2024届中考英语二轮复习专题突破第14讲 首字母填空（无答案）

课程主题：首字母填空
学习目标 1.掌握首字母填空中的解题技巧 2.积累一些首字母中的高频词汇和解题方法
教学内容
【课前检测】 Leonardo da Vinci's(达芬奇) mother may have been a Chinese slave(奴隶) according to a new research by an Italian -Angelo Paratico. He has spent the last 20 years living and working in Hong Kong, researching the links(联系) b 1 his homeland and China. It is believed that Leonardo da Vinci's mother was named Caterina, who, according to some reports, was a local farmer. But Mr. Paratico's new work leads to a d 2 explanation. Speaking to the South China Morning Post, Mr. Paratico said, “I am s 3 that Leonardo's mother was from the East, but to make her a Chinese, we need to use a deductive method (演绎法).” Angerlo Paratico has s 4 many documents(文献). He found that one wealthy friend of Leonardo's father’s had a slave called Caterina. After Leonardo's date of b 5 , she disappeared from the documents. “She was no longer working there and could not be found,” Paratico a 6 . Supporting his opinion, he said, “During the period, countries like Italy and Spain were f 7 of slaves from the East.” He said that there were certain aspects(方面) of Da Vinci's life and works which suggest a Chinese link. An e 8 is that he was writing with his left hand from left to right. And he was a vegetarian(素食者), which was not common. Mona Lisa(蒙娜丽莎) is probably a picture of his mother. On the back of Mona Lisa, there is a Chinese landscape and e 9 her face looks Chinese. Mr. Paratico said the only way to s 10 the mystery is to extract(提取) some DNA. But he said he preferred to let the mystery to remain mysterious. 【课堂导学】 首字母的解题技巧，你掌握多少呢？ 【知识点梳理】 【知识梳理1】 一、解题步骤 1. 通读短文，了解大意; (柯南之纵观整个案情) 没有了选项，只给了首字母，这样便给我们读懂文意设置了更大的障碍。因此，我们在做题时，一定要先掌握文章的中心大意。这便要求同学们通过通读文章，对文章的内容有一个整体的了解，从中获取文章的基本结构、体裁、主题及所使用的时态等相关信息。这就为我们解题打下了基础。 2. 分析空缺，瞻前顾后，掌握变化；（柯南之细节考究，真相只有一个） 在理解全文意思的基础上，结合文章内容和所给首字母提示，对空缺句子作合乎逻辑的推理。 首先，可填出诸如习惯表达、固定结构等较为简单的空缺处。 其次，根据空缺处所在句子的位置，前后词语的关系以及该句的结构判断出该空应填词是何种词。接下来，就要确定各词形变化、时态、语态了。 1）如果是名词，应注意其数的变化及格的变化； 2）如果是动词，需注意根据其在句中的语法功能确定其正确的时态、语态及非谓语动词形式；如果是形容词、副词，要注意其级的变化； 3）如果是代词，要注意其主格与宾格、形容词性与名词性物主代词、反身代词等的变化； 4）如果是连词，要注意其在并列句、状语从句、宾语从句中的用法等。 3. 反复推敲，攻克难点（柯南之不到最后关头，就决不放弃） 做这类题时，往往不是一帆风顺，总会有几个空难以确定答案。遇到这种情况时，根据上下文意思，仔细研读空格处词句及其前后句。如果还做不出来的话，要改变一些思路。实词与文章的内容直接相关，虚词与文章意思的连贯直接相关。如果从内容上实在看不出要填哪个单词的话，应考虑是否要填介词、连词等，并从首字母的提示入手，多试一些可能的单词，最终一定会豁然开朗，得出满意的结果。 4．复原阅读，仔细检查，确定答案（柯南之不能慌，人是不可以逆转时间的） 填完所有单词后，不可孤立地逐个词检查，而应复读全文，仔细检查自己所填的词是否符合文章的情景内容，读起来是否顺畅，是否合乎句法，单词拼写是否有误，单词形式是否正确等，发现问题及时更正。 【知识梳理2】 词性解题法 1. 依据习惯用法与固定搭配，填出简单项； 【例题精讲】 1.Houston passed a__________on February 11, 2012. The cause of her death is still unknown. 2.In some cultures, h________ , receiving money can make people uncomfortable. 3.I only hope t________you have enough love and friends that you will have a shoulder to cry on when you need it." Often, your headache is from your too much a paid to one thing. 依据词性填写：注意词性变化，时态，语态： 名词：要点注意名词单复数和属格 判断填写名词的基本方法：名词区别于其他此类的基本特征即是：名词前可以加上冠词。 【例题精讲】 A. She didn’t feel happy with her husband. The c often quarreled or even fought with each other and she began to take drugs(毒品). B. If someone has thought about a g for me, it always makes me happy.” C. Carrots are grown on farms and in small family gardens all over the world. It is one of the most popular sweet v . D. Li Feng quickly picked it up to answer the call. It was from a good friend of his m . 动词：需要注意时态、语态及非谓语动词 判断是否是动词的基本方法：不管句子的类型如何，英语中每个句子都有一个核心动词，去掉充当句子修饰部分的“枝叶“，留下的骨干部分，看是否为一个完整的句子，是否缺少一个核心骨动词。其他诸如助动词后加动词原形，情态动词须和动词等小的知识点不再赘述，在讲解动词专题时带着详述。 【例题精讲】 A. Houston began singing with New Jersey church’s choir (唱诗班) at age 11. Later, she began performing with her mother in the New York City, she was d by Clive Davis—head of the Arista Records. B. Drink a bottle of warm water. Many people do not r that the dry air in their working place can be a danger because of the lack(缺少) of water. C. To prepare your carrot garden, dig up the earth and turn it over. Weather, soil condition, and time a the way that carrots taste. 