2024年高考英语（阅读理解之说明文）模拟真题 (浙江专用)（含答案解析）
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2024年高考英语（阅读理解之说明文）模拟真题 (浙江专用)
（2024上·浙江嘉兴·高三统考期末）A doctor walked into an operating room where an operation was being performed. Everything seemed to be going well, but the doctor noticed that no one was wearing a face mask. He was surprised—wearing a face mask is a basic hospital procedure. But he didn’t say anything. The operation was a success, but a few days later the patient came down with a fever. It turned out that she had contracted a serious infection, probably because the doctors and nurses hadn’t followed a simple rule.
Atul Gawande was interested in that story and carried out a research on the importance of a checklist to boost hospital services. Gawande is a doctor himself, and in his research he suggests that if surgeons run through a simple checklist before every operation, then lives will be saved. And he’s got the numbers to prove it. In 2001, an experiment at an American hospital required doctors to use a five-point checklist before they carried out specific procedures. The checklist was just a list of routine things doctor should normally do without thinking—wearing latex gloves, washing their hands before and after every patient, and so on. By making sure that the checklist was followed, there were almost no infections during the 27 months of the experiment, and they estimate that around eight lives were saved. When the checklist was tested again in hospitals in Michigan, infections went down by 66 percent.
In his study, Gawande looks at other professions, too, to support his argument that checklists reduce accidents and improve success rates. He points out that people like engineers and pilots use checklists all the time, and he comes up with some good examples. Just imagine that an airplane crashed because the pilot had failed to follow basic procedures. Suppose a skyscraper collapsed because the engineers hadn’t remembered to do some important calculations. People would demand that officials look into these events immediately.
Gawande’s study finding is really interesting and received much public attention. It reminds us that sometimes the easiest way to avoid making mistakes is to follow a very simple set of rules. It’s relevant for all of us, not just for doctors.
1．The function of the first paragraph in this text is to ________.
A．introduce the origin of the idea for Gawande’s study
B．explain the importance of the basic hospital procedure
C．explore the causes of infections among patients in hospitals
D．emphasize the urgency of providing relevant training to doctors
2．What are the two experiments in paragraph 2 intended to prove
A．Young medical staff need follow the checklists.
B．Checklists are necessary for hospitals in particular.
C．Hospitals are required to maintain good management.
D．Medical infections can be reduced by observing a set of rules.
3．What can we learn from paragraph 3
A．Air crashes hardly occurred with the basic procedures.
B．Gawande intends to promote his idea to other professions.
C．High buildings may collapse due to engineers’ miscalculations.
D．People think it a must for a pilot or engineer to use their checklists.
4．What is the author’s attitude toward Gawande’s study
A．Unclear. B．Dismissive. C．Approving. D．Doubtful.
（2024下·浙江金华·高三义乌市第二中学校考开学考试）People traveling long distances frequently have to decide whether they would prefer to go by land, sea, or air. Hardly can anyone positively enjoy sitting in a train for mort than a few hours. Train compartments soon get cramped and stuffy. Reading is only a partial solution for the monotonous rhythm of the wheels clicking on the rails soon lulls you to sleep. During the day, sleep comes in snatches. At night when you really wish to go to sleep you rarely manage to do so. Inevitably you arrive at your destination almost exhausted.
Long car journey are even less pleasant for it is quite impossible even to read. On motorways you can at least, travel fairly safely at high speeds, but more often than not, the greater pan of the journey is spent on narrow bumpy roads which are crowded wich traffic.
By comparison, trips by sea offer a great variety of civilized comforts. You can stretch your legs on the spacious decks, play games, swim, meet interesting people and enjoy good food-always assuming, of course, that the sea is calm. If it is not and you are likely to get seasick; no form of transport could be worse. Even if you travel in ideal weather, sea journeys take a long time. Relatively few people are prepared to sacrifice up to a third of their holidays for the pleasure of traveling on a ship.
Airplanes have the reputation of being dangerous and expensive. But nothing can match them for speed and comfort. Traveling at a height of 30,000 feet far above the clouds, and at over 500 miles an hour is an exhilarating experience. For a few hours, you settle back in a deep armchair to enjoy the flight. The real escapist can watch a free film show and sip champagne on some services. But even when such refinements are not available, there is plenty to keep you occupied. An airplane offers you an unusual and breathtaking view of the world. You soar effortlessly over high mountains and deep valleys. You really see the shape of the land. If the landscape is hidden
from the view. you can enjoy the extraordinary sight of unbroken cloud plains that stretch om for miles before you, while the sun shines brilliantly in a clear sky. The journey is so smooth that there is nothing to prevent you from reading or sleeping. However you decide to spend your time, one thing is certain: you will arrive at your destination fresh and uncrumpled.
5．According to the author, reading help lessen .
A．The boredom of being in the train B．The tiresome clicking of the wheels
C．The sleeplessness during the journey D．The poor ventilation of the compartment
6．What can we learn about the long distance journey by car
A．It is safe because the car usually goes at high speeds.
B．It is unpleasant because reading is quite impossible.
C．It is exhausting because you seldom manage to sleep.
D．It is dangerous because the traffic is always too dense.
7．When is trips by sea regarded as the worst means of traveling
A．The weather is terrible B．The traveler has little time
C．The traveler feels seasick D．The sea is not calm
8．Why did the author write this passage
A．Introduce diverse ways of traveling.
B．Points out the best mode of traveling.
C．Emphasize the advantages of traveling by air.
D．Compare the means of relaxing when traveling.
（2024下·浙江金华·高三义乌市第二中学校考开学考试）The term “Hudson River school” was applied to the foremost representatives of nineteenth-century North American landscape painting. Apparently unknown during the golden days of the American landscape movement, which began around 1850s and lasted until the late 1860s, the Hudson River school seems to have emerged in the 1870s as a direct result of the struggle between the old and the new generations of artists, each to assert its own style as the representative American art. The older painters, most of whom were born before 1835, practiced in a mode often self-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy of Design.
The younger painters returning home from training in Europe worked more with figural subject matter and in a bold and impressionistic technique; their prospects for patronage in their own country were uncertain, and they sought to attract it by attaining academic recognition in New York. One of the results of the conflict between the
two factions was that what in previous years had been referred to as the American, native, or, occasionally, New York school — the most representative school of American art in any genre — had by 1890s become firmly established in the minds of critics and public alike as the Hudson River school.
The sobriquet was first applied around 1879. While it was not intended as flattering, it was hardly inappropriate. The Academicians at whom it was aimed had worked and socialized in New York, the Hudson’s port city, and had painted the river and its shores with varying frequency. Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of America’s first popular landscape artist, Thomas Cole, who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River.
A possible implication in the term applied to the group of landscapists was that many of them had, like Cole, lived on or near the banks of the Hudson. Further, the river had long served as the principal route to other sketching grounds favored by the Academicians, particularly the Adirondacks and the mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire different ways.
9．According to the passage, what was the function of the National Academy of Design for the painters born before 1835
A．It mediated conflicts between artists.
B．It supervised the incorporation of new artistic techniques.
C．It determined which subjects were appropriate.
D．It supported their growth and development.
10．The word factions is closest in meaning to
A．sides B．people C．cities D．images
11．Where did the younger generation of painters receive its artistic training
A．In Europe. B．In the Adirondacks.
C．In Vermon. D．In New Hampshire.
12．What is the best title for the text
A．The Nature’s Nation B．Hudson River School
C．Early painters and their drawings D．North American landscape painting
（2024下·浙江·高三校联考开学考试）When a severe heat wave covered California in July 2006, it killed an estimated 650 people. But it may be tough to recall because heat waves don’t typically have names. They are already the deadliest weather-related danger, yet they remain invisible killers that few people take seriously. What if the most life-threatening heat waves did have names
This summer, as many experience high temperatures fueled by greenhouse gas pollution and El Ni o, there has been new openness to the idea of naming heat waves. People in Southern Europe have dubbed the July heat wave Cerberus. The results of a survey of more than 2,000 people found that people who knew the heat wave was named Cerberus were also more likely to take actions to stay safe, including drinking more water, spending more time indoors and warning others about the risk.
Though more research is needed, this suggests that naming heat waves, combined with stronger messaging, can not only help change people’s perception of the risk, but prompt them to take protective action. It would be more effective to broadcast that Heat Wave Zoe, a dangerous Category 3 event, will start tomorrow and here’s what you can do to protect yourself, your neighbors and co-workers. Names, after all, are easier to remember than numbers or weather forecasts.
But the World Meteorological (气象学的) Organization opposes naming heat waves on the grounds that it would confuse and distract the public. And the National Weather Service has no plans to rank or name heat waves either, saying that heat and its health impacts vary so dramatically across different regions and seasons that even coming up with a standard definition of a heat wave is impossible.
There’s nothing to lose by trying out a pilot program to name the most dangerous heat waves. It’s pretty clear the current approach to these disasters is falling far short of what’s necessary to protect lives. We need other ways to call attention to it and warn the public of the danger. It’s hard to make progress fighting an enemy with no name.
13．Why does the author mention the severe heat wave that covered California in July 2006
A．To clarify the severity of heat waves. B．To remind people of the tough heat wave.
C．To introduce the topic of naming heat waves. D．To show people’s ignorance of the heat wave.
14．What can we learn from paragraph 2 and 3
A．Due to its effectiveness, naming waves is a must.
B．There exist benefits of categorizing and naming heat waves.
C．Naming heat waves can change people’s perception of the risk.
D．Naming heat waves can urge people to take prompt action to protect themselves.
15．Why does the National Weather Service have no plans to name heat waves
A．It will confuse and distract the public.
B．It is inappropriate for naming heat waves.
C．It is difficult to distinguish and predict heat waves.
D．It is unlikely to put forward a standard definition for heat waves.
16．What is the author’s attitude to naming heat waves
A．Approving. B．Indifferent. C．Doubtful. D．Opposed.
（2024下·浙江·高三校联考开学考试）Leadership is a quality that is hard to define. Everyone can think of inspiring leaders from history but managers who think they can base their style on Nelson Mandela or Elizabeth I are suffering from misunderstandings of greatness.
The biggest mistake is to consider leadership entirely equal to charisma(魅力). Billy McFarland was just 25 when he set up the Fyre festival which promised attendees a luxury experience on a deserted island in the Bahamas. As shown by the Netflix documentary, “Fyre: The Greatest Party That Never Happened”, Mr McFarland was an unusual salesman. He convinced investors that he was a visionary businessman and persuaded talented young people to work for him.
But he lacked the skills to put his vision into practice. Festival guests arrived to find their food consisted of cheese sandwiches, rather than first-class cuisine. They were housed not in luxury villas, but in tents left over from a hurricane-relief program. The whole event ended with Mr McFarland being sentenced to six years in prison.
His example could have been a case study for the book by Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic— “Why Do So Many Incompetent Men Become Leaders (and how to fix it)”. As an organisational psychologist, he points out that people tend to assume that confident individuals are competent, when there is no actual relationship between the two qualities. Those confident people are promoted and then their abilities turn out to be over-estimated.
Mr Chamorro-Premuzic argues that competence is more important than charisma or confidence. Managers need enough presence to persuade their teams to follow the business plan, but they should think in terms of coaching rather than inspiration. Employees are more likely to be engaged with their work if they get frequent feedback from their bosses, and if they are involved in setting their own goals. Another key factor in leadership is the ability to set a good example. Subordinates(下属)notice what behaviour gets rewarded and which standards are set by the person at the top.
17．What can we infer from paragraph 1
A．Leadership is a quality impossible to evaluate.
