I must admit我必须承认,in my opinion 依我看,as far as I know 据我所知,to be frank 坦率地说,in other words 换句话说,after all毕竟,of course 当然,
By the way,do you know the young man's name 顺便问一下,你知道那个年轻人的名字吗
That's the cheapest suit we have,I'm afraid.恐怕那是我们最便宜的西服了.
I say,let's go out for a drive next Sunday.我说,咱们下星期天开车出去兜兜风吧.
句子是一个语言单位,表达一个完整独立的思想。
英语中的句子由基本成分加修饰成分组成(有时会有独立成分)
谈话时句子与句子之间有停顿,在书写时句末有标点符号(句号、问号或感叹号).句首的第一个字母要大写.
句子的概念和分类
句子的概念
1.按使用目的可分四类:
陈述句;疑问句;祈使句;感叹句
2.从结构上看句子可分为以下三种类型
简单句 并列句 复合句
句子的分类
1.陈述句的概念
陈述句用来说明事实或说话人的看法,陈述句的结构分为肯定式和否定式两种.陈述句的语序是主语在前,谓语在后.
She is a student.她是个学生.
We have built many new factories this year.今年我们建了很多新工厂.
各种类型的句子
陈述句
2.陈述句的否定构成
(1)凡陈述句中的谓语部分有助动词be, have/has(有)或情态动词can, may, must, could, will, shall, might时其否定式只需在它们后面加上not即可.
She isn't a student.她不是个学生.
We haven't built many new factories this year.今年我们没建多少新工厂.
He couldn't be a thief.他不可能是个小偷.
(2)如果陈述句中的谓语动词是行为动词,其否定式(句)要在行为动词前面加do not,如果谓语动词是第三人称单数,要在动词前面加does not,然后把第三人称单数形式的谓语动词改为动词原形.动词是过去式时,在动词前加did not,并改过去式为动词原形.
He doesn't like red shirts. He likes white ones.他不喜欢红色衬衣.他喜欢白色衬衣.
He didn't go to school yesterday and I didn't go to school either. 他昨天没去上学,我也没去.
Don't draw on the wall.不要在墙上乱画.
(3)当have用作行为动词时,有两种情况:
1.是当have(has)或had的意义是“有”时,它的否定句既可以在后面加not,也可以在它前面加don't(doesn't)或didn't;疑问句既可以将它移到句首,也可以在句首加do(does)或did.
She has not (hasn't) a nice bicycle.
She doesn't have a nice bicycle.她没有一辆漂亮的自行车.
Has she a nice bicycle
Does she have a nice bicycle 她有一辆漂亮的自行车吗
2.是当have(has)或had的意义不是“有”而是“吃、玩、买、使得”等意义时,变成否定句或疑问句时要借助助动词do(does)或did.
He doesn't have a good time at weekend.他周末玩得不开心.
Does he have a good time at weekend 他周末玩得开心吗
【陈述句的语序倒装情况】
陈述句一般是主语在前,谓语在后.但在某些情况下,也会将谓语部分或者全部放在主语之前,构成倒装结构。常见的倒装的情况:
1."only+状语/状语从句"位于句首时,句子要用部分倒装。
Only in this way can you improve your grade. 只有用这种方法你才能提高自己的成绩。
2.表示否定意义的词或短语,如little, hardly, never, in no case, seldom等,放在句首时,句子要用部分倒装。
Hardly a day goes by without a visit from someone. 几乎没有一天没有来访者。
3.表示"某某也(不) ……"的句式,即"so/neither+助动词/情态动词/be+主语"形式。
如果主句陈述的是一种肯定情况,然后表示某某其他人也是这种情况就用"so+助动词/情态动词/be+主语" ;如果主句陈述的是一种否定情况,然后表示某某人其他人也是这种情况就用"neither+助动词/情态动词/be+主语"。
Tom watched TV last night, so did Ann.汤姆昨晚看电视了,安也看了。
Mary didn’t watch TV last night, neither did Jim.玛丽昨晚没有看电视,吉姆也没看。
【注意】若对前面所说的事实加以肯定时,也就是说此时前后两个句子的主语为同一个人或物。
,应用"so+主语+be/助动词/情态动词",这时不用倒装。
—Jimmy is good at playing football. 吉米足球踢得很好。
—So he is. 的确。(两句话说的都是吉米,不用倒装)
这两种结构常用来说明前面所说的情况也同样适用于后面的人或物,意思是"某人(物)也(不)是这样"。这种结构中的"助动词/be动词/情态动词"在形式上与前句的谓语保持一致,而其单复数形式则由后句的主语决定。
Lucy is a good student, so is Lily. 露西是个好学生,莉莉也是。
4.某些含有否定含义词位于句首时,如not only…but also,hardly…when,no…sooner…than, not…until等,主句用部分倒装。
Not until the teacher came in did the students stop talking.直到老师进来学生们才停止讲话。
5.表示方位、地点、时间、次序的词,如in, out,up, there, then, here, first等放在句首,若主
语是名词而不是代词时,句子用完全倒装
Here comes the bus. 公交车来了。(主语是名词,完全倒装)
Here he comes. 他来了。(主语是代词,不倒装)
用来提出问题的句子,疑问句末尾用问号.
