人教新课标高考英语一轮复习选修8 Unit 3 Inventors and inventions

Ⅰ.重点单词识记
1．product /′pr d kt/ n．产品
2．caution /′k n/ n．小心；谨慎
3．seize /si z/ vt.抓住；捉住；夺
4．freezing /′fri zI / adj.冰冻的；严寒的
5．dial /′daI l/ vt.拨(电话)
6．rainfall /′reInf l/ n．降雨
7．passive /′p sIv/ adj.被动的；消极的；被动语态的
8．innocent /′In snt/ adj.清白的；无罪的；天真的
9．bear /be / vt.忍受；忍耐；负担
10．extension /Ik′sten n/ n．电话分机；扩大；延伸
11．competence /′k mpIt ns/ n．能力；胜任；本领
12．personnel / p s ′nel/ n．人力资源；人事部；全体人员
13．identification /aI dentIfI′keI n/ n．鉴定；辨认；确定；身份证明→identify vt.辨别……；确认
14．merry /′merI/ adj.愉快的；高兴的→merrily adv.高兴地；愉快地
15．distinguish /dI′stI ɡwI / vt.& vi.显示……的差别；使……有所不同；辨别→distinguished adj.卓著的；著名的；高贵的
16．abrupt / ′br pt/ adj.突然的；意外的→abruptly adv.突然地；唐突地
17．convenient /k n′vi ni nt/ adj.便利的；方便的；就近的→conveniently adv.便利地
18．expectation / ekspek′teI n/ n．预料；期待；期望→expect vt.期待；预期；盼望
19．current /′k r nt/ n．(水或气)流；电流；adj.现在的；当前的→currently adv.现在，目前
20．stable /′steIbl/ adj.稳固的；稳定的；安定的→stability n．稳定性
21．associate / ′s IeIt/ vt.联想；联系；n.同伴；伙伴→association n．联系；协会
22．practical /′pr ktIkl/ adj.实际的；实践的；实用的→practically adv.实际上；事实上
Ⅱ.重点短语识记
1．call_up给……打电话
2．now_and_then偶尔；有时
3．set_about开始；着手
4．dive_into迅速把手伸入；一心投入
5．set_out_(to_do)开始(做)
6．hang_on不挂断；紧紧握住；稍等
7．out_of_order次序颠倒；发生故障
8．get_through设法联系上(尤指打通电话)；(设法)做完；通过
9．ring_back回复电话
10．ring_off挂断电话
Ⅲ.经典原句默写与背诵
1．Prepared_with_some_research_findings，I decided on three possible approaches：...
有一些研究结果作准备，我决定了三种可能的方法：……
2．Only after you have had that recognition can_you_say that you are truly an inventor.
只有你获得那种认证之后，你才能说你是一个真正的发明者。
3．Every_time_you_do you will be certain to find something that you have never seen before.
每当你这么做的时候，你一定会发现你从未见过的东西。
4．Follow it up，explore all around it，and before you know it，you_will_have_something_
worth_thinking_about to occupy your mind.
跟踪下去，不断探索，不知不觉中，你就会发现某种值得思考的东西占据着你的头脑。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
1．Dr.Fleming’s discovery(discover) of penicillin occurred in 1928.
2．The number of tigers has reduced abruptly(abrupt) in the last fifty years.
3．He is a young artist with great expectation(expect)．
4．We cannot emphasize too much the importance(important) of learning English.
5．The paper seems to me of no practical(practice) importance.
6．The soldiers had to retreat when they were beaten(beat) in battle.
7．Speech distinguishes(distinguish) human beings from the animals.
8．Each unit leader needed a flag，or colour，to be easily seen for identification(identity) during a battle.
1 distinguish v.区分；辨别；分清 recognize the difference between ；成为……的特征 be characteristic ；使有别于
distinguish...from...使……别于……的特征
distinguish between...and...区分……和……
be distinguished for因……而出名
be distinguished as辨别为；称之为
It is necessary to distinguish the policies of two successive governments.
分清前后两届政府的政策很有必要。
Research suggests that babies learn to see by distinguishing between areas of light and dark.
研究表明婴儿通过辨别光亮和黑暗的区域来学会看东西。
夯实基础
用distinguish的适当形式填空
(1)Distinguished guests and friends，welcome to our school，attending the ceremony of the 50th Anniversary this morning are our alumni from home and abroad.
(2)The bird has no distinguishing features.
2 claim n.& vt.要求；主张；声称；认领
make a claim for/on/to要求……
claim to do.../that...声称……
claim one’s attention值得注意
He claimed that it was all a trick against him.