形容词，副词：需要注意比较级和最高级 形容词用来修饰名词，代词，位置可前可后，或者出现在系动词后，构成系表结构；若出现the most____n, 或者the ___ n；even___，....than...，一般可认为是形容词，根据是形容词区别于其他词类的特性（比较级和最高级）。 副词性质和形容词一样，也有比较级和最高级，但是一般的副词用来修饰动词，形容词和副词本身，所以注意形式。 【例题精讲】 A. I used to wear it every time I visited them, but when I left their house, I took it off! Of course, this made me feel g . B. Eat a h snack. During a busy day, it is easy to forget to eat, have a snack with much protein(蛋白质) which will improve your energy and quickly get rid of the hunger that is causing the headache. C. Warm days and cool nights are the b time to grow great tasty carrots. The quickest way to know if a carrot is ready to be harvested(收获) is to see its color. 代词: 注意人称代词，物主代词，和反身代词 此处只强调复合不定代词 【例题精讲】 “When someone gives me money, it just makes me think they’re being lazy,” says John Wilson. “In England, we have a saying: It’s the thought that counts. When s gives me money.(雨花区一模) 连词：注意在复合句中的用法： 判断是否为连词，看两个句子是否为完整的句子，若是，看两个句子之间的关系：并列，转折等，从而选择相应的连词；有些即是副词又是连词的词（如：when）,注意平时整理此类词在首字母填空中的常考词性。 【例题精讲】 A. T some people were not satisfied with Houston’s acting, the film was a great success, making more than $410 million worldwide. （南京鼓楼区一模） B. However, he lost heart w_______ a lovely young woman opened the door.(天一中学一模) 【巩固练习】 首字母填空 One day, a poor boy was selling goods from door to door to pay for his tuition fees (学费). He was hungry. He d___1____ he would ask for a meal at the next house. However, he lost heart w___2____ a lovely young woman opened the door. He asked for a drink of water and the woman agreed. She thought he looked hungry, so she b___3____ him a large glass of milk. He drank it slowly, and then asked, “How much do I owe (欠) you ” “You owe me nothing, ” she r___4___. “Mother has taught us never to accept pay for a kindness.” He said, “Then I thank you from my heart.” Years later, that young woman become seriously i__5___.The local doctors all f__6___ to cure her. They finally sent her to the big city, where they called in specialists (专家) to study her rare disease. Dr. Howard, who o__7__ got a large glass of milk and a meal from the young woman, was called in for the treatment. He went down the hall of the hospital to her room when he heard the name of the town she came from. D__8____ in his doctor’s uniform, he went in to see her. He recognized (认出) her quickly. He made up his mind to do his best to save her life and pay special a__9_____ to the case. After a long struggle, the battle (战役) was won. The woman n__10____ these words when she paid the pill: “ Paid in full with one glass of milk… Dr. Howard Kelly...” 【知识梳理3】 台阶式解题法： 台阶一：掌握七种句子成分与十种词性之间的对应关系。通过对单一成分的分类练习，掌握该句子成分与何种词性相对应。词性正确是答案正确的前提。 【例题精讲】 对主语的判断 1.But as it was her turn to join, a c ________took place in her team. 2.The w________, Sushil Kumar, is 27 years old. He works as a computer operator in a government office. 3.Their total l_______ would even be longer than the famous Great wall, which is about 4000 miles. 4.Every year, the n_______ of crimes goes up and up. They often come from sad homes, with only one parent or no parents at all. There are problems with drugs. (毒品) 5.Another r___________might be the change of lifestyle (生活方式). 2) 对谓语的判断 1.Vegetables and fruits are very important because they p_________necessary vitamins and minerals (矿物质) . 2. When he r__________ the blanket from the fire, there was a cloud of smoke. The number of clouds of smoke told his message in code. 3."They are loyal, funny and loving. They seldom complain and always o _________their owners," said Mary Smith of Washington D.C. 4.Who would put trash(垃圾) in the middle of the street Brian n__________all the other trash in the street and on sidewalks. He explained to Carla how much he hated litter and how lazy it was to be a "Jitterbug" (垃圾虫). 5.An Indian office worker has b________the first person to win the＄1 million top prize on the Indian TV game show Who Wants to be a Millionaire. 