人教新课标高考英语一轮复习必修1 Unit 5 Nelson Mandel -- a modern hero

Ⅰ.重点单词识记
1．generous /′d en r s/ adj.慷慨的；大方的
2．found /fa nd/ vt.建立；建设
3．principle /′prIns pl/ n．法则；原理；原则
4．guidance /′ɡaId ns/ n．指导；领导
5．hopeful /′h pfl/ adj.怀有希望的，有希望的
6．vote /v t/ v．& n．投票，选举
7．attack / ′t k/ vt.进攻，攻击；抨击
8．escape /I′skeIp/ vi.逃脱，逃走；泄露
9．relative /′rel tIv/ n．亲戚，亲属
10．terror /′ter / n．恐怖；可怕的人；恐怖时期；恐怖活动
11．quality /′kw l tI/ n．质量；品质；性质→quantity n．数量，量
12．active /′ ktIv/ adj.积极的；活跃的→actively adv.积极地；活跃地→activity n. 活动
13．devote /dI′v t/ vt.献身，专心于→devoted adj.忠实的；深爱的→devotion n．关爱；献身，奉献；忠诚
14．peaceful /′pi sfl/ adj.和平的；平静的；安宁的→peacefully adv.和平地→peace n．和平；平静；和睦
15．legal /′li ɡl/ adj.法律的；依照法律的→illegal (反义词) adj.非法的，违法的
16．violence /′vaI l ns/ n．暴力；暴行→violent adj.暴力的；猛烈的
17．equal /′i kw l/ adj.相等的；平等的→equality n．平等，相等 →equally adv.同样地；相等地；公平地
18．educate /′ed keIt/ vt.教育；训练→educated adj.受过教育的；有教养的→education n．教育→educator n．教育工作者，教育家
19．beg /beɡ/ vi.请求；乞求→beggar n．乞丐
20．reward /rI′w d/ n．报酬；奖金；vt.酬劳；奖赏→rewarding adj.值得的；有益的；有回报的
Ⅱ.重点短语识记
1．out_of_work失业
2．as_a_matter_of_fact/in_fact事实上
3．blow_up使充气；爆炸
4．in_trouble在危险、受罚、痛苦、忧虑等的处境中
5．turn_to求助于；致力于
6．lose_heart丧失勇气或信心
7．come_to_power上台；当权
8．set_up设立，建立；搭起
9．be_sentenced_to被判处……(徒刑)
10．in_one’s_opinion在某人看来
Ⅲ.经典原句默写与背诵
1．However，this was a time when_one_had_got_to_have_a_passbook to live in Johannesburg.
然而在那个时候，你要想住在约翰内斯堡就非得要有身份证不可。
2．The_last_thirty_years_have_seen the greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress，until today we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all.
过去30年来所出现的大量法律剥夺我们的权利，阻挡我们的进步，一直到今天，我们还处在几乎什么权利都没有的阶段。
3．...we were put into a position in_which_we_had_either_to_accept we were less important，or fight the government.
……我们被置于这样一种境地：要么被迫承认我们低人一等，要么与政府作斗争。
4．...only then did_we_decide_to_answer_violence with violence.
……只有到那个时候，我们才决定用暴力反抗暴力。
5．I felt bad the_first_time_I_talked_to_a_group.
第一次跟一个团队说话时，我感觉很糟。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
1．Although he is quite old，he leads an active life.His activities include tennis and painting.(active)
2．Everyone hopes to be treated equally because equality is the basic demand.(equal)
3．After retiring from the basketball field，Yao Ming decided to get further education(educate) in Shanghai Jiao Tong University.
4．Some people choose not to eat meat because they believe that it is cruel(cruelty) to eat animals.
5．Doctor Smith will be with you as your guidance(guide)．
6．Hopefully(hopeful)，I’ll be able to stay at home for three weeks this time.
7．It’s illegal(legal) to drive a car without a driver’s license.
8．Her son，to whom she was so devoted(devote)，went abroad ten years ago.