B．Nelson Mandela and Elizabeth I are both overrated.
C．You can’t become leaders by simply imitating others.
D．Charismatic people are more likely to be great leaders.
18．According to the text, what kind of a leader was Billy McFarland
A．Unconfident. B．Visionary. C．Incomparable. D．Incompetent.
19．What does Mr Chamorro-Premuzic reveal in his book
A．The assumption that confidence equals competence.
B．The phenomenon that competent people can’t lead well.
C．The connection between competence and career success.
D．The reason why confident people are popular in workplaces.
20．What does Mr Chamorro-Premuzic suggest for good leadership
A．Respecting the privacy of employees. B．Giving employees frequent feedback.
C．Inspiring employees with big visions. D．Following the examples of good employees.
（2024下·浙江嘉兴·高三校考阶段练习）Although literacy appeared independently in several parts of the prehistoric world, the earliest evidence of writing is the cuneiform Sumerian script on the clay tablets of ancient Mesopotamia, which, archaeological detective work has revealed, had its origins in the accounting practices of commercial activity. Researchers demonstrated that preliterate people, to keep track of the goods they produced and exchanged, created a system of accounting using clay tokens as symbolic representations of their products. Over many thousands of years, the symbols evolved through several stages of abstraction until they became wedge-shaped (cuneiform) signs on clay tablets, recognizable as writing.
The original tokens were three-dimensional solid shapes — tiny spheres, cones, disks, and cylinders. A debt of six units of grain and eight head of livestock, for example, might have been represented by six conical and eight cylindrical tokens. To keep batches of tokens together, an innovation was introduced whereby they were sealed inside clay envelopes that could be broken open and counted when it came time for a debt to be repaid. But because the contents of the envelopes could easily be forgotten, two-dimensional representations of the three-dimensional tokens were impressed into the surface of the envelopes before they were sealed. Eventually, having two sets of equivalent symbols — the internal tokens and external markings — came to seem redundant, so the tokens were eliminated, and only solid clay tablets with two-dimensional symbols were retained. Over time, the symbols became more numerous, varied, and abstract and came to represent more than trade commodities, evolving eventually into cuneiform writing.
The evolution of the symbolism is reflected in the archaeological record first of all by the increasing complexity of the tokens themselves. The earliest tokens, dating from about 10,000 to 6,000 years ago, were of only the simplest geometric shapes. But about 3500 B．C．E., more complex tokens came into common usage, including many naturalistic forms shaped like miniature tools, furniture, fruit, and humans.
21．Which of the following is NOT mentioned about clay envelopes
A．They contained batches of tokens. B．They could be reused frequently.
C．They had markings on the outside. D．They could be used to record debts.
22．Which of the following can be inferred about the difference between earlier tokens and later tokens
A．Later tokens were made of many different materials, but earlier ones were made only of clay.
B．Later tokens often looked like the commodities that they represented, but earlier ones did not.
C．Later tokens represented agricultural products, but earlier ones represented finished products.
D．Later tokens were based on pictographs, but earlier ones were based on naturalistic forms.
23．Which of the sentences best expresses the essential information in the underlined sentence
A．Sumerian script, the earliest known form of writing among prehistoric writing systems, was first used on clay tablets for accounting purposes.
B．Although the earliest Sumerians engaged in commercial activity and practiced accounting, they were not as literate as people in other parts of the prehistoric world.
C．Archaeologists have discovered that literacy was developed in several parts of the world, including ancient Mesopotamia.
D．Archaeological detective work has revealed the commercial accounting practices of the Sumerians of ancient Mesopotamia and provided a written record of their intense commercial activity.
24．What might be the best title for the text
A．Evidence of the Earliest Writing B．A long history of tokens
C．Evolution of the symbolism D．Origins of the symbols
（2024·浙江·统考高考真题）The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’re not tempted by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
25．What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test
A．Take an examination alone. B．Share their treats with others.
C．Delay eating for fifteen minutes. D．Show respect for the researchers.
26．According to Paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between_______.
A．the calorie-poor world and our good appetites B．the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs
C．the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit D．the rich food supply and our unchanged brains
27．What does the author suggest readers do
A．Be selective information consumers. B．Absorb new information readily.
C．Use diverse information sources. D．Protect the information environment.
28．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Eat Less, Read More B．The Later, the Better
C．The Marshmallow Test for Grownups D．The Bitter Truth about Early Humans
（2024·浙江·统考高考真题）On September 7, 1991, the costliest hailstorm (花暴) in Canadian history hit Calgary’s southern suburbs. As a result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones. But farmers in east-central Alberta — downwind of the hail project flights — worry that precious moisture (水分) is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding.
Norman Stienwand, who farms in that area, has been addressing public meetings on this issue for years “Basically, the provincial government is letting the insurance companies protect the Calgary-Edmonton urban area from hail,” Mr. Stienwan d says, “but they’re increasing drought risk as far east as Saskatchewan.”
The Alberta hail project is managed by Terry Krauss, a cloud physicist who works for Weather Modification Inc. of Fargo, North Dakota. “We affect only a very small percentage of the total moisture in the air, so we cannot be cousing drought.” Dr. Krauss says. “In fact, we may be helping increase the moisture downwind by creating wetter ground.”
One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes (龙卷风) form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind No one really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.”
Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice, doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies. Hence, private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety.
29．What does the project aim to do
A．Conserve moisture in the soil. B．Prevent the formation of hailstones.
C．Forecast disastrous hailstorms. D．Investigate chemical use in farming.
30．Who are opposed to the project
A．Farmers in east-central Alberta. B．Managers of insurance companies.
C．Provincial government officials. D．Residents of Calgary and Edmonton
31．Why does Dr. Doswell mention the tornadoes he saw in 1999
A．To compare different kinds of seeding methods.
B．To illustrate the development of big hailstorms.
C．To indicate a possible danger of cloud seeding.
D．To show the link between storms and moisture.
32．What can we infer from the last paragraph
A．Scientific studies have proved Stienwand right.
B．Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada.
C．The doubt about cloud seeding has disappeared.
D．Cloud-seeding companies will continue to exist.
（2024·浙江绍兴·统考一模）Theophilus Tetteh is an African contemporary artist from Ghana. He buried himself in the study of graphic design and painting at school while experimenting with different media themes.
Now we hear about African painters stepping into the spotlight, but it might be challenging for Ghanaian artists to bring their careers to commercial success and critical recognition. The art market as such is not yet established in Ghana. The country doesn’t even have a national gallery to preserve and promote Ghanaian art. It can be problematic for young painters who cannot afford to move to Europe or the US to promote and market their art. Besides, many young artists can even have trouble getting painting materials.
Things changed for Tetteh when he got featured in BE OPEN Art, an online gallery of contemporary art. It was founded by philanthropist Elena Baturina with a desire to provide emerging artists worldwide with an opportunity to show their works to the world of art professionals. The platform especially welcomes artists who don’t have resources or promotional opportunities such as graduates and self-taught artists.
In December 2020, Tetteh was voted the Artist of the Month by the visitors of the BE OPEN Art. Later, he was chosen as the gallery’s first-ever Artist of the Year. The award brought him favorable publicity, so he was noticed by the art community, the media, collectors, etc. In 2021, he was interviewed frequently by the media and featured in a famous magazine. All these things let the prices of the artist’s work inch upwards.
Tetteh thinks the world can be a better place if young artists are guided on their way without any form of disregard, but with support of the senior. As his name has hit headlines of the arts world media, he hopes to help promote emerging talents in his native country. “The art makes the man and the man makes the art,” he says.
33．What can we learn about Ghanaian artists from paragraphs 1-2
A．They tend to combine designs with media themes.
B．They have established an art market to promote works.
C．They desire professional guidance on preserving national art.
D．They lack a supportive platform to realize commercial value of their works.
34．Why does Elena Baturina establish BE OPEN Art
A．To promote ancient African art treasures.
B．To broaden the artistic vision of self-taught artists.
C．To provide chances for young artists to display artistic talents.
D．To sponsor a project for the contemporary emerging artists from Ghana.
35．What kind of person is Tetteh according to the last paragraph
A．Socially responsible. B．Amazingly talented.
C．Commercially smart. D．Culturally conservative.
36．Which of the following best describes Tetteh’s change of fate
A．All that glitters is not gold.
B．Opportunity favors the prepared.
C．The strong is not without tears.
D．A good name is easier lost than won.
（2024·浙江杭州·学军中学校考模拟预测）Television has transformed politics in the United States by changing the way in which information is spread, by altering political campaigns, and by changing citizen’s
patterns of response to politics. By giving citizens independent access to the candidates, television reduced the role of the political party in the selection of the major party candidates. By centering politics on the person of the candidate, television accelerated the citizen’s focus on character rather than issues.
Television has altered the forms of political communication as well. The messages on which most of us rely are briefer than they once were. The stump speech, a political speech given by traveling politicians and lasting 1 to 2 hours, which was popular in the nineteenth-century, has given way to the 30-second advertisement and the 10 second “sound bite” in broadcast news. Increasingly the audience for speeches is not that standing in front of the politician but rather the viewing audience who will hear and see a short video of the speech on the news.
In these simplified forms, much of what comprised the traditional political speech of earlier ages has been lost. In 15 or 30 seconds, a speaker cannot establish the historical context that shaped the issue in question, cannot detail the probable causes of the problem, and cannot examine alternative proposals to argue that one is preferable to others. In short videos, politicians assert (断言) but do not argue.
Because television is an intimate (亲密的) medium, speaking through it requires a changed political style that is more conversational, personal, and visual than that of the old-style stump speech. Reliance on television means that increasingly our political world contains memorable pictures rather than memorable words. Schools teach us to analyze words and print. However, in a world in which politics is increasingly visual, informed citizenship requires a new set of skills.
Recognizing the power of television’s pictures, politicians craft televisual, staged events designed to attract media coverage. Much of the political activity we see on television news has been crafted by politicians, their speechwriters, and their public relations advisers for televised consumption. Sound bites in news and answers to questions in debates increasingly sound like advertisements.
37．What do we know about “stump speech” in paragraph 2
A．It’s an event created by politicians to attract media attention.
B．It’s an interactive discussion between two politicians.
C．It’s a kind of political presentation typical of the nineteenth century.
D．It’s a style of speech common to televised political events.
38．It is suggested in paragraph 4 that ________.
A．politicians need to learn to become more personal
B．attractive politicians are favored by citizens
C．citizens tend to favor a politician who analyzed issues
D．citizens need to learn how to evaluate visual political images
39．What can we infer from the passage
A．Political presentations today are more like advertisements than in the past.
B．Politicians today tend to be more familiar with the views of citizens than in the past.
C．Citizens today are less informed about a politician’s character than in the past.
D．Political speeches today focus more on details about issues than in the past.
