人教新课标高考英语一轮复习必修3 Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars

Ⅰ.重点单词识记
1．system /′sIst m/ n．系统；体系；制度
2．fundamental / f nd ′mentl/ adj.基本的；基础的
3．thus / s/ adv.因此；于是
4．atmosphere /′ tm sfI / n．大气层；气氛
5．multiply /′m ltIplaI/ vi.& vt.乘；增加
6．climate /′klaImIt/ n．气候
7．gentle /′d entl/ adj.温和的；文雅的
8．satellite /′s t laIt/ n．卫星；人造卫星
9．astronomy / ′str n mI/ n．天文学→astronomer n．天文学家
10．theory /′θI rI/ n．学说；理论→theoretical adj.理论的，理论性的
11．globe /ɡl b/ n．球体；地球仪；地球→global adj.全球性的；全世界的
12．violent /′vaI l nt/ adj.猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的→violence n．激烈；暴力
13．unlike / n′laIk/ prep.不同；不像→like(反义词)prep.像→dislike v．& n．不喜欢
14．harmful /′hɑ mfl/ adj.有害的→harm n．& v．伤害；危害；对……有害
15．exist /Iɡ′zIst/ vi.存在；生存→existence n．存在，实有；生存
16．puzzle /′p zl/ vt.& vi.(使)迷惑；(使)为难；n.谜；难题→puzzled adj.迷惑不解的→puzzling adj.令人迷惑的
Ⅱ.重点短语识记
1．solar_system太阳系
2．in_time及时；终于
3．give_birth_to产生；分娩
4．in_one’s_turn轮到某人；接着
5．prevent...from阻止；制止
6．block_out挡住(光线)
7．cheer_up感到高兴；感到振奋
8．now_that既然
9．get_the_hang_of熟悉；掌握；理解
10．break_out突发；爆发
11．watch_out_for密切注意；当心；提防
Ⅲ.经典原句默写与背诵
1．What_it_was_to_become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe.
随后它会变成什么没有人知道，直到45～38亿年前，这团尘埃才慢慢地形成一个固体的球状物。
2．This produces a chain reaction，which_made_it_possible for life to develop.
这产生了连锁反应，使得生命的发展成为可能。
3．But when I tried to step forward，I found I was carried twice_as_far_as_on_the_earth and fell over.
但是当我试着向前迈步时，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍，并且摔倒在地。
4．...walking does_need a bit of practice now_that_gravity_has_changed.
……既然重力改变了，看来走路也的确需要练一练了。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
1．I have this theory(theoretical) that most people prefer being at work to being at home.
2．It is generally accepted that smoking is harmful(harm) to our health.
3．Fundamentally(fundament)，there are two different approaches to the problem.
4．She held the baby gently(gentle)．
5．This kind of plants has been in existence(exist) for millions of years.
6．I’ve been puzzling(puzzle) over all the figures，trying to find what happened to the missing money.
7．We live in a global(globe) village，but this doesn’t mean that we all behave in the same way.
8．Last night we had a discussion，which became more and more violent.Finally we reached an agreement that we will never use violence_whatever happens.(violent)
1 encourage v.鼓励；激励；促进
encourage sb.to do...鼓励某人做……
encouraging adj.令人鼓舞的
encouragement n.鼓舞；鼓励
discourage sb.from doing...阻止某人做……
courage n.勇气
Banks actively encourage people to borrow money.
银行积极鼓动人们贷款。
夯实基础
用encourage的适当形式填空
(1)Encouraged by the advances in technology，many farmers have set up wind farms on their land.
(2)It was encouraging that he recognized the dangers the company faced.
(3)I also had friends who gave me a great deal of encouragement.
2 lay v.放置；搁；下 蛋 ；产 卵
lay sth.aside搁置；储蓄
lay...off停止使用，解雇某人
lay out安排，布置，设计
You should lay aside your feelings when judging people’s abilities.
判断一个人的能力时，应该把自己的感情放在一边。
That factory laid off 1,000 workers.