他声称这一切都是一场针对他的诡计。
He repeated his claim that the people there backed his action.
他再次声称，那里的人民支持他的行动。
夯实基础
(1)同义句改写
She claims that she is related to the Queen.(改为含有不定式的简单句)
She_claims_to_be_related_to_the_Queen.
(2)翻译句子
不要不懂装懂。
Don’t_claim_to_know_what_you_don’t_know.
3 bear vt.承受；忍耐；运送；生 孩子
bear doing/to do...忍受干……
bear sb./sb.’s doing...容忍某人做……
bear sb.to do...忍受某人做……
keep/bear sth.in mind牢记
They will have to bear the misery of living in constant fear of war.
他们不得不忍受长期生活在战争恐惧中的痛苦。
She bore him a daughter，Suzanna.
她给他生了个女儿，苏珊娜。
特别提醒
(1)bear表示“容忍，忍耐”时多与can/could连用，且多用于否定句和疑问句中。
(2)bear的过去分词形式，作“生育，生产”讲时用borne；作“出生”或“出身”时用born。
夯实基础
用所给词的适当形式填空
(1)Mary has borne him six sons and the eldest son was born in 1970.(bear)
(2)He can’t bear being_laughed/to_be_laughed (laugh) at.
4 beat v.打败；连续不断的击打
be beaten at... 在……方面 被击败
beat sb.black and blue打得某人青一块紫一块
beat sb.to death把某人打死
His heart is beating fast.
他的心跳得很快。
They were beaten to death with baseball bats.
他们被人用棒球棒打死了。
词义辨析　beat，strike，hit，knock
(1)beat指用手或器械连续地击打；也指在游戏、竞赛或战争中战胜对手；也指“心跳”。
(2)strike指迅速或突然地用力一击或敲击，可以是有意的，也可以是无意的。
(3)hit指确定目标给予强劲的一击，强调用力击中；引申指在精神、经济等方面予以打击。
(4)knock指用拳头或器械猛敲、猛打并伴有响声，强调非常用力。
夯实基础
用beat，strike，hit，knock的适当形式填空
(1)I wish you wouldn’t knock at the door again.
(2)The brick hit/struck him on the head.
(3)The poor child was beaten black and blue.
(4)The huge clock at the Customs House strikes the hours.
Ⅰ.单项填空
1．Color blind people often find it difficult to ________ between blue and green.
A．separate B．distinguish
C．compare D．contrast
答案　B
解析　句意为：色盲的人常感到区分蓝和绿困难。distinguish between...and...区分……和……。
2．You must be ________ when driving on the icy road.
A．cautious B．curious
C．religious D．generous
答案　A
解析　句意为：当在光滑的路面上开车时你必须小心。cautious小心的，符合句意。
3．No one has ________ the watch at the Lost and Found.
A．declared B．occupied
C．blamed D．claimed
答案　D
解析　句意为：没有人到失物招领处认领这块表。claim认领，符合句意。
4．He is a(n) ________ boy，full of curiosity about everything.
A．innocent B．violent
C．relevant D．current
答案　A
解析　句意为：他是一个天真的孩子，对一切充满了好奇。innocent天真的，符合句意。
5．—Why did Bob cry
—He couldn’t bear ________ like that before the whole class.
A．making fun of B．being made fun of
C．to be laughed D．being made fun
答案　B
解析　动词bear后可跟v. ing形式或不定式作宾语，且此处应该使用被动形式。选项C中应用短语动词laugh at。
6．I heard the rain ________ on the window.
A．hitting B．beating
C．defeating D．striking
答案　B
解析　beat可以指连续的击打，可以形容雨敲打窗户等。
7．It’s a common ________ for the farmers to look down upon baby girls.
A．process B．practice
C．procedure D．performance
答案　B
解析　句意为：农民轻视女孩是常见的做法。practice做法，习惯，符合句意。
8．With the advances of technology, plastics have taken the place of many________materials.
A．conventional B．optional
C．artificial D．potential
答案　A
解析　考查形容词辨析。句意为：随着科学的进步，塑料已经代替了传统的材料。conventional传统的，常见的，符合句意。optional可选择的，随意的；artificial人造的，仿造的；potential潜在的，可能的。
9．Some newspapers________the results as proof that global warming wasn’t really happening.