40．What’s the best title for the passage
A．Television: an Agent of Change in Politics B．Television: a Platform for Political Debate
C．Television: an Alternative to Stump Speech D．Television: a New Medium for Communication
参考答案：
1．A 2．D 3．D 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。讲述了医生Atul Gawande受到一个医疗事件的启发，着手研究如何通过严格执行操作程序清单提升医疗服务及其对其他行业的重要性。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“It turned out that she had contracted a serious infection, probably because the doctors and nurses hadn’t followed a simple rule.(结果她得了严重的感染，可能是因为医生和护士没有遵守一个简单的规则)”及第二段第一句“Atul Gawande was interested in that story and carried out a research on the importance of a checklist to boost hospital services.(Atul Gawande对这个故事很感兴趣，并开展了一项关于清单对提高医院服务的重要性的研究)”可知，第一段描述的医疗事故激发了Atul Gawande去研究严格执行操作程序清单的重要性，故第一段介绍了Atul Gawande的研究想法的来源。故选A项。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段“By making sure that the checklist was followed, there were almost no infections during the 27 months of the experiment, and they estimate that around eight lives were saved. When the checklist was tested again in hospitals in Michigan, infections went down by 66 percent.(通过确保遵守清单，在27个月的实验中几乎没有感染，他们估计大约有8条生命得救。当这份清单在密歇根州的医院再次进行测试时，感染率下降了66%)”可知，这两个实验都表明严格执行操作程序清单可以减少医疗事故，提高手术成功率。故选D项。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段“He points out that people like engineers and pilots use checklists all the time, and he comes up with some good examples. Just imagine that an airplane crashed because the pilot had failed to follow basic procedures. Suppose a skyscraper collapsed because the engineers hadn’t remembered to do some important calculations.(他指出，像工程师和飞行员这样的人一直在使用清单，他举出了一些很好的例子。想象一下，一架飞机因为飞行员没有遵守基本程序而坠毁。假设一座摩天大楼因为工程师们忘记做一些重要的计算而倒塌)”可知，Gawande发现严格遵守操作程序对其他行业的重要性。像工程师及飞行员等职业稍一疏忽就会造成重大的事故，故飞行员或工程师必须严格执行操作程序清单。故选D项。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Gawande’s study finding is really interesting and received much public attention. It reminds us that sometimes the easiest way to avoid making mistakes is to follow a very simple set of rules. It’s relevant for all of us, not just for doctors.( Gawande的研究发现非常有趣，受到了公众的广泛关注。它提醒我们，有时候避免犯错最简单的方法就是遵
循一套非常简单的规则。这与我们所有人都相关，而不仅仅是医生)”可知，作者认为Gawande的研究非常有价值，对其持认可的态度。故选C项。
5．A 6．B 7．C 8．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了火车、汽车，乘船和乘飞机旅行的特点。
5．细节理解题。根据第一段第三四句“Train compartments soon get cramped and stuffy. Reading is only a partial solution for the monotonous rhythm of the wheels clicking on the rails soon lulls you to sleep.”（火车车厢很快变得拥挤和闷热。看书只能解决部分问题。车轮与铁轨间单调的嘎喳声很快就会送你进入梦乡。）可知，阅读有助于解决部分问题，而这个问题就是坐长途火车会让人觉得烦闷单调。故选A项。
6．细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Long car journey are even less pleasant for it is quite impossible even to read.”（长途汽车旅行更不愉快，因为它甚至不可能阅读。）可知，长途汽车旅行更不舒服，因为甚至无法读书。故选B项。
7．细节理解题。根据第三段倒数第三句“If it is not and you are likely to get seasick; no form of transport could be worse.”（如果海面并不平静 ，你就可能晕船，那种难受劲儿是任何一种别的旅行方式都不会有的。）可知，当游客晕船时，乘船旅行就成了最糟糕的出行方式。故选C项。
8．推理判断题。根据第一段第一句“People traveling long distances frequently have to decide whether they would prefer to go by land, sea, or air.”（长途旅行的人们常常不得不决定他们是否愿意走陆路，海上，或空中。）并结合下文对陆上火车和长途汽车旅行，海上乘船旅行及乘飞机旅行的方式比较可知，作者写这篇文章是为了介绍不同的旅行方式。故选A项。
9．D 10．A 11．A 12．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了艺术领域“哈德逊河学派”的起源及其创作格。
9．细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“The older painters, most of whom were born before 1835, practiced in a mode often self-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy of Design.”（年长的画家大多出生在1835年之前，他们的创作模式往往是自学成才，以风景题材为主导，在当时占统治地位的美国艺术组织——美国国家设计学院中站稳了位置，并得到了后者的培养。）可知，美国国家设计学院培养了出生在1835年之前的画家，
支持他们的成长。故选D项。
10．词义猜测题。根据第一段最后一句“The older painters, most of whom were born before 1835, practiced in a mode often self-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy of Design.”（年长的画家大多出生在1835年之前，他们的创作模式往往是自学成才，以风景题材为主导，在当时占统治地位的美国艺术组织——美国国家设计学院中站稳了位置，并得到了后者的培养。）及第二段第一句“The younger painters returning home from training in Europe worked more with figural subject matter and in a bold and impressionistic technique; their prospects for patronage in their own country were uncertain, and they sought to attract it by attaining academic recognition in New York.”（从欧洲受训归来的年轻画家更多地以人物题材和大胆的印象派手法创作;他们在自己国家获得赞助的前景是不确定的，他们试图通过在纽约获得学术认可来吸引赞助。）可知，“the conflict between the two factions”指的是“美国本土年长画家群体”和“从欧洲受训归来的年轻画家群体”之间的冲突，即“哈德逊河学派”和“纽约学派”的冲突，故推知factions意为“派系，流派”。故选A项。
11．细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“The younger painters returning home from training in Europe worked more with figural subject matter and in a bold and impressionistic technique;”（从欧洲受训归来的年轻画家更多地以人物题材和大胆的印象派手法创作；）可知，年轻画家在欧洲接受了艺术训练。故选A项。
12．主旨大意题。根据第一段前两句“The term “Hudson River school” was applied to the foremost representatives of nineteenth-century North American landscape painting. Apparently unknown during the golden days of the American landscape movement, which began around 1850s and lasted until the late 1860s, the Hudson River school seems to have emerged in the 1870s as a direct result of the struggle between the old and the new generations of artists, each to assert its own style as the representative American art. ”（“哈德逊河学派”一词适用于19世纪北美风景画的最重要代表。在19世纪50年代左右开始、一直持续到19世纪60年代末的美国风景画运动的黄金时期，哈德逊河画派显然不为人知，但在19世纪70年代，哈德逊河画派似乎作为新老一代艺术家之间斗争的直接结果出现了，每一代艺术家都主张自己的风格，认为自己是美国艺术的代表。）及最后一段“A possible implication in the term applied to the group of landscapists was that many of them had, like Cole, lived on or near the banks of the Hudson. Further, the river had long served as the principal route to other sketching grounds favored by the
Academicians, particularly the Adirondacks and the mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire different ways.”（把这个词用在这群风景画家身上，可能意味着他们中的许多人，像科尔一样，住在哈德逊河岸边或附近。此外，这条河长期以来一直是通往院士们青睐的其他素描场地的主要路线，尤其是阿迪朗达克山脉和佛蒙特州和新罕布什尔州的山脉。）并结合全文可知，本文主要介绍了艺术领域“哈德逊河学派”的起源及其创作风格。故选B项。
13．C 14．B 15．D 16．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要探讨了给热浪命名的潜在利弊。尽管存在争议，但作者呼吁尝试一项试点计划，给最危险的热浪命名，以更好地保护人们的生命安全。
13．推理判断题。根据第一段中“But it may be tough to recall because heat waves don’t typically have names.”（但人们可能很难回忆起那场热浪，因为热浪通常没有名字。）以及下文对给热浪命名的讨论推知，作者通过提及2006年加利福尼亚州的热浪目的是为了引出给热浪命名这个主旨。故选C项。
14．细节理解题。根据第二段中“ The results of a survey of more than 2,000 people found that people who knew the heat wave was named Cerberus were also more likely to take actions to stay safe, including drinking more water, spending more time indoors and warning others about the risk.”（一项对 2000 多人进行的调查结果显示，知道热浪被命名为“地狱犬”的人也更有可能采取安全措施，包括多喝水、多呆在室内和提醒他人注意风险。）以及第三段中“Though more research is needed, this suggests that naming heat waves, combined with stronger messaging, can not only help change people’s perception of the risk, but prompt them to take protective action.”（尽管还需要更多的研究，但这表明，给热浪命名，再加上更有力的信息传递，不仅有助于改变人们对风险的认识，还能促使他们采取保护措施。）可知第二段、第三段主要讲述了给热浪命名的的优点。故选B项。
15．细节理解题。根据第四段中“And the National Weather Service has no plans to rank or name heat waves either, saying that heat and its health impacts vary so dramatically across different regions and seasons that even coming up with a standard definition of a heat wave is impossible.”（美国国家气象局也不打算对热浪进行排名或命名，称不同地区和季节的热量及其对健康的影响差异巨大，甚至连热浪的标准定义都不可能提出来。）可知，美国气象局没有计划给热浪命名，是因为不可能为热浪提出一个标准定义。故选D项。
16．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“There’s nothing to lose by trying out a pilot program to name
the most dangerous heat waves.”（通过试点项目来命名最危险的热浪并不会有什么损失。）可推知，作者对于给热浪命名一事持积极、支持意见。A.Approving支持；B.Indifferent漠不关心；C.Doubtful质疑的；D.Opposed反对。结合语境翻译可知，A项Approving“支持”符合语境。故选A项。
17．C 18．D 19．A 20．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了领导力的本质。作为领导者，能力的重要性远超于魅力和自信，并且领导者能够树立良好的榜样。
17．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Leadership is a quality that is hard to define. Everyone can think of inspiring leaders from history but managers who think they can base their style on Nelson Mandela or Elizabeth I are suffering from misunderstandings of greatness.(领导力是一种难以准确定义的品质。每个人都能想到历史上鼓舞人心的领导者，但如果管理者认为他们可以基于纳尔逊·曼德拉或伊丽莎白一世等伟大人物的风格来塑造自己的管理方式，那么他们可能对伟大的理解存在误区)”可知，你不能仅仅通过模仿他人而成为领导者。故选C项。
18．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“But he lacked the skills to put his vision into practice. Festival guests arrived to find their food consisted of cheese sandwiches, rather than first-class cuisine. They were housed not in luxury villas, but in tents left over from a hurricane-relief program. The whole event ended with Mr McFarland being sentenced to six years in prison.(但是，比利·麦克法兰德缺乏将愿景付诸实践的技能。音乐节的来宾抵达后发现，他们的食物只是奶酪三明治，而非宣传中的顶级美食。他们居住的也不是豪华别墅，而是飓风救灾项目遗留下来的帐篷。这场闹剧最终以麦克法兰德先生被判处六年监禁告终)”可知，比利·麦克法兰德作为领导者表现出了无能的一面。故选D项。
19．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“As an organisational psychologist, he points out that people tend to assume that confident individuals are competent, when there is no actual relationship between the two qualities. Those confident people are promoted and then their abilities turn out to be over-estimated.(作为组织心理学家，他指出，人们常常错误地假设自信的人就一定具备相应的能力，尽管事实上这两种特质之间并没有直接关联。那些自信满满的人往往会被提拔，然后才会发现其实际能力被过分高估了)”可知，查莫罗-普雷穆茨先生在他的书中揭示了一个普遍存在的假设，即自信等于能力。故选A项。
20．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Employees are more likely to be engaged with their work if
they get frequent feedback from their bosses, and if they are involved in setting their own goals.(如果员工能经常从上级那里获得反馈，并且有机会参与制定自己的工作目标，他们将更有可能积极投入工作)”可知，查莫罗-普雷穆茨先生建议，为了展现良好的领导力，应当给予员工频繁的反馈。故选B项。
21．B 22．B 23．A 24．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了史前文字系统中已知最早的书写形式——古代美索不达米亚粘土板上的楔形苏美尔文字的起源与历史演变。
