人教版八年级下册Unit10 I have had this bike for three years. 知识清单

Unit 10 I’ve had this bike for three years.
单元核心词汇讲解
memory n.记忆；回忆（在表示具体的某段时间的经历或记忆时，为可数名词），常见搭配：be in memory of.. 为了纪念... 拓展：memorize v.记忆
bear n.熊 v.忍受
maker n.生产者；制造者 make up ①组成 ②编造 ③化妆 ④弥补 make sb. do sth.使某人做某事 be made of...由...制造（看得出原材料） be made from...由...制造（看不出原材料） be made in... 产自...
scarf n.围巾；头巾（其复数形式scarfs或scarves均可）
check v.&n. 检查；核实 check on核对，检查 check in办理登记 check out结账离开
junior adj.地位（或职位）低下的 senior adj.级别/地位高的 junior high school初中 senior high school高中
clear adj.清楚的；v.清理；丢掉 clear out清理掉
no longer不再 not...any longer
own v.拥有 owner n.拥有者；主人 on one's own靠某人自己 of one's own某人自己的
certain adj.①某种，某个 ②确定的 certainly adv.当然，确定
as for至于；关于 as for sb.就某人而言
honest adj.诚实的；老实的 常见搭配：to be honest实话说
while ①n.一会儿 ②conj.尽管；当；与...同时 for a while一会儿
truthful adj.真实的，诚实的 true adj.真的，确实的 truly adv.真正地 truth n.事实
拓展：to tell your the truth实话告诉你
hometown n.家乡；故乡 比较： homeland n.祖国；家乡
nowadays adv.目前；现在（一般现在时标志）比较：recently adv.最近（现在完成时标志）
search v.&n.搜寻 search+地点+for sth./sb. 搜寻某地找某物/人 research n.调查；研究
among prep.在...之中（三者或三者以上） between...and... 在...和...之间
shame n.羞耻；惭愧 shameful adj.可耻的，羞愧的 what a shame! 多么可耻啊！
regard v.将...认为/视作 regard sb. as... 把某人视作...
century n.百年；世纪 for centuries好几世纪（现在完成时的标志词）
according to根据；依据
opposite adj.对面的 prep.在...对面 be opposite to...在...对面
especially adv.尤其；特别（强调程度） 比较：specially adv.特意地；专门地（强调目的）
consider v.①注视 ②考虑，认为 常见搭配：consider doing sth.考虑做某事
拓展：considerable adj.相当多的额，可观的 considerate adj.考虑周到的，体贴的
close to 几乎；接近 be close to...靠近，接近 close adj.①接近的 ②亲密的 v.关闭 closed adj.关着的
hold v.①握住；抓住 ②拥有 ③举办 hold on坚持住；继续
课文重点解析与拓展
I’ve had this bike for three years.
for+一段时间，为现在完成时的标志词。类似的标志词还有：since，already，yet，so far，recently，ever等。
How long have you had that bike over there
how long多久，多长（时间） how soon多快 how often多长时间一次（频率） how far多远（距离）
You can also give old thing away to people in need.
此处in need做后置定语来修饰people，表示“需要的”；
拓展：give away赠送 give out①分发 ②用尽/耗尽 give up放弃（后接动词doing）
give back归还 give up to sb.向某人屈服/让步 give off 发出(光、热)等
Why are you selling it
sell v.卖 sale n.卖；出售 be on sale在出售 sell out卖光 sell well卖的好（无被动形式）
Because I’ve had it since I was a baby.
since conj.①自从 ②因为 现在完成时的标志词，其前的主句用现在完成时，其后引导的从句用一般过去时。
I’ve had this magazine for a couple of months.
a couple of一双，一对，几个 比较：several adj.数个，若干
My mom’s had it for a long time but it still works.
work v.①起作用，奏效 ②工作 work n.①作品（可数）②工作（不可数）
My children are growing up fast.
grow up成长 grow v.①成长 ②种植 ③变得 拓展：growth n.成长
As they get bigger our houses seems to get smaller.
as prep.作为 conj.①当；随着 ②因为
seem v.似乎；好像 其常见用法：①主语+seem+(to be)+表语 ②主语+seem+不定式(to do) ③it seems +that从句 it为形式主语，that引导主语从句。
And he did not want to lose his toy monkey, either.
lose v.丢失；失去 lost adj.失去的，迷路的 loss n.损失 常见搭配：be lost in... 沉迷于.../专注于....
either adv.也不（常用于否定句中） 常见搭配：either...or... 或者...或者...