1 quality n.质量；品质；品德
high/good/top quality高质量
poor/bad/low quality质量差
be of high quality质量高
The food is of the highest quality.
这种食品质量最优。
What is the quality you most admire in others
你最羡慕其他人的什么品质？
夯实基础
翻译句子
质量比数量更重要。
Quality_is_more_important_than_quantity.
2 devote v.献身；致力；专心于；把……用于 give most of...to
devote...to...把……致力于……，专心于……
devoted adj.忠实的
be devoted to致力于，献身于；热爱……
devotion n.奉献；关照
However，as I stepped into Senior Three，I had to devote most of my spare time to studying.
但是当升入高三后，我不得不把大多数业余时间都用来学习。
Alanna has always shown intense devotion to her children.
阿立娜一直非常钟爱她的孩子们。
夯实基础
用devote的适当形式填空
(1)He is highly thought of because of his devotion to duty.
(2)His life is one devoted to the people.
3 vote v.投票，表决；建议；n.选票；投票；表决
vote for投票赞成
vote against投票反对
vote on投票表决
vote to do...表决做某事
He was voted the most promising new director.
他当选为最有前途的新导演。
The plan was passed by 6 votes to 3.
这项计划以6票对3票获得通过。
夯实基础
用适当的介词填空
(1)Did you vote for or against her
(2)If we can’t agree，we’ll have to vote on it.
4 position n.姿势；位置，方位；职位；地位；v.安置；安装)
in one’s position处于某人的位置 状况
in position在适当的位置
out of position不在适当的位置
This leaves Mr.Obama in a very uncomfortable position.这将奥巴马置于一个非常尴尬的境地。
Leave the bandage in position until the doctor tells you to remove it.让绷带保持原样，直到医生叫你拆``掉为止。
特别提醒
当position后跟定语从句且position在从句中作状语时，引导词应用where。
夯实基础
When he applied for a ________ in the office of the local newspaper，he was told to see the manager.
A．location B．profession C．career D．position
答案　D
解析　句意为：当他向当地报纸办事处申请职位时，人们要他去见经理。position职位，职务，主要指工作岗位。
5 allow v.允许；准许
allow doing...允许做某事
allow sb.to do...允许某人做……
allow sb.sth.允许某人某事
allow for考虑到
We don’t allow smoking in our home.
在我们家里不允许吸烟。
He was allowed to leave the country.
他获准离开该国。
夯实基础
用所给词的适当形式填空
(1)The children are not allowed to_watch(watch) violent TV programmes.
(2)We don’t allow eating(eat) in the classroom.
(3)She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students which allows them to_communicate(communicate) freely with each other.
6 equal adj.相同的，相等的 the same in... ；平等的；相当的；能胜任的 fit；capable ；n.同等的人；相等物；v.与……相等，等于 be the same in... ；比得上；抵得过 be as good as...
be equal in在……方面比得上
be equal to sth./doing sth.等于；与……相等；胜任……
on equal terms在对等的条件下
without equal/have no equal无与伦比
He is a player without equal.
他是个无与伦比的运动员。
Though she is young，she has no equal in music.
尽管她很年轻，在音乐方面没有人能比得上她。
夯实基础
一句多译
他能胜任这项工作。
(1)He_is_equal_to_the_job.(equal)
(2)He_is_up_to_the_job.(up)
(3)He_is_fit_for_the_job.(fit)
(4)He_is_qualified_to_do_the_job.(qualified)
7 reward v.报答；奖赏；n.奖赏；回报；酬金
in reward for为奖赏……
as a reward for作为对……的奖赏
reward sb.for sth.因某事而奖赏某人
reward sb.with sth.用某物回报某人
He received a medal in reward for his bravery.
他因表现勇敢而获得了一枚奖章。
He was given a medal as a reward for his service.