疑问句有四类:一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反义疑问句.
1.一般疑问句
对某一种情况提出质疑,通常可以用yes或no回答的问句称为一般疑问句.
(1)把系动词、助动词、情态动词提前可以构成一般疑问句.
-Are you from America 你是美国人吗
-No, I'm from Australia.不是,我是澳大利亚人.
-Are you students 你们是学生吗
-Yes, we are.是的.
疑问句
(2)如果谓语动词是行为动词,它前面又无助动词或情态动词,这时要在主语前面加上助动词,构成疑问句.
-Do you speak English 你说英语吗
-Yes, a little.是的,会说一点儿.
-Does he study hard 他学习努力吗
-No, he doesn't.不努力.
(3)一般疑问句与陈述句的转换.
陈述句中(单句)含有情态动词、系动词be、助动词have/has等词时,变一般疑问句只需将它们移至句首,然后将句号改成问号即可.如:
Are you going to the theatre 你要去剧场吗
Have you an apple 你有苹果吗
Must I go now 我现在必须走吗
如果陈述句中的谓语动词是行为动词(实义动词),变成一般疑问句须在句首加助动词do(谓语动词是第三人称单数形式时,在句首加does,将原第三人称动词改成动词原形).谓语动词是过去式时,句首加did,将动词过去式改成动词原形,其他情况一律在句首加do.
Does he swim every day 他每天游泳吗
2.特殊疑问句
用what, who, which等疑问代词或when, where, why, how等疑问副词引起的疑问句,叫做特殊疑问句.
这种疑问句要求具体回答,而不能用yes或no回答.句末要用问号,特殊疑问句由特殊疑问词(疑问代词或疑问副词)加一般疑问句构成.
如:
What can I do for you 有什么事要帮忙吗
How do you go to school every day 你每天都怎么上学
Whom are you looking for 你找谁
各种特殊疑问词:
就物体提问用what;
就人提问用who, whom;
就时间提问用when(如果是就具体的时间提问还可用what time);
就地点提问用where;
就方式提问用how或by what;
就for引导的一段时间提问用how long;
就in引导的一段时间提问用how soon;
就距离提问用how far;就原因提问用why;
就数词提问用how much或how many(数词后面的名词是不可数名词时用how much,是可数名词时用how many);
就周期、频率副词提问用how often.
3.选择疑问句
选择疑问句是说话人对问题提出两个或两个以上的选项,让对方选择回答;
其结构是一般疑问句或特殊疑问句加选择部分,选择部分用or连接,
回答时须选择回答,不能用yes或no回答.
-Is your friend a boy or a girl 你的朋友是男孩儿还是女孩儿
-She is a girl.她是女孩儿.
4.反义疑问句
反义疑问句由两部分组成,前一部分是陈述句,后一部分是简短的提问,中间用逗号隔开.
如果反义疑问句的前一部分为肯定形式,后一部分就用否定形式.反之,如果前一部分为否定形式,后一部分则用肯定形式.
对反义疑问句的回答,不管问题的提法如何,若事实是肯定的,就用yes,事实是否定的,就用no.第一部分是否定句,其英语回答和汉语回答有区别.
-You won't have supper, will you 你不吃晚饭了,是吗
-No, I won't.是的,我不吃了.
He went home late yesterday, didn't he 昨天他回家很晚,是吗
The TV set hasn't been repaired, has it 那台电视机还没有修理好,对吗
He has never been to Shanghai, has he 他从没到过上海,对吗
祈使句是表示请求、命令、建议等的句子,通常也称“无主句”.说话的对象是第二人称you, you常被省略.句末可以用感叹号也可以用句号.
1.祈使句类型
(1)以let引导的祈使句
以let引导的祈使句,常用来表示建议或表明说话人的态度.如果说话人也参加所讲的动作,则在祈使句前面加Let's.
Let us decide whether to go or not.让我们来决定是否要去.
Let's stop now and finish later.咱们今天就到这里,以后再干吧!