A．put on B．seized on
C．carried on D．hold on
答案　B
解析　考查动词短语辨析。put on穿上，贴上；seize on意识到某事物而立即加以利用；carry on继续；hold on坚持。根据后面的the results as proof可知，此处应选B项。
Ⅱ.汉译英
1．我们是敷衍了事还是采取实际措施来保护它呢？(practical) (2013·江苏·书面表达)
Should_we_just_pay_lip_service_or_take_practical_measures_to_protect_it
2．然而，它们也造成了一些问题，如空气污染和交通堵塞。(jam) (2011·江西·写作)
However,_they_have_also_caused_some_problems_such_as_air_pollution_and_traffic_jams.
3．然而，当事情超出我的能力，我会向我的同学或老师寻求帮助。(competence)
(2011·安徽·书面表达)
However，when it is something beyond my competence，I turn to my classmates or teachers for help.
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
1．Please forgive me so early to call_up you but I really have an important thing.
2．She set_about doing her housework straight after breakfast.
3．She set_out the reasons for her resignation in a long letter.
4．Hang_on at your present job until you can find another one.
5．I tried ringing you several times yesterday but I couldn’t get_through.
1 call up给……打电话 ring up ；征召入伍 draft ；使回忆起 recall
call for需要
call at拜访某地
call on拜访某人
call on sb.to do...号召某人做……
call off取消
call out大声地说；召唤某人
call in叫某人进来
call back回电话；再打电话
When I’m in Pittsburgh，I call him up.
我每到匹兹堡，都给他打电话。
Youngsters coming up to university were being called up.
快上大学的青年人受到征召。
夯实基础
选词填空　
(1)The picnic was called_off because of the rain.
(2)Let’s stop off and call_on Tim and his family.
(3)The song called_up his memory of childhood.
2 prove to be证实……
prove oneself证明自己；表现自己
It’s proved that...某人证明……
give proof of提供……的证据
It would give me great pleasure to prove Sam innocent.
能证明萨姆的清白让我很高兴。
There’s no proof that he was on the crime spot.
没有证据证明他当时在犯罪现场。
夯实基础
同义句改写
This method is proved to be more efficient.(改为复合句)
It_is_proved_that_this_method_is_more_efficient.
3 hang on不挂断；稍等 hold on ；紧紧握住 hold tightly ；坚持，不放弃 continue doing，not give up
hang out逗留；闲荡
hang one’s head 因羞愧 低下头
hang back退缩；踌躇不前
hang up on sb. 挂断 某人的 电话
get/have the hang of sth.学会做某事的技巧
The President has been trying hard to hang on to power.
总统一直在设法抓住权力不放。
夯实基础
选词填空
(1)I saw him step forward for a moment but then hang_back，nervously.
(2)Hang_on a minute；I’m nearly ready.
(3)He said he’d call again，and hung_up on me.
(4)What’s the sense of having a public open space where you can’t eat，drink or even simply hang_out for a while
4 out of order次序颠倒；发生故障
in order按顺序；整齐；状况良好
keep good order保持良好秩序
place an order for 订购……
take one’s order记下 顾客 点的菜
order sb.to do...命令某人做……
The phone at the street corner is out of order again.
街角的电话又坏了。
The encyclopedias were out of order.
百科全书的顺序弄乱了。
夯实基础
用所给词的适当形式填空
(1)I placed an order for a newspaper to_be_delivered(deliver) daily.
(2)Our head teacher’s order is that our homework (should)_be_handed(hand) in after school.
Ⅰ.单项填空
1．—________ the florist and tell him to send my wife a dozen roses.
—OK，I will.
A．Call up B．Hang on
C．Ring off D．Ring back
答案　A
解析　call up给……打电话，符合句意。
2．—The line is busy.Would you like to ________？
—OK.
A．take on B．hang on
C．turn on D．get on
答案　B
解析　第一句句意为：线路忙，你能不能稍等一下？hang on稍等，符合句意。
3．The machine is ________ and doesn’t work.
A．out of order B．out of breath
C．out of trouble D．out of pity
答案　A
解析　句意为：这台机器出了故障，不转了。out of order出故障，符合句意。
4．The sound of the happy laughter________memories of his childhood.
A．called up B．called on
C．called for D．called in
答案　A
解析　考查短语辨析。句意为：幸福的笑声勾起了他对童年的记忆。call up使想起，使回忆起，符合句意。call on号召；call for要求；call in召集，招来。
5．It’s ten years since the scientist________on his life’s work of discovering the valuable chemical.
A．made for B．set out
C．took off D．turned up
答案　B
解析　考查动词短语辨析。句意为：自从这位科学家开始他终生为之奋斗的发现重要化学元素的工作到现在已有十年了。make for向……移动，促成；set out开始，着手；take off脱下，起飞；turn up出现，(把声音等)开大。由句意可知，此处缺少的意思应为“开始”。
6．—Have you ________？
—No.I had the wrong number.
