2024年中考二轮英语语法分类总复习（含解析）

名词
名词的分类： 名词按其意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。
普通名词按其可数性可分为 名词和 名词。
一、可数名词及其单复数 (观察所举例子，试着自己总结。)
可数名词的复数形式有：
1. 规则变化：
1）__________________
如：map---_______ field---_______
补充例子：______________________________________________________________
2）____________________________________但stomach的复数是_______________
如：virus---________，box---________， dish---_______， match---_________
补充例子：______________________________________________________________
3）_____________________________________________________________________
如：leaf---________ thief---___________ knife---__________
补充例子：______________________________________________________________
4）_________________+y结尾，______________________
如：party---___________ factory---__________ family---f____________
补充例子：______________________________________________________________
但是：以元音字母＋y结尾的，____________. 如:___________________________________________
大部分以O结尾的单词直接在后面加s
如： _________________________________________________________________________________
但特殊单词变化： hero---___________ mango---_________
potato---__________ tomato---_____________
2. 不规则变化
1) 变内部元音字母。
如： man ---______ woman---_________ Englishman---_________
foot---________ tooth---_________ goose---__________
但要注意特殊的几个单词变化：
如： German---________________ Walkman---_________ human---____________
2）___________________________________________________________________________________
如： fish----_________ goldfish---________ sheep---_________
spacecraft --- _______ Japanese---__________ Chinese---__________
3）其他特殊变化 如mouse---__________； child---___________
4）复合名词的复数形式。复合名词变复数时，一般只要把最后一个构成部分变为复数形式即可。
如： a girl student --- five ____________________
但第一个名词是man或woman时,则必须将_______________________，
如：man doctor ---____________男医生 woman teacher ---__________________女教师---_____________
Attention:
几家鞋店 一双运动鞋 一家服装店
Exercises
1. ---Mum, today is your day, the Women’s Day. Here are some (flower) for you.
---It’s very thoughtful of you. Thanks, Kitty.
2. Many (butterfly) have round marks on their wings that looks like eyes.
3. The baby’s first front (牙齿) are just coming through.
4. Could you pass the (knife) to me We need them to make pumpkin lanterns.
5. Most of the tourists on the coach are (German), only two of them are ________(Japanese).
6. Our modern times need more and more (hero) for us to learn from.
7. (节日) like Christmas and Halloween are also popular in China now.
8. ---What are they doing there
---All the teachers and students are having a meeting.
不可数名词量的表达
试回忆有哪些不可数名词：
___________________________________________________________________________________________
不可数名词量的表达：
一条新闻 两件家具
一条面包 两盒牛奶
一袋食糖 三公斤肉
1. He gave me less (建议) than you did.
2. There are little (rabbit) on the hill.
既可以做可数名词又可以做不可数名词的有：
_______________________________________________________________________________
Attention:
可数 不可数
few/a few
little/a little
A bit of
lots of/ a lot of
a great deal of
a number of
many
much
Exercises:
1. There is much on the street.
2. He has plenty of about history, so his students admire(钦佩) him.
3. We can get a great deal of as soon as we click the mouse.
4. What _______________ （巨大的进步）he has made!
5. _____________ we had in the park yesterday!(玩得开心)
6. 今天天气真好啊！（感叹句两种表达）
_______________________________________________________________________________
三、名词所有格
名词所有格的构成方式可以概括为以下三类:
1) ’s 形式的所有格
今天的报纸 教师节 儿童节
someone’s book somebody else’s pencil
Mary and her sister’s bedroom (两者共有) Tom’s and Mary’s bags (两者分别拥有)
10分钟的步行路程(2种) ① ②
在牙医诊所
of 或 to 短语构成的所有格
一张中国地图
树的叶子 这扇门的钥匙
这家电影院的入口 这个问题的答案
3) 双重所有格
我爸的朋友之一(2种) ① ②
我的一张照片 一本玛丽的书
Exercises:
1. The theme park is about ride from the museum. You should start out right now. (两个小时的车程)
2. I’ve got a toothache, so I need to go to the (牙医).
3. It’s very good that the girls’ survey has been handed in. How about the (boy)
4. The guide has collected all the (游客们) ID cards.
5. Kate won the _____ race in the summer sports meeting.（100米比赛）
四、相关的词性转换 （_______(词性)+后缀→名词）
1) _________加后缀ness 如：________________________________________________________
2) _________加后缀ment 如：_________________________________________________________
3) _________加后缀ion 如：________________________________________________________
4) _________加后缀ance 如：_________________________________________________________
5) _________加后缀ing 如：__________________________________________________________
6) _________变末尾t为ce 如：_________________________________________________________
7) _________以y结尾 如：_________________________________________________________
8) _________结尾加th 如：_________________________________________________________
9) _________加后缀er或or 如：__________________________________________________________
注意双写：______________________________________________________________________________
代词
一、人称代词：
1. 人称代词并列使用时, 单数时，常按_____________排列. 复数时，常按_______________排列。
2. it除了用来指代动物或事物的常见用法外，还可以
1）指人，主要指不知性别的孩子或不明身份的人。
There is a knock at the door. Who is ____
2）做形式主语或形式宾语。常见结构有：
作形式主语：___ is difficult for me to help him with his homework.
___ is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.
____ is amazing that there are so many rocks in unusual shapes in the cave.
____ is (well) worth visiting the Great Wall.
作形式宾语：I make _____ a rule to do more reading after getting up.
He found ____difficult to finish the work in such a short time.
二、物主代词：
1. 区分使用形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词
1）形容词性物主代词用在名词前作定语 ，相当于形容词。
2）名词性物主代词具有名词的特征，在句中作主语、宾语和表语
3）形容词性物主代词+名词可转化成________________
Exercise:
If you don't have a dictionary on hand, you may use ________.
May I use your pen _____ works better.
His shoes are new, but mine ______old.(be)
2. 使用物主代词要注意：
1）名词性物主代词作主语时，谓语的单复数取决于它所代替的名词的单复数。
His shoes are new, but mine ______old.(be)
2）“of + 名词性物主代词” 短语可以作名词的后置定语,表示所属。
a friend of hers, an uncle of mine
三、反身代词: _____________________________________________
常见的含反身代词的短语：
及物动词后。
dress oneself hurt oneself help oneself to… devote oneself to…
enjoy oneself teach oneself sth. =learn sth. by oneself
lose oneself in…
2. 介词后。
look after oneself say/talk to oneself by oneself,
keep secrets to oneself come to oneself
Exercise:
If our parents do everything for us children, we won’t learn to depend on_____.
2. Linda and Kitty will go to Greenery Theme Park by ________ next Sunday.
四、指示代词：
1. 电话用语中“this”相当于“我”, “ that”指对方。
2.在比较级中，that和those可以替代相同比较事物，避免重复。
As for learning English, students who read a lot can do much better than _____who don’t.
2）The weather in Nanjing is hotter than _______in Beijing.
五、不定代词
1. 复合不定代词在使用时要注意：
1）当形容词或副词修饰不定代词时,不定代词在前
2）一般情况下,由some构成的不定代词用在肯定句中;由any构成的不定代词用在一般疑问句中或否定句中，但在表示请求或建议的一般疑问句中用some构成的不定代词.
Would you like something to eat
Why not ask someone to help you
肯定句中也可以用any,表示“任何”
If you have _______ questions, please put up your hand.
2、辨析neither, either, both, all, none
1）五个词的基本含义和常见搭配。
含义 作主语时对应的谓语动词 常见短语
both 复数
all all作主语，指代不可数名词时，谓语用单数。指代可数名词复数时，谓语用复数。
neither 常用单数
none none作主语，指代不可数名词时，谓语用单数。指代可数名词时，谓语可用单数也可用复数
either 常用单数
*both…and…(…和…都)连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词用复数形式
*neither…nor…(既不…也不…)连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词由接近的主语决定。
*either…or…(或者…或者…)连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词由接近的主语决定。
Exercise:
I asked two people the way to the station, but _____ of them helped me.
There are many tall trees on ___side of the road.
辨析none, nothing, no one, nobody
（1)none既可指人也可指物,no one和nobody只能指人,nothing只指物.
（2)none常和of连用,而no one, nobody, nothing则不能.
（3)none做主语时,可看作三单,也可以是复数;而no one和nobody, nothing做主语时, 谓语动词只能用单数形式。
（4）一般情况下,none可以回答how many或how much引导的疑问句; no one 或nobody可以回答who引导的疑问句; nothing可以回答what引导的疑问句．
——How many birds can you see in the tree
——____.All the birds have flown away.