21．细节理解题。根据第二段第三句“To keep batches of tokens together, an innovation was introduced whereby they were sealed inside clay envelopes that could be broken open and counted when it came time for a debt to be repaid.But because the contents of the envelopes could easily be forgotten, two-dimensional representations of the three-dimensional tokens were impressed into the surface of the envelopes before they were sealed.”（为了将代币保持在一起，引入了一种创新方法，即将代币密封在粘土信封中，当需要偿还债务时，可以打开并计数。但是因为信封里的东西很容易被遗忘，所以在封缄之前，这些三维符号的二维表示就被印在了信封的表面。）可知，粘土信封可用于保存代币，可用于记录债务，为了防止遗忘，信封表面被印上了二维符号，文章没有提到它能重复使用。故选B项。
22．推理判断题。根据第二段前两句“The original tokens were three-dimensional solid shapes—tiny spheres, cones, disks, and cylinders. A debt of six units of grain and eight head of livestock, for example, might have been represented by six conical and eight cylindrical tokens.”（最初的代币符号是三维的固体形状——微小的球体、锥体、圆盘和圆柱体。例如，6单位谷物和8头牲畜的债务可以用6个圆锥形和8个圆柱形的代币来表示。）及最后一段最后两句“The earliest tokens, dating from about 10,000 to 6,000 years ago, were of only the simplest geometric shapes. But about 3500 B.C.E., more complex tokens came into common usage, including many naturalistic forms shaped like miniature tools, furniture, fruit, and humans.”（最早的代币可以追溯到大约1万到6000年前，只有最简单的几何形状。但在公元前3500年左右，更复杂的代币符号开始普遍使用，包括许多形状像微型工具、家具、水果和人的自然形式。）可知，早期的代币符号只有最简单的几何形状，后期的符号变得更复杂，形式多样，通常看起来像它们所代表的商品。故选B项。
23．词句猜测题。根据第一段第一句“Although literacy appeared independently in several parts of
the prehistoric world, the earliest evidence of writing is the cuneiform Sumerian script on the clay tablets of ancient Mesopotamia, which, archaeological detective work has revealed, had its origins in the accounting practices of commercial activity.”（虽然识字能力在史前世界的几个地方独立出现，但最早的文字证据是古代美索不达米亚粘土板上的楔形苏美尔文字，考古侦探工作揭示，它起源于商业活动的会计实践。）可知，古代美索不达米亚粘土板上的楔形苏美尔文字是史前文字系统中已知最早的书写形式，最初是为了记帐。故选A项。
24．主旨大意题。根据第一段第一句“Although literacy appeared independently in several parts of the prehistoric world, the earliest evidence of writing is the cuneiform Sumerian script on the clay tablets of ancient Mesopotamia, which, archaeological detective work has revealed, had its origins in the accounting practices of commercial activity.”（虽然识字能力在史前世界的几个地方独立出现，但最早的文字证据是古代美索不达米亚粘土板上的楔形苏美尔文字，考古侦探工作揭示，它起源于商业活动的会计实践。）及后文对其代币符号的历史演变的介绍可知，本文主要介绍了史前文字系统中已知最早的书写形式存在的证据。故选A项。
25．C 26．D 27．A 28．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”，文章对此进行了介绍。
25．细节理解题。根据第一段“Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat.(每个孩子都被告知，如果他们在吃之前等待15分钟，他们将得到第二次奖励)”可知，在米歇尔的测试中，孩子们需要在吃之前等待15分钟才能得到第二次奖励。故选C。
26．细节理解题。根据第三段“But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.(但是，当我们重塑了我们周围的世界，大大减少了获取卡路里的成本和努力时，我们的大脑仍然和几千年前一样，这种不匹配是我们这么多人努力抵抗我们知道不应该吃的诱人食物的核心原因)”可知，丰富的食物供应和我们不曾改变的大脑之间存在不匹配。故选D。
27．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the
temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.(因此，就像我们需要更仔细地考虑我们的热量消耗一样，我们也需要更仔细地考虑我们的信息消耗，抵制精神“垃圾食品”的诱惑，以便最有效地管理我们的时间)”可知，作者建议读者做有选择性的信息消费者。故选A。
28．主旨大意题。根据第二段“As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’re not tempted by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.(作为成年人，我们每天都要面对棉花糖测试。诱惑我们的不是甜食，而是我们的电脑、手机和平板电脑——所有这些将我们与全球信息传递系统连接起来的设备，它们对我们的作用就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的作用一样)”结合文章主要是讲在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”。由此可知，C选项“成人棉花糖测试”最符合文章标题。故选C。
29．B 30．A 31．C 32．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了1991年9月7日，加拿大历史上损失最大的冰雹袭击了卡尔加里的南郊。因此，自1996年以来，一组保险公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制项目上花费约200万美元。飞机在有威胁的风暴中心中播撒一种化学物质，使小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前像雨一样落下。但是，在艾伯塔省中东部的农民们担心，“冰雹计划”飞行的下风处，宝贵的水分正被人工降雨从他们干渴的土地上偷走。
29．细节理解题。根据第一段中“As a result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones.(因此，自1996年以来，一组保险公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制项目上花费约200万美元。飞机在有威胁的风暴中心中播撒一种化学物质，使小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前像雨一样落下)”可知，这个项目的目标是防止冰雹的形成。故选B项。
30．细节理解题。根据第一段中“But farmers in east-central Alberta — downwind of the hail project flights — worry that precious moisture (水分) is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding.(但是，在艾伯塔省中东部的农民们担心，“冰雹计划”飞行的下风处，宝贵的水分正被人工降雨从他们干渴的土地上偷走)”可知，艾伯塔省中东部的农民反对这个项目。故选A项。
31．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes (龙卷风) form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind No one really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.”(查克·多斯韦尔是一位刚刚从俄克拉何马大学退休的研究科学家，他对人工降雨的安全性持怀疑态度。“1999年，我在堪萨斯州亲眼目睹了由种子风暴细胞形成的重大龙卷风，”多斯韦尔博士说。“人工降雨会制造致命风暴还是减少顺风处的水分？当然，没有人真正知道，但是播种还在继续。”)”可推知，多斯韦尔博士提到他在1999年看到的龙卷风是为了提示人工降雨可能带来的危险。故选C项。
32．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice, doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies. Hence, private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety.(考虑到质疑的程度，斯廷旺德建议，“停止人工降雨是明智的。”在实践中，怀疑产生了相反的效果。由于缺乏有关其影响的科学证据，没有人成功地赢得了对人工降雨公司的诉讼。因此，私人气候工程可以在相对合法的安全条件下进行)”可推知，从最后一段我们能推断出人工降雨公司将继续存在。故选D项。
33．D 34．C 35．A 36．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲的是在线画廊BE OPEN Art为没有机会推广自己艺术作品机会的艺术家提供一个向世界艺术专业人士展示他们作品的机会。
33．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The art market as such is not yet established in Ghana. The country doesn’t even have a national gallery to preserve and promote Ghanaian art.(加纳的艺术市场还没有建立起来。这个国家甚至没有一个国家美术馆来保护和推广加纳的艺术)”可知，加纳艺术家缺乏一个支撑其作品实现商业价值的平台。故选D。
34．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“It was founded by philanthropist Elena Baturina with a desire to provide emerging artists worldwide with an opportunity to show their works to the world of art professionals.(它是由慈善家Elena Baturina创立的，旨在为世界各地的新兴艺术家提供一个向世界艺术专业人士展示他们作品的机会)”可知，Elena Baturina创立BE OPEN Art，是为了给年轻艺术家提供展示艺术才华的机会。故选C。
35．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Tetteh thinks the world can be a better place if young artists are guided on their way without any form of disregard, but with support of the senior. As his name has hit headlines of the arts world media, he hopes to help promote emerging talents in his native country.(Tetteh 认为，如果年轻艺术家的道路上没有任何形式的漠视，但在前辈的支持下，世界会变得更美好。由于他的名字登上了艺术界媒体的头条，他希望能在自己的祖国帮助培养新兴人才)”可知，Tetteh希望能在自己的祖国帮助培养新兴人才，可推知他是有社会责任感的。故选A。
36．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Theophilus Tetteh is an African contemporary artist from Ghana. He buried himself in the study of graphic design and painting at school while experimenting with different media themes.(Theophilus Tetteh是一位来自加纳的非洲当代艺术家。他在学校埋头学习平面设计和绘画，同时尝试不同的媒体主题)”、文章第三段“Things changed for Tetteh when he got featured in BE OPEN Art, an online gallery of contemporary art. It was founded by philanthropist Elena Baturina with a desire to provide emerging artists worldwide with an opportunity to show their works to the world of art professionals. The platform especially welcomes artists who don’t have resources or promotional opportunities such as graduates and self-taught artists.(当Tetteh成为在线当代艺术画廊BE OPEN Art的常客时，情况发生了变化。它是由慈善家Elena Baturina创立的，旨在为世界各地的新兴艺术家提供一个向世界艺术专业人士展示他们作品的机会。这个平台特别欢迎那些没有资源和推广机会的艺术家，比如毕业生和自学成才的艺术家)”以及文章第四段“In December 2020, Tetteh was voted the Artist of the Month by the visitors of the BE OPEN Art. Later, he was chosen as the gallery’s first-ever Artist of the Year. The award brought him favorable publicity, so he was noticed by the art community, the media, collectors, etc.(2020年12月，Tetteh被BE OPEN Art的参观者评选为本月艺术家。后来，他被选为该画廊的第一位年度艺术家。这个奖项给他带来了良好的宣传，因此他被艺术界、媒体、收藏家等注意到)”可知，在线当代艺术画廊BE OPEN Art为艺术家提供了向世界艺术专业人士展示作品的机会，Tetteh抓住机会，使自己的才能被注意到，说明机会青睐有准备的人。故选B。
37．C 38．D 39．A 40．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了电视改变了政治的传播以及交流形式。如今的政治演讲比过去更像广告，知情公民需要一套新的技能来应对。
37．细节理解题。根据第二段“The stump speech, a political speech given by traveling politicians and lasting 1 to 2 hours, which was popular in the nineteenth-century, has given way to the 30-second advertisement and the 10 second “sound bite” in broadcast news.(19世纪流行的政治演说，即政治家在旅行中发表的持续1到2小时的政治演说，已经被30秒的广告和10秒的广播新闻“声音片段”所取代)”可知，“政治演说”是一种典型的十九世纪的政治表现。故选C。
38．推理判断题。根据第四段“Reliance on television means that increasingly our political world contains memorable pictures rather than memorable words. Schools teach us to analyze words and print. However, in a world in which politics is increasingly visual, informed citizenship requires a new set of skills.(对电视的依赖意味着，我们的政治世界越来越多地充斥着令人难忘的画面，而不是令人难忘的话语。学校教我们分析文字和印刷品。然而，在一个政治日益可视化的世界里，知情的公民需要一套新的技能)”可推知，公民需要学习如何评价视觉政治形象。故选D。
39．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Much of the political activity we see on television news has been crafted by politicians, their speechwriters, and their public relations advisers for televised consumption. Sound bites in news and answers to questions in debates increasingly sound like advertisements.(我们在电视新闻中看到的许多政治活动都是由政治家、他们的演讲撰稿人和他们的公共关系顾问精心策划的，以供电视消费。新闻中的插话和辩论中对问题的回答越来越像广告)”可知，今天的政治演讲比过去更像广告。故选A。
40．主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据第一段“Television has transformed politics in the United States by changing the way in which information is spread, by altering political campaigns, and by changing citizen’s patterns of response to politics.(电视改变了信息传播的方式，改变了政治运动，改变了公民对政治的反应模式，从而改变了美国的政治)”可知，文章主要说明了电视改变了政治的传播以及交流形式。如今的政治演讲比过去更像广告。A选项“电视：政治变革的推动者”最符合文章标题。故选A。
（2024上·浙江嘉兴·高三统考期末）A doctor walked into an operating room where an operation was being performed. Everything seemed to be going well, but the doctor noticed that no one was wearing a face mask. He was surprised—wearing a face mask is a basic hospital procedure. But he didn’t say anything. The operation was a success, but a few days later the patient came down with a fever. It turned out that she had contracted a serious infection, probably because the doctors and nurses hadn’t followed a simple rule.