3) 对宾语的判断 1. It was very exciting when I opened my presents. There were lots of wonderful games, but I was really happy when I saw a t_________ for a space flight! 2. In online communication at least, entering untrue details about name or age may no longer prevent others from working out exactly w__________you are. 3. In fact, it's not good to hide your anger, and it's normal for you to get angry sometimes. But anger must be let out in the right way, without hurting o___________or yourself. Let me give you some advice. 4. It is not a shame to tell o_________that you are having a hard time. They may comfort (安慰) you or give you some useful advice. You may feel better from sharing your problems with them. 4) 对表语的判断 1.In 1864, a group of artists became a _______because they didn’t get into the show. 2. “It’s really s__________-we’re in the middle of one of the biggest cities in the world, but in these hutongs it feels as if we are in a village in the countryside. 3. Family life, school learning and life experience can also make you the person you are. This doesn’t mean it’s i________ to change your personality. You can always try to make yourself better. 4. When the parents come home, they are often very t________from a hard day at work. Still, they have to take care of the children, cook, clean, wash clothes, shop, etc. 5. When there is only one parent, of course the responsibilities of looking after the children are much h___________for him or her. They have to work out all the things by themselves. 5) 对定语的判断 1. Today you can find v_________ Hutongs with different shapes, lengths or directions. The shortest one is only 40 centimeters wide. And some Hutongs have more than 20 turns. 2. In the Northeast and Middle West, it is very hot at some times and very cold at other times. People in these states have more heart trouble because of the c_________weather in February or March. 3. What’s more important is that people love to watch highs and lows of the relationships in movies. Friendship has been the f_________subject of movie makers for a long time. 4.Friends make sacrifices (牺牲): In most of the movies, friends make sacrifices for each other.A g________example is “Sholay”. 6) 对状语的判断 1. Do you have sleeping problems Is it hard for you to remember or pay attention in class Do you get angry e_______ If your answer is yes, you may be under stress (压力). 2. Next, you can read a book a_____: in a car, in a waiting-room, on a plane, in bed — even in the bath. All you need is a book! Reading is a convenient hobby as it is easy to stop and then start again. 3. Some of her friends worked when school was finished for the day. So Cindy went to some of the stores and asked for work. She f_______got a job in a cafe. She was very happy. 4. They can be the people who live next door or the mothers of our children's closest friends. Friends of convenience are convenient__________ .They'll help us when we need it. 7) 对连词的判断 1. British teenagers can leave school at sixteen after taking their GCSE exams. They study for exams in as many as ten subjects, s______ they have to work pretty hard! 2. When I want to go anywhere in China, I just take my bicycle. Here in England, I have to get a bus everywhere. It’s really confusing b__________buses don’t stop automatically like they do in Beijing. You have to put your hand out, ring the bell or press the signal button. 3. Opening the box, Oscar saw an umbrella inside—— a very old one with a beautifully carved handle. A_______he had not seen it in more than 20 years, he recognized it immediately. Joe: In my eyes, top brand means top quality. So I love top brand products a___________they’re very expensive. 5. “I like eating duck neck very much and I often buy it on Taobao from shops in Wuhan. It’s much more delicious than w__________ our local stores sell,” said Zhang Xi, a girl in Yangzhou. 台阶二：在牢记了七种句子成分与十种词性的对应关系之后，多做做综合的“用所给单词的正确形式填空”，提高对句子成分的判断能力。