3. 辨析other, the other，others，the others, another
含义 常见搭配
another 三者或三者以上中的另一个 再，又
other 泛指别的，其他的
the other (两者中的)另一个 限定范围中的其他的
others 别的人或物，泛指（后不跟名词）
the others 限定范围内的其余的人或物（后不跟名词）
Exercise:
How dangerous! She was driving the car with one hand and holding an ice cream with ______.
4.辨析one(s), it, that
one(s), it, that 都可以用来代替上文提出的人和物，不同在于：it指同一个事物。one指同一类而非同一个（人或物），常替代不带the的可数名词单数，复数为ones。that常用于比较结构中，指同一类而非同一个（只指物），常替代带the的不可数名词或可数名词单数.
---How nice your dictionary is! Where did you get __________ I’d like to buy ____________, too.
---In the shop in the city center.
Exercises：
–What would you like to drink - I am very thirsty. _____ you can get . Just get it now.
2 The population in Beijing is larger than ____ in Nanjing.
3) Everyone makes mistakes in his or her life. The important thing is not to repeat ____.
4) Please go out to buy some milk now. There is _____in the fridge.
5）—How do you like your trip to Hangzhou, Mr and Mrs Li —Quite good. We enjoyed there.
6） —I am planning a trip to Lianyungang this summer. How is the weather there
—Not so hot. Sometimes ____is a bit cool and wet.
7） —What do think of the Art Festival in your school
—Colorful! All the students enjoy ______ and show their different talents.
8） Jackie Chan won an Oscar after________56-year-long career in the film industry.
数词
一、 基数词
A. 构词法 巧学妙用
1到12单独记，13到19后-teen加起。
20至90整十位，-ty结尾是后缀。
几十几，连字符号“-”莫忘记。
几百几，hundred 后面and 立。
B. 基数词的用法
1. 用来表示数量、各类号码等: three hundred people , Room202…
2.表示年份、时刻、世纪, 某人约几十岁时: in 2013, at 7:30, in the 1990s, in his twenties
3.表示顺序。单数名词+基数词，名词的第一个字母通常要大写。可以转换为the +序数词+单数名词 Lesson Nine= the ninth lesson
4.hundred, thousand, million, billion前有数词时,表示确定的数目,后不用复数及of,没有数词时,则需用复数和of: 前有数字 后无s
5.“基数词+单数名词”构成词组，相当于合成形容词，做名词的定语，用于表示时间、距离等，但词组中的名词须是单数形式.
a ten-minute walk= a ten minutes’ walk, 一个8岁的男孩 an 8-year-old boy
6.数词与表示时间,距离,长度的名词一起构成“数词+单位名词+形容词”,表示事物的形状,年代,长度,距离等。 这条河有两米深。 The river is two metres deep.
7.与another, more 连用时，表示在已有基础上再增加一定数量,其结构为“another+基数词”或“基数词+more”
他又吃了两块蛋糕。He ate another two cakes.=He ate two more cakes.
二 .序数词:
A构词法:序数词除first, second, third 以外，其余一般在基数词词尾加th构成, 如 thirteenth
口诀：基变序，有规律， 一二三, 全要变 th要从4加起, 八减t 九去e， 字母f代ve, ty变成ie，若是遇到几十几，只变个位就可以
B. 序数词的用法
1.序数词用来表示顺序、日期、楼层等 the second picture, March 12th, on the third floor..
2.序数词前面要用冠词 the first one to get to school
三．分数、百分数的表达
分数的表达：分数的分子用基数词，分母用序数词，如果分子大于1，分母用复数。
three eighths , four-fifths… 特殊分数表达：a half(1/2) , a quarter(1/4), three quarters(3/4)
百分数的表达： 百分数一个基数词加百分号表达， 百分号读作percent
50%： fifty percent 35% thirty-five percent
“百分数+of+名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式由of后面的名词决定。
Eg.: Forty percent of the water has been polluted.
In this school, 70% of the students have passed the exam.
四.Exercises
1. The __________ (nineteen) Football world Cup will be held in South Africa
2. Jack is busy preparing for a party to celebrate his sister’s __________ (twelve) birthday. He wants to give her a big surprise.
3. Four __________ (five) of the students in our class have heard about the trip.
4. It’s the __________（ 第一 ）time for Nanjing to hold the Asia Bike show. It is sure to be a great success.
5. .It’s my cousin’s __________ （ 第二十三个） birthday next week.
6. Cindy told me it was her _________(第二) time to visit Jiangxinzhou Islet during Grape Festival.
7. Even a child knows September is the __________ (nine ) month of a year.
8. My family live on the __________ (five ) floor of the tall building （2011盐城）
9. July 1st is our Party’s ___________ ( ninety ) birthday this year .We Chinese people are going to celebrate it.
10. —— How often do you play badminton with your classroom
—— ___________(一次)a week.
11. Tony’s mum looks young and beautiful. It is hard to imagine she is already in her __________(五十几岁).
12.The chairperson received about __________ applications to join the Birdwatching Club. （300）
13. About__________ of the earth__________ covered with water, but we have less and less available fresh water.
14.—— Sandy, why do you look so excited
—— I’ll go to London _________________. I’ve been there once.(第二次)
15. Boys and girls, please turn to Page __________ and look at the __________ picture.（5）
介词
一、介词的分类
1,表示时间的介词
at, in, on, after, before, during, over, from, for, since, unti/tilll, by etc
2,表示地点的介词
in, on, to,at, over, under, above, below, between, among, in front of, in the front of, etc.
3.位移介词
past, across, through, around, from, to, over, up,down etc.
4,其他介词
as/ like (表比较), for(表原因或目的), to/ with/ without (表结果),
by/ in/ with(表手段或方式), of/ with(表所属), except(表除去), about/ on (表关于)， besides(表除了...还有),
二、易混淆的介词
1. in, on, at
at : 钟点, 饭时, 正午/午夜 , 年龄, 节日
at six o’clock, at lunchtime, at noon, at the age of 15 at Christmas on Christmas Day
on: 1)星期几 2)具体日期 3)具体某一天的某个时候
on Sunday, on 10th November, on Saturday morning
on the evening of May 1st on a cold winter day
in: 1)一天当中的某个时候, 2)月，季，年 in the morning, in June, in Autumn, in 1990
in + 一段时间（用于一般将来时） 用How soon…提问
2. since, for, from
since, 后接过去的时间点，主句用现在完成时
for, 后接时间段，主句
from, 说明动作开始的时间
3. from…to, between… and , not… until, during
from…to…，从…到… between… and..， 在…和…之间
not… until，直到…才 during， 在…期间（表一段时间）
4. 表示地点的介词( over, above, on )
over: 在……的垂直上方 above: 在……上方（位置高于）（楼层）
on: 在……上面（表面接触）
5. below, under
under: 在……正下方
below: 在……下方，不一定在正下方（气温、楼层）
6. 位移介词 across, through, past
across 从表面穿过 /through 从内部穿过/past （从旁边）经过,路过
between, among
between: 在~和~（两者）之间/between...and..., / between the two...
