2024届中考英语二轮复习专题突破第3讲 名词

课程主题： 名词
学习目标 1、掌握名词的基本分类及可数名词与不可数名词的表达； 2、掌握名词所有格的使用； 3、掌握名词与主谓一致的关系。
教学内容
【课前检测】 单项选择。 1. ---I didn’t have the_______to go out alone at night when I was a little child. ---So did I. But now I’m brave enough. A. courage B. power C. ability D. chance 2. ---I'm tired out these days. ---Well, you'd better keep a ______ between work and play. A.promise B. diary C. balance　　 D. secret 3. Spud Webb has influenced me most. His stories give me much _______ to face all kinds of difficulties. A. luck B. wealth C. courage D. decision 4. People can take high-speed trains from Nanjing to Hong Kong this year. At that time, we will have a new______ for holidays A. invention B. practice C. choice D. research 5. ---I’m afraid that you look a bit fatter than before. ---Yeah. I need to start exercising and get back in . A. size B. height C. style D. shape 6. The Chinese saying “A tree can’t make a forest.” tells us that _______ is very important in everything. A. ability B. teamwork C. spirit D. chance 7. ---It’s hard to make a ______ sometimes. ---I agree. Because we often have more than one choice. A.challenge B. decision C. speech D. mistake 8.The research and development of high-technology will be of much more _______to Chinese companies after this trade case. A.gift B. trust C. value D. wisdom 9. --- What great _______ you have made in learning English! ---Thank you. I believe “Practice makes perfect”. project B. practice C. program D. progress 10.---You know Max got the highest mark in the English test. ---Wow! He made such great ________. A. mistakes B. decisions C. progress D. trouble 【课堂导学】 【知识点梳理】 【知识梳理1】名词考情解析 考点201820172016201520142013名词543412
【知识梳理2】名词的分类及数的表达 一、名词的概念及分类 概念：名词是表示人或物的名称的词，如：bird, human等。 分类：分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。 专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构、日期等的专用名称。 类别意义例子专有名词表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等名称的词Lucy, the Greens, China, the Great Wall, the United Union普通名词可数名词个体名词表示个体的人或事物的词teacher, dictionary, chair, book, dog集体名词表示一群人或一群事物的词family, police, class, group, team不可数名词物质名词表示构成各种物体的物质或材料的词rice, glass, water, paper, air, wood, wool抽象名词表示状态、品质、行为、感情等抽象感念的词danger, health, life, knowledge, interest, love, homework
二、可数名词及其单复数 1. 名词在数量上分为可数名词和不可数名词，而可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。 可数名词由单数变为复数时的规则分为规则变化和不规则变化两种，具体如下表： 规则变化： 情况构成方法读音例子一般情况加-s在清辅音后读/s/ 在浊辅音和元音后读/z/ 在t后读/ts/ 在d后读/dz/cake-cakes day-days pen-pens student-students以-s, -x, -sh, -ch结尾的词加-es读/iz/bus-buses box-boxes wish-wishes watch-watches以辅音字母加-y结尾的词变y为i, 再加-es读/z/factory-factories以元音字母加-y结尾的词加-s读/z/key-keys以-f(-fe)结尾的词变-f(-fe)为v, 再加-es读/z/leaf-leaves knife-knives以o结尾的词一般情况，有生命的结尾加es读/z/potato- potatoes hero- heroes无生命的结尾加sradio- radios piano- pianos
不规则变化： 构成方法读音是否改变例子改变单数名词中的元音字母改变man-men woman-women tooth-teeth foot-feet单复数形式相同不变sheep-sheep deer-deer fish-fish Chinese-Chinese Japanese-Japanese其他形式改变mouse-mice child-children-man的名词合成词a变e改变Englishman-Englishmen Frenchman-Frenchmen非合成词加shuman- humans German-Germans复合名词man/ woman的复合名词前后均复改变man teacher- men teachers woman doctor- women doctors其他方式的复合名词后一个单词变复数boy student-boy students apple tree-apple trees
三、不可数名词及其量的表示方式 1. 中考中12大常考的不可数名词： work, weather, food, fun, advice, traffic, music, information, news, knowledge, progress, furniture 这12个不可数名词除了常规的考察方式之外，常见的是出现在感叹句中。 2. 不可数名词的数量表达方式 ①用some, (too/ so)much, a little, little, a lot of , lots of , plenty of, enough等来表示数量。 如：much water 许多水 some money一些钱 a little milk一点牛奶 lots of beef 许多牛肉 ②借助量词表示一定数量: 单数：a+(量词单数)+ of+ 不可数名词 复数：some/ 数词+ (量词复数)of+ 不可数名词 如： a piece of advice 一条建议 a pair of trousers 一条裤子 a cup of orange 一杯橘汁 two bags of rice 两袋大米 four bottles of ink 四瓶墨水 ③有些抽象名词可转化为可数名词 beauty 美丽 ---- a beauty 美人，美的东西 success 成功 ---- a success 一件成功的事或者一个成功的人 【例题精讲】 词汇填空。 