熟练掌握词性转化的技巧是通向首字母完形的第二步 【例题精讲】 1.Fried food tastes quite good, but in fact it is ________ food. (health) 2.Tom’s ______ made the people all over the world sad. (die) 3.In some supermarkets you can easily choose the suitable ________ appliance. (electricity) 4.With the development of our country, more and more people go abroad for further study and ________ visits. (educate) 5.Let me ________ myself to everyone. (introduction) 6.Jack’s parents are proud of his ________. (honest) 7.Luckily, the man wasn’t ________ hurt. (bad) 8.I saw a dog ________ (lie) in front of our house this morning. 台阶三：锻炼自己的发散和归纳思维的能力，或称为“猜谜”的能力 【例题精讲】 Guess the missing word. 1. ________ are helpful to students. 2. ________ are helpful to students. They give them knowledge. 3. ________ are helpful to students. In class they teach them knowledge and after class they care for them like parents. 4. ________ are helpful to students. They keep them healthy. 台阶四：对词性、词义、词形的精确判断阶段，即综合运用阶段 【例题精讲】 A driver stopped his car on a street side to have a rest. He lay down in the seat and c_____ his eyes. A man came up and k_____ at the window to ask the time. The driver o______ his eyes and looked at his watch. "It's 8 a.m." he said. Then he went to sleep again. But soon he woke up b________ a second person was knocking at the window. "Sir, do you have the time " he asked. The driver looked at his watch again, and told the man it was 8:30a.m. At this rate, he could not have a good rest, so he wrote a short n_______ and put it upon the window for all to see. It s_______: "I don't have the time. " Again the man lay down in the seat for his sleep. A few minutes later, a t______ person came along and began knocking at the window. “Hay, sir,” he said. "It is a quarter to nine." 【巩固练习】 Many books have been written about “the art of giving”. But what about the art of r 1 Sometimes, receiving a gift can be difficult, especially when someone buys you a gift you don’t want! “I remember when I was about twelve years old, my parents b 2 me a purple purse,” laughs Guo Xiaojing. “It really made me feel embarrassed(尴尬), because I thought the purse was really ugly！Still, I pretended (假装)that I liked it b 3 I knew it would make my parents happy!” Han Ling agrees. “That sounds like my grandparents！A few years ago, my grandparents gave me an orange sweater f 4 my birthday. I used to wear it every time I visited them, but when I left their house, I took it off! Of course, this made me feel g 5 . It was a very nice thought, but my grandparents have different taste from me! I think it’s hard to buy clothes or other personal things for people.” To make things easier, some people would rather just give money. In some cultures, h 6 , receiving money can make people uncomfortable. “When someone gives me money, it j 7 makes me think they’re being lazy,” says John Wilson. “In England, we have a saying: It’s the thought that counts. When s 8 gives me money, I feel they don’t think at all. I prefer to receive a gift that has some thought behind it. I don’t mind if it’s something I don’t need. If someone has thought about a g 9 for me, it always makes me happy.” Different people have very different thoughts on this subject! So maybe the art of receiving is e 10 more difficult than the art of giving! What do you think 1.______ 2._______ 3._______ 4._______ 5.______ 6._______ 7._______ 8.______ 9______ 10_______ 【课堂练习】 Passage 1 Nowadays, studying abroad is becoming more and more popular in China. Many parents send their children abroad instead of letting them receive e__________at home. There are many advantages for people to attend school abroad. Firstly, he can use the foreign language in his everyday life so that his ability in the second language may be greatly i_________While studying in a foreign country, he will meet many students from abroad and it is much easier to make f_________with them. Also, he can get familiar with the latest knowledge in different fields. In this w________ ,there is every chance