祈使句
(2)以no开头的禁止性祈使句,no后接名词或v.-ing形式.
No photos!禁止拍照!
No parking!禁止停车!
(3)Do型祈使句
以动词原形开头的祈使句,有时为了加强语气,在动词前加do或在祈使句末尾加上呼语.有时为了表达客气的语气,常在句首或句尾加please.在句尾加时,要用逗号与句子的前部分隔开.
Stop talking!停止说话!
Write down the new words, please.请把生词写下来.
Do be sure to write a letter to me.一定要给我写封信.
祈使句的应答语
1. 以Let’s开头的祈使句,其答语常用Good idea. /OK. /Yes, I’d love to. 等。
—Let’s go to the park. 让我们去公园吧。
—Good idea. 好主意。
2. 其他肯定祈使句的应答语为Yes, I will. ;否定祈使句的应答语为Sorry/No, I won’t(do it again). 。
—It’s going to rain. Remember to take an umbrella with you. 就要下雨了。记着带上雨伞。
—Thanks, I will. 谢谢,我会的。
—Don’t play with my cat. 不要和我的猫玩。
—Sorry, I won’t do it again. 对不起,我将不再那样做了。
2.祈使句的否定式:
Do型祈使句的否定式在句首加上don't,有时加never
Don't worry about your son.别为你儿子担心.
Don't talk in class.课上别说话.
let型祈使句的否定形式有两种:一种是在let前直接加don't,另一种是在let's后加not.
Let's not talk about it.我们别谈论它了.
感叹句
感叹句用来表达说话时的惊异、喜悦、气愤等情绪.
1.感叹句的句子结构
常见的分为两种,由what引导的感叹句和由how引导的感叹句
(1)what引导的感叹句
①What a/an+形容词+名词(单数可数名词)+句子其他部分!
②What+adj.+名词(复数可数名词)+句子其他部分!
③What+adj.+名词(不可数名词)+句子其他部分!
What a good idea(it is)!真是个好主意!
What a lovely boy(he is)!他是一个多可爱的男孩儿!
What an interesting book!多有趣的一本书!
What happy children they are!他们是多幸福的孩子!
(2)how引导的感叹句
①How+形容词(副词)+句子其他部分!
②How+句子其他部分!
How well she speaks English!她英语说得真棒!
How interesting the film is!这部电影是多么有趣啊!
How hard he works!他工作是多么努力啊!
How he hated these beasts!他是多么恨这些野兽啊!
2.一些其他形式的感叹句
(1)在陈述句、祈使句或疑问句句尾加感叹号变成感叹句,表示某种强烈的感情.
He is such a nice man!他真是个好人!
She is so good-natured and so hard-working!她那么善良,那么勤劳!
(2)有时,用一个词或词组表示强烈的感情的句子也是感叹句.
Wonderful!太好了!
Great Heavens!天哪!
My goodness!我的天啊!
(3)以may开头,表示愿望.
May you succeed!祝你成功!
(一)简单句
简单句是由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成的句子,英语中复杂的句子都是由简单句组成的。
英语当中,简单句有五种最基本的句型:
1.主语+不及物动词(+状语)
We work.我们工作.
The rain stopped.雨停了.
2.主语+系动词+表语
They are students.他们是学生.
The bike is new.那辆自行车是新的.
简单句、并列句、复合句
3.主语+及物动词+宾语(+状语)
She speaks English,她说英语.
They like the delicious food.他们喜欢美食.
4.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
She bought her son a new coat.她给她儿子买了一件新大衣.
Please tell me the way to the station.请告诉我去车站的路.
5.主语+及物动词+宾语+(宾语)补语
He won't let me go.他不让我走.
They called the baby Sarah.他们管那婴儿叫萨拉.
英语当中的句子在去掉修饰成分后,一定是属于这五种中的一种,否则句子的结构就是错的。
(二)并列句
并列句是由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起而构成的句子.
1.两句表示并列承接关系。
They talked happily and they forgot to give the money for the coat.他们愉快地谈着,忘记了付衣服钱.
Not only are you funny, but also you are witty.你不仅风趣而且机智.
2.两句表示转折关系。
Nodding the head means agreement, while shaking it means disagreement.点头表示赞成,而摇头表示不赞成.
A clock has no mouth but it can talk.钟没有嘴,但它能说话.
3.两句表示选择关系
Hurry up, or you'll miss the train.快一点,要不然赶不上火车了.
Either you are right, or I am.要么你对,要么我对.
4.表示因果关系,用连词:for, so, therefore等
My father did his work carefully, so he never made any mistakes.我父亲工作很认真,所以他从不出差错.