作为对所提供服务的奖赏，他得到了一枚奖章。
词义辨析　award，reward，prize
(1)award vt.授予，颁发，判给
be awarded for...因……而受奖
award sb.sth.颁发给某人某物
award n．指给在工作、学习等中表现优异的人的奖金、奖状或其他表彰物。
(2)reward n．&vt.报酬，奖励，可以用于比喻意义。指对某人的工作或服务等的回报，也指因做好事而得到的奖金和报酬。
reward sb.with sth.用……酬谢某人　
(3)prize n．强调给赢得比赛的人奖金或有价值的东西。be awarded a prize for因……而获奖；win the Nobel Prize for peace获诺贝尔和平奖；the first prize in lottery中头彩。
夯实基础
用award，reward，prize的适当形式填空
(1)He received a reward of $900 from the police for catching the criminal.
(2)The university awarded her a scholarship.
(3)He won the first prize/award in the singing contest.
(4)He was awarded a scholarship as a prize or an award，which was also a reward of his diligence.
8 opinion n.意见；见解；信念；看法；主张
in one’s opinion＝in the opinion of sb.在某人看来
have a good/bad/high/low opinion of sb./sth.对……评价好/不好/高/低
In my opinion，people need to learn to accept the reality and keep on trying.
依我看，人们应该学会接受现实并不断努力。(2013·北京·开放作文)
特别提醒
(1)英语中“表达……意见”通常用express/give/offer one’s opinion，而不说make one’s opinion。
(2)英语习惯上用what询问某人的意见或看法，而不用how。
(3)英语中常用according to sb.或in one’s opinion来表示“根据某人的意见”。
夯实基础
完成句子
(1)In_my_opinion(我认为)，you should go there by yourself.
(2)Opinions_vary(观点不同) from person to person on this issue.
Ⅰ.单项填空
1．He is a man ________.
A．of high quality B．quality
C．of quantity D．quantity
答案　A
解析　句意为：他是一个高素质的人。of high quality作后置定语，修饰a man。
2．—Your sister nearly ________ all her spare time to her study during the three years.
—That’s right，or she ________ the first place in her school in the College Entrance Examination.
A．devoted；wouldn’t have taken
B．spent；wouldn’t have taken
C．hadn’t devoted；hadn’t taken
D．hadn’t spent；couldn’t take
答案　A
解析　devote...to专心于……；spend的搭配是spend...on sth./in doing sth.；第二空是与过去相反的虚拟语气。
3．Fearing that most of the citizens voted ________ him，he ________ a smile.
A．for；performed B．for；managed
C．against；controlled D．against；wore
答案　D
解析　句意为：因担心大多数人投票反对他，他脸上总是流露出微笑。vote against投票反对；wear脸上流露出(表情)。
4．The agency ________ the position that their products are best sellers.
A．makes B．plays C．takes D．does
答案　C
解析　take the position 为固定短语，意为“认为”。
5．He wasn’t allowed ________ up late.
A．stay B．staying
C．to stay D．stayed
答案　C
解析　考查be allowed to do...结构。
6．I don’t think he is equal ________ this kind of work，so I can’t hire him.
A．in doing B．doing
C．to do D．to doing
答案　D
解析　be equal to doing...胜任……，为固定短语，其中to为介词。
7．It is widely accepted that young babies learn to do things because certain acts lead to ________.
A．rewards B．prizes
C．awards D．results
答案　A
解析　句意为：小孩子喜欢做事是因为这样会带来奖励。在此句中，这种奖励既可能是物质上的也可能是精神上的，所以选A项。award奖品，奖金；prize奖项；result结果。
8．Most of the audience had a high ________ of the performance of our athletes in the 16th Asian Games.
A．idea B．sense
C．opinion D．thought
答案　C
解析　have a high opinion of对……评价高。
9．Students should be________in class.Only listening without taking part in the activities is not good for one’s study.
A．passive B．active
C．curious D．lazy
答案　B
解析　句意为：学生上课应该积极活跃。只听不参加活动不利于学习。active积极的，符合句意。
Ⅱ.汉译英
1．在我看来，溺爱和过多的关心对孩子的发展尤其有害。(in one’s opinion)
(2013·福建·书面表达)
In_my_opinion，overprotection_and_too_much_care_are_extremely_bad_for_children’s_
development.