among : 在...之间(三者或三者以上)
8. in front of, in the front of
in front of: 在……之前（范围外） in the front of: 在……的前部（范围内）
9. except, besides, including, beyond
except 除...之外,其余都 besides 意为“除……之外(包含)”
including 包含 包括 beyond 超越
10. 表示“用”的介词 (in, with, by, on, over)
in +材料、声音、语言/ with +具体的工具、器官/by + 方法手段（V-ing）、交通工具/on+媒介
举例：__________________________________________________________________________
通过through(强调媒介性) 举例：______________________________________________
介词与其他词类的搭配 )))与名词的搭配
all over the world ,on duty, in danger/trouble/need, by plane/ bus...,with the help of
on business/holiday,thanks to ,to one’s surprise,under the control of
1)与动词的搭配：
at: look at,knock at, laugh at, point at,arrive at
to: listen to,get to,talk to,point to,prefer to,write to
注意：pay attention to / look forward to / devote to + v ing
注意：be used to doing , be used to do, used to do
with: agree with, play with, catch up with, help with, deal with, get along with
make friends with, go on with
for: look for, thanks for, ask for, pay for, wait for, leave for
2)与形容词搭配的词组：
be afraid of （怕） be angry with （生某人气）be away from （不在某地）　　
be different from （与…不同） be good at （善于）
be good/ bad for (对…有益/有害) be interested in （对…感兴趣）
be late for （迟到） be/get ready for （为作好准备）
be sure of (对…有把握) be worried about （为…感到担忧）
be busy with (忙于……） be full of （充满……）
be pleased with（对……满意） be sorry for （对……抱歉）
更多介词短语
at 短语
at last 最后，终于
laugh at 嘲笑
look at 看；注视
at the moment现在；此时
point at / to指向
at times不时
after 短语
look after照看；照顾
name after以……的名字命名
run after追赶；追求
on 短语
agree on(通过协商) 达成共识
call on拜访；看望
come on快点儿；加油
on display在展出
hang on稍等；别挂断
on holiday度假；休假
play a joke on和……开玩笑，戏弄……
keep on继续
live on以……为食，靠……生活
put on穿上；戴上
turn on打开（收音机、电灯、煤气等）
work on致力于
to 短语
agree to同意；答应；接受
compare...to...把……与……作比较
from...to...从……到……
get to 到达
do harm to对……有害处
lead to通往；导致
pay attention to注意
to one's surprise使某人吃惊的是
take...to...把……带到 / 给……
write to...写信给……
in 短语
in danger在危险中
hand in交上；上交
join in参加
take part in参加
take pride in以……为荣
in surprise吃惊地；惊讶地
of 短语
be afraid of害怕
take care of照顾；处理
make fun of嘲笑……
instead of代替；而不是
hear of听说……
speak of 谈到；提起
think of 考虑；想出；认为
about 短语
care about担心；关心
be worried about担心
think about考虑
for 短语
call for需要；要求；提倡；号召
care for关怀；照顾
except for除了……之外
fight for为……而战
leave for...前往……
look for寻找
pay for sth为……付款
send for派人去请　
away 短语
give away分发；赠送
put away收好；放好
take away拿走；带走
throw away扔掉　
out 短语
break out （火灾、战争等) 突然发生，爆发
out of breath上气不接下气
find out发现
give out分发
go out出去
make out理解；明白
point out指出
run out用完
sell out卖完
send out发出
set out动身；出发
turn out证明是；结果是
work out算出；解决　
with 短语
agree with sb同意某人
be angry with sb生某人的气
keep up with赶上
catch up with赶上；追上
come up with提出；想出
be covered with被……覆盖
deal with处理；对待
be filled with充满
make friends with sb与某人交朋友
get along / on (well) with sb 与某人相处（融洽）
help sb with sth 帮助某人做某事
over 短语
come over顺便来访
fall over跌倒
go over复习；温习；检查
look over检查
think over仔细考虑
turn over把……翻过来；移交；转交
down 短语
break down损坏；中断
cut down砍倒；削减
get down 下来
go down 下落；下降
pull down拆毁
put down放下；写下
set down放下；记下
shut down把……关上；关闭
take down记下；拆卸
turn down关小；调低
write down写下；记下　
from 短语
across from...在......的对面
break away from...脱离......
be different from...与......不同
hear from...收到......的来信
learn from...向......学习
tell...from...区分 / 辨别......和......
up 短语
bring up提出；呕吐；养育
call up打电话；想起
cheer up使……振奋
fill up填满；装满
fix up修理；安装
go up上升；上涨
grow up长大（成人）
hurry up赶快；赶紧
look up查阅；查找；向上看
make up one's mind下定决心
pick up (sb)拾起；搭载 / 接载（某人）
put up举起；挂起；张贴；搭建
save up存钱；积蓄
set up创立；建立
show up出席；露面
sit up坐起来
stay up不睡；熬夜
shut up住嘴
speak up大声说
think up想出
tidy up整理
turn up开大；调大（音量）
off 短语
fall off从……跌落
get off下车
give off发出（光、热、气味等）
hurry off匆匆离去
put off推迟
see sb off为某人送行
set off出发；启程
show off显示；夸耀
take off脱下
turn off关掉 (收音机、电灯、煤气等)　
重叠式短语
again and again再三地；反复地
arm in arm臂挽着臂
day after day日复一日
from door to door挨家挨户
face to face面对面
here and there到处；处处
from house to house挨家挨户
less and less越来越少
all day and all night整日整夜
one by one一个接一个地
三．Exercises
1. In cold winter, the temperature in Harbin often remains ___ zero all day.
2．Ma Yun, the Chairperson of Alibaba Group, has made much money ______ the Internet.
3. --- When is your birthday ---- I was born ____ December 17. This year I’ll hold a birthday party for it at home.
4. It is great ____ us to get so many favourite books on International Children’s Book Day.
5.---Would you like to visit the zoo with me now .--- Sorry. It’s ____ the visiting hours. Let’s go there tomorrow.
6.Nanjing Lishui Strawberry Festival opened ____ March in Fjiabian Modern Agricultural Park this year.
7.Could you tell me the way ____ the railway station ---- Go along this road and you’ll find it.
8. Ben was helping his mother when the rain began to beat heavily ____ the window.
形容词,副词
一．形容词的基本用法
作定语 eg. He lives in a beautiful house.
作表语 eg. The song sounds wonderful.
作宾语补足语 eg. We find English interesting
形容词的名词用法eg. The young of today live a rich life.
Exercise：
1.We should develop _____________ (现代的) services and tourism in our country.
2. Generally speaking, people often feel ________ (sleep) after a big meal.
3. The aging of population in China has become a serious ______ (社会的) problem.
4. It’s such a ______________(令人愉快的) trip that I will remember it for ever.
5. We are very ____________ (自豪) that a pupil from our school has won the prize.
6. The fish smells _____________. You’d better throw it away. (terribly)
7.—Don’t you think fishing is ____ Imagine you just sit by the water and wait for hours.
—No, I really enjoy the fishing time.
8. —Who is suitable for the new chairperson of the Students’ Union
—I think David is. He is enough to come up with new ideas.
9. —What do you think of his speech
— Oh, wonderful. But he sounded really________when he started speaking.
10.—How much money did you pay for the hamburger —None. It was .
11.The price of the Ipad is so __________that the children in poor areas can’t afford it .
12.It’s quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth ____ and his eyes _____.
形容词的比较级和最高级
规则变化
构成 原级 比较级 最高级
一般单音节词和部分双音节词在词尾加-er或-est
以不发音的e结尾的单音节词和少数以le结尾的双音节词，在词尾加-r或-st
以”辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节单词，变y为i,再加-er或者-est.
重读闭音节词，只有一个辅音字母结尾时，双写该辅音字母再加-er或-est
部分双音节词和多音节词，在该词前面加more和the most构成比较级和最高级
2) 不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级
good/well
bad/badly
old
many/much
little
far
等级 形式 比较对象 意思
原级 as+adj./adv.+as 两个 和...一样
比较级 adj./adv.-er+than More+adj/adv.+than 两个 比起... 更...
最高级 The+adj./adv-est The most+adj./adv. 三个以上 最...
结构 意义 例子
原级 as + 原级 + as … 和……一样
not + as/so + 原级 + as… 不如……
表示一半用half;一倍once,两倍twice;三倍及以上：基数词+times ...几倍 Our school is twice as large as theirs. 我们学校是他们的两倍大。
比较级 有表示程度的副词（短语）a little,a bit, a lot, much, even, far等修饰时,用形容词比较级 更... Our school is much bigger than theirs This film is far more interesting than that one.
Adj./adv.比较级+and+adj./adv.比较级 越来越... The day is getting longer and longer.
The +adj./adv.比较级，the+adj./adv.比较级 越...就越... The harder you work, the better you will be.
The+adj.比较级+of the two (+名词) 某人/物是两者中较...的 Of the two shirts, I chose the cheaper one.
Which is +adj./adv.比较级，A or B A和B哪个更...
Exercises：
1. It takes ____________ (little) time to get there by underground than by bus.
2. The low-carbon(低碳) lifestyle makes us look ___________ (healthy) than before.
3．Kitty is one of the _____________ (slim) girls in her class.
4. Philip is fond of sports now and plays basketball almost every day, so he is much
_______________(强壮的) than before.
5 —How well did Sally do in writing —Among the students, she made the ________ mistakes.
6. —Was Henry late for the film yesterday
—No. He arrived there even fifteen minutes than us three.