1.For them, the house’s main ______（价值）lies in its quiet country location. 2.Citizens lighted (蜡烛) at the entrance of the metro station in St Petersburg in memory of the victims. 3. Yunnan provincial (政府) is cleaning up the local tourism industry in order to win the tourists’ trust again. 4. I think the best time to visit Lishui is (春天). You can enjoy the wonderful natural beauty. 5. ---Basketball player Lebron James won the Most Valuable Player in 2016 NBA finals. ---That’s true. His height gives him an (优势) over the other players. 6. Nanjing, a beautiful (城市), is the capital of Jiangsu Province. 7. Humans are very interested in Mars, however, we still don’t know whether there is life on this (行星). 8. Farmers in these small villages aren’t able to pay their (账单) in time. 9. Suddenly, the car ran into the river out of (控制) because of the heavy snow-storm. 10. Yu Xu, the woman astronaut, is considered to be one of our national (英雄). 【巩固练习】 单项选择。 1. Paper making is _______ of ancient China. A. one of greatest inventor B. one of the greatest inventors C. one of greatest inventions D.one of the greatest inventions 2.My teacher has given me lots of _______. They’re very useful. A. information B. advice C. suggestions D. news 3.During the Chinese traditional holidays, _______ tourists go to Lao Mendong to experience local colors in Nanjing. A. a great deal of B. a large number of C. the number of D. a bit of 4.Superstars should pay more attention to their behavior because what they do can have a great ______ on teenagers. A. change B. surprise C. progress D. influence 5. --- When I climbed the final meters, I felt a sense of _______. ---Good job! development B. movement C. treatment D. achievement 6. ---Was Doctor Ma’s speech a success ---Yes. He caught all the listeners’ ______ with it. production B. organization C. instruction D. attention 7.---I always get nervous when I start a(n) _________ with others. ---Take it easy. Believe in yourself. A. expression B. nomination C. conversation D. celebration 8. --- Dad, I will try to study in an ideal senior high school. Believe me. --- If you make a ______, you must keep it. A. joke B. design C. mistake D. promise 9. ---The river is becoming dirtier because the steel factory has put waste into it. ---Yes. We must take action to improve the ______. A. condition B. pollution C. position D. situation 10.The famous scientist Danian Huang passed away on January 1. It is a great ______ to Chinese science. A. loss B. miss C. news D. challenge 【知识梳理3】名词所有格 一、有生命的名词所有格 (1)一般在词尾加“'s”: e.g.: my mother’s birthday Jim’s pen (2) 以s 结尾的名词所有格，一般只在名词右上加“'”: e.g.: the teachers’ office the workers’ club boys’ 100-meter race (3)如果两个人共同拥有一样东西，则只在最后一个名词后加上“'s”; 如果是各自拥有，两个名词后面都要加上“'s”: e.g.: Lily and Lucy’s room(共同拥有) Lily’s and Lucy’s rooms (各自拥有) (4) 特例：若名词所有格后所修饰的词表示“家，店铺，办公室”等地点名词，地点名词通常可以省略: e.g.: at Mr. White’s 在怀特先生家 at the doctor’s 在诊所在 at the tailor’s 在裁缝店 (5) 有生命的名词所有格句意上等同于belong to, 但要注意belong to后接人称代词的宾格形式，不能用物主代词，否则意义重复。 e.g.: The famous paintings belong to him. = The famous painting are his. Does the bike on the left belong to Chandler = Is the bike on the left Chandler’s 二、无生命的名词所有格 (1) 对于无生命的名词，通常采用“of+名词”结构来表示所有关系，放在被修饰名词的后面。 e.g.: the door of the house the cover of the book the gate of the school the name of the film (2) 有几种情况用to 来表达所有格 e.g.: the key to the door 门口的钥匙 the answer to the question问题的答案 the ticket to the concert 音乐会的门票 (3) 无生命的用 “’s/ s’”构成名词所有格 ①有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词，也可以加上“'s”来构成所有格。复数名词如果以s 结尾，在s 的在上角加“'”即可。 e.g.: today’s newspaper ten hours’ work twenty minutes’ walk/ drive/ ride last year’s cards Beijing’s past and present ②表示时间、距离、国家和城市等用 “’s/s’”来表示的名词所有格也可以和名词构成词组相互转化。 e.g.: My father will come back in two days. = My father will come back in two days’ time. 三、双重所有格 双重所有格是将of所有格和“'s”所有格结合在一起表示所有关系。若of后面接代词，代词需要用名词性物主代词。 