2．我真的对这个职位感兴趣，希望能为你工作。(position)(2011·辽宁·书面表达)
I’m_really_interested_in_this_position_and_hope_I_can_work_for_you.
3．原因是来自父母的压力几乎让他们没有时间从事其他的活动。(allow)(2011·陕西·书面表达)
The_reason_is_often_that_the_pressure_from_their_parents_allows_them_almost_no_time_for_other_activities.
4．而且，她经常把业余时间用来帮助他人。(devote)(2010·浙江·书面表达)
Besides，she_often_devotes_her_spare_time_to_helping_others.
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
1．He found himself really in_trouble this time.
2．Their talk turned_to the change that had taken place in the city.
3．The_first_time I saw him，I was amazed at his devotion to his career.
4．It is said that when the new president comes_to_power，he will have to face many difficult problems.
5．I didn’t lose_heart_and kept running.
1 turn to 转身；求助于；致力于
turn to sb.for help向某人求助
turn down拒绝
turn out结果是；证明是
take turns to do.../in doing...轮流做……
in turn依次；轮流；相应地
by turns 轮流地
However，when it is something beyond my competence，I turn to my classmates or teachers for help.
但是当事情超出我的能力时，我向同学或老师求助。(2011·安徽·书面表达)
词义辨析　in turn，in return
(1)in turn 表示“依次地， 轮流地；相应”
(2)in return表示“作为对……的回报；作为回应”
夯实基础
用in turn，in return填空
(1)Increased production will，in_turn，lead to increased profits.
(2)Can I invite you to dinner in_return for your kind help
2 lose heart灰心；泄气；丧失信心 lose confidence
lose one’s heart to sb.爱上某人
lose one’s temper发脾气
lose one’s patience失去耐心
lose one’s way迷路
When I can’t get good grades and I am in low spirits，my parents always encourage me never to lose heart.
当我没有取得好成绩情绪低落时，父母总是鼓励我不要丧失信心。(2010·广东·读写任务)
夯实基础
用lose短语的适当形式填空
(1)I found I’ve lost_my_heart_to you.
(2)My grandfather became fierce when he lost_his_temper.
(3)We’ve kept waiting for almost an hour；I lost_my_patience.
(4)The team had won no games and it lost_heart.
Ⅰ.单项填空
1．He appears to be strong and healthy，but ________，he suffers from a heart attack.
A．as a matter of fact B．in a way
C．sooner or later D．now and then
答案　A
解析　考查固定短语。句意为：他看上去很强壮和健康，但事实上他有心脏病。as a matter of fact事实上，实际上，符合句意。in a way在某种程度上；sooner or later迟早；now and then不时。
2．Whenever we are in ________ trouble，we should never lose ________ heart.
A．a；the B．a；a
C．/；/ D．/；the
答案　C
解析　考查两个固定短语：in trouble，lose heart。
3．The owner of the mine was________to twenty years because he had broken the law to employ children as miners.
A．sentenced B．trapped
C．sheltered D．buried
答案　A
解析　句意为：矿主因为违法雇佣童工而被判刑二十年。be sentenced to 被判刑。
4．The government has________a committee to look into this accident.
A．set up B．set aside
C．set down D．set off
答案　A
解析　考查短语辨析。set up设立，建立。句意为：政府已成立了一个委员会来调查这起事故。set aside将……放在一边，为……节省或保留(钱或时间)；set down记下，放下，登记；set off出发，动身，使爆炸。
Ⅱ.汉译英
1．我们没有赢得比赛，但我们没有灰心。(lose heart)(2013·湖南·书面表达)
We_didn’t_win_the_match，but_we_didn’t_lose_heart.
2．然后我向老师求助，他建议我和其他同学合作。(turn to)(2011·湖北·短文写作)
Then_I_turned_to_my_teacher_and_he_advised_me_to_cooperate_with_others.