Atul Gawande was interested in that story and carried out a research on the importance of a checklist to boost hospital services. Gawande is a doctor himself, and in his research he suggests that if surgeons run through a simple checklist before every operation, then lives will be saved. And he’s got the numbers to prove it. In 2001, an experiment at an American hospital required doctors to use a five-point checklist before they carried out specific procedures. The checklist was just a list of routine things doctor should normally do without thinking—wearing latex gloves, washing their hands before and after every patient, and so on. By making sure that the checklist was followed, there were almost no infections during the 27 months of the experiment, and they estimate that around eight lives were saved. When the checklist was tested again in hospitals in Michigan, infections went down by 66 percent.
In his study, Gawande looks at other professions, too, to support his argument that checklists reduce accidents and improve success rates. He points out that people like engineers and pilots use checklists all the time, and he comes up with some good examples. Just imagine that an airplane crashed because the pilot had failed to follow basic procedures. Suppose a skyscraper collapsed because the engineers hadn’t remembered to do some important calculations. People would demand that officials look into these events immediately.
Gawande’s study finding is really interesting and received much public attention. It reminds us that sometimes the easiest way to avoid making mistakes is to follow a very simple set of rules. It’s relevant for all of us, not just for doctors.
1．The function of the first paragraph in this text is to ________.
A．introduce the origin of the idea for Gawande’s study
B．explain the importance of the basic hospital procedure
C．explore the causes of infections among patients in hospitals
D．emphasize the urgency of providing relevant training to doctors
2．What are the two experiments in paragraph 2 intended to prove
A．Young medical staff need follow the checklists.
B．Checklists are necessary for hospitals in particular.
C．Hospitals are required to maintain good management.
D．Medical infections can be reduced by observing a set of rules.
3．What can we learn from paragraph 3
A．Air crashes hardly occurred with the basic procedures.
B．Gawande intends to promote his idea to other professions.
C．High buildings may collapse due to engineers’ miscalculations.
D．People think it a must for a pilot or engineer to use their checklists.
4．What is the author’s attitude toward Gawande’s study
A．Unclear. B．Dismissive. C．Approving. D．Doubtful.
（2024下·浙江金华·高三义乌市第二中学校考开学考试）People traveling long distances frequently have to decide whether they would prefer to go by land, sea, or air. Hardly can anyone positively enjoy sitting in a train for mort than a few hours. Train compartments soon get cramped and stuffy. Reading is only a partial solution for the monotonous rhythm of the wheels clicking on the rails soon lulls you to sleep. During the day, sleep comes in snatches. At night when you really wish to go to sleep you rarely manage to do so. Inevitably you arrive at your destination almost exhausted.
Long car journey are even less pleasant for it is quite impossible even to read. On motorways you can at least, travel fairly safely at high speeds, but more often than not, the greater pan of the journey is spent on narrow bumpy roads which are crowded wich traffic.
By comparison, trips by sea offer a great variety of civilized comforts. You can stretch your legs on the spacious decks, play games, swim, meet interesting people and enjoy good food-always assuming, of course, that the sea is calm. If it is not and you are likely to get seasick; no form of transport could be worse. Even if you travel in ideal weather, sea journeys take a long time. Relatively few people are prepared to sacrifice up to a third of their holidays for the pleasure of traveling on a ship.
Airplanes have the reputation of being dangerous and expensive. But nothing can match them for speed and comfort. Traveling at a height of 30,000 feet far above the clouds, and at over 500 miles an hour is an exhilarating experience. For a few hours, you settle back in a deep armchair to enjoy the flight. The real escapist can watch a free film show and sip champagne on some services. But even when such refinements are not available, there is plenty to keep you occupied. An airplane offers you an unusual and breathtaking view of the world. You soar effortlessly over high mountains and deep valleys. You really see the shape of the land. If the landscape is hidden
from the view. you can enjoy the extraordinary sight of unbroken cloud plains that stretch om for miles before you, while the sun shines brilliantly in a clear sky. The journey is so smooth that there is nothing to prevent you from reading or sleeping. However you decide to spend your time, one thing is certain: you will arrive at your destination fresh and uncrumpled.
5．According to the author, reading help lessen .
A．The boredom of being in the train B．The tiresome clicking of the wheels
C．The sleeplessness during the journey D．The poor ventilation of the compartment
6．What can we learn about the long distance journey by car
A．It is safe because the car usually goes at high speeds.
B．It is unpleasant because reading is quite impossible.
C．It is exhausting because you seldom manage to sleep.
D．It is dangerous because the traffic is always too dense.
7．When is trips by sea regarded as the worst means of traveling
A．The weather is terrible B．The traveler has little time
C．The traveler feels seasick D．The sea is not calm
8．Why did the author write this passage
A．Introduce diverse ways of traveling.
B．Points out the best mode of traveling.
C．Emphasize the advantages of traveling by air.
D．Compare the means of relaxing when traveling.
（2024下·浙江金华·高三义乌市第二中学校考开学考试）The term “Hudson River school” was applied to the foremost representatives of nineteenth-century North American landscape painting. Apparently unknown during the golden days of the American landscape movement, which began around 1850s and lasted until the late 1860s, the Hudson River school seems to have emerged in the 1870s as a direct result of the struggle between the old and the new generations of artists, each to assert its own style as the representative American art. The older painters, most of whom were born before 1835, practiced in a mode often self-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy of Design.
The younger painters returning home from training in Europe worked more with figural subject matter and in a bold and impressionistic technique; their prospects for patronage in their own country were uncertain, and they sought to attract it by attaining academic recognition in New York. One of the results of the conflict between the
two factions was that what in previous years had been referred to as the American, native, or, occasionally, New York school — the most representative school of American art in any genre — had by 1890s become firmly established in the minds of critics and public alike as the Hudson River school.
The sobriquet was first applied around 1879. While it was not intended as flattering, it was hardly inappropriate. The Academicians at whom it was aimed had worked and socialized in New York, the Hudson’s port city, and had painted the river and its shores with varying frequency. Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of America’s first popular landscape artist, Thomas Cole, who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River.
A possible implication in the term applied to the group of landscapists was that many of them had, like Cole, lived on or near the banks of the Hudson. Further, the river had long served as the principal route to other sketching grounds favored by the Academicians, particularly the Adirondacks and the mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire different ways.
9．According to the passage, what was the function of the National Academy of Design for the painters born before 1835
A．It mediated conflicts between artists.
B．It supervised the incorporation of new artistic techniques.
C．It determined which subjects were appropriate.
D．It supported their growth and development.
10．The word factions is closest in meaning to
A．sides B．people C．cities D．images
11．Where did the younger generation of painters receive its artistic training
A．In Europe. B．In the Adirondacks.
C．In Vermon. D．In New Hampshire.
12．What is the best title for the text
A．The Nature’s Nation B．Hudson River School
C．Early painters and their drawings D．North American landscape painting
（2024下·浙江·高三校联考开学考试）When a severe heat wave covered California in July 2006, it killed an estimated 650 people. But it may be tough to recall because heat waves don’t typically have names. They are already the deadliest weather-related danger, yet they remain invisible killers that few people take seriously. What if the most life-threatening heat waves did have names
This summer, as many experience high temperatures fueled by greenhouse gas pollution and El Ni o, there has been new openness to the idea of naming heat waves. People in Southern Europe have dubbed the July heat wave Cerberus. The results of a survey of more than 2,000 people found that people who knew the heat wave was named Cerberus were also more likely to take actions to stay safe, including drinking more water, spending more time indoors and warning others about the risk.
Though more research is needed, this suggests that naming heat waves, combined with stronger messaging, can not only help change people’s perception of the risk, but prompt them to take protective action. It would be more effective to broadcast that Heat Wave Zoe, a dangerous Category 3 event, will start tomorrow and here’s what you can do to protect yourself, your neighbors and co-workers. Names, after all, are easier to remember than numbers or weather forecasts.
But the World Meteorological (气象学的) Organization opposes naming heat waves on the grounds that it would confuse and distract the public. And the National Weather Service has no plans to rank or name heat waves either, saying that heat and its health impacts vary so dramatically across different regions and seasons that even coming up with a standard definition of a heat wave is impossible.
There’s nothing to lose by trying out a pilot program to name the most dangerous heat waves. It’s pretty clear the current approach to these disasters is falling far short of what’s necessary to protect lives. We need other ways to call attention to it and warn the public of the danger. It’s hard to make progress fighting an enemy with no name.
13．Why does the author mention the severe heat wave that covered California in July 2006
A．To clarify the severity of heat waves. B．To remind people of the tough heat wave.
C．To introduce the topic of naming heat waves. D．To show people’s ignorance of the heat wave.
14．What can we learn from paragraph 2 and 3
A．Due to its effectiveness, naming waves is a must.
B．There exist benefits of categorizing and naming heat waves.
C．Naming heat waves can change people’s perception of the risk.
D．Naming heat waves can urge people to take prompt action to protect themselves.
15．Why does the National Weather Service have no plans to name heat waves
A．It will confuse and distract the public.
B．It is inappropriate for naming heat waves.
C．It is difficult to distinguish and predict heat waves.
D．It is unlikely to put forward a standard definition for heat waves.
16．What is the author’s attitude to naming heat waves
A．Approving. B．Indifferent. C．Doubtful. D．Opposed.
（2024下·浙江·高三校联考开学考试）Leadership is a quality that is hard to define. Everyone can think of inspiring leaders from history but managers who think they can base their style on Nelson Mandela or Elizabeth I are suffering from misunderstandings of greatness.
The biggest mistake is to consider leadership entirely equal to charisma(魅力). Billy McFarland was just 25 when he set up the Fyre festival which promised attendees a luxury experience on a deserted island in the Bahamas. As shown by the Netflix documentary, “Fyre: The Greatest Party That Never Happened”, Mr McFarland was an unusual salesman. He convinced investors that he was a visionary businessman and persuaded talented young people to work for him.
But he lacked the skills to put his vision into practice. Festival guests arrived to find their food consisted of cheese sandwiches, rather than first-class cuisine. They were housed not in luxury villas, but in tents left over from a hurricane-relief program. The whole event ended with Mr McFarland being sentenced to six years in prison.
His example could have been a case study for the book by Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic— “Why Do So Many Incompetent Men Become Leaders (and how to fix it)”. As an organisational psychologist, he points out that people tend to assume that confident individuals are competent, when there is no actual relationship between the two qualities. Those confident people are promoted and then their abilities turn out to be over-estimated.
Mr Chamorro-Premuzic argues that competence is more important than charisma or confidence. Managers need enough presence to persuade their teams to follow the business plan, but they should think in terms of coaching rather than inspiration. Employees are more likely to be engaged with their work if they get frequent feedback from their bosses, and if they are involved in setting their own goals. Another key factor in leadership is the ability to set a good example. Subordinates(下属)notice what behaviour gets rewarded and which standards are set by the person at the top.
17．What can we infer from paragraph 1
A．Leadership is a quality impossible to evaluate.
B．Nelson Mandela and Elizabeth I are both overrated.
C．You can’t become leaders by simply imitating others.