7. The shop assistant showed her several mobile phones and she chose _______ expensive one.
注意：
1)只能用作表语的形容词 (划线的词)
sick/ill alone/lonely alive/living afraid/frightened
2)容易被看成副词的形容词
lovely friendly lonely lively weekly daily
3)形容词后置
a) 修饰不定代词(something important)
b) else修饰不定代词和疑问词
4)worried /interested/surprised/excited /amazed…
多指人对事物的感受，主语一般是人，“感到……”
worrying/ interesting/surprising/exciting /amazing…
多指事物对人的影响，一般修饰事物,“使/令人……”
三．相关构词法
常见形容词的后缀 (- ful; less; -y ; able ;-al)
sunny foggy stormy rainy windy snowy frosty sporty
cloudy lucky healthy sleepy noisy guilty
comfortable fashionable enjoyable
national cultural educational
含有否定意义的前缀(in、 im、 un、 dis 、ir)
incorrect incomplete inactive
impolite impossible impatient
unnecessary unfriendly unhappy
dishonest irregular
Nouns Adjectives (with -ful) Adjectives (with -less) Attentions
cheer Not all words have both ‘-ful’ and ‘–less’ as suffixes
colour
care
delight
end
hope
meaning
wonder
success
harm
Exercises
1. Peter is _______ (active). I don’t think he is the suitable person to be our monitor.
2. Most of the girls like to wear _____________ clothes. (fashion)
3. What an ________________ (enjoy) journey we had the day before yesterday!
4. The roads are becoming more and more _____________ (拥挤的) because of too much traffic.
5. Most teachers don’t think it’s _____________ (health) for children to study too late at night.
6. If you find the book _____________(useful), you can drop it and pick a new one.
7. You needn’t be frightened because these insects are completely _________ (harm).
8.The old man usually stays _____________(独自的) at home.
9.I am a____________ to go out by myself at night (害怕的).
10.We usually gather on the playground to watch the raising of _____________ (nation) flag on Monday morning.
11. The government should do something to help those ____________ people. (home)
12. — What’s up — The music in the restaurant sounds so ______ that I want to leave at once.
13. The man jumped out of the car and took the _______ child to safety.
14. — What do you think of the report Mr. Green gave us last week
— I think it’s _______, but someone thinks it’s much too _______.
四．易错点：
易混词：else & other
else可修饰不定代词，要后置. eg. ---Is there anything else I can do for you
---No, thank you!
else可修饰疑问代词，要后置 eg. You had better tell me who else will go to the meeting.
other 多修饰名词，放于之前 eg. Do you have any other questions to ask
易混词：both either & neither
both表示“两者都”，后面跟复数名词.
eg. Both films are interesting. 这两部电影都很有趣。
both sides of the river 河流的两边
either表示“两者中的任何一个”，后面跟单数名词
eg. Either film is interesting. 这两部电影中的任何一部都很有趣。
either side of the river 河流的任何一边
neither表示“两者中的任何一方都不”，后面跟单数名词
eg. Neither film is interesting. 这两部电影中的任何一部都没趣。
enough 的用法
1)adj.足够的，enough + noun eg. I have enough money to buy the house.
2) adv.足够地，adj./adv. + enough eg. He is tall enough to reach the apple.
副词的基本用法
频度副词的基本用法（sometimes hardly seldom once)
方式副词的基本用法( badly carefully clearly)
程度副词的基本用法
very quite so such really rather　too enough
He is a very good boy. (quite a good boy)
such an interesting book (so interesting a book)
形容词和副词同一形式的词: early late fast high hard straight
副词的构成:
1)多数副词在形容词后+ly : loudly; beautifully ; hopefully
2)以y结尾的，去y加-ily : happy noisy (happily) (noisily)
以e结尾的 true – truly （去e 加ly）
terribly/gently/simply/comfortably (去e加y)
nice – nicely/politely/safely/widely (直接加ly)
辨别：high 高地/highly高度地
hard 努力地 /hardly 几乎不
Exercies：
1. The boy ran to his mother w_______ (wild)
2．Go _________ on and turn right at the first crossing, and you'll find the park on the left.
3．Teaching children in this way s ________ means making them stressed and destroying them.
4. When a little bit of rain falls, the plants hold the water. Without plants, the land can become a desert much __________
5 . — Why do you say Sandy does her homework ___— Because she always makes many mistakes in her homework.
6. It was raining so _______ all the night that many roads were in water the next morning.
7. She speaks English __________ an American, so we all believe that she has stayed in America for many years.
8．What great fun it is to fly kites in _____________ weather!
9. __________, he was late and missed the wonderful new film.
综合练习：
1. Thousands of people died in _______________(自然的) disasters every year.
2. The planes fly low ________________ (吵闹地) through the sky.
3. Everyone was ____________(满意的)with the ____________(令人满意的)journey to Yunnan .
4. If you can answer all the questions _____________, you will get two free film tickets.
5.—Is the physics problem________ —Yes. I can work it out __________.
6.My neighbour is strange and he likes doing everything _____________.
7.Could you tell us how _____________ the computers are used
8.Here is the ____________ round-up of what happened in the world.
9.Jane worked very __________ last year and this year she works even ____________.
10.I can ____________ understand his words. It’s difficult for me to follow him.
11. It’s ______________for Sandy to stay at home at weekends because she is outgoing.
12. The film is ________________for all ages, which means everyone can watch it .
13. He thought it was ______________ to win the award. He gave it up.
14. His father looked at him _________ because he made a terrible mistake.
15. Now fast food is thought to be ______________. You’d better eat less
同义句转换
1. There is a lot of rain in the south of China in summer.
It often ___________ ___________ in the south of China in summer.
The rain is often ____________ in the south of China in summer.
2. The boy is very clever, and it is easy for him to work out the problem.
The boy is ________ _________ that he can work out the problem ___________.
3.Her son is very young, and he can’t dress himself.
Her son is _________ __________ __________ dress himself.
Her son isn’t _________ __________ __________ dress himself.
Her son is _________ __________ __________ he can’t dress himself.
Her son is ________ _______ _______ ________ _______ he can’t dress himself.
4. The young boy is very strong. He can lift the box.
The young boy is __________ __________ __________ ___________ the box.
5. The weather is so fine that we all want to go outing.
It is __________ __________ ____________ that we all want to go outing.
动词
一、分类
1. 实义动词 eat, drink, sleep, run, play…
可分为：及物动词、不及物动词、延续性动词和非延续性动词
2. 系动词 look, sound, smell, keep, stay…（后跟形容词做表语，组成系表结构）
状态类：be, stay, seem, keep
感官类：feel, look, smell, taste, sound
变化类：become, get, go, grow, turn
★注意：系动词不能单独作谓语、系动词没有被动语态、不用于进行时
除了be动词外，其他的系动词加形容词作表语
3. 助动词 do/does/did, have/has/had( 完成时中), will ，
否定在助动词后直接加 not, 问句直接把助动词提到主语前面
4. 情态动词 can, could, may, might, must, ought, should , need …等。
否定在后面直接加not,问句直接提前
情态动词考点分析：
1）can/could, be able to区别: 两者都可以用来表示能力。can只有现在时(can)和过去时
(could)，而be able to可用于多种时态。 注: can与be able to，不能重复使用
2）can/could表示“可能性” 没有时间区别，can 可能性比could 大，
表示逻辑上或理论上的可能性，而不是某种实际上将要发生或正在发生的可能性。
He can’t be at home.（不可能在家）
3) can/could/may/might 表示 “请求；许可”
要注意：can/could 提问时的回答 e.g Could I use your bike, Mum Yes, you can.
辨析：Could you ride a bike last year No, I couldn’t. But I can now.（表能力）
4）情态动词的否定: 部分情态动词的否定形式是情态动词考点之一.
mustn’t 不准, 禁止 needn’t没必要 ( = don’t have to ) can’t 不能; 不可能
may not 不可以; 可能不 shouldn’t不应该 ( = ought not to ) had better not 最好不要
5）need 用法
A: 作为情态动词: I need not finish the work now .
★注意对need问句的回答: --Must I finish the work today
--Yes, you must..// --No, you needn’t. // --No, you don’t have to
★needn’t 对其它情态动词的回答:
--Shall I tell John about it --No, you needn’t (don’t have to)
B: 作为实义动词: We need to finish the work .(肯定)
We don’t need to finish the work . (否定)
C. 其它用法 My bike needs repairing. == My bike needs to be repaired.
巩固练习
1. —Mom,must I go shopping with you
—No,you . You can watch the film Big Hero 6 with your friends.