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
1．I was touched by her beautiful voice the_first_time_I_listened_to_her_singing(我第一次听她演唱)．
2．Only_in_this_way_can_we(只有用这种方法我们才能) solve the problem as soon as possible.
3．When I went by his window，I_saw_him_doing_his_homework(我看见他正在做作业)．
4．My_hometown_has_witnessed/seen/found_great_changes(我的家乡发生了巨大的变化) in the past 20 years.
5．The baby has_reached_the_stage_where(到了这个阶段) he can stand up.
1 He was the first man to land on the moon in July 1969.1969年7月，他成为第一个登上月球的人。
(1)动词不定式可以用来修饰人和物，一般置于被修饰的名词或代词之后，即后置定语。
(2)当被修饰成分前有序数词或最高级及the only，the very修饰时，常用不定式作定语。
(3)to come将来的；to spare剩余的。这两个短语常放在时间名词后面作后置定语。
(4)修饰某些抽象名词的不定式，有时可转换为介词短语。
I caught the train with only a few seconds to spare.
我在离开车只剩数秒时赶上了火车。
夯实基础
(1)用所给词的适当形式填空
①The captain is the last to_leave(leave) the ship.
②Would you like something to_drink(drink)
③Volunteering gives you a chance to_change(change) lives，including your own.
(2)翻译句子
他总是第一个回答问题。
He_is_always_the_first_to_answer_questions.
2 ...only then did we decide to answer violence with violence.……直到那时，我们才决定用暴力反抗暴力。
only＋状语置于句首，句子用倒装语序。
“only＋副词、介词短语、从句”放在句首时，句子用部分倒装形式。
Only by saying polite words can you get on well with others.
只有说话礼貌你才能和其他人相处得好。(2010·江西·书面表达)
特别提醒
(1)only＋从句放在句首时，倒装的是主句，从句不倒装。
(2)only修饰主语时不倒装。
夯实基础
单句改错
(1)Only when had he studied the data again he realized that there was a mistake.
Only_when_he_had_studied_the_data_again_did_he_realize_that_there_was_a_mistake.
(2)Only can man speak.
Only_man_can_speak.
3. I felt bad the first time I talked to a group.第一次给旅行团作讲解时，我的心情很不好。
the first time作连词，引导时间状语从句。类似的还有：the moment，the minute，the second，the instant，the day，the week，the month，the year，each/every/next/any/last time，immediately，instantly，directly等。
He paid back the money he owed us immediately he returned home.
他一回到家就把欠我们的钱还上了。
Every time I see the old man in the park，he is absorbed in reading papers.
每次在公园里看到这位老人时，他都在专注地看报。
特别提醒
for the first time在句中只能作状语，不具有连词功能，不能用来引导状语从句。
夯实基础
同义句改写
I fell in love with you the moment I saw you.
(1)I_fell_in_love_with_you_as_soon_as_I_saw_you.(用as soon as改写句子)
(2)I_fell_in_love_with_you_immediately/directly/instantly_I_saw_you.(用以 ly结尾的连词改写句子)
用定语从句的引导词完成句子
(1)What is the name of the town where we stayed last night
(2)Please leave the book where it was.
(3)This is the reason why/for_which he cried.
(4)July，when/in_which we can go home for a rest，is coming soon.
(5)I shall never forget the days when I lived in the country with my parents.
Ⅰ.单项填空
1．________ in her life Jennie realized that so many people were loving her in the world.
A．The first time B．For the first time
C．The moment D．For the moment
答案　B
解析　空格后不是一从句，故不需要连词，A、C两项错误；for the moment意为“暂时的”，不合题意。
2．________ by keeping down costs will PowerData hold its advantages over other companies.
A．Only B．Just C．Still D．Yet
答案　A
解析　由句中部分倒装可知。
3．Now their talks have reached a key stage________one side must give in to the other.