拓展：neither...nor...既不也不 both...and...两者都
He slept next to the monkey every night when he was a child.
sleep v.睡觉 asleep adj.入睡的 sleepy adj.昏昏欲睡的 常见搭配：fall asleep入睡
What would you do with the monkey you raise
raise v.①举起 ②抚养③募捐 比较：rise上升（常指太阳，水平面等上升） arise上升，出现（常指问题、矛盾等出现）
They miss their hometown a lot and hope to visit the place next year.
hope to do sth.希望去做某事（不可接双宾语） hopeful adj.有希望的 hopeless adj.没希望的
What do people do there on weekends
on weekends在周末=on the weekend
Nowadays, millions of Chinese leave the countryside to search for work in the cities.
millions of成千上万的 two million两百万 类似用法的词还有：hundred，thousand
search v.&n.搜寻 search+地点+for sth./sb. 搜寻某地找某物/人 research n.调查；研究
With a hard job in a crayon factory, he doesn’t find much time to visit his hometown.
with prep.①带有 ②随着 ③和 ④因为 ⑤用
I used to return home at least once a year.
used to do sth.过去常常干某事used to doing sth.习惯于做某事 be used to do sth.被用来做某事
Perhaps large hospitals and new roads have appeared.
appear v.出现 disappear v.消失 拓展：appearance n.①出现 ②外貌
I noticed that’s true of my hometown.
notice n.通知 v.注意到 常见句型：notice sb. do sth.注意到某人做某事/notice sb. doing sth.注意到某人正在做某事 类似用法的词还有：see看见，find发现
He also knows that his hometown cannot always stay the same.
stay v.①待，停留 ②保持 做系动词时，意为“保持”，后接形容词。
It is still there and has become quite a symbol of the place.
a symbol of...一种...象征 比较：symbol象征 sign迹象；符号 signal信号
单元语法讲解
1.现在完成时的持续性用法
现在完成时除了表示过去的动作对现在产生的影响和结果外，还可以用来表示“从过去某一个时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态”，该用法的动词大多为延续性动词，常见的标志词有since，for+一段时间等。
（1）since 意为“自从...以来”，它既可作介词，也可作连词。作介词时，后接表示过去的时间点，表示某事开始的时间；作连词时，引导时间状语从句，从句常用一般过去时。如:
① I have lived here since 2005. 自从2005年以来我就住在这里了。
② He's learned about 5,000 English words since he went to school. 自他上学以来，他大约学了 5000个英语单词了。
（2）for作介词，后接一段时间，表示一个动作或一种状态已经持续了多长时间。在现在完成时中，含有since和 for 的句子有时可以相互转换。如:
Lily has lived in London since five years ago.=Lily has lived in London for five years.莉莉已经在伦敦住了五年了。
（3）对“since十过去的时间点"和"for十一段时间"，提问用 how long。如:
——How long has your father worked in this factory 你父亲在这个工厂工作多长时间了
——He has worked here since 2010. 他自从2010年以来就在这里工作了。
延续性动词与短暂性动词
延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，如:learn，work，keep，wait等，可与表示时间段的状语连用; 短暂性动词表示行为发生后立即结束，如: open，buy，close，come，go等，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。
延续性动词与短暂性动词之间的转换
①短暂性动词转化为相应的延续性动词。如: borrow—keep, buy—have, move to—live in, catch a cold—have a cold；
②短暂性动词转化为“be+形容词/副词/介词/名词等”。如:begin/start—be on, get to/arrive in(at)/reach—be(in), die—be dead, open—be open, leave—be away, finish—be over, join—be in/be a member of, fall asleep—be asleep, marry—be married, become—be, come/go—be+相应的介词短语。如: The film has been on for ten minutes. 电影已经开始有10分钟了。