2. —You park here! Look at the sign.It says “No parking”.
—Sorry, I didn’t notice that sign just now.
3. —Excuse me, when are we going to have a picnic —I’m not sure. Ask our monitor, please. He know.
4. —How nice that Lucy has been invited to the party too!
—Well,Lucy not come.She is not certain whether her mother will allow her to.
5.The lady in this photo be over fifty! She looks so young!
二、非谓语动词(to do, doing, done)
1. to do： 动词不定式 肯定形式:to do 否定形式:not to do
A 常见的动词不定式的搭配
want / would like / hope / decide / plan to do
ask/want/tell/invite/warn sb. (not) to do…
It takes sb. some time to do…
It’s +adj.+ of/for sb. to do… 形容词/副词+ enough to do…
too … to do… have no choice but to do… what to do…
B 不带to 的不定式的固定搭配
make / let / have sb. do sth had better (not) do sth
why not/don’t you do… would rather (not) do than do…
Would you please (not) do sth.
C 动词不定式在句中的作用
1) 对我们来说学好英语很重要(主语）
________________________is important for us.
It is important for us______________________.
2) 他们不知道怎么做。（疑问词+动词不定式作宾语）
They don’t know ____________________ .
3) 这个游戏的目的是环游世界以了解各地的历史。（表语）
The purpose of the game is _______________________________each place.
4) 你想要的喝的吗？（动词不定式做后置定语修饰不定代词）
Would you like something__________
5) 我们有很多家庭作业要做。
We have a lot of homework________.
6) 老师让我们明天把字典带到学校来。（宾补）
The teacher asked us________________________ to school tomorrow.
7) 人们急匆匆地将生病的男孩送到医院。 （目的状语）
People were in a hurry ___________ the boy to the hospital .
2. 动词ing
A 接V-ing 动名词作宾语的搭配
enjoy/finish/practice/keep/mind/advise/suggest/can’t help….
spend (time/money)
be busy/have difficulty/have fun
be worth /have a great time/feel like be used to
look forward to pay attention to devote…to… be/get used to
B 易混淆、易错的用法
1.prefer to do / prefer doing to doing
2.stop doing 停止做某事
stop to do 停下来去做某事
3. be used to doing 习惯于做。。。
be used to do 被用来做。。。
be used for doing 被用来做。。。
used to do 过去常做。。。
4. remember/forget to do
remember/forget doing
5. see sb. do sth 看见某人经常做某事或做了某事
see sb. doing sth 看见某人正在做某事
hear sb. do sth 听见某人经常做某事或做了某事
hear sb. doing sth 听见某人正在做某事
C. done过去分词:
the boy called Tom(叫Tom的男孩), the clothes made of wool（羊毛制成的衣服）
要注意做定语的过去分词与被动语态的区别:
The boy is called Tom. 这个男孩叫Tom
The clothes are made of wool.这衣服是羊毛制的
Exercises
1. Would you like ____________(have) something to eat
2. They decided _____________ (not take) part in the evening party at last.
3. Don’t forget _____________(turn) off the lights before you go out.
4. It’s unnecessary for students ______________(have) so many lessons.
5. All of our teachers are patient enough ___________ (help) us with our study.
6. ___________(drive) to work takes me more time because of too much traffic.
7. It is our first time ________(visit) Paris.
8.—Do you know our new manager —Yes.He to be a friend of my brother.
9. Cao Wenxuan’s new book has just . Let’s go and buy one.
10. — Don’t , my children. Keep working hard and you will win the match.
—Thank you, Mr. Zhang. We’ll try our best.
11. The government should the use of new types of energy to make a greener world
12. The students are the leaflets to people over there to ask them to protect our earth.
三、英语动词的五种基本形式为：动词原形、第三人称单数、现在分词、过去式和过去分词。英语常见八种时态：(请写出位于动词的形式)
一般现在时
一般过去时
一般将来时
过去将来时
现在进行时
过去进行时
现在完成时
过去完成时
1. 一般现在时：表示现阶段经常或习惯发生的动作或存在的状态,或说明主语的特征。
1） 一般现在时的用法：
①表示经常性或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。与一般现在时连用的时间状语：
※表示频度的副词always，often，usually，sometimes等。
※on Sundays，on Monday afternoon，every day，in the morning，every year等时间状语。
※once a year, twice a month, three times a week之类的表示频率的词组。
如：He gets up at five o’clock every day. He often plays football.
★表示客观真理、事实、人的技能或现在的状态时句子里一般不用时间状语。如： The earth turns round the sun.(地球绕着太阳转)
Light travels faster than sound.(光传播比声音快)
★表示十分确定会发生(如安排好的事情)或按照时间表进行的（将要发生的）事情,用一般现在可以表达将来,句子中可以有将来时间。
如：The train for Haikou leaves at 8：00 in the morning.(开往汉口的列车上午8点开车)
④ ★在时间状语从句中(以when, after, before, while, until, as soon as等引导)和条件状语从句中(以if, unless引导),用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如：Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in Germany.(你一到德国就给我打电话) / If it rains tomorrow, we will have to stay at home.(如果明天下雨我们就只好呆在家)
2）第三人称单数的构成：
①直接在词尾加-s play---plays
②以字母-s, -x, -ch, -sh, -o结尾的在词尾加–es wash---washes, go---goes
③以“辅音字母＋y结尾的，去y变i加-es fly---flies, cry---cries
2. 一般过去时：表示过去某时发生的动作或状态,这种动作或状态可能是一次性,也可能经常
发生。（过去常常做某事也可用used to do sth来表示）
1）常用时间状语 ： yesterday, last night, 时间段+ ago, in 2000, before,
when等引导的含过去时的句子。
2）动词过去式的构成：
① 直接在词尾加-ed plant---planted
② 以e结尾的, 加-d change---changed
③ 重读闭音节最后只有一个辅音字母结尾,双写这个辅音字母再加-ed
prefer---preferred
④ 以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的，变y为i加-ed try---tried
⑤ 不规则变化 see---saw, buy---bought 见英语书后的附录
★注意：有一些容易变化错误的单词，如：fix→ fixed, mix→ mixed
3. 一般将来时：表示将来某一时刻或经常发生的动作或状态。
1）一般将来时的时间状语有：tomorrow, this (afternoon),next (year),one day, soon, someday, in the future, in+一段时间; when/ after等引导的状语从句的主句中。 如：I will call you when my mother comes back.
2）时态构成: (1) will / shall + 动词原形
(2)am /is / are going to + 动词原形
3）特殊情况： (1) 一般现在时代替将来时，用于时刻表，日历等
(2)个别动词用现在进行时代替将来时，
此类动词有：come, go, leave, stay, start, begin…
4. 过去将来时：表示从过去某一时间看将来发生或预计将要的动作或存在的状态。
1）常用时间状语： 通常跟在主句为一般过去时的宾语从句中，时间状语有：later, soon, the next (day). 如： Tom told me (that) he would go swimming the next day.
2）时态构成： would+动词原形；
was/were going to +动词原形
5．现在进行时：现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作或是现阶段正发生而此刻不一定在进行的动作。常用时间状语 ：now, at present, at the moment, Listen! / Look!
1）时态构成: am/ is /are +doing(现在分词）
2）现在进行时的用法
①位移动词：go，come，leave，stay，start，begin等，常用进行时表将来。表示即将发生或安排好要做的事情。
We are leaving for London soon. 我们很快就要动身去伦敦了。
She is going there tomorrow. 她明天要去那里。 I’m coming now.(我就来)
②表示频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与always等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感彩。
如：He is always borrowing money from me and forgetting all about it a few days later.