D．Charismatic people are more likely to be great leaders.
18．According to the text, what kind of a leader was Billy McFarland
A．Unconfident. B．Visionary. C．Incomparable. D．Incompetent.
19．What does Mr Chamorro-Premuzic reveal in his book
A．The assumption that confidence equals competence.
B．The phenomenon that competent people can’t lead well.
C．The connection between competence and career success.
D．The reason why confident people are popular in workplaces.
20．What does Mr Chamorro-Premuzic suggest for good leadership
A．Respecting the privacy of employees. B．Giving employees frequent feedback.
C．Inspiring employees with big visions. D．Following the examples of good employees.
（2024下·浙江嘉兴·高三校考阶段练习）Although literacy appeared independently in several parts of the prehistoric world, the earliest evidence of writing is the cuneiform Sumerian script on the clay tablets of ancient Mesopotamia, which, archaeological detective work has revealed, had its origins in the accounting practices of commercial activity. Researchers demonstrated that preliterate people, to keep track of the goods they produced and exchanged, created a system of accounting using clay tokens as symbolic representations of their products. Over many thousands of years, the symbols evolved through several stages of abstraction until they became wedge-shaped (cuneiform) signs on clay tablets, recognizable as writing.
The original tokens were three-dimensional solid shapes — tiny spheres, cones, disks, and cylinders. A debt of six units of grain and eight head of livestock, for example, might have been represented by six conical and eight cylindrical tokens. To keep batches of tokens together, an innovation was introduced whereby they were sealed inside clay envelopes that could be broken open and counted when it came time for a debt to be repaid. But because the contents of the envelopes could easily be forgotten, two-dimensional representations of the three-dimensional tokens were impressed into the surface of the envelopes before they were sealed. Eventually, having two sets of equivalent symbols — the internal tokens and external markings — came to seem redundant, so the tokens were eliminated, and only solid clay tablets with two-dimensional symbols were retained. Over time, the symbols became more numerous, varied, and abstract and came to represent more than trade commodities, evolving eventually into cuneiform writing.
The evolution of the symbolism is reflected in the archaeological record first of all by the increasing complexity of the tokens themselves. The earliest tokens, dating from about 10,000 to 6,000 years ago, were of only the simplest geometric shapes. But about 3500 B．C．E., more complex tokens came into common usage, including many naturalistic forms shaped like miniature tools, furniture, fruit, and humans.
21．Which of the following is NOT mentioned about clay envelopes
A．They contained batches of tokens. B．They could be reused frequently.
C．They had markings on the outside. D．They could be used to record debts.
22．Which of the following can be inferred about the difference between earlier tokens and later tokens
A．Later tokens were made of many different materials, but earlier ones were made only of clay.
B．Later tokens often looked like the commodities that they represented, but earlier ones did not.
C．Later tokens represented agricultural products, but earlier ones represented finished products.
D．Later tokens were based on pictographs, but earlier ones were based on naturalistic forms.
23．Which of the sentences best expresses the essential information in the underlined sentence
A．Sumerian script, the earliest known form of writing among prehistoric writing systems, was first used on clay tablets for accounting purposes.
B．Although the earliest Sumerians engaged in commercial activity and practiced accounting, they were not as literate as people in other parts of the prehistoric world.
C．Archaeologists have discovered that literacy was developed in several parts of the world, including ancient Mesopotamia.
D．Archaeological detective work has revealed the commercial accounting practices of the Sumerians of ancient Mesopotamia and provided a written record of their intense commercial activity.
24．What might be the best title for the text
A．Evidence of the Earliest Writing B．A long history of tokens
C．Evolution of the symbolism D．Origins of the symbols
（2024·浙江·统考高考真题）The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’re not tempted by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
25．What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test
A．Take an examination alone. B．Share their treats with others.
C．Delay eating for fifteen minutes. D．Show respect for the researchers.
26．According to Paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between_______.
A．the calorie-poor world and our good appetites B．the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs
C．the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit D．the rich food supply and our unchanged brains
27．What does the author suggest readers do
A．Be selective information consumers. B．Absorb new information readily.
C．Use diverse information sources. D．Protect the information environment.
28．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Eat Less, Read More B．The Later, the Better
C．The Marshmallow Test for Grownups D．The Bitter Truth about Early Humans
（2024·浙江·统考高考真题）On September 7, 1991, the costliest hailstorm (花暴) in Canadian history hit Calgary’s southern suburbs. As a result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones. But farmers in east-central Alberta — downwind of the hail project flights — worry that precious moisture (水分) is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding.
Norman Stienwand, who farms in that area, has been addressing public meetings on this issue for years “Basically, the provincial government is letting the insurance companies protect the Calgary-Edmonton urban area from hail,” Mr. Stienwan d says, “but they’re increasing drought risk as far east as Saskatchewan.”
The Alberta hail project is managed by Terry Krauss, a cloud physicist who works for Weather Modification Inc. of Fargo, North Dakota. “We affect only a very small percentage of the total moisture in the air, so we cannot be cousing drought.” Dr. Krauss says. “In fact, we may be helping increase the moisture downwind by creating wetter ground.”
One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes (龙卷风) form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind No one really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.”
Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice, doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies. Hence, private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety.
29．What does the project aim to do
A．Conserve moisture in the soil. B．Prevent the formation of hailstones.
C．Forecast disastrous hailstorms. D．Investigate chemical use in farming.
30．Who are opposed to the project
A．Farmers in east-central Alberta. B．Managers of insurance companies.
C．Provincial government officials. D．Residents of Calgary and Edmonton
31．Why does Dr. Doswell mention the tornadoes he saw in 1999
A．To compare different kinds of seeding methods.
B．To illustrate the development of big hailstorms.
C．To indicate a possible danger of cloud seeding.
D．To show the link between storms and moisture.
32．What can we infer from the last paragraph
A．Scientific studies have proved Stienwand right.
B．Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada.
C．The doubt about cloud seeding has disappeared.
D．Cloud-seeding companies will continue to exist.
（2024·浙江绍兴·统考一模）Theophilus Tetteh is an African contemporary artist from Ghana. He buried himself in the study of graphic design and painting at school while experimenting with different media themes.
Now we hear about African painters stepping into the spotlight, but it might be challenging for Ghanaian artists to bring their careers to commercial success and critical recognition. The art market as such is not yet established in Ghana. The country doesn’t even have a national gallery to preserve and promote Ghanaian art. It can be problematic for young painters who cannot afford to move to Europe or the US to promote and market their art. Besides, many young artists can even have trouble getting painting materials.
Things changed for Tetteh when he got featured in BE OPEN Art, an online gallery of contemporary art. It was founded by philanthropist Elena Baturina with a desire to provide emerging artists worldwide with an opportunity to show their works to the world of art professionals. The platform especially welcomes artists who don’t have resources or promotional opportunities such as graduates and self-taught artists.
In December 2020, Tetteh was voted the Artist of the Month by the visitors of the BE OPEN Art. Later, he was chosen as the gallery’s first-ever Artist of the Year. The award brought him favorable publicity, so he was noticed by the art community, the media, collectors, etc. In 2021, he was interviewed frequently by the media and featured in a famous magazine. All these things let the prices of the artist’s work inch upwards.
Tetteh thinks the world can be a better place if young artists are guided on their way without any form of disregard, but with support of the senior. As his name has hit headlines of the arts world media, he hopes to help promote emerging talents in his native country. “The art makes the man and the man makes the art,” he says.
33．What can we learn about Ghanaian artists from paragraphs 1-2
A．They tend to combine designs with media themes.
B．They have established an art market to promote works.
C．They desire professional guidance on preserving national art.
D．They lack a supportive platform to realize commercial value of their works.
34．Why does Elena Baturina establish BE OPEN Art
A．To promote ancient African art treasures.
B．To broaden the artistic vision of self-taught artists.
C．To provide chances for young artists to display artistic talents.
D．To sponsor a project for the contemporary emerging artists from Ghana.
35．What kind of person is Tetteh according to the last paragraph
A．Socially responsible. B．Amazingly talented.
C．Commercially smart. D．Culturally conservative.
36．Which of the following best describes Tetteh’s change of fate
A．All that glitters is not gold.
B．Opportunity favors the prepared.
C．The strong is not without tears.
D．A good name is easier lost than won.
（2024·浙江杭州·学军中学校考模拟预测）Television has transformed politics in the United States by changing the way in which information is spread, by altering political campaigns, and by changing citizen’s
patterns of response to politics. By giving citizens independent access to the candidates, television reduced the role of the political party in the selection of the major party candidates. By centering politics on the person of the candidate, television accelerated the citizen’s focus on character rather than issues.
Television has altered the forms of political communication as well. The messages on which most of us rely are briefer than they once were. The stump speech, a political speech given by traveling politicians and lasting 1 to 2 hours, which was popular in the nineteenth-century, has given way to the 30-second advertisement and the 10 second “sound bite” in broadcast news. Increasingly the audience for speeches is not that standing in front of the politician but rather the viewing audience who will hear and see a short video of the speech on the news.
In these simplified forms, much of what comprised the traditional political speech of earlier ages has been lost. In 15 or 30 seconds, a speaker cannot establish the historical context that shaped the issue in question, cannot detail the probable causes of the problem, and cannot examine alternative proposals to argue that one is preferable to others. In short videos, politicians assert (断言) but do not argue.
Because television is an intimate (亲密的) medium, speaking through it requires a changed political style that is more conversational, personal, and visual than that of the old-style stump speech. Reliance on television means that increasingly our political world contains memorable pictures rather than memorable words. Schools teach us to analyze words and print. However, in a world in which politics is increasingly visual, informed citizenship requires a new set of skills.
Recognizing the power of television’s pictures, politicians craft televisual, staged events designed to attract media coverage. Much of the political activity we see on television news has been crafted by politicians, their speechwriters, and their public relations advisers for televised consumption. Sound bites in news and answers to questions in debates increasingly sound like advertisements.
37．What do we know about “stump speech” in paragraph 2
A．It’s an event created by politicians to attract media attention.
B．It’s an interactive discussion between two politicians.
C．It’s a kind of political presentation typical of the nineteenth century.
D．It’s a style of speech common to televised political events.
38．It is suggested in paragraph 4 that ________.
A．politicians need to learn to become more personal
B．attractive politicians are favored by citizens
C．citizens tend to favor a politician who analyzed issues
D．citizens need to learn how to evaluate visual political images
39．What can we infer from the passage
A．Political presentations today are more like advertisements than in the past.
B．Politicians today tend to be more familiar with the views of citizens than in the past.
C．Citizens today are less informed about a politician’s character than in the past.
D．Political speeches today focus more on details about issues than in the past.