e.g.: A friend of my sister’s is coming tonight. Two sons of my brother’s are students. A student of mine got an “A” in the exam. 【例题精讲】 单项选择。 1.Today is September 10th. It’s_____ Day. Let’s go and buy some flowers for our teachers. A. Teacher B. Teachers’ C. the Teachers’ D. Teacher’s 2.Lucy has been to ______ many times this year. A. his uncle B. her uncles C. uncle’s D. her uncle’s 3.Look at that old man. He is______. A. a friend of him B. a friend of Jane's father's C. Jane father's friend D. Jane's father's friend 4.--- How's Joy's skirt --- Her skirt is more beautiful than____. her sister's and Kate B. her sister and Kate C. her sister and Kate's D. her sister's and Kate's 5.We want to visit ________ house. They’re our friends. A. the twins B. the twin’s C. the twins’ D. the twins’s 【巩固练习】 词汇填空 1.Thanks for all the________(member) hard work! More and more people have learned how to keep kids from danger now. 2. --- I really like your bike. Is it expensive --- I don’t know how much it is. It’s my ________ (uncle). 3.Among the winners of Nobel Prize, Marie Curie is one of the greatest________ (科学家) in history. 4.The Great Wall is one of the greatest________(奇迹) in the world. 5.It seems such a_________(浪费) to leave the food behind. 6. _________(贸易)between the two countries has increased recently. 7. The two________ (monkey) jumped up and down in the trees. 8. The government praised the _______(fight) family for supporting his work. 9. ---Do you know the________(歌手) name ---Yes. She is Han Hong, a famous singer in China. Bears have no________ (choose) and have to lie down and sleep during cold winter. 【知识梳理4】名词与主谓一致 主谓一致是指谓语动词与主语在人称和数上保持一致。 主谓一致常考题型： 1.和谓语基本保持单复数的一致，即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数形式。 如：The computer was a great invention. The water in the glass is very cold. 2.Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等单复数同形的名词 表示单个时谓语用单数，表示许多时，谓语用复数。如：There is a sheep in the yard. / There are some sheep in the yard. 3.maths, news等本身就以s结尾的单词，不是复数，仍是单数单词，谓语动词应用单数形式。 如：The news is exciting. 4.glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。 如：The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them. 5.and 连接两个名词做主语时，谓语原则上用复数，但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时，谓语则用单数。 如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now. Fish and chips is very famous food. 6. there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。 如：There is one table and four chairs in the room. 7.用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时，谓语一般用复数。 如： Both you and me are asked to come tomorrow. 8.由名词+介词(with, together with, except)+名词作主语时，谓语动词的数由介词前面的名词决定。 如：A woman with a 7-year old child stands by the road. 9.either…or…或者 neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时，谓语采用就近原则。 如：Either you or he is right. Neither you nor I am going there. 10.表示一段时间、金钱或长度概念的复数名词做主语时，谓语一般用单数。 Two months is not a short time.(时间) Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance.(距离). 11.短语 a pair(piece) of+复数名词作主语时，中心词是a pair(piece)，故谓语动词用单数；若短语是two pairs (pieces)+复数名词作主语，则中心词是two pairs，谓语动词用复数。 如：How much is this pair of shoes 这双鞋多少钱 There are two pieces of bread on the plate. 在盘子里有两片面包。 【例题精讲】 1.My family ______ to the party yesterday. A. invited B. was invited C. had invited D. were invited 2.20 minutes __________ too long for me because it rains so heavily outside. A.is B. are C. was D. were 3.There______ a little boy and five girls in the playground practicing dancing yesterday evening. A.is B. are C. was D. were 【巩固练习】 1. Either Jane or Steven ________ watch TV now. A. were B. is C. was D. are 2. Neither Liping nor I _______ a basketball player. A. am B. is C. be D. are 3. The number of the students in our school _______1200. A. is B. are C. has D. have 4. The boy with the two dogs _______ when the earthquake rocked the city. A. were sleeping B. is sleeping C. was sleeping D. are also 5. His family ______ all very kind and friendly. His family ______ a happy one. A. are, is B. is, is C. are, are D. is, are 【课堂练习】 一、单项选择。 