③但应注意下列这些动词一般不用于现在进行时态的句子中。
A、表示感觉的动词。如see，hear等。
B、表示喜欢或厌恶的动词。如like，love，hate等。
C、表示希望的动词。如want，would like等。
D、表示归属的动词。如have等。
E、表示思维、知识或理解能力的动词。如know，forget等。
3）现在分词构成形式：
(1)直接加ing cook--cooking
(2)不发音e结尾去e加ing take--taking (注意：see--seeing)
(3)重读闭音节双写最后一个字母加ing run--running, swim—swimming
(4) 特殊词 lie – lying， die — dying ， tie – tying
6. 过去进行时：过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。
1）常用时间状语 ： this / that time yesterday, at six yesterday, at that time
from…to … yesterday, when + 含有过去时的从句
2）时态构成: was/were +doing(现在分词）
7．现在完成时：现在完成时表示一个发生在过去的、对现在仍有影响的动作,或表示开始在过去,并且一直延续到现在,甚至还可能延续下去的动作。
1）时态构成：助动词have / has +过去分词(P.P)；
(规则动词的过去分词和过去式相同，不规则的可以看词汇表)
2）现在完成时用法
①表示发生在过去的对现在仍有影响的动作时,时间状语有：already, yet, just, once, twice, ever, never, three times, before等。
★②表示在过去开始一直延续到现在(可能延续下去)的动作或状态时,时间状语有：for (two years),since 1990, since (two weeks ago)和since引导的状语从句。
如：I have been away from my hometown for three years.(我离开家乡有3年了)
= I have been away from my hometown since three years ago.
= It is 3 years since I left my hometown.
③口语中have got往往表示have(有)的意思。
如：They have got thousands of books in their library.(他们图书馆有上万本书)
★④ been in 呆在某地，been to 去过某地回来了，
gone to 去了某地，还没回来，不在说话的现场
★⑤在完成时中,一个瞬间性动词(一次性动作)不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,此时须将该瞬间动词改为延续性动词或状态动词。
具体变化如下图：
非延续性动词 延续性动词
buy
borrow
come
go/leave
open/close
begin/start
end/finish
die
catch a cold
become interested in
get married
put on
get up
wake up
fall asleep
join
leave
arrive/reach
或者使用下面这个句型：
It is / has been + (多久) + since + 主语(人)+谓语(过去时)+……+过去时间状语
[注意] 在其它的时态中也存在类似问题, 关键是：瞬间动词不能和表达一段时间的状语连用。如：How long may I keep the book (这本书我能借多久？) (句子中keep取代了borrow)
8. (了解)过去完成时:表示过去某一时间或某一动作发生之前已经完成的动作。简言之, 过去完成时所表示的时间是“过去的过去”。过去完成时在句中使用时一般必须有一个或暗含一个发生在过去的动作与其相比较，使用过去完成时的动词动作发生在该过去的动作之前。
1) 常用时间状语： by the time …, by the end of …, when / before + 含有过去时的从句，跟在主句为一般过去时的从句中
2) 时态构成： had +过去分词(P.P)；
(规则动词的过去分词和过去式相同，不规则的可以看词汇表)
Exercises
1.—When will Uncle Sam come to see us —He’ll visit us this weekend. He me that by email. (tell)
2. —Where is Joan —She a novel in her study. (read)
3. —Have you ever been to Singapore —Yes. I _______ there last year with my parents. (go)
4. —Would you like to watch the three-D film Titanic with me
—Certainly . I don’t mind seeing it again although I it twice.（see）
5. —Will you watch the program Running Man in Zhejiang Star TV tonight
—Yes, of course.It_______one of the most popular shows since last October.(be)
四、语态（主动语态和被动语态）
1.被动语态的基本结构：be+ done
2.被动语态的各种时态构成：
1)一般现在时：
2)一般过去时：
3)一般将来时：
4)现在完成时：
3.情态动词被动语态的构成：
4.特殊句型的被动语态：
★⑴含有使役动词（make /let /have）或感官动词（hear ,see, watch, feel等）的句子，在主动语态中这些词后常跟不带to的动词不定式，但是在改成被动语态时，则一定要把省去的to再加上去，另外help这一个词在主动语态中后面的动词不定式可以带to,也可不带to, 但在被动语态中也必须把to加上去。
例：①Mother often makes me do some housework.
→I am often made to do some housework by mother.
②We saw him run into the classroom.
→He was seen to run into the classroom by us.
★⑵teach, give, pass, show, buy, tell等动词常常带有两个宾语（双宾语：直接宾语和间接宾语），改为被动语态时，两个宾语可以选其中任一个作主语。如果直接宾语被提前作主语，那么间接宾语（一般是人）前要加相应的介词to/for。
例：①Ｓhe gave me a pen.= She gave a pen to me.
→I was given a pen by her.
→A pen was given to me by her.
②My father bought me a new bike.= My father bought a new bike for me.
→I was bought a new bike by my father.
→A new bike was bought for me by my father.
★⑶由不及物动词（vi）+介词＋宾语的句子改成被动语态时，介词不能丢掉，仍放在原来的位置。(前面已举过两例)
　例： Ｗe should speak to old people politely.
→Old people should be spoken to politely ( by us).
Exercises：
1. Alice some advice on how to improve her listening skills, and she gladly accepted Miss Green's. （give）
2. Pukou Railway Station in 1911 and it has become a filming location for films and TV plays in recent years. （build）
3.—Do you like reading books
—Yes. Each of us to do more reading in and after class.(encourage)
4.We’re sure that the environment in our city greatly through our work in the near future. （improve）
5. —Did you and your sister go to Miss Brown’s party yesterday
—No.Neither of us . (invite )
动词短语
A-
agree
agree with sb. 同意某人观点
agree on sth. 就某事达成一致
agree to do sth. 同意做某事
ask
ask sb. sth. 询问某人某事
ask sb. about sth. 关于某事询问某人
ask sb. for sth. 向某人寻求某物
ask sb. (not) to do sth. 要求某人（不）做某事
B-
be
be absent from… 缺席……
be able to do sth. 能够做某事
be afraid of doing sth.=be afraid to do sth. 害怕做某事
be angry with sb.=be mad at sb. 生某人的气
be away from…=keep away from… 远离…
be born with 天生具有
be busy with 忙于…
be close to… 离……近
be different from 与……不同
be excited about 关于……感到兴奋
be famous as…=be known as… 作为…出名
be famous for…=be known for… 因为…出名
be fond of 喜欢
be friends with sb. 和某人是朋友
be full of…=be filled with… 充满…
be good at…=do well in… 擅长…
be good for… 对……有好处
be good to sb.=be kind to sb.=be nice to sb.=be friendly to sb. 对某人友好
be good with sb.=get on/along with sb. 与……相处得好
be hard on sb= be strict with sb. 对某人严格
be harmful to …=be bad for…=do harm to…对……有坏处
be in control of 掌管，管理
be interested in…=take/have an interest in…对……感兴趣
be made of 由……制成（能看出原材料）
be made from 由……制成（看不出原材料）
be made in+地点 在……制造
be made up of 由…组成
be proud of=take pride in 为……骄傲
be responsible for 为……负责
be serious about…=take…seriously 对……是认真的
be similar to 与……相似
be supposed to do sth.=be expected to do sth.=should do sth. 应该做某事
be sure about/of sth. 对……有把握
be thankful to sb. 对某人心存感激
be thirsty for… 渴望……
be used to sth. 习惯某事
be used as… 作为……被使用
be used by… 被……使用
be used for doing sth.=be used to do sth. 被用来做某事
be/get used to doing sth. 习惯做某事
be worried about 担心
be worth doing sth. 值得做某事
be tired of 对……厌烦
be pleased with 对……满意
be up to… 是……的职责；由……决定
believe
believe in 信任（=trust）
belong
belong to sb. 属于某人
blow
blow out 吹灭
break
break down （机器）坏了；（计划、谈判）失败
break into 破门而入；打断（谈话）
break off 打断；突然中止
break out （战争、瘟疫）爆发
break up 分解，分裂
break away from脱离，逃离
break down 出故障，抛锚；分解
break in闯进，打断；使顺服；插嘴
break the record破纪录
break one's promise 食言
break through 冲破
bring
bring back=recall 回想
bring good luck to… 给……带来好运
bring out 使显现，激发出
bring about 引起；导致
bring in 收获；获利；引进
bring out 显示出
bring up 提出；抚养；呕吐
C-
call
call sb. back 给某人回电话
call for 号召
call in 召集；召来
call out 召唤；大声叫喊
call sb. up 给某人打电话，征召
carry
carry out 贯彻，落实（计划，命令等）
carry on 继续，坚持下去
care
care about 关心，在意
care for=look after=take care of 照顾
catch
catch up with 追上，赶上
check
check in 登记入住
check out 检查，核对
cheer
cheer up 使振奋，使高兴
clean
clean off 清除，把……擦掉
clean up 把……打扫干净