40．What’s the best title for the passage
A．Television: an Agent of Change in Politics B．Television: a Platform for Political Debate
C．Television: an Alternative to Stump Speech D．Television: a New Medium for Communication
参考答案：
1．A 2．D 3．D 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。讲述了医生Atul Gawande受到一个医疗事件的启发，着手研究如何通过严格执行操作程序清单提升医疗服务及其对其他行业的重要性。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“It turned out that she had contracted a serious infection, probably because the doctors and nurses hadn’t followed a simple rule.(结果她得了严重的感染，可能是因为医生和护士没有遵守一个简单的规则)”及第二段第一句“Atul Gawande was interested in that story and carried out a research on the importance of a checklist to boost hospital services.(Atul Gawande对这个故事很感兴趣，并开展了一项关于清单对提高医院服务的重要性的研究)”可知，第一段描述的医疗事故激发了Atul Gawande去研究严格执行操作程序清单的重要性，故第一段介绍了Atul Gawande的研究想法的来源。故选A项。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段“By making sure that the checklist was followed, there were almost no infections during the 27 months of the experiment, and they estimate that around eight lives were saved. When the checklist was tested again in hospitals in Michigan, infections went down by 66 percent.(通过确保遵守清单，在27个月的实验中几乎没有感染，他们估计大约有8条生命得救。当这份清单在密歇根州的医院再次进行测试时，感染率下降了66%)”可知，这两个实验都表明严格执行操作程序清单可以减少医疗事故，提高手术成功率。故选D项。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段“He points out that people like engineers and pilots use checklists all the time, and he comes up with some good examples. Just imagine that an airplane crashed because the pilot had failed to follow basic procedures. Suppose a skyscraper collapsed because the engineers hadn’t remembered to do some important calculations.(他指出，像工程师和飞行员这样的人一直在使用清单，他举出了一些很好的例子。想象一下，一架飞机因为飞行员没有遵守基本程序而坠毁。假设一座摩天大楼因为工程师们忘记做一些重要的计算而倒塌)”可知，Gawande发现严格遵守操作程序对其他行业的重要性。像工程师及飞行员等职业稍一疏忽就会造成重大的事故，故飞行员或工程师必须严格执行操作程序清单。故选D项。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Gawande’s study finding is really interesting and received much public attention. It reminds us that sometimes the easiest way to avoid making mistakes is to follow a very simple set of rules. It’s relevant for all of us, not just for doctors.( Gawande的研究发现非常有趣，受到了公众的广泛关注。它提醒我们，有时候避免犯错最简单的方法就是遵
循一套非常简单的规则。这与我们所有人都相关，而不仅仅是医生)”可知，作者认为Gawande的研究非常有价值，对其持认可的态度。故选C项。
5．A 6．B 7．C 8．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了火车、汽车，乘船和乘飞机旅行的特点。
5．细节理解题。根据第一段第三四句“Train compartments soon get cramped and stuffy. Reading is only a partial solution for the monotonous rhythm of the wheels clicking on the rails soon lulls you to sleep.”（火车车厢很快变得拥挤和闷热。看书只能解决部分问题。车轮与铁轨间单调的嘎喳声很快就会送你进入梦乡。）可知，阅读有助于解决部分问题，而这个问题就是坐长途火车会让人觉得烦闷单调。故选A项。
6．细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Long car journey are even less pleasant for it is quite impossible even to read.”（长途汽车旅行更不愉快，因为它甚至不可能阅读。）可知，长途汽车旅行更不舒服，因为甚至无法读书。故选B项。
7．细节理解题。根据第三段倒数第三句“If it is not and you are likely to get seasick; no form of transport could be worse.”（如果海面并不平静 ，你就可能晕船，那种难受劲儿是任何一种别的旅行方式都不会有的。）可知，当游客晕船时，乘船旅行就成了最糟糕的出行方式。故选C项。
8．推理判断题。根据第一段第一句“People traveling long distances frequently have to decide whether they would prefer to go by land, sea, or air.”（长途旅行的人们常常不得不决定他们是否愿意走陆路，海上，或空中。）并结合下文对陆上火车和长途汽车旅行，海上乘船旅行及乘飞机旅行的方式比较可知，作者写这篇文章是为了介绍不同的旅行方式。故选A项。
9．D 10．A 11．A 12．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了艺术领域“哈德逊河学派”的起源及其创作格。
9．细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“The older painters, most of whom were born before 1835, practiced in a mode often self-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy of Design.”（年长的画家大多出生在1835年之前，他们的创作模式往往是自学成才，以风景题材为主导，在当时占统治地位的美国艺术组织——美国国家设计学院中站稳了位置，并得到了后者的培养。）可知，美国国家设计学院培养了出生在1835年之前的画家，
支持他们的成长。故选D项。
10．词义猜测题。根据第一段最后一句“The older painters, most of whom were born before 1835, practiced in a mode often self-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy of Design.”（年长的画家大多出生在1835年之前，他们的创作模式往往是自学成才，以风景题材为主导，在当时占统治地位的美国艺术组织——美国国家设计学院中站稳了位置，并得到了后者的培养。）及第二段第一句“The younger painters returning home from training in Europe worked more with figural subject matter and in a bold and impressionistic technique; their prospects for patronage in their own country were uncertain, and they sought to attract it by attaining academic recognition in New York.”（从欧洲受训归来的年轻画家更多地以人物题材和大胆的印象派手法创作;他们在自己国家获得赞助的前景是不确定的，他们试图通过在纽约获得学术认可来吸引赞助。）可知，“the conflict between the two factions”指的是“美国本土年长画家群体”和“从欧洲受训归来的年轻画家群体”之间的冲突，即“哈德逊河学派”和“纽约学派”的冲突，故推知factions意为“派系，流派”。故选A项。
11．细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“The younger painters returning home from training in Europe worked more with figural subject matter and in a bold and impressionistic technique;”（从欧洲受训归来的年轻画家更多地以人物题材和大胆的印象派手法创作；）可知，年轻画家在欧洲接受了艺术训练。故选A项。
12．主旨大意题。根据第一段前两句“The term “Hudson River school” was applied to the foremost representatives of nineteenth-century North American landscape painting. Apparently unknown during the golden days of the American landscape movement, which began around 1850s and lasted until the late 1860s, the Hudson River school seems to have emerged in the 1870s as a direct result of the struggle between the old and the new generations of artists, each to assert its own style as the representative American art. ”（“哈德逊河学派”一词适用于19世纪北美风景画的最重要代表。在19世纪50年代左右开始、一直持续到19世纪60年代末的美国风景画运动的黄金时期，哈德逊河画派显然不为人知，但在19世纪70年代，哈德逊河画派似乎作为新老一代艺术家之间斗争的直接结果出现了，每一代艺术家都主张自己的风格，认为自己是美国艺术的代表。）及最后一段“A possible implication in the term applied to the group of landscapists was that many of them had, like Cole, lived on or near the banks of the Hudson. Further, the river had long served as the principal route to other sketching grounds favored by the
Academicians, particularly the Adirondacks and the mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire different ways.”（把这个词用在这群风景画家身上，可能意味着他们中的许多人，像科尔一样，住在哈德逊河岸边或附近。此外，这条河长期以来一直是通往院士们青睐的其他素描场地的主要路线，尤其是阿迪朗达克山脉和佛蒙特州和新罕布什尔州的山脉。）并结合全文可知，本文主要介绍了艺术领域“哈德逊河学派”的起源及其创作风格。故选B项。
13．C 14．B 15．D 16．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要探讨了给热浪命名的潜在利弊。尽管存在争议，但作者呼吁尝试一项试点计划，给最危险的热浪命名，以更好地保护人们的生命安全。
13．推理判断题。根据第一段中“But it may be tough to recall because heat waves don’t typically have names.”（但人们可能很难回忆起那场热浪，因为热浪通常没有名字。）以及下文对给热浪命名的讨论推知，作者通过提及2006年加利福尼亚州的热浪目的是为了引出给热浪命名这个主旨。故选C项。
14．细节理解题。根据第二段中“ The results of a survey of more than 2,000 people found that people who knew the heat wave was named Cerberus were also more likely to take actions to stay safe, including drinking more water, spending more time indoors and warning others about the risk.”（一项对 2000 多人进行的调查结果显示，知道热浪被命名为“地狱犬”的人也更有可能采取安全措施，包括多喝水、多呆在室内和提醒他人注意风险。）以及第三段中“Though more research is needed, this suggests that naming heat waves, combined with stronger messaging, can not only help change people’s perception of the risk, but prompt them to take protective action.”（尽管还需要更多的研究，但这表明，给热浪命名，再加上更有力的信息传递，不仅有助于改变人们对风险的认识，还能促使他们采取保护措施。）可知第二段、第三段主要讲述了给热浪命名的的优点。故选B项。
15．细节理解题。根据第四段中“And the National Weather Service has no plans to rank or name heat waves either, saying that heat and its health impacts vary so dramatically across different regions and seasons that even coming up with a standard definition of a heat wave is impossible.”（美国国家气象局也不打算对热浪进行排名或命名，称不同地区和季节的热量及其对健康的影响差异巨大，甚至连热浪的标准定义都不可能提出来。）可知，美国气象局没有计划给热浪命名，是因为不可能为热浪提出一个标准定义。故选D项。
16．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“There’s nothing to lose by trying out a pilot program to name
the most dangerous heat waves.”（通过试点项目来命名最危险的热浪并不会有什么损失。）可推知，作者对于给热浪命名一事持积极、支持意见。A.Approving支持；B.Indifferent漠不关心；C.Doubtful质疑的；D.Opposed反对。结合语境翻译可知，A项Approving“支持”符合语境。故选A项。
17．C 18．D 19．A 20．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了领导力的本质。作为领导者，能力的重要性远超于魅力和自信，并且领导者能够树立良好的榜样。
17．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Leadership is a quality that is hard to define. Everyone can think of inspiring leaders from history but managers who think they can base their style on Nelson Mandela or Elizabeth I are suffering from misunderstandings of greatness.(领导力是一种难以准确定义的品质。每个人都能想到历史上鼓舞人心的领导者，但如果管理者认为他们可以基于纳尔逊·曼德拉或伊丽莎白一世等伟大人物的风格来塑造自己的管理方式，那么他们可能对伟大的理解存在误区)”可知，你不能仅仅通过模仿他人而成为领导者。故选C项。
18．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“But he lacked the skills to put his vision into practice. Festival guests arrived to find their food consisted of cheese sandwiches, rather than first-class cuisine. They were housed not in luxury villas, but in tents left over from a hurricane-relief program. The whole event ended with Mr McFarland being sentenced to six years in prison.(但是，比利·麦克法兰德缺乏将愿景付诸实践的技能。音乐节的来宾抵达后发现，他们的食物只是奶酪三明治，而非宣传中的顶级美食。他们居住的也不是豪华别墅，而是飓风救灾项目遗留下来的帐篷。这场闹剧最终以麦克法兰德先生被判处六年监禁告终)”可知，比利·麦克法兰德作为领导者表现出了无能的一面。故选D项。
19．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“As an organisational psychologist, he points out that people tend to assume that confident individuals are competent, when there is no actual relationship between the two qualities. Those confident people are promoted and then their abilities turn out to be over-estimated.(作为组织心理学家，他指出，人们常常错误地假设自信的人就一定具备相应的能力，尽管事实上这两种特质之间并没有直接关联。那些自信满满的人往往会被提拔，然后才会发现其实际能力被过分高估了)”可知，查莫罗-普雷穆茨先生在他的书中揭示了一个普遍存在的假设，即自信等于能力。故选A项。
20．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Employees are more likely to be engaged with their work if
they get frequent feedback from their bosses, and if they are involved in setting their own goals.(如果员工能经常从上级那里获得反馈，并且有机会参与制定自己的工作目标，他们将更有可能积极投入工作)”可知，查莫罗-普雷穆茨先生建议，为了展现良好的领导力，应当给予员工频繁的反馈。故选B项。