A．got in B．got away
C．got off D．got through
答案　D
解析　句意为：——你打通电话了？——没有，我拨错号码了。get through打通电话。
Ⅱ.汉译英
1．你能不能稍等一会儿？(hang on)
Can_you_hang_on_for_a_minute
2．你应该把文件都归放整齐。(in order)
You_should_keep_the_files_in_order.
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
1．Remember to include one change to your invention in_case(以防) it doesn’t work the first time.
2．He seems_to_like_English(似乎喜欢英语)．
3．Reminded_not_to_miss(被提醒不要错过) the flight at 15∶20，the manager set out for the airport in a hurry.
4．Work_harder_and(努力学习那么……) you will succeed in your studies.
5．Word_comes_that(消息传来) free souvenirs will be given to whoever comes first.
Follow it up，explore all around it，and before you know it，you will have something worth thinking about to occupy your mind.跟踪下去，不断探索，不知不觉中你就会发现某种值得思考的东西盘踞着你的头脑。
祈使句＋and/or/otherwise＋陈述句。该结构中的祈使句相当于一个if引导的条件状语从句，and之后的句子相当于主句，所以用一般将来时。在该句型中，祈使句有时也可用名词短语表示。
One more effort，and you’ll succeed.
再努力一下，你会成功。
Quit smoking，or you may ruin your health.
要戒烟，否则你会毁了自己的健康。
夯实基础
(1)同义句改写
Lend her a hand，and she will be grateful to you.(改为含有条件句的复合句)
If_you_lend_her_a_hand，she_will_be_grateful_to_you.
(2)翻译句子
努力学习，你会及格的。
Study_hard，and_you’ll_pass_the_exam.
用所给词的适当形式填空
(1)Would you like some fried(fry) chips
(2)There are lots of fallen(fall) leaves on the ground.
(3)He looked at me with an interested look.Obviously he was interested.(interest)
(4)I wonder if this is the computer you want to have repaired(repair)．
(5)The first text books written(write) for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
Ⅰ.单项填空
1．________，I believe，and you will find Tom is very outgoing.
A．Having a talk with the student
B．One talk with the student
C．Given a talk with the student
D．If you have a talk with the student
答案　B
解析　本句属于“名词＋and＋陈述句”结构。
2．In the reading room，we found her ________ at a desk，with her attention ________ on a book.
A．sitting；fixing B．seated；fixed
C．sit；fixing D．sitting；fix
答案　B
解析　第一空用seated作宾补，强调“her”所处的状态；第二空为with复合结构，her attention与fix之间为被动关系，故用过去分词作宾补。
3．Hard________my brother studied, he wasn’t qualified enough for a good university.
A．although B．while C．when D．as
答案　D
解析　考查连词。句意为：尽管我弟弟学习很用功，但是没有进入一所好的大学学习。该句中副词hard提前，使用了一个倒装结构，所以只能用as。although和while也可以引导让步状语从句，但是没有倒装这一用法，故选D项。
Ⅱ.汉译英
穿上外套，否则你会着凉的。(祈使句＋or/otherwise＋陈述句)
Wear_your_coat，otherwise/or_you’ll_catch_a_cold.
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
1．“It’s such a nice place.” Mother said as she sat at the table________for customers.
(2012·浙江，11)
A．to be reserved B．having reserved
C．reserving D．reserved
答案　D
解析　reserve和谓语动词sat之间没有连词，故用非谓语，且和其逻辑主语the table构成被动关系，故用过去分词表示被动、完成的概念，在句子中作后置定语。
2．Teachers have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional________. (2011·江苏，27)
A．consequence B．independence
C．competence D．intelligence
答案　C
解析　句意为：教师必须不断更新知识来保持他们的专业能力。consequence后果，结果；independence独立；competence能力，技能，胜任；intelligence智力，智慧，才智。由句意可知选C项。
3．Many buildings in the city need repairing，but the one________first is the library.
(2010·重庆，34)
A．repaired B．being repaired
C．repairing D．to be repaired
答案　D
解析　句意为：在这座城市里许多建筑需要整修，但是第一个要整修的是图书馆。repaired已经整修；being repaired正在整修；to be repaired将要整修。图书馆要整修但还没有整修，也不是正在整修，因此用to be repaired。
4．I haven’t seen Sara since she was a little girl，and she has changed beyond________.
(2010·安徽，25)
A．hearing B．strength
C．recognition D．measure
答案　C
解析　句意为：自从Sara长大后，我就一直没见过她，我简直认不出她来了。beyond recognition意思是“辨认不出来”。A、B、D三项不符合题意。