那家工厂解雇了1 000多名工人。
图解助记
特别提醒
注意下列词形变化：
lay—laid—laid—laying放置；产卵
lie—lay—lain—lying躺；位于
lie—lied—lied—lying撒谎
夯实基础
用lay，lie的适当形式填空
(1)The boy lied that the white hen had_laid a black egg and that he had_laid it in the box which was_lying under this bed.
(2)Mothers routinely lay babies on their backs to sleep.
(3)They were laying a trap for the kidnapper.
3 depend v.依赖；依靠
depend on/upon依靠；取决于
depend on sb.to do...依靠某人做……
depending on取决于……
depend on it that...指望……；相信……
It/That all depends.视情况而定。
近义短语：rely on/upon，count on/upon
The cooking time needed depends on the size of the potato.所需的烹饪时间取决于土豆的大小。
He depended on his writing for his income.
他靠写作赚取收入。
夯实基础
同义句改写
You can depend on him to help you.
(1)You_can_depend_on_it_that_he_will_help_you.(用it改写句子)
(2)You_can_depend_on_his_helping_you.(用动名词改写句子)
4 force n.武力；暴力；力；力量；权力；v.强迫；迫使
force sb.to do.../force sb.into doing...强迫某人做……
force one’s way强行前进
come into force开始实施(生效)
by force用武力
bring sth.into force(使法律、规则等)开始生效(实施)
in force已生效，在实施中
I was forced to take a taxi because the last bus had left.
最后一班公共汽车已经开走了，所以我只好坐了一辆出租车。
She forced her way through the crowd of reporters.
她在记者群中挤出一条通路。
夯实基础
用force的相关短语填空
(1)The new regulations are now in_force.
(2)When do the new regulations come_into_force
(3)The rioters(聚众闹事者) were taken away by_force.
Ⅰ.单项填空
1．We are encouraged ________ good use of our time.
A．make B．to make C．making D．made
答案　B
解析　考查固定搭配encourage sb.to do...的被动式：sb.be encouraged to do...。
2．It is said that this old building has ________ for more than three hundred years.
A．existed B．appeared
C．been built D．come into being
答案　A
解析　exist“存在”，是延续性动词，其他三项中的动词都为非延续性动词，不与一段时间连用，故只有A项正确。
3．If our parents do everything for us children，we won’t learn to depend on ________.
A．themselves B．them
C．us D．ourselves
答案　D
解析　depend on oneself自力更生。主语为we，因此应为ourselves。
4．There was a ________ look ________ her face.
A．puzzled；on B．puzzled；at
C．puzzled；with D．puzzle；in
答案　A
解析　句意为：她脸上表现出困惑的表情。puzzled感到困惑的；on one’s face在某人脸上。
5．The government plans to bring in new laws ________ parents to take more responsibility for the education of their children.
A．forced B．forcing
C．to be forced D．having forced
答案　B
解析　force所表示的动作和其逻辑上的主语new laws之间是主动关系，故可排除A、C两项；又因为force表示的动作和谓语动词plans是同时发生的，所以用现在分词形式。
6．The meeting was held in a lively________and everybody felt free to share his ideas.
A．atmosphere B．weather
C．situation D．phenomenon
答案　A
解析　考查名词词义辨析。atmosphere气氛，氛围；weather 天气；situation情形，状况；phenomenon现象。由句意知A项正确。
7．The manager had fallen asleep where he________，without undressing.
A．was laying B．was lying
C．had laid D．had lied
答案　B
解析　考查时态。lay放置，搁，产卵，其过去式、过去分词、现在分词为laid，laid，laying；lie 躺，其过去式、过去分词、现在分词分别为lay，lain，lying；lie说谎，其过去式、过去分词、现在分词为lied，lied，lying。句意为：经理没脱衣服就在他躺着的地方睡着了。
Ⅱ.汉译英
1．为了鼓励学生进行户外锻炼，我们学校在4月10日组织了一次爬山活动。(encourage)(2013·江西·书面表达)
In_order_to_encourage_the_students_to_take_outdoor_exercise，our_school_organized_a_mountain climbing_on_April_10.