She might be ill, for she is absent from school.她没有来上学,可能是病了.
You are in the right, therefore we should support you.你是对的,所以我们应当支持你.
【提醒】各种关系的并列句使用的连词见连词专项讲解课件
(三)复合句
复合句是指有两个或更多的主谓结构,其中有一个或多个主谓结构充当句子的某一或一些成分,如主语、宾语、表语、定语、同位语等,详细的内容请参考(定语从句,宾语从句,状语从句课件)
(一)there be句型的用法
当表示某地有某物/某人时,可以用There be句型。
其结构是:There be+某人/某物+某地。其中“某人/某物”是句子的主语。
谓语动词be要与其后某人/某物的数一致.当主语是由两个或两个以上的名词充当时,谓语动词be要跟它相邻的那个名词的数一致.
1.there be句型的肯定式
There were two books and three boxes on the table.桌上有两本书,三个盒子.
There are five different time zones in the States.在美国有5个不同的时区.
there be句式
2.there be句型的否定式
“There be”结构的否定式是在be后加not或no.
There are not any boats on the lake.湖上没有船.
3.there be句型的疑问句
Is there anything I can do for you 我能为你做点什么吗
What scenic spots are there in Shanghai 上海有什么风景区
4.there be句型的反义疑问句
There be句型的反义疑问句的构成为“There be+主语+其他,be(not)there ”.这与一般情况下的反义疑问句的构成是不同的.
There will be a big snow tomorrow, won't there 明天将有一场大雪,是吗
(二)there be句型需注意的几个问题
1.如果有两个或两个以上的主语,谓语动词be常和最靠近的那个主语在数上一致
There is a pen, two books and many pencils on the desk.桌子上有一支钢笔,两本书和许多铅笔.
There are two books, a pen and many pencils on the desk.
桌子上有两本书、一支钢笔和许多铅笔.
2.在这个结构中除用动词be之外,有时还可以用和be意义相近的其他动词像live, exist, stand, lie, occur, come ,remain等
Once there lived a lion in a forest.从前,森林里有只狮子.
(三)there be句型与have的用法区别
1.there be句型表示“存在关系”而have表示“所有、拥有关系”
He has a lot of friends.他有许多朋友.(所有)
She has seven sons.她有7个儿子.(拥有)
There are more than 2000 students in our school.我们学校有2000多学生.(存在)
2.当have表示“包括,存在”时,可以用there be句型替换
The year has four seasons.=There are four seasons in a year.一年有四季.
Beijing has many universities.=There are many universities in Beijing.北京有许多大学.
1.(2023·四川凉山·统考中考真题)—________ clean the classroom is!
—So it is. The students clean it every day.
A.How B.What C.What a
【答案】A
【详解】句意:——教室多干净啊!——确实如此。学生们每天打扫它。
考查感叹句。clean“干净的”是形容词,应用how修饰,本句符合感叹句“How+adj.+主谓”的结构。故选A。
真题再现
2.(2023·甘肃白银·统考中考真题)________ trying and do your best.
A.Keep B.Keeping C.To keep D.Kept
【答案】A
【详解】句意:继续努力,尽你最大的努力。
考查祈使句。根据“and do your best”可知句子是祈使句,以动词原形开头。故选A。
3.(2023·四川达州·统考中考真题)—Neither Lily nor her parents ________ outdoors when the rainstorm came.
—________ lucky they were!
A.were; What B.was; How C.were; How
【答案】C
【详解】句意:——暴雨来临时,莉莉和她的父母都不在户外。
——他们真幸运!
考查主谓一致和感叹句。neither...nor连接的并列成分作主语时,遵循就近原则,根据“her parents”可知be动词用were,排除B;感叹句的中心词是形容词lucky,用感叹结构how adj.+主谓。故选C。
4.(2023·甘肃白银·统考中考真题)—________ do you exercise
—Every day.
A.How many B.How old C.How much D.How often
【答案】D
【详解】句意:——你多久锻炼一次?——每天。考查疑问词辨析。How many多少,询问复数名词数量;How old多大年纪;How much多少,询问价格;How often多久一次,询问频率。根据“Every day.”可知,询问的是频率。故选D。
考查特殊疑问句。when什么时候;how如何;why为什么;where哪里。根据“By using them...”可知此处询问方式,疑问词用how。故选B。
5.(2023·甘肃白银·统考中考真题)—________ do you learn these words by heart
—By using them in different ways.