21．B 22．B 23．A 24．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了史前文字系统中已知最早的书写形式——古代美索不达米亚粘土板上的楔形苏美尔文字的起源与历史演变。
21．细节理解题。根据第二段第三句“To keep batches of tokens together, an innovation was introduced whereby they were sealed inside clay envelopes that could be broken open and counted when it came time for a debt to be repaid.But because the contents of the envelopes could easily be forgotten, two-dimensional representations of the three-dimensional tokens were impressed into the surface of the envelopes before they were sealed.”（为了将代币保持在一起，引入了一种创新方法，即将代币密封在粘土信封中，当需要偿还债务时，可以打开并计数。但是因为信封里的东西很容易被遗忘，所以在封缄之前，这些三维符号的二维表示就被印在了信封的表面。）可知，粘土信封可用于保存代币，可用于记录债务，为了防止遗忘，信封表面被印上了二维符号，文章没有提到它能重复使用。故选B项。
22．推理判断题。根据第二段前两句“The original tokens were three-dimensional solid shapes—tiny spheres, cones, disks, and cylinders. A debt of six units of grain and eight head of livestock, for example, might have been represented by six conical and eight cylindrical tokens.”（最初的代币符号是三维的固体形状——微小的球体、锥体、圆盘和圆柱体。例如，6单位谷物和8头牲畜的债务可以用6个圆锥形和8个圆柱形的代币来表示。）及最后一段最后两句“The earliest tokens, dating from about 10,000 to 6,000 years ago, were of only the simplest geometric shapes. But about 3500 B.C.E., more complex tokens came into common usage, including many naturalistic forms shaped like miniature tools, furniture, fruit, and humans.”（最早的代币可以追溯到大约1万到6000年前，只有最简单的几何形状。但在公元前3500年左右，更复杂的代币符号开始普遍使用，包括许多形状像微型工具、家具、水果和人的自然形式。）可知，早期的代币符号只有最简单的几何形状，后期的符号变得更复杂，形式多样，通常看起来像它们所代表的商品。故选B项。
23．词句猜测题。根据第一段第一句“Although literacy appeared independently in several parts of
the prehistoric world, the earliest evidence of writing is the cuneiform Sumerian script on the clay tablets of ancient Mesopotamia, which, archaeological detective work has revealed, had its origins in the accounting practices of commercial activity.”（虽然识字能力在史前世界的几个地方独立出现，但最早的文字证据是古代美索不达米亚粘土板上的楔形苏美尔文字，考古侦探工作揭示，它起源于商业活动的会计实践。）可知，古代美索不达米亚粘土板上的楔形苏美尔文字是史前文字系统中已知最早的书写形式，最初是为了记帐。故选A项。
24．主旨大意题。根据第一段第一句“Although literacy appeared independently in several parts of the prehistoric world, the earliest evidence of writing is the cuneiform Sumerian script on the clay tablets of ancient Mesopotamia, which, archaeological detective work has revealed, had its origins in the accounting practices of commercial activity.”（虽然识字能力在史前世界的几个地方独立出现，但最早的文字证据是古代美索不达米亚粘土板上的楔形苏美尔文字，考古侦探工作揭示，它起源于商业活动的会计实践。）及后文对其代币符号的历史演变的介绍可知，本文主要介绍了史前文字系统中已知最早的书写形式存在的证据。故选A项。
25．C 26．D 27．A 28．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”，文章对此进行了介绍。
25．细节理解题。根据第一段“Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat.(每个孩子都被告知，如果他们在吃之前等待15分钟，他们将得到第二次奖励)”可知，在米歇尔的测试中，孩子们需要在吃之前等待15分钟才能得到第二次奖励。故选C。
26．细节理解题。根据第三段“But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.(但是，当我们重塑了我们周围的世界，大大减少了获取卡路里的成本和努力时，我们的大脑仍然和几千年前一样，这种不匹配是我们这么多人努力抵抗我们知道不应该吃的诱人食物的核心原因)”可知，丰富的食物供应和我们不曾改变的大脑之间存在不匹配。故选D。
27．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the
temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.(因此，就像我们需要更仔细地考虑我们的热量消耗一样，我们也需要更仔细地考虑我们的信息消耗，抵制精神“垃圾食品”的诱惑，以便最有效地管理我们的时间)”可知，作者建议读者做有选择性的信息消费者。故选A。
28．主旨大意题。根据第二段“As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’re not tempted by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.(作为成年人，我们每天都要面对棉花糖测试。诱惑我们的不是甜食，而是我们的电脑、手机和平板电脑——所有这些将我们与全球信息传递系统连接起来的设备，它们对我们的作用就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的作用一样)”结合文章主要是讲在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”。由此可知，C选项“成人棉花糖测试”最符合文章标题。故选C。
29．B 30．A 31．C 32．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了1991年9月7日，加拿大历史上损失最大的冰雹袭击了卡尔加里的南郊。因此，自1996年以来，一组保险公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制项目上花费约200万美元。飞机在有威胁的风暴中心中播撒一种化学物质，使小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前像雨一样落下。但是，在艾伯塔省中东部的农民们担心，“冰雹计划”飞行的下风处，宝贵的水分正被人工降雨从他们干渴的土地上偷走。
29．细节理解题。根据第一段中“As a result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones.(因此，自1996年以来，一组保险公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制项目上花费约200万美元。飞机在有威胁的风暴中心中播撒一种化学物质，使小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前像雨一样落下)”可知，这个项目的目标是防止冰雹的形成。故选B项。
30．细节理解题。根据第一段中“But farmers in east-central Alberta — downwind of the hail project flights — worry that precious moisture (水分) is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding.(但是，在艾伯塔省中东部的农民们担心，“冰雹计划”飞行的下风处，宝贵的水分正被人工降雨从他们干渴的土地上偷走)”可知，艾伯塔省中东部的农民反对这个项目。故选A项。
31．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes (龙卷风) form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind No one really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.”(查克·多斯韦尔是一位刚刚从俄克拉何马大学退休的研究科学家，他对人工降雨的安全性持怀疑态度。“1999年，我在堪萨斯州亲眼目睹了由种子风暴细胞形成的重大龙卷风，”多斯韦尔博士说。“人工降雨会制造致命风暴还是减少顺风处的水分？当然，没有人真正知道，但是播种还在继续。”)”可推知，多斯韦尔博士提到他在1999年看到的龙卷风是为了提示人工降雨可能带来的危险。故选C项。
32．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice, doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies. Hence, private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety.(考虑到质疑的程度，斯廷旺德建议，“停止人工降雨是明智的。”在实践中，怀疑产生了相反的效果。由于缺乏有关其影响的科学证据，没有人成功地赢得了对人工降雨公司的诉讼。因此，私人气候工程可以在相对合法的安全条件下进行)”可推知，从最后一段我们能推断出人工降雨公司将继续存在。故选D项。
33．D 34．C 35．A 36．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲的是在线画廊BE OPEN Art为没有机会推广自己艺术作品机会的艺术家提供一个向世界艺术专业人士展示他们作品的机会。
33．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The art market as such is not yet established in Ghana. The country doesn’t even have a national gallery to preserve and promote Ghanaian art.(加纳的艺术市场还没有建立起来。这个国家甚至没有一个国家美术馆来保护和推广加纳的艺术)”可知，加纳艺术家缺乏一个支撑其作品实现商业价值的平台。故选D。
34．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“It was founded by philanthropist Elena Baturina with a desire to provide emerging artists worldwide with an opportunity to show their works to the world of art professionals.(它是由慈善家Elena Baturina创立的，旨在为世界各地的新兴艺术家提供一个向世界艺术专业人士展示他们作品的机会)”可知，Elena Baturina创立BE OPEN Art，是为了给年轻艺术家提供展示艺术才华的机会。故选C。
35．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Tetteh thinks the world can be a better place if young artists are guided on their way without any form of disregard, but with support of the senior. As his name has hit headlines of the arts world media, he hopes to help promote emerging talents in his native country.(Tetteh 认为，如果年轻艺术家的道路上没有任何形式的漠视，但在前辈的支持下，世界会变得更美好。由于他的名字登上了艺术界媒体的头条，他希望能在自己的祖国帮助培养新兴人才)”可知，Tetteh希望能在自己的祖国帮助培养新兴人才，可推知他是有社会责任感的。故选A。
36．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Theophilus Tetteh is an African contemporary artist from Ghana. He buried himself in the study of graphic design and painting at school while experimenting with different media themes.(Theophilus Tetteh是一位来自加纳的非洲当代艺术家。他在学校埋头学习平面设计和绘画，同时尝试不同的媒体主题)”、文章第三段“Things changed for Tetteh when he got featured in BE OPEN Art, an online gallery of contemporary art. It was founded by philanthropist Elena Baturina with a desire to provide emerging artists worldwide with an opportunity to show their works to the world of art professionals. The platform especially welcomes artists who don’t have resources or promotional opportunities such as graduates and self-taught artists.(当Tetteh成为在线当代艺术画廊BE OPEN Art的常客时，情况发生了变化。它是由慈善家Elena Baturina创立的，旨在为世界各地的新兴艺术家提供一个向世界艺术专业人士展示他们作品的机会。这个平台特别欢迎那些没有资源和推广机会的艺术家，比如毕业生和自学成才的艺术家)”以及文章第四段“In December 2020, Tetteh was voted the Artist of the Month by the visitors of the BE OPEN Art. Later, he was chosen as the gallery’s first-ever Artist of the Year. The award brought him favorable publicity, so he was noticed by the art community, the media, collectors, etc.(2020年12月，Tetteh被BE OPEN Art的参观者评选为本月艺术家。后来，他被选为该画廊的第一位年度艺术家。这个奖项给他带来了良好的宣传，因此他被艺术界、媒体、收藏家等注意到)”可知，在线当代艺术画廊BE OPEN Art为艺术家提供了向世界艺术专业人士展示作品的机会，Tetteh抓住机会，使自己的才能被注意到，说明机会青睐有准备的人。故选B。
37．C 38．D 39．A 40．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了电视改变了政治的传播以及交流形式。如今的政治演讲比过去更像广告，知情公民需要一套新的技能来应对。
37．细节理解题。根据第二段“The stump speech, a political speech given by traveling politicians and lasting 1 to 2 hours, which was popular in the nineteenth-century, has given way to the 30-second advertisement and the 10 second “sound bite” in broadcast news.(19世纪流行的政治演说，即政治家在旅行中发表的持续1到2小时的政治演说，已经被30秒的广告和10秒的广播新闻“声音片段”所取代)”可知，“政治演说”是一种典型的十九世纪的政治表现。故选C。
38．推理判断题。根据第四段“Reliance on television means that increasingly our political world contains memorable pictures rather than memorable words. Schools teach us to analyze words and print. However, in a world in which politics is increasingly visual, informed citizenship requires a new set of skills.(对电视的依赖意味着，我们的政治世界越来越多地充斥着令人难忘的画面，而不是令人难忘的话语。学校教我们分析文字和印刷品。然而，在一个政治日益可视化的世界里，知情的公民需要一套新的技能)”可推知，公民需要学习如何评价视觉政治形象。故选D。
39．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Much of the political activity we see on television news has been crafted by politicians, their speechwriters, and their public relations advisers for televised consumption. Sound bites in news and answers to questions in debates increasingly sound like advertisements.(我们在电视新闻中看到的许多政治活动都是由政治家、他们的演讲撰稿人和他们的公共关系顾问精心策划的，以供电视消费。新闻中的插话和辩论中对问题的回答越来越像广告)”可知，今天的政治演讲比过去更像广告。故选A。
40．主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据第一段“Television has transformed politics in the United States by changing the way in which information is spread, by altering political campaigns, and by changing citizen’s patterns of response to politics.(电视改变了信息传播的方式，改变了政治运动，改变了公民对政治的反应模式，从而改变了美国的政治)”可知，文章主要说明了电视改变了政治的传播以及交流形式。如今的政治演讲比过去更像广告。A选项“电视：政治变革的推动者”最符合文章标题。故选A。