2．否则它会立刻失去平衡并最终撞向地面。(eventually)(2012·上海·书面表达)
Otherwise_it_will_instantly_lose_its_balance_before_eventually_crashing_into_the_ground.
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
1．Watch_out_for his temper！He’s not easy to deal with.
2．Whenever I’m upset，she always has a good idea to make me cheer_up.
3．The government has taken measures to prevent the cultural relics from being damaged.
4．It was the study of history that gave_birth_to the social science.
5．If you don’t devote yourself to your studies，you’ll never finish them in_time.
1 in time及时；终于 eventually ；迟早 sooner or later，early or late
　　　
for the time being暂时 ahead of time提前
take one’s time别着急
Even if one makes a mistake，correcting mistakes in time is a good thing.
即使犯了错，及时改正也是一件好事。
夯实基础
用time的相关短语填空
(1)At_no_time did I feel they were being unreasonable.
(2)I want to be home in_time for tea.
(3)You’d better do one thing at_a_time，so that you can concentrate on it.
(4)At_one_time，that kind of thing would have made me really angry.
2 in one’s turn轮到某人；接着 the time when sb. is allowed to do
by turns交替进行
in turn依次，轮流，逐个；转而，相应地
out of turn不按次序；不合时宜
take turns to do...轮流做……
It is one’s turn to do...轮到某人做……
I bought the last CD in my turn.
轮到我的时候，我买走了最后一张CD。
We take turns to do cleaning.
我们轮流打扫卫生。
夯实基础
(1)用turn的相关短语填空
①Let us consider each of these points in_turn.
②The baby was so funny that he laughed and cried by_turns.
(2)翻译句子
我们排队买票。
We_waited_in_turn_to_buy_our_tickets.
3 prevent...from...阻止；抑制
prevent sb. from doing...
stop sb. from doing...
keep sb.from doing...
keep sb.doing...使某人一直做……
protect sb.from...保护某人不受……的侵袭
Further treatment will prevent cancer from developing.进一步的治疗将阻止癌症恶化。
We recognized the possibility and took steps to prevent it happening.
我们认识到了这种可能性，并且采取了一些预防措施。
特别提醒
上述短语中的from在被动语态中都不可省略。
夯实基础
用所给词的适当形式填空
(1)Nothing would prevent him from speaking(speak) out against injustice.
(2)The laws protect everyone here from being_attacked(attack)．
4 cheer up感到高兴；感到振奋
cheer sb.up使某人高兴
cheer...on为……加油
cheerful adj.高兴的；快乐的
Cheers！干杯！
Cheer up！You’re bound to succeed.
打起精神来！你一定会成功的。
I wrote that song just to cheer myself up.
我写那首歌是给我自己打气的。
夯实基础
用cheer短语的适当形式填空
(1)I think he misses her terribly.You might cheer him up.
(2)Most people would like to cheer_on their favorite players.
Ⅰ.单项填空
1．Let’s look after our sick mother ________.
A．in turn B．in danger
C．in charge D．in advance
答案　A
解析　句意为：咱们轮流照顾生病的母亲吧。in turn轮流，依次，符合题意。
2．He wasted ________ time playing computer games.
A．too much B．too many
C．much too D．far too
答案　A
解析　空格后有不可数名词time，故用too much修饰。
3．A policeman was ________ him outside the house.
A．watching out B．watching on
C．watching over D．watching for
答案　C
解析　watch over监视，符合语境。watch out当心，注意；watch on关注，注意；watch for注意，当心。
4．—I was disappointed when I failed again.
—Don’t be so discouraged.You’ll be successful ________.
A．for some time B．at one time
C．on time D．in time
答案　D
解析　根据答语句意“别那么灰心，你迟早会成功的。”可知应选in time。
Ⅱ.汉译英
1．所以，我没有及时抽出足够的时间给你写回信。(in time)(2013·山东·写作)
Therefore，I_couldn’t_spare_enough_time_to_write_you_back_in_time.
2．沐浴在阳光中，我们高兴地又跳又叫。(cheer)(2013·江西·书面表达)
Bathed_in_the_sunshine，we_jumped_and_cheered_with_joy.