1. A terrible _______ hit the village. Lots of houses were washed away. A. flood B. typhoon C. snowstorm D. earthquake 2. Nanjing is about 1,100 km away from Beijing and it’s nearly a _______ ride by high-speed train. A. four hours B. four-hour’s C. four-hour D. four-hours 3. ---Paul shows little ______ in the piano competition. --- Yes, but his mother insists that he should catch the chance. A. pain B. cause C. situation D. interest 4. --- Do you think the _______ of this shirt suits me ---Of course! It is neither big nor small. A. size B. design C. price D. color 5. In order to improve our spoken English, more should be paid to our pronunciation. A. condition B. attention C. attraction D. situation 6. ---My father bought me a new mobile phone as a present, but I don’t know how to use it. ---Why not read the first before using it A. instructions B. inventions C. invitations D. interviews 7. Nowadays, more people pay attention to the air pollution. The government is taking action to change the terrible . A. situation B. condition C. background D. temperature 8. Jia Pingwa’s novels are popular among adults and always get good . A. tips B. habits C. readers D. reviews 9. It’s widely accepted that every tourist should have good _________. A. methods B. moods C. minds D. manners 二、词汇填空。 1. Police often find (猎人) in Africa kill animals for their fur to make money. 2. The story happened about two (century) ago. 3. Autumn comes and the yellow (树叶) dance in the wind. 4. Bill is too fat. He plans to eat less (肉) to keep fit. 5.Great changes will take place in our hometown in a few (月) time. 6. It’s thirty (minute) walk from here to my school. 7. Before making the cake, two packets of (糖) and some butter are needed. 8. The Jiangbei New District has an area of 2400 square (公里). 9. After three (year) hard work, all the students in our class will realize their dreams. 【课堂回顾】 名词是英语语法中考查频率较高的语法点，其量多而复杂，除了需要识记单词本身的含义之外，还需要掌握相关的形式变化，需要我们平时多积累。 【课后作业】 课后巩固 词汇填空。
1. We've got a lot of new _________(杂志) in our school library.
2. Yesterday the _________ (航班) to London was put off because of the bad weather.
3. Autumn is my favourite _________(季节).
4. ---How many _________(小刀) do you have ---Three.
5. ---Does this piece of _________ (音乐) sound nice ---Yes. It's wonderful!
6. We should give our _________（生命）for our country.
7. He told the doctor that he had a bad __________（头疼）.
8. One of the ___________ ( 科学家 ) comes from America.
9.Today is March 8th. It' s ___________（妇女）Day .
10. The students are ___________(外国人).
11. What are you going to do in your ___________(两个月的) holiday
12. Can you find the ___________ (区别) between the two words.
13.Do you know the ___________ (重要性) of the problem
14.There are ___________of students in that big school. (千) 二、单选题。 1. ---You won first prize in the physics competition. --- Are you kidding I made several terrible _________. A. mistake B. mistakes C. problem D. problems 2. China's hot words, like Duang, tuhao, are of the times. They have become known abroad. A.contributions B. examples C. products D. achievements 3.--–Could you give me a few ________ on how to spend the coming summer holiday ---OK. Let me see. A. hobbies B. knowledge C. suggestions D. information 4.---I wonder if you've made a decision on the project, Eric. ---Not yet. I can't make it until I have first-hand on prices. A. news B. knowledge C. information D. education 5. ---The first World Internet Conference was held in Wuzhen, Zhejiang last November. ---Yes.It is the largest and the highest _________of Internet conference which was held in our country. power B. knowledge C. energy D. level 【课后预习】 下节课我们将学习形容词副词，请做好形容词副词的预习哦！