A．which B．that
C．where D．how
答案　C
解析　考查定语从句。当先行词为stage，case，position，situation，degree等词，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，关系词通常用where。
Ⅱ.汉译英
只有这样，我们才能生活在一个舒适美丽的环境中。(only...)(2012·福建·书面表达)
Only_in_this_way_can_we_live_in_more_comfortable_and_beautiful_surroundings.
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
1．It will be a big help if you go to the store and get what we need for dinner.________，I’ll set the table. (2013·浙江，14)
A．As a result B．On the whole
C．In the meanwhile D．As a matter of fact
答案　C
解析　考查固定短语。as a result作为结果；on the whole从整体看来；in the meanwhile在这时候，与此同时；as a matter of fact事实上。根据句意“如果你去商店把我们晚餐需要的东西买来，那可算帮我大忙了。你在做这事的时候，我会在家布置好桌子。”知C项符合逻辑。
2．Only by increasing the number of doctors by 50 percent________properly in this hospital. (2013·新课标全国Ⅱ，12)
A．can be the patients treated
B．can the patients be treated
C．the patients can be treated
D．treated can be the patients
答案　B
解析　句意为：只有将医生的数量增加50%，这个医院的病人才能被完全地治疗。“only＋状语/状语从句”位于句首时，句子要用部分倒装，即将助动词放于主语之前。故选B项。
3．Anyone，whether he is an official or a bus driver，should be ________ respected.
(2012·福建，27)
A．especially B．equally
C．naturally D．normally
答案　B
解析　especially尤其，特别；equally平等地，同样地；naturally自然地；normally正常地。由句意“任何人，不管他是一名官员还是一名公共汽车司机，都应该受到同样的尊敬。”可知答案为B项。
4．Care of the soul is a gradual process ________ even the small details of life should be considered. (2012·湖南，34)
A．what B．in what
C．which D．in which
答案　D
解析　句意为：心灵的护理是一个渐进的过程，在这个过程中，甚至生活中那些微小的细节都应该加以考虑。in which引导限制性定语从句，which代指前面的process。
5．Armed with the information you have gathered, you can________preparing your business plan. (2012·浙江，15)
A．set out B．set about
C．set off D．set up
答案　B
解析　句意为：有这些你所收集的信息，你可以着手准备你的商业计划了。set about doing sth.开始做，着手做，符合句意。set out to do sth.着手做某事；set off出发；set up建立，均不符合语境，故排除。
6．Have you sent thank you notes to the relatives from________you received gifts？
(2012·上海，35)
A．which B．them
C．that D．whom
答案　D
解析　本题考查定语从句。首先从前后两个句子的谓语判断该空为连词，所以排除B项；前面有介词from，排除C项；又根据receive sth.from sb.，看出后面从句成分不完整，所以该句为定语从句。whom指人，而which指物，所以答案为D项。
7．—You look upset.What’s the matter
—I had my proposal________again. (2011·江苏，30)
A．turned over B．turned on
C．turned off D．turned down
答案　D
解析　句意为：——你看上去有些心烦意乱。发生什么事了？——我的建议又被拒绝了。turn over翻身，移交；turn on打开(电视机、电灯等)，接通(电流、煤气、水等)，突然袭击；turn off关掉(电流、煤气、水等)，拐弯；turn down拒绝，把……调低，关小。答语中含句式have sth. done，此处意为“使某物遭受……”，此意多指不好的事情。
8．Anyway，I can’t cheat him—it’s against all my________. (2011·浙江，18)
A．emotions B．principles
C．regulations D．opinions
答案　B
解析　句意为：无论如何我不能骗他——这违背了我的________。emotion感情，情感，情绪；principle原理，原则，行为准则，为人之道；regulation规则，条例，法规；opinion看法，主意，主张。所以B项符合逻辑。
9．That is the only way we can imagine ________ the overuse of water in students’ bathrooms. (2010·上海，40)
A．reducing B．to reduce
C．reduced D．reduce
答案　B
解析　此处应该用不定式the way to do sth.表示“做……的途径、方式”，way前有the only修饰，故选B项。we can imagine作定语，前面省略了that。