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
1．Their army is about half_the_size_of(一半) ours.
2．It’s difficult to make_myself_understood(使我被理解) in English.
3．We watched，amazed as fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship as_the_earth’s_
gravity_increased(随着地球引力的增加)．
4．Excessive drinking will do_you_a_lot_of_harm(非常有害你的健康)．
5．This plan will_be_kept_from_being_carried_out(将被阻止实施)．
1 They were in time to produce carbon，nitrogen，water vapour and other gases，which were to make the earth’s atmosphere.最终产生了碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他多种气体，从而形成了地球的大气层。
be to do有五层意义：
(1)表示预定，“预定”，相当于be going to do。
(2)表示义务，“应该”，相当于should。
(3)表示可能，“会做”，相当于can/could。
(4)表示命运，“注定”(通常用于过去时，描述过去的事实)。
(5)用于if...were to do，引导对将来的虚拟语气。
He is to return from Germany tomorrow.
他明天将从德国回来。
You are to be back by 9 o’clock.
你要在9点以前回家。
夯实基础
完成句子
(1)When are_you_to_leave for home
你什么时候回家？
(2)She is_to_be_married next month.
她将于下个月结婚。
(3)You are_to_report_to the police.
你应该报警。
2 ...I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.…… 当我向前迈步的时候 我发现我所走的距离是在地球上的两倍，并且跌倒了。
倍数的表达方式：
1 倍数＋as...as...
2 倍数＋比较级＋than
3 倍数＋the size/height/length/width...＋of...
4 倍数＋what从句
5 倍数＋that of...
Beijing is ten times the size of my hometown.
北京是我家乡的十倍大。
In our county now the grain output is six times that of before liberation.
现在我们县的粮食产量相当于解放前的六倍。
夯实基础
同义句改写
The red ruler is three times as long as the yellow one.
(1)The_red_ruler_is_two_times_longer_than_the_yellow_one.(用“倍数＋比较级”改写句子)
(2)The_red_ruler_is_three_times_the_length_of_the_yellow_one.(用“倍数＋the＋n.＋of...”改写句子)
3“Oh dear，” I cried，“walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed.”我大声地说：“天啊，既然重力改变了，走路也需要练一练了。”
now that既然，由于，是连词词组，引导原因状语从句，表示明显的原因或既成的事实。口语中that常可省略。
其他表示原因的连词或介词短语：
because因为 语气较重，常用于回答why的疑问 ,since因为；既然 可与now that互换
as因为 语气较弱
for因为 并列连词，引导一个分句，不能置于句首，表示进一步补充说明
due to，because of，on account of，owing to，thanks to，as a result of等
Now that the children know，we can tell everyone else.
既然孩子们知道了，我们就可以告诉其他人了。
夯实基础
用适当的连词填空
(1)Now_that you’re here，why not have a drink
(2)Since it is late I shall go home now.
(3)The school was moved out of downtown as the number of students had grown too large.
(4)It must have rained last night，for the ground is wet.
用主语从句改写下列句子
(1)She left him something that cut him to the heart.
→What_she_left_him cut him to the heart.
(2)Something that seems easy to some people seems difficult to others.
→What_seems_easy_to_some_people seems difficult to others.
(3)Is he coming or not？It is still uncertain.
→It is still uncertain whether_he_is_coming_or_not.
(4)Why did he do it？It remains a mystery.
→Why_he_did_it remains a mystery.
(5)Something controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today.It is pretty well understood.
→It is pretty well understood that_something_controls_the_flow_of_carbon_dioxide_in_and_
out_the_atmosphere_today.
Ⅰ.单项填空
1．Our city has experienced ________ this year as it did last year.
A．twice as much rain
B．rain twice as much
C．as twice much rain
D．twice rain as much
答案　A
解析　twice as much...as“是……的两倍”，为固定短语。
2．________ you’ve got a chance，you might as well make full use of it.
A．Now that B．After
C．Although D．As soon as
答案　A
解析　主句与从句之间存在因果关系，且“you’ve got a chance”表示一个显而易见的原因，因此应选表原因的now that。
3．We should respect others________others will respect us.