clear
clear off 摆脱，清除
clear out 清理，丢掉
come
come out 出版，开花，结果
come on =hurry up 快点
come up 出现；开始
come up with=think up 想出，提出（主意、观点等）
come true 实现（无被动）
come over=drop by 顺便拜访
come across偶遇
come along进步；进展；出现
come down倒下；降落；跌落
come from来自，起源于
come into being出现；形成
come into use开始使用
come to苏醒；复原；共计；达到
come to an end终止；结束
come to know开始了解到
compare
compare…with… 把……和……作比较
compete
compete with sb. 比赛，竞争，角逐
connect
connect…with… 把……和……联系起来
cut
cut down 砍倒；减少（=reduce）
cut off 切除
cut out 删除
cut up 切碎
cut…into pieces 把……切成碎片
cut in 插嘴
D-
deal
deal with=solve=work out 解决
depend
depend on 依赖于，取决于
die
die down 逐渐变弱，逐渐消失
die from 死于（外因）
die of 死于（内因）
die away 消失
die out 灭绝
divide
divide…into… 把……分成
dress
dress up 打扮
E-
eat
eat out 出去吃饭
eat up 吃光
end
end up as+职业 最终成为
end up doing sth. 以做某事结束
end up with sth. 以某事结束
enjoy
enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事
enjoy oneself doing sth.=have a good time doing sth.=have fun doing sth. 做某事玩的开心
F-
fail
fail the exam 考试不及格
fail to do sth.=miss doing sth. 没能做成某事
fall
fall asleep 入睡
fall behind 落后
fall down 摔倒
fall in love with… 爱上……
fall off 从……掉下
fall over 绊倒
feel
feel free to do sth. 随意做某事
feel sb. do sth. 感觉到某人做某事
feel sb. doing sth. 感觉到某人正在做某事
feel it adj for sb. to do sth. 感觉到做某事对于某人来说是…的
find
find out 查明，弄清
find sb. doing sth. 发现某人正在做某事
find it adj for sb. to do sth. 发现做某事对于某人来说是…的
fix
fix up=repair 修理
G-
get
get along/on with sb. 相处
get away离开；逃脱
get familiar with熟悉
get a surprise 受到惊吓，吃惊
get back=come back=go back=be back=return 回来，返回
get down 下来
get down to认真对待；静下心来
get dressed 穿衣服
get in the way of 妨碍；挡…的路
get into 陷入
get married 结婚
get off 下车
get on 上车；相处；进展
get out 出去，离开
get out of… 从…出来
get over 克服，恢复，原谅
get popular 受欢迎，流行
get ready for=be ready for=prepare for 为…做准备
get through 接通电话
get to 到达
get together 相聚
get up 起床
get used to doing sth.=be used to doing sth. 习惯做某事
get rid of除去；去掉；摆脱
give
give sb. a lift 搭便车
give away=donate 捐赠
give sth. back to sb.=return sth. to sb. 归还
give in 投降，屈服，让步
give out=hand out 分发
give off 散发（气味等）
give up 放弃
give up doing sth.=stop doing sth.=quit doing sth. 放弃做某事，停止做某事
give back 归还
give way to让步；退却；屈服于
go
go by （时间）逝去，过去
go down=go along=go straight直走
go off （闹铃）发出响声
go on to do sth. 继续做另一件事
go on doing sth. 继续做同一件事
go against 违反；反对
go ahead 进行；进展；干吧；说吧
go around 流传；四处走动
go bad （食物等）变坏
go in for 从事（某种事业或活动）
go over 审阅；检查
go through 审阅；检查；经历；经过
go up 上涨；上升
go wrong 出毛病
grow
grow up成长，长大
H-
hand
hand in 上交
hand out=give out 分发
hang
hang out 闲逛
hang over 笼罩
have
have a headache 头疼
have a look=look 看
have a point 有道理
have a walk=take a walk=go for a walk=go out for a walk 去散步
have to 不得不
have to do with=be about… 与…有关
have…in common 有共同之处
hear
hear about/of 听说
hear from sb.=receive/get a letter from sb.=receive /get sb’s letter 收到某人的来信
help
help sb. with sth. 帮某人某事
help sb. (to) do sth. 帮助某人做某事
help sb. out 帮某人摆脱困境
hold
hold on 等一下，别挂断
hold…back 阻止（经常是眼泪）
hurry
hurry up=come on 快点儿
K-
keep
keep…away from… 使……远离……
keep doing一直做某事
keep…down 控制，抑制
keep…for oneself 把…据为己有
keep healthy/fit 保持健康
keep in touch with sb. 与…保持联系
keep on doing sth.=stick to doing sth. 继续做…
keep one’s cool 沉住气，保持冷静
keep sb. doing 使某人一直做某事
keep sb from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事
keep…to oneself 保守秘密
keep up with 跟上
kick
kick sb. off 开除某人
knock
knock at/on 敲（门、窗）
knock sb. down 把某人撞倒
knock into sb. 撞到某人身上
L-
laugh
laugh at sb. 嘲笑某人
lay
lay out 摆开,布置
learn
learn from 向……学习
learn to do sth. 学着做某事
leave
leave sb. alone 单独留下某人
leave sth. +地点 把某物忘在某地
leave out 忽略,不提及
let
let sb. in 让某人进来
let sb. down=disappoint sb. 使某人失望
lie
lie down 躺下
look
look after=take care of=care for 照顾
look around 环顾四周
look at=have a look at 看
look back at=bring back=recall 回想起
look down upon 瞧不起
look for 寻找
look forward to doing 盼望，期望
look into 调查
look like=take after=be similar to 相像
look out 向外看；当心，小心（=take care=be careful=watch out）
look over=examine 仔细检查
look through 浏览，快速查看
look up 查阅，抬头看
look up to=admire 崇拜，仰慕
lose
lose weight 减肥（keep fit）
lose one’s life 失去生命
lose one’s homes 失去家园
M-
make
make a decision=decide 决定
make a difference to…=have an influence on…=influence…对…有影响
make a contribution to… 为…做贡献
make a face 做鬼脸
make a living 谋生
make a mess 弄得一团糟
make a plan=plan 计划
make a telephone call 打电话
make a wish 许愿
make friends with sb. 与某人交朋友
make mistakes 犯错误
make money=earn money 挣钱
make one’s bed 整理床铺
make one’s own decision 自己做决定
make one’s way to+地点名词 费力地前往某地
make progress 取得进步
make room for… 为…腾地方
make soup 做汤
make up 编造
make it 成功的做到
make sure 确保，确信
make up one’s mind 做决定
make sb feel at home 使某人宾至如归
make the soccer team 成为足球队的一员
make use of使用；利用
make out 理解；辨认出；填写；开支票
make the best of 尽量利用
mind
mind doing sth. 介意做某事
O-
open
open up 打开
P-
pass
pass by 路过
pass sth. to sb.=pass sb. sth. 递给某人某
pass the exam 通过考试
pass down 传下来；流传
pass away 去世
pass on (to sb) 传给 (某人)
part
part with 舍弃
pay
pay attention to doing sth. 关注，注意做某事
pay back 偿还
pay for 支付
pay phone 付费电话
pick
pick up 捡起；采摘；接电话（=answer）；接人取物；
play
play a part in doing sth.=play a role in doing sth. 参与做…
play a role 扮演角色
play the piano 弹钢琴
play with 和……玩；玩……
praise
praise sb. for sth. 为某事表扬某人
prefer
prefer…to…相比……更喜欢……
prepare
prepare for=be ready for 为……做准备
prevent
prevent sb. (from) doing sth.=stop sb. (from) doing sth.=keep sb. (away) from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事
pull
pull down=take down 拆除，摧毁
pull out 拉出来
pull together 齐心协力
pull in 车停下；车进站
pull off 完成；扯下
pull over 靠边停车
put
put away 收拾，整理
put aside 把……放在一边；搁置
put down 放下
put back把……放回原处
put… into… 把……放进……
put off 推迟，拖延
put on 穿上；增重；上演
put one’s heart into 全神贯注于
put out 扑灭，熄灭
put up 张贴；搭建；举起
put…to good use 好好利用
put one's heart into 全神贯注；专心致志
put up with 忍受，容忍
put through 电话接通
put forward 提出
R-
regard
regard…as… 把…看作…
remind
remind sb. of sth. 使某人想起某事
remind sb. to do sth. 提醒某人做某事
remind that+句子 提醒…
run
run after 追赶
run away 跑掉
run across 偶遇
run against 违反；不利于
run into 偶遇；撞上
run out 用完（主语是被用的那个物）
run out of 用完（主语是用东西的那个人）
S-
search
search for搜索
search sb. 搜身
sell
sell out卖光
send
send away 把……打发走
send for 派人去请（医生什么的）
send out 派遣；发出 (光亮等)
separate
separate from与……分开
set
set off出发
set out出发，启程
set about 着手干
set up =build=found建立
share
share sth. with sb.和某人分享某物
shout
shout at…冲……大声叫嚷
shout back=talk back 顶嘴
shout to…对……大声喊叫
show
show off炫耀