A.When B.How C.Why D.Where
【答案】B
【详解】句意:——你是怎么把这些单词背下来的?——通过以不同的方式使用它们。
6.(2023·江苏连云港·统考中考真题)—________ have you been a member of the Youth League
—For three years.
A.How long B.How many C.How often D.How far
【答案】A
【详解】句意:——你成为共青团员有多长时间了?——三年了。考查特殊疑问句。How long多久,多长;How many多少;How often多久一次;How far多远。根据答句“For three years.”可知询问时长应用how long来提问。故选A。
7.(2023·四川自贡·统考中考真题)—______ do you help at the old people’s home
—Once a week. We should care about the old more.
A.How long B.How often C.How soon
【答案】B
【详解】句意:——你多久到养老院帮忙一次?——一周一次。我们应该多关心老人。考查特殊疑问句。How long多长时间;How often多久一次;How soon多久以后。根据“Once a week.”可知,此处询问频率,故用How often提问。故选B。
能力拔高特训
一、单项选择
1.Jean knew nothing about the news until her aunt told her, ________ ________
A.didn’t; she B.did; she C.didn’t; Jean
【答案】B
2.—Mum, let’s order some food online for dinner, ________
—Good idea. I’d like some beef dumplings.
A.will you B.won’t you C.shall we
【答案】C
3.— Do you like travelling by train or by plane
— ________. Because I love to see farms and animals along the way.
A.Yes, I do B.No, I don’t C.By train D.By plane
【答案】C
4.—Dad, shall we go to the library by bike or by car
—________. There is no parking lot there.
A.Yes, we will B.No, we won’t C.By car D.By bike
【答案】D
5.—Dad, must I become a doctor like you when I finish university in the future
—No, you________. You can make your own decision and do whatever you like.
A.don’t have to B.can’t C.mustn’t D.couldn’t
【答案】A
6.—Can you play the guitar, Mark
—Yes, I ________.
A.can B.must C.will
【答案】A
7.—China launched(发射)the manned spacecraft Shenzhou-14 successfully on June 5, 2022.
—________ exciting news! We are proud of it.
A.What B.What an C.How D.How an
【答案】A
8.________ valuable gift it is! It reminds me of my childhood.
A.What B.What a C.What an D.How
【答案】B
9.Bing Dwen Dwen is one of the 2022 Winter Olympic mascots(吉祥物). ________ lovely it is!
A.What a B.How C.What an D.What
【答案】B
10________ lovely Bing Dwendwen is! Everyone wants to have one.
A.What B.What a C.How
【答案】C
11.— China is becoming stronger and stronger. More and more foreign people are learning Chinese.
—________ proud we are! We don’t regret being Chinese.
A.What a B.How C.What D.How a
【答案】B
12.—We picked apples on the farm and had fun yesterday.
—________ wonderful day it was!
A.How B.How a C.What D.What a
【答案】D
13.Have a balanced diet and exercise regularly _______ you will stay healthy.
A.and B.or C.but D.for
【答案】A
14.________ more in your daily life, and you’ll be full of energy.
A.Exercise B.To exercise C.Exercises D.Exercising
【答案】A
15.During the hard time when Shanghai is fighting against COVID-19 (新冠病毒), many people across China send messages on the Internet, “Come on, Shanghai! _____ give up!”
A.Don’t B.Doesn’t C.Do
【答案】A
16.Don’t run in the hallways, ________ you might get hurt.
A.and B.but C.so D.or
【答案】D
17.—Sam, ________ run in the hallways. It’s very dangerous.
—Sorry, Ms. Black.
A.do B.don’t C.not D.doesn’t
【答案】B
18.— Li Ping, I didn’t go summer camping last year.
— _________.
A.So did I B.Neither did I C.Neither I did D.So I did
【答案】B
19.If you want to get good grades, ________ in as much effort as possible.
A.putting B.put C.to put D.puts
【答案】B
20.— Will you go hiking with me next week
— If you go, ________.
A.so will I B.so do I
C.neither do I D.neither will I
【答案】A
二、用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空
1.It is about 20 kilometres from our school to the National Forest Park.(对划线部分提问)
________ ________ is it from our school to the National Forest Park
【答案】 How far
2. Every day the boy goes to school on foot to go green. (对划线部分提问)
________ ________ the boy go to school every day to go green
【答案】 How does
3. You mustn’t feed the goldfish too much food.(保持句意不变)
________ ________ the goldfish too much food.
【答案】 Don’t feed
4. Drink the hot water.(改为否定句)
________ ________ the hot water.
【答案】 Don’t drink
5.The sunshine is really beautiful.(改为感叹句)
________ ________ the sunshine is!
【答案】 How beautiful
谢谢
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