A．so that B．in case
C．for fear that D．now that
答案　A
解析　考查状语从句的连接词。so that 因此，以便于；in case 以防，万一；for fear that 生怕……；now that 既然。句意为：我们应该尊重他人，这样他人才会尊重我们。
4．It’s said that the famous film star Li Lianjie is to ________ the new film.
A．star B．be starred
C．star in D．starring in
答案　C
解析　be to do sth.是表示将来时的一种形式，to后要接动词原形，故排除D项；star in担任主角，主演，其后的介词in不能省略。
5．________is obviously right is to give all children equal opportunities to develop their special gift.
A．It B．As
C．That D．What
答案　D
解析　空格处引导一个主语从句，在从句中作句子的主语，所以用what。句意为：明显正确的(做法)就是，给所有的孩子提供平等发展特殊才能的机会。
Ⅱ.汉译英
1．再怎么感谢我们的老师都不过分。(too much) (2012·广东·读写任务)
We_can_never_thank_our_teachers_too_much.
2．现在人都到齐了，咱们开始工作吧。(now that引导原因状语从句)
Now_that_everyone_is_here，let’s_start_work.
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
1．The manager wants to see changes in the company，and I am sure he will ________.
(2013·陕西，24)
A．in particular B．in turn
C．in charge D．in time
答案　D
解析　句意为：经理想看到公司的变化，我坚信他最终会看到的。in particular尤其；in turn轮流，反过来；in charge掌管；in time最终。由句意知D项符合。
2．Grace doesn’t want to move to New York because she thinks if she________there，she wouldn’t be able to see her parents very often. (2012·安徽，31)
A．lives B．would live
C．has lived D．were to live
答案　D
解析　句意为：格雷斯不想搬到纽约去，因为她认为，如果她住在那里，她就不能经常看见她的父母了。这是与将来情况相反的虚拟条件句。由主句知此处是对“未来”情况的虚拟。if引导的虚拟条件句中表示与将来的事实相反时可使用过去式、“should＋v.”或“were to＋v.”的形式，故选D项。
3. As Jack left his membership card at home, he wasn’t allowed________into the sports club. (2012·上海，27)
A．going B．to go C．go D．gone
答案　B
解析　allow sb. to do sth./sb. be allowed to do sth. 允许某人做某事。句意为：因为杰克把会员卡忘在家里了，所以他没有被允许进入运动俱乐部。
4．The limits of a person’s intelligence，generally speaking，are fixed at birth，but________he reaches these limits will depend on his environment. (2012·安徽，27)
A．where B．whether
C．that D．why
答案　B
解析　句意为：一个人的智力极限，通常来说，出生时就已经定型了。但他是否能够达到这些极限则取决于他所处的环境。根据depend on可知，主语从句含有不确定因素，可排除C项；where表示地点；why表示原因，用于此处不合适；而使用whether表示“是否”，与题意吻合。
5．China recently tightened its waters controls near the Huangyan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from ________in the South China Sea. (2012·福建，28)
A．attacking B．having attacked
C．being attacked D．having been attacked
答案　C
解析　根据题干中出现的“prevent Chinese fishing boats from________”可知此处考查prevent sb./sth. from doing sth.结构。根据句意可判断渔船应该是“被攻击”，故应选择动名词的被动形式，从而排除表示主动形式的A、B两项；D项having been attacked为动名词的完成被动式，表示动作已完成，而题干句意并未表明渔船已经受到了攻击，故排除D项。正确答案为C。
6．If they win the final tonight，the team are going to tour around the city________by their enthusiastic supporters. (2011·浙江，19)
A．being cheered B．be cheered
C．to be cheered D．were cheered
答案　C
解析　分析句式结构可知，________by their enthusiastic supporters在句中作伴随状语，空格后的by提示cheer与the team之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，且事情还没有发生，所以用动词不定式的被动语态形式。句意为：如果他们今晚赢得了决赛，这个队就会全城游行，接受热情支持者们的喝彩。
阻止某人做……