that he is a__________ to widen his horizon (眼界) and broaden his mind.Of course, attending schools abroad may b_________a lot of problems. The most serious one is language barrier(障碍). Most of the students who go abroad don’t have e_________skills in the language spoken there. As a result, on arriving there, they will find it difficult to u__________what the teachers say. Moreover, they don’t know the customs(风俗) of local people very w__________ , and they may have trouble dealing with some situations. Therefore, one must think of both sides carefully before m_____________a decision. The place where you study is not very important, but the desire(渴望) to learn matters the most. 1e ▲ 2i ▲ 3f ▲ 4w ▲ 5a ▲ 6b ▲ 7e ▲ 8u ▲ 9w ▲ 10m ▲
Passage 2 Underage driving is common in many parts of India. Parents of 10 teenagers have been sentenced to a day in prison for letting their c_______drive in the southern Indian city of Hyderabad. The police said 35 parents served a one-day jail term last month for the same r_______. The parents told the BBC they were not aware of a rule which says they would be held responsible for a_________ a child to drive. This is part of the city’s f___________to reduce underage driving, police said. “I was unaware of underage driving rule. My 17-year-old son took his bike to go for his tutorial. And we were s_______to prison,” said Shakeel Ahmed. A senior police officer said he hoped spending a day or two in jail would make parents to think t________ before letting children use their vehicles. “In the l___________ two months, four children died in the city because they were driving vehicles. To s________similar cases, we have charged over 1,000 people for underage driving,” a senior police officer told the BBC. A_________city in southern India, Bangalore, also tried to promote(促进) safe driving on its roads last year. The city’s police tracked down five teenagers who performed risky stunts on the road. Since they were under 18 years old, the police arrested their parents i__________ . Road accidents are common in India, often due to poor driving or badly maintained roads and vehicles. Experts blame poorly designed roads. More than 150,000 people were killed on India's roads in 2016, according to figures released by the government. 【课堂回顾】 首字母填空一般的解题步骤有哪些？ 四步法1. 通读短文全文，抓住高频词，把握大意2. 再读全文，理清脉络3. 仔细推敲，确保准确4．复读全文，全面检查。 2. 如何做好首字母填空的复查？ 如果是名词，应注意其数的变化及所有格的变化； 如果是动词，需注意根据其在句中的语法功能确定其正确的时态、语态及非谓语动词形式； 如果是形容词、副词，要注意其级的变化； 如果是代词，要注意其主格与宾格、形容词性与名词性物主代词、反身代词等的变化； 如果是连词，要注意其在并列句、状语从句、宾语从句中的用法等。 【课后作业】 课后巩固 Chinese social network companies began to take away the smoking emoji(表情符号) from their products to support China’s new indoor smoking ban(禁烟令). The smoking emoji usually s 1 for the feeling of “cool” or “relaxed” in many apps before. Since the new ban was announced, China’s technology companies have been a 2 to take this kind of emoji away. “Smoking is not cool,” said Zhang Jianshu, head of the Beijing Tobacco Control Association. “It’s not p 3 to take smoking as being cool”. He pointed out that the major social network users are younger people, who were much e 4 to be influenced. In response, Sina Weibo took away the emoji of a smoker in September on its smart phone apps and c 5 . Two months later, Tencent followed Weibo’s footsteps on November 6, 2017 to change the smoking emoji w 6 a green leaf. However, the action was only taken on QQ’s mobile app. QQ on PC still r 7 the same. Tencent’s another popular social app, Wechat, has also been required to change the emoji. China is home to 300 million smokers and produces the world’s l 8 number of cigarettes. It is reported that about 27.7% people s 9 in China in 2017, according to the government. Zhang said, taking the smoking emoji away was to prevent it spreading the wrong i 10 among the public. The BTAC hopes to use the social network to make more people develop a healthier lifestyle. 预习思考 同学们，中考中的作文我们该怎么写才能获得高分呢？提前思考这个问题，下节课让我们来探讨中考中的作文写作技巧。