show sb. around +地点 带某人参观某地
show up=appear出现，露面
shut
shut off 关闭，停止运转
spend
spend 钱/时间 on sth. 花钱/时间在某事物上
spend 钱/时间 in doing sth. 花钱/时间做某事
spend 时间 with sb. 和某人度过一些时间
stay
stay at home待在家里
stay out在外逗留
stay up熬夜
stand
stand for代表
stand doing sth.忍受做某事
can’t stand doing sth.=can’t help doing sth.=can’t stop doing sth. 忍不住/情不自禁做某事
stand by 和……一起；支持
satnd out 显眼；引人注目
stare
stare at sb.盯着某人
stick
stick to doing sth.坚持，固守
T-
take
take action采取行动
take after=look like=be similar to与……相像
take a break休息
take a message捎口信
take a risk冒险
take a shower洗淋浴
take a trip去旅行
take a vacation度假
take an interest in=be interested in对……感兴趣
take away带走，拿走
take care=look out=watch out=be careful当心,小心
take care of=look after=care for照顾
take down=pull down拆除，摧毁
take in吸入
take it easy放轻松
take medicine吃药
take on 承担；从事；呈现
take off脱下；起飞
take out带出去
take one’s advice接受某人的建议
take one’s order 点菜
take one’s place=take one’s position代替
take one’s temperature量体温
take out of从……拿出
take part in=join in参加
take photos拍照
take place发生（有计划地）
take pride in=be pride of为……自豪
take up占用；开始从事
take…seriously认真对待
take turns轮流
take over 继承；接管；最终取代
talk
talk about=discuss讨论
talk back=shout back顶嘴
talk to sb.=talk with sb.与……谈话
thank
thanks for为……而感谢
thanks to=because of多亏了……
think
think about考虑
think of 想，认为
think over再三考虑
think up=come up with想出
throw
throw away扔掉
throw down 扔下
try
try doing sth. 尝试做某事
try one’s best to do sth.=make an effort to do sth.=make efforts to do sth.=go out of one’s way to do sth. 尽力做某事
try on 试穿
try out 参加……的选拔；试用
try to do sth. 努力做某事
have a try 试一试（try为名词，尝试）
turn
turn around转身
turn down调低；拒绝(=refuse)
turn… into…=change… into… 把…变成…
turn left/right左/右转
turn off关闭
turn on打开
turn over翻身
turn up调高
turn into 变成；变为
turn out 证明是
turn out to be原来是；证明是；结果是
turn to 求助于
take one's turn to do轮流到做
take turns 轮流
turn a blind eye to 对……视而不见
U-
use
used to do sth.过去常常做某事
W-
wait
wait for sb.等某人
wait for sb. to do sth. 等某人做某事
can’t wait to do sth. 等不及/迫不及待做某事
wait in line排队等候
walk
walk along/down沿着走
walk into走路时撞着
wake
wake sb. up叫醒某人
wear
wear out穿破
work
work out=solve解决，算出
work on 从事，致力于
would
would like to do sth.=want to do sth.=feel like doing sth.想要做某事
would rather do than do宁愿做某事也不愿做某事
write
write down记下，写下
连词
并列连词
1) 表示并列关系的连词：and，both…and, neither…nor…, not only…but also…, as well as(就近原则) 等。
用以上连词造句
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
表示转折关系的并列连词有：but, yet, while, however等.
3）表示因果关系的并列连词：so, for, because等。
4）表示选择关系的并列连词有：or, either…or…(就近),等。
造句____________________________________________________________
2. 从属连词
从属连词----连接状语从句
1). 引导时间状语从句的从属连词： when, before , after, until , as soon as (主将从现)
2). 引导条件状语从句的从属连词：if , unless
3). 引导原因状语从句的从属连词：because，as, since
4). 引导结果状语从句的从属连词：so… that … ,such… that…
5). 引导让步状语从句的从属连词：though /although，even if
6). 引导目的状语从句的从属连词：so that, in order that
7). 引导比较状语从句的从属连词：as…as…, not as/so…as…, less…than…, more…than…
注意：不能同时出现在一个句子中的连词。
1).because ,so 不能同时出现在一个句子里，只用其中之一。
2).though /although ,but不能同时出现在一个句子里，只用其中之一。但though 可以与yet，still 同时出现在一个句子中。
造句
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
从属连词----引导宾语从句的从属连词
1). that用于引导陈述句的宾语从句，可以省去，如：
She says that she likes watching TV very much.
2). when, where, who, why, what等连接副词连接由特殊疑问句转化过来的宾语从句。
3). if, whether连接有一般疑问句转化过来的宾语从句。
造句
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
简单句、并列句和复合句
【简单句的五种基本句型 】
1.定义：
如果句子只有一个主语或者并列主语和一个谓语或并列谓语动词，这样的句子称为简单句。
2.基本结构共有5种，分别是：
（1）. 主语+谓语(不及物动词) [S + V] The children are playing happily.
（2）. 主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语 [S+V+O] The Greens enjoy living in China.
（3）. 主语+谓语+表语 [S+V+P]
常见的系动词有：be(是)； get(变得), become(成为), turn(变得), look(看起来), feel(感到), smell(闻起来), taste(尝起来), sound(听起来), seem(似乎) 等。如：
（4）. 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 [S+V+IO+DO]
这种句型中的及物动词后跟双宾语，即指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语。也可以把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，但要加介词for或to。如：
① My aunt bought me a computer. = My aunt bought a computer for me.
② I passed him the salt. = I passed the salt to him.
（5）. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 [S+V+O+OC]
We must keep our school clean.
【感叹句】
What +adj.+n.+主语+谓语！ How+adj./adv.+ 主语+谓语！
1.Guan Dong saved an old lady out of the Yangtze River. __________great courage he showed！
2. - The guard of honor of the PLA are taking part in the parade on Red Square.
-______________ exciting event！
【特殊疑问句】
1.---_ ____________ are you going to the School Uniform Exhibition, Army
---- To learn about different styles of school uniforms.
【祈使句】
Daniel, _______________play with the mobile phone while you are walking in the street.
【并列句】
并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间不是从属关系，而是平行并列的关系。两个简单句常用并列连词连在一起。
结构是：“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。常用的并列连词有如下四种：
类型 引导连词 例句
联合并列句 and （和；并且） I tried my best, and I caught up with him at last. 我竭尽全力，最后终于赶上了他。
转折并列句 but （但是） It is raining hard, but I still go to school. 雨下得很大，但是我还是去上学了。
选择并列句 or （或者，否则） Be careful, or you will hurt yourself. 小心点，否则你会伤到自己的。
因果并列句 so （因此，所以） He was ill, so he went to see a doctor. 他病了，所以他去看医生。
注意：and常用于肯定句中，表肯定列举；or常表示选择和否定的列举，常用于选择疑问句或否定句中。
1. Read this article, _________ you will understand that not everything can be bought with money
2. Spend more time talking with your parents, _______________they may not well understand you
连接具有并列关系的词、短语或句子的连词叫做并列连词。根据其意义，并列连词又分为表示并列、转折、选择和因果等四种关系的连词。
【复合句】
复合句：包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句。从句须由一个关联词引导。
一、宾语从句
1. 定义：在句子做宾语的从句叫宾语从句。
2.引导词的选择
关系 连词 例句
并列关系 and / both ... and ... / not only ... but also ... / neither ... nor ... My father is a teacher and my mother is a nurse. Neither he nor I like to see this film. Not only I but also he will stay here tomorrow.
转折关系 but / however / while I like English, but I am not good at it. I am short, while my brother is very tall.
选择关系 or / either ... or ... You can read this book or that one. Either she or you are going there with me.
因果关系 so / for It was late, so I went home at once. It is morning now, for the birds begin to sing.
特别提醒：☆if和whether的区别：
引导词 引导词的作用
that 引导陈述句性的宾语从句，在口语中常被省略。 1)在很多动词如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等动词后。2) 接在某些形容词或过去分